n-propyl gallate An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the 3-hydroxy group of ascorbic acid by a sodium ion. sodium ascorbate An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion. sodium benzoate An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio. sodium disulfite A group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication. vitamin A A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid. potassium carbonate A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens. dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions. sodium propionate An aluminosilicate mineral consisting mostly of montmorillonite. The different types of bentonite (aluminium bentonite; calcium bentonite; potassium bentonite; sodium bentonite) are named after their dominant element. bentonite A class containing any titanium molecular entity that is an oxide of titanium. titanium oxides A diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent. glycol A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds. retinyl palmitate A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3. cysteine A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. acetic acid The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain. glycine A tetraric acid that is butanedioic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. aldose Any alpha-amino acid having L-configuration at the alpha-carbon. L-alpha-amino acid A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it. primary alcohol An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. succinic acid A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues. polypeptide A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group. nicotinic acid An acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes and other red fruits. lycopene An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. The parent of the class of biotins. biotin A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. urea A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food. carbon dioxide Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. carbohydrate Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc. peptide A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-5 of the ribose ring is mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphorylated. nucleoside 5'-phosphate A polysaccharide composed of two or more different types of monosaccharides, heteroglycan The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze. propane-1,2-diol D-Ribitol in which the hydroxy group at position 5 is substituted by a 7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl moiety. It is a nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables, but the richest natural source is yeast. The free form occurs only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide. riboflavin A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream. dinitrogen oxide A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H). ketone A benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of two benzene rings connected by a single covalent bond. Biphenyl occurs naturally in coal tar, crude oil, and natural gas. Formerly used as a fungicide for citrus crops. biphenyl The meso-diastereomer of butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol. erythritol A pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having meso-configuration, being derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group. xylitol A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. nicotinamide nucleoside 5'-monophosphate A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having hypoxanthine as the nucleobase. IMP An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate. glucose Any mixture of complex, colloidal, macromolecular plant galacturonans containing a large proportion of D-galactopyranosyluronic acid residues in alpha-(1->4) linkage, the carboxy groups of which may be esterified to varying degrees by methyl groups or be partially or completely converted into salts. The structure shown is that of the parent polygalacturonan. pectin cyanocob(III)alamin A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group. aldehyde A carbohydrate that is an acyclic polyol having the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nCH2OH (formally derivable from an aldose by reduction of the carbonyl group). alditol A linear copolymer macromolecule composed of homopolymeric blocks of 1->4-linked beta-D-mannuronic acid and alpha-L-guluronic acid residues, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks. alginic acid An optically active form of cysteine having L-configuration. L-cysteine A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid. beta-carotene A glucooligosaccharide derived from glucose monomers linked via alpha-D-1,4 bonds as in maltose. The term is commonly applied to the series of linear oligosaccharides composed of two, three, four, five and six such units of glucose. maltooligosaccharide Any D-aldose having a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. D-aldohexose A flavin mononucleotide that is riboflavin (vitamin B2) in which the primary hydroxy group has been converted to its dihydrogen phosphate ester. FMN A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups. glycerol A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms. hydrogen chloride An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent. benzyl alcohol A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. fumaric acid 'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. lipid A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones. phylloquinone Any six-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldohexose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketohexose). hexose hydrogen halide A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils. gamma-tocopherol A solution of ammonia in water. ammonium hydroxide An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. glutamic acid An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. alkane A member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively. vanillin sulfur dioxide Dicarboxylic acids formed from aldoses by replacement of both terminal groups (CHO and CH2OH) by carboxy groups. aldaric acid Any carbohydrate acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde functional group of an aldose to a carboxylic acid functional group. Aldonic acids have the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nC(=O)OH. aldonic acid Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids. alkaloid alpha-D-glucoside A