n-propyl gallate
An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the 3-hydroxy group of ascorbic acid by a sodium ion.
sodium ascorbate
An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.
sodium benzoate
An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.
sodium disulfite
A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.
potassium carbonate
A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens.
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives
An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.
sodium propionate
Any member of the class of benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone or its C-substituted derivatives.
1,4-benzoquinones
A naphthoquinone in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the parent naphthalene ring.
1,4-naphthoquinones
Any trienoic fatty acid containing 18 carbons.
fatty acid 18:3
An aluminosilicate mineral consisting mostly of montmorillonite. The different types of bentonite (aluminium bentonite; calcium bentonite; potassium bentonite; sodium bentonite) are named after their dominant element.
bentonite
Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 degreeC (482 degreeF) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.
volatile organic compound
An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).