tocopherol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a 4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl group at position 2. alpha-tocopherol A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron. anion ascorbic acid Any arenecarbaldehyde that consists of a formyl substituted benzene ring and its substituted derivatives thereof. benzaldehydes A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring. benzenetriol Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. benzenes An organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring. benzimidazoles Any aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of benzene in which at least a single hydrogen has been substituted by a carboxy group. benzoic acids benzopyran Compounds containing a phenylmethanol skeleton. benzyl alcohols beta-alanine derivative Benzenoid aromatic compounds containing two phenyl or substituted-phenyl groups which are joined together by a single bond. biphenyls boron molecular entity butenedioic acid calcium molecular entity carbon oxide Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3. carbonates Hydrocarbon carotenoids. carotene One of a class of tetraterpenoids (C40), formally derived from the acyclic parent, psi,psi-carotene by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, cyclization, oxidation, or combination of these processes. This class includes carotenes, xanthophylls and certain compounds that arise from rearrangement of the skeleton of psi,psi-carotene or by loss of part of this structure. Retinoids are excluded. carotenoid carotenol chloride salt A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine. chlorine molecular entity Any member of the class of chromanes that is chromane substituted by one or more hydroxy groups. chromanol chromanes cob(III)alamins cobalamins cobamides Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. molecular entity cobalt-corrinoid hexaamide cyclic oligosaccharide A macrocycle composed of five or more D-glucopyranose units bonded via (1->4)-linkages. cyclodextrin Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds. dextrins A compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic. Aliphatic diols are also called glycols. diol Any terpenoid derived from a diterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C20 skeleton of the parent diterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups). diterpenoid flavin mononucleotide galacturonan gluconic acid An oligosaccharide comprised of glucose residues. glucooligosaccharide glucoside An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing glutamic acid residues. glutamic acid derivative glycogens A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively. glycoside glycosylglucose Any disaccharide in which the two monosaccharide components are connected by a glycosidic linkage between their anomeric centres. glycosyl glycoside A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances. chemical entity A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context. biological role halogen molecular entity A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element. organic heterocyclic compound hexadienoic acid hexitol A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only. hydrocarbon Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)). hydroxides Any carboxylic acid with at least one hydroxy group. hydroxy carboxylic acid Any benzoic acid carrying one or more phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring. hydroxybenzoic acid imide A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). oxoacid A molecular entity that contains no carbon. inorganic molecular entity inorganic oxide Any phosphate that contains no carbon atom. inorganic phosphate inorganic salt inorganic sulfate salt inosine phosphate iodine molecular entity A salt is an assembly of cations and anions. salt organic salt A molecular entity having a net electric charge. ion iron molecular entity Any lipid formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives. isoprenoid Oxo carboxylic acids formally derived from aldonic acids by replacement of a secondary CHOH group by a carbonyl group. ketoaldonic acid Any hexose containing a single ketone group. ketohexose ketose Any organic salt that has lactate as the cation. lactate salt Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. lactone A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties. agar A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members derived from a polyketide. macrolide magnesium molecular entity magnesium porphyrin metalloporphyrin Compounds containing a benzene skeleton substituted with one methoxy group. monomethoxybenzene Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol. methyl ester Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom. molecule An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group. monocarboxylic acid A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene. naphthoquinone A member of the class of pyridines that is a substituted pyridine in which at least one of the substituents is a carboxamide or N-substituted caraboxamide group. pyridinecarboxamide nitrites A nucleobase-containing molecular entity that is a nucleoside in which one or more of the sugar hydroxy groups has been converted into a mono- or poly-phosphate. The term includes both nucleotides and non-nucleotide nucleoside phosphates. nucleoside phosphate A peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids. oligopeptide organic heteromonocyclic compound organic anion Any organic ion with a net positive charge. organic cation An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen. ether organic ion An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom. organic oxide organic phosphate Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group organic sulfate An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters. organophosphorus compound An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements. oxide oxygen molecular entity A quinone in which the two oxo groups of the quinone are located para to each other on the 6-membered quinonoid ring. p-quinones A fatty acid ester obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with a hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol. hexadecanoate ester A class of amides formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine and its derivatives. pantothenic acids An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose. pentitol aldopentose phosphate peptide antibiotic Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom. phosphate A phosphorus oxoacid that consits of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom. phosphoric acid phosphoric acid derivative phosphorus molecular entity phylloquinones phytylnaphthoquinone Natural and synthetic compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('beta-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A), and usually the compounds derived from them by further condensations, etc. Considered by many to be synonymous with the less frequently used terms acetogenins and ketides. polyketide A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups. polyol Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group. polyphenol Any phosphate that is a salt or an ester of polyphosphoric acid or its chalcogen analogues. polyphosphates Any fatty acid containing more than one double bond. Acids in this group are reported to have cardioprotective effects; and levels are lowered in chronic fatigue syndrome. polyunsaturated fatty acid Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the alpha-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure. porphyrins potassium molecular entity Any alkali metal salt having potassium(1+) as the cation. potassium salt A quinone substituted by a polyprenyl-derived side-chain. Prenylquinones occur in all living cells. Due to their amphiphilic character, they are mainly located in biological membranes where they function as electron and proton carriers in the photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains. Some prenylquinones also perform more specialised roles sucy as antioxidants and enzyme cofactors. Prenylquinones are classified according to ring structure: the main classes are menaquinones, phylloquinones, ubiquinones and plastoquinones. prenylquinone propane-1,2-diols propanediol pteridines pterins pullulans purine nucleoside monophosphate Any nucleotide that has a purine nucleobase. purine nucleotide purine ribonucleoside monophosphate Any ribonucleotide that has a purine nucleobase. purine ribonucleotide A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives. purines pyridine alkaloid A monocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is attached to a pyridine (or substituted pyridine) ring. pyridinemonocarboxylic acid Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives. pyridines A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring ortho fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring. quinolines Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof. retinoid ribonucleoside monophosphate ribonucleotide ribose phosphate Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess. saturated fatty acid An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from 3-phosphoglycerate (i.e. serine, glycine, cysteine and homocysteine). A closed class. serine family amino acid An aliphatic monocarboxylic acid with a chain length of less than C6. If any non-hydrocarbon substituent is present, the compound is not normally regarded as a short-chain fatty acid. short-chain fatty acid silicon molecular entity sodium molecular entity Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation. sodium salt Any steroid that acts as hormone. steroid hormone carbohydrate phosphate An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid. sulfuric ester Salts and esters of sulfuric acid sulfates Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid. sulfites sulfur-containing amino acid sulfur molecular entity A sulfur oxoacid that consits of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom. sulfuric acid Any isoprenoid that is a natural product or related compound formally derived from isoprene units. Terpenoids may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the parent terpene. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group. terpenoid A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. tetrapyrrole tetraric acid Any terpenoid derived from a tetraterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C40 skeleton of the parent tetraterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups). tetraterpenoid thiamine An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms. organic heterotricyclic compound A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain. tocopherol Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. micronutrient An oxoacid containing three carboxy groups. tricarboxylic acid trihydroxybenzoic acid A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups. triol organic heterobicyclic compound Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C or C#C bond. unsaturated fatty acid Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble prohormones, which can be obtained from sun exposure, food and supplements. Vitamin D is biologically inactive and converted to the biologically active calcitriol via double hydroxylation in the body. vitamin D vitamin B6 water-soluble vitamin A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes. xanthophyll zinc molecular entity An N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation. folic acid hydroxocobalamin pullulan alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid A fat-soluble vitamin required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors. vitamin K A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of L-aspartic acid with the amino group of methyl L-phenylalaninate. Commonly used as an artificial sweetener. aspartame beta-D-glucan pyridoxine 5'-phosphate lutein A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa. vitamin D2 A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone. calciol chlorophyll (R)-propane-1,2-diol The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated. carboxylic acid anion mononucleotide A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid. monocarboxylic acid amide sodium carbonate A hexitol produced by a variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, lichens and plants. mannitol potassium hexacyanoferrate(4-) sodium hexacyanoferrate(4-) An alkane that is propane substituted by a methyl group at position 2. isobutane A derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position. flavin A silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens. silicon dioxide hydroxypropyl methylcellulose A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent. benzoic acid A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group. propionic acid A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. citric acid An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane. adipic acid A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom. alcohol pyridoxine hydrochloride A member of the class of calcium oxides of calcium and oxygen in a 1:1 ratio. calcium oxide Calcium pantothenate calcium sulfate A carotenoic acid that is the 6'-monomethyl ester of 9'-cis-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioic acid. bixin Any organic amino compound that is a derivative of ethylenediamine. ethylenediamine derivative Ferrous gluconate A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals. magnesium carbonate magnesium oxide A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries. methylparaben A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions potassium acetate Potassium gluconate potassium hydroxide potassium sulfate The benzoate ester that is the propyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Preservative typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos and bath products. Also used as a food additive. propylparaben retinyl acetate A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent. saccharin Saccharin sodium sodium hydrogencarbonate sodium hydroxide sodium sulfate A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond. sucralose Talc titanium dioxide alpha-Tocopherol acetate A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion. potassium chloride propane sodium acetate An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. amide Calcium Gluconate The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces. calcium acetate A calcium salt with formula CCaO3. calcium carbonate boric acid calcium dichloride boron oxoacid Any micronutrient that is an organic compound. The term "vitamines" (from vita + amines) was coined in 1912 by Casimir Funk, who believed that these compounds were amines. vitamin Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans. application A chromanol that is chroman-6-ol which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. vitamin E An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands). coordination entity oxoacid derivative An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system. organic fundamental parent A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. primary amide A derivative of two oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which two acyl groups are attached to the amino or substituted amino group. secondary amide A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number. elemental molecular entity elemental hydrogen An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond. organosulfur compound elemental oxygen An anion consisting of more than one atom. polyatomic anion A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow. nutrient A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms. heteroorganic entity Any material that can be ingested by an organism. food A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal. alkali metal molecular entity An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal. alkaline earth molecular entity A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen. pnictogen molecular entity Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen. chalcogen molecular entity An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl. carboxylic ester silicon oxide sulfur oxoacid A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). hydracid pnictogen oxoacid sulfur oxoacid derivative Any monosaccharide containing an alcoholic hydroxy group esterified with phosphoric acid. phospho sugar A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons. phosphorus oxoacid chalcogen oxoacid A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element. transition element molecular entity sulfonic acid derivative A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid. carboxylic acid Any carboxylic acid having a sulfur substituent. sulfur-containing carboxylic acid A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table. main group molecular entity boron group molecular entity carbon group molecular entity A main group molecular entity containing one or more atoms of any noble gas. noble gas molecular entity Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring. cyclic compound A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only. homocyclic compound A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms. carbocyclic compound hydrogen molecular entity boron oxoanion A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'. canthaxanthin aluminium molecular entity elemental aluminium polycyclic compound A molecule that features two fused rings. bicyclic compound A polycyclic compound having the shape of a cage. polycyclic cage Any acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, excluding aromatic compounds. aliphatic compound A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character. aromatic compound organic aromatic compound monocyclic compound heteromonocyclic compound heteropolycyclic compound A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom. heterobicyclic compound zinc group molecular entity An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element. s-block molecular entity A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element. p-block molecular entity A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element. d-block molecular entity helium molecular entity elemental helium Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements. hydrides A macromolecule formed by a living organism. biomacromolecule An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group. alpha-amino acid A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups. amino acid carbohydrate acid tetritol iron group molecular entity copper group molecular entity capsanthin Any aldonic acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde group of an aldohexose to a carboxylic acid group. hexonic acid cobalt group molecular entity titanium group molecular entity An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom. organic hydroxy compound Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring. organic cyclic compound A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2). heteroarene benzenoid aromatic compound A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. macromolecule Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring. phenols Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring. aromatic alcohol Any aldehyde in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic moiety. arenecarbaldehyde Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring. aromatic carboxylic acid An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system. aromatic amine transition element coordination entity cobalt molecular entity cobalt coordination entity iron coordination entity cobalt corrinoid metallotetrapyrrole A derivative of the corrin nucleus, which contains four reduced or partly reduced pyrrole rings joined in a macrocycle by three =C- groups and one direct carbon-carbon bond linking alpha positions. corrinoid A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end. aldohexose halide salt silver molecular entity elemental silver gold molecular entity magnesium salt magnesium coordination entity metallic base alkali metal hydroxide alkaline earth hydroxide A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6. 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol A family of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds. The name is derived from a common name of red algae Chondrus crispus, "carrageen moss" (Irish moss). carrageenan Amaranth disodium hydrogenphosphate aldose phosphate magnesium hydroxide calcium hydroxide calcium salt acyclic carotene cyclic carotene sulfate salt A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2]. terpene A C40 terpene. tetraterpene nitrogen oxide alkaline earth coordination entity Compounds (NH4(+))Y(-) and derivatives, in which one or more of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent groups. ammonium compound Cations of structure R2C=N(+)R2. iminium ion carotenone carotenoic acid hexoside Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene, so may be considered as triterpenoids. steroid hydroxy steroid Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. organonitrogen compound An amide of a sulfonic acid RS(=O)2NR'2. sulfonamide Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. fatty acid Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group. monosaccharide An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen. oxoanion calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate) D-glucoside alkali metal salt An addition compound contains two or more simpler compounds that can be packed in a definite ratio into a crystal. The term covers donor-acceptor complexes (adducts) and a variety of lattice compounds. addition compound An addition compound that contains water in weak chemical combination with another compound. hydrate aluminium salt carbon oxoacid Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent. aromatic ether A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it. secondary alcohol Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups. dicarboxylic acid A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter. ester carbohydrate sulfate An oxoacid containing four carboxy groups. tetracarboxylic acid A carboxylic ester in which the carboxylic acid component can be any fatty acid. fatty acid ester seco-steroid Any monocarboxylic acid which also contains a separate (alcoholic or phenolic) hydroxy substituent. hydroxy monocarboxylic acid imidazopyrimidine A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring. sorbic acid A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two or more atoms in common. bridged compound Esters of benzoic acid or substituted benzoic acids. benzoate ester inorganic chloride organic chloride salt Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included). quinone A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond. disaccharide A monoester of a dicarboxylic acid. dicarboxylic acid monoester hexacyanoferrate(4-) salt hexacyanoferrate salt cyclic tetrapyrrole Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom. polyatomic entity An ion consisting of more than one atom. polyatomic ion phosphorus oxoacid derivative phosphorus oxoacids and derivatives alkaline earth salt A coordination entity in which the central atom to which the ligands are attached comes from groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of the periodic table. main-group coordination entity Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives. carbonyl compound Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element. organic oxo compound An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond. organochlorine compound A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond. organohalogen compound heterotricyclic compound A salt formally resulting from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base. hydrochloride seco-cholestane seco-ergostane Two or more cyclic systems (single rings or fused systems) which are directly joined to each other by double or single bonds are named ring assemblies when the number of such direct ring junctions is one less than the number of cyclic systems involved. ring assembly hydroxy seco-steroid argon molecular entity A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton. cation An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond. organochalcogen compound An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond. organooxygen compound vitamin B6 phosphate A nucleotide is a nucleoside phosphate resulting from the condensation of the 3 or 5 hydroxy group of a nucleoside with phosphoric acid. nucleotide flavin nucleotide ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate ribonucleoside 5'-phosphate purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate An organoiodine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-iodine bond. organoiodine compound A polysaccharide composed of glucose residues. glucan Glycans composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'. homopolysaccharide organic hydride mononuclear parent hydride titanium molecular entity A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid units. folic acids A benzoate ester that is any ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) with an alcoholic or phenolic hydroxy group. gallate ester A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements. heteroatomic molecular entity Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements. halide trisodium phosphate sodium dihydrogenphosphate sodium phosphate An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom. carboxamide Any imide in which the acyl substituents are any two from carboacyl, sulfonyl and phosphoryl mixed diacylamine phosphoric ester A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms. butane sulfuric acid derivative A dye derived by condensation of phthalic anhydride with resorcinol (and derivatives) or m-aminophenol (and derivatives). xanthene dye Any carbohydrate sulfate that is a polysaccharide carrying at least one O-sulfo substituent. polysaccharide sulfate benzothiazoles A macromolecule derived from one species of (real, implicit or hypothetical) monomer. homopolymer macromolecule A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units. polypyrrole Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms. organonitrogen heterocyclic compound Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom. oxacycle organosulfur heterocyclic compound organic heteropolycyclic compound monocyclic heteroarene magnesium tetrapyrrole azabicycloalkane thiabicycloalkane Any organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring in which two of the C-H fragments have been replaced by isolobal nitrogens (the diazine parent structure). diazines A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives. aminopyrimidine 1,3-thiazole 1-benzopyran Any flavonoid that is a glycoside derivative of anthocyanidin. Anthocyanins are water-souluble plant pigments that generally occur as acidic salts exhibiting bright colours. anthocyanin organic sodium salt inorganic sodium salt xanthenes tetraborate(2-) benzopteridine Any sulfur oxoacid derivative derived from sulfurous acid. sulfurous acid derivative Any polyamine that contains four amino groups. tetramine Any organic heteropolycyclic compound based on a skeleton consisting of a pyran ring fused with two benzene rings. dibenzopyran A chromanol with a chroman-6-ol skeleton that is substituted at position 2 by a saturated or triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. tocol Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure. pyrimidines Any azaalkane in which two or more carbons in the chain are replaced by nitrogen. polyazaalkane A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa. curcumin cyclic ketone A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5. D-hexose ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid A member of the class of benzimidazoles carrying a 1,3-thiazol-4-yl substituent at position 2. A mainly post-harvest fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cladosporium and Fusarium. thiabendazole A compound that contains two ketone functionalities. diketone nitrite salt In general, a mineral is a chemical substance that is normally crystalline formed and has been formed as a result of geological processes. The term also includes metamict substances (naturally occurring, formerly crystalline substances whose crystallinity has been destroyed by ionising radiation) and can include naturally occurring amorphous substances that have never been crystalline ('mineraloids') such as georgite and calciouranoite as well as substances formed by the action of geological processes on bigenic compounds ('biogenic minerals'). mineral silicate mineral azaalkane carbonate salt Any molecule that contains two amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages. dipeptide Any ether that contains more than one ether linkage. polyether Any ether carrying a hydroxy group at unspecified position. hydroxyether A hydroxyether compound containing more than one ether group. hydroxypolyether A polymer composed of repeating ethyleneoxy units. poly(ethylene glycol) Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid. acetate ester ammonium salt A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by a methyl group at position 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils. delta-tocopherol ureas cyclic polypyrrole Any member of the 'superclass' flavonoids whose skeleton is based on 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 2. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds. flavonoid sulfur oxide sulfamate ester calcium oxides A tetritol that is butane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2, 3 and 4. butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is vanillin in which the methoxy group is replaced by an ethoxy group. ethyl vanillin Silicate minerals that contain aluminium, silicon, and oxygen, together with other ions. They are a major component of clay minerals. aluminosilicate mineral sulfite salt An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains a N atom and one S atom. thiazoles A hydrochloride obtained by combining thiamine chloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. thiamine hydrochloride 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid A cyclodextrin composed of seven alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units. beta-cyclodextrin A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups. organic amino compound An oligosaccharide comprising four monomeric monosaccharide units. tetrasaccharide A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified). retinol Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid A salt of citric acid. citrate salt Any molecular entity that contains carbon. organic molecular entity A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit. role A cyclic compound containing nine or more atoms as part of the cyclic system. macrocycle organic halide salt nitrate salt inorganic nitrate salt A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context. chemical role nitrogen molecular entity magnesium halide Sulfate salts where the cation is a metal ion. metal sulfate D-isoascorbic acid A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the amino group of an amino acid. N-acyl-amino acid Compounds containing a biotin (5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid) skeleton. biotins Any aromatic ether that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with one or more methoxy groups. methoxybenzene An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position. enone A ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)R(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position. alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone organic polycyclic compound organic tricyclic compound physiological role inorganic hydroxy compound A macromolecule composed of repeating alkane or substituted alkane units. poly(alkylene) macromolecule A macromolecule composed of ethane or substituted ethane units. polyethylene macromolecule A macromolecule composed of repeating -CHR-CH2- units. vinyl polymer macromolecule A vinyl polymer composed of repeating -CH2-CR- units where R is a 2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl group. poly(vinylpyrrolidone) The trisodium salt of citric acid. sodium citrate A macromolecule derived from two or more species of monomer. copolymer macromolecule A copolymer macromolecule composed of homopolymeric blocks of 1->4-linked homopolymeric blocks of 1->4-linked sodium beta-D-mannuronate and sodium alpha-L-guluronate residues, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks. The sodium salt of alginic acid. sodium alginate A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan [2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol] normally containing a total of 20 oxyethylene groups, with one or more of the terminal hydroxy groups esterified with a fatty acyl group. They are used as emulsifiers and dispersing agents in some pharmaceuticals products and as defoamers and emulsifiers in some foods. polysorbate A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by a palmitoyl group. polysorbate 40 A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by a dodecanoyl group. polysorbate 20 A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by a stearate group. polysorbate 60 A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by an oleoyl group. polysorbate 80 A (1->4)-beta-D-glucan compound formed by methylating cellulose through exposure to NaOH/CH3Cl. methyl cellulose A quinoline derivative with a 1,3-dioxoindan-2-yl substituent at C-2. quinoline yellow A benzothiazole consisting of a benzene ring fused to an isothiazole. 1,2-benzisothiazole A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements. heterocyclic compound Any salt prepared using acetic acid as the acid component. acetate salt Any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12. medium-chain fatty acid An iminium ion that is a dark bluish synthetic dye used as a food colouring agent patent blue V Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units. phosphoric acids Hydroxy boron compounds of general formula BxOyHz. boric acids A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types. chemical substance A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind. mixture A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc.. polymer An amino acid containing one or more nitrogen atoms connected through carbon atoms to one or more carboxy groups. polyamino carboxylic acid A glucoside in which the anomeric carbon of the glycosidic bond is in an alpha configuration alpha-glucoside Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part. nucleobase-containing molecular entity A polymer, composed of polysiloxane macromolecules. polysiloxane polymer A polysiloxane polymer, composed of silicone macromolecules. silicone polymer A silicone polymer, composed of polydimethylsiloxane macromolecules. polydimethylsiloxane polymer A polydimethylsiloxane polymer, composed of dimethicone macromolecules. dimethicone polymer A lipid-rich mixture containing glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid and other components. lecithin A carbohydrate acid derivative anion arising from deprotonation of one or more oxoacid OH groups of any polysaccharide acid. polysaccharide acid oxoanion An ester where the ester linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system. aromatic ester An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils. ammonium sulfate An acetate salt in which the cationic component is zinc(2+). zinc acetate The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium. sodium nitrate The organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of L-tartaric acid. sodium L-tartrate The potassium salt of L-tartaric acid. potassium L-tartrate The organic sodium and potassium salt of L-tartaric acid (mol ratio 1:1:1). potassium sodium L-tartrate A potassium salt in which dihydrogen phosphate(1-) is the counterion. potassium dihydrogen phosphate A citrate salt in which all three carboxy groups are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations. triammonium citrate The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium. potassium nitrate A carbohydrate derivative arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to an oxygen, carbon, nitrogen or sulfur atom of a separate entity. glycosyl compound Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds. carbohydrate derivative A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a disaccharide. disaccharide derivative A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide. monosaccharide derivative A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentose. pentose derivative A carboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of a carbohydrate acid derivative. carbohydrate acid derivative anion Any lactone in which the cyclic carboxylic ester group forms a part of a cyclic macromolecule. macrocyclic lactone An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid. monosodium glutamate An organic aromatic compound whose structure contains two aromatic rings or ring systems, joined to each other by a single bond. biaryl An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1). one-carbon compound Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage. organic acid The role played by a substance in enhancing the appearance or odour of the human body; a name given to the substance itself or to a component of it. cosmetic A carbohydrate derivative that is any derivative of a polysaccharide. polysaccharide derivative A magnesium salt comprising of two chlorine atoms bound to a magnesium atom. magnesium dichloride A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group. malic acid Any dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms. C4-dicarboxylic acid A diketone in which the two keto groups are separated by a single carbon atom. beta-diketone A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms. hexamethylenetetramine An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute. maltitol Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. azole A type-A lantibiotic containing 34 amino acid residues (including lanthionine (Lan), methyllanthionine (MeLan), didehydroalanine (Dha) and didehydroaminobutyric acid (Dhb)) and five thioether bridges. It is obtained by fermentation of the bacterium Lactococcus lactis and shows particular activity against Clostridium botulinum. It is used in the production of various processed foods to suppress Gram-positive spoilage and pathogenic bacteria and so extend shelf life. nisin A class of peptide antibiotic characterised by the presence of the rare thioether amino acids lanthionine or methyllanthionine, as well as the unsaturated amino acids dehydroalanine and 2-aminoisobutyric acid. In contrast to classical peptide antibiotics, lantibiotics are synthesised from precursor genes using the ribosomal pathway and the characteristic rare amino acids are introduced by posttranslational modification procedues into the lantibiotic precursor peptides ('prepeptides'). Lantibiotics are subdivided into two types: type A have long, flexible structures, while type B have rigid, globular structures. lantibiotic Any lantibiotic which has which has a long, flexible structure. type A lantibiotic Any organic molecular entity whose stucture is based on derivatives of a phenyl-substituted 1-phenylpropane possessing a C15 or C16 skeleton, or such a structure which is condensed with a C6-C3 lignan precursors. The term is a 'superclass' comprising all members of the classes of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, neoflavonoid, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, aurones, pterocarpan, coumestans, rotenoid, flavonolignan, homoflavonoid and flavonoid oligomers. Originally restricted to natural products, the term is also applied to synthetic compounds related to them. flavonoids Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity. organic molecule A biomacromolecule composed of carbohydrate residues which is secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment. exopolysaccharide A vitamin D that is calciol or its hydroxylated metabolites calcidiol and calcitriol. Calciol (also known as vitamin D3) acts as a hormone precursor, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone. D3 vitamins Any sulfate salt resulting from the formal condensation of aluminium hydroxide with 1.5 mol eq. of sulfuric acid. aluminium sulfate Natamycin An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion. sodium lactate A disaccharide consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods. lactitol A ketone in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic ring. aromatic ketone A mixture of 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. Is is used as an antioxidant and preservative in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, rubber and petroleum products. butylated hydroxyanisole A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues. calcium phosphate A potassium salt having sorbate as the counterion. potassium sorbate A hydrate that is tin dichloride (anh.) combined with 2 mol eq. of water. tin dichloride dihydrate Any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants. food component Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects. environmental contaminant Any unwanted chemical in food. The term includes agrochemicals and industrial chemicals that may contaminate foodstuffs during their production, transportation or storage. environmental food contaminant A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. 2-hydroxypropanoic acid Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation. carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives A linear tetrasaccharide comprising three L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose residues and a 3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (2-keto-3-deoxy-alpha-D-mannooctanoic acid, alpha-Kdo) residue in a (1->7), (1->3), (1->5) sequence. L-alpha-D-Hepp-(1->7)-L-alpha-D-Hepp-(1->3)-L-alpha-D-Hepp-(1->5)-alpha-Kdo A family of plant metabolites with a common 1,7-diphenylheptane structural skeleton, carrying various substituents. They are mainly distributed in the roots, rhizomes and bark of Alpinia, Zingiber, Curcuma and Alnus species. diarylheptanoid Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond. olefinic compound An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning. sodium nitrite A monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon of the carboxy group is directly attached to a C=C or C#C bond. alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine. pantothenic acid A benzoate ester that is an ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. 4-hydroxybenzoate ester Ferrous lactate Calcium propionate A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab. potassium hydrogencarbonate Brilliant Blue Cyclamate A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6. acesulfame A dipeptide composed of N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-aspartic acid and methyl L-phenylalanate units joined by a peptide linkage. neotame A gallate ester obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the hydroxy group of octanol. octyl gallate Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. proteinogenic amino acid derivative Any derivative of a non-proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group or carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative Any of the 23 alpha-amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. The group includes the 20 amino acids encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes together with selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and N-formylmethionine. Apart from glycine, which is non-chiral, all have L configuration. proteinogenic amino acid Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues. amino acid derivative A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-glutamic acid by a heteroatom. L-glutamic acid derivative Any phospho sugar that is the phosphate derivative of pentose. pentose phosphate An organic sodium salt having D-gluconate as the counterion. sodium gluconate Any cosmetic used to lighten the colour of skin by reducing the concentration of melanin. skin lightening agent A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester in which the esterifying alcohol is an alkanol (in diagram, R = alkyl). Commonly used as preservatives in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. paraben A polysaccharide acid oxoanion produced by bacteria, which is used as a substitute for agar as gelling agent in various clinical bacteriological media. gellan gum A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate. borax A metal sulfate composed of potassium, aluminium and sulfate ions in the ration 1:1:2. potassium aluminium sulfate An inorganic sodium salt having sulfite as the counterion. sodium sulfite Heteroorganic entities that are microbial metabolites (or compounds derived from them) which have significant antifungal properties. antibiotic antifungal agent An organic aromatic compound that has been used as a fungicide. aromatic fungicide Compounds that contain a benzimidazole moiety as a key feature of their structure and which have been used as fungicides. benzimidazole fungicide Any antibiotic antifungal agent used to treat fungal infections in humans or animals. antibiotic antifungal drug An organoiodine compound that is the ring opened tautomer of fluorescein substituted at positions 2, 4, 5 and 7 by iodo groups. erythrosin Any fatty acid ester in which the carboxylic acid component is lauric acid. dodecanoate ester Any organic amino compound that contains two or more amino groups. polyamine A mixed diacylamine resulting from the formal condensation of the nitrogen of a carboxamide with a sulphonic acid. N-sulfonylcarboxamide An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring. tartrazine tricalcium bis(phosphate)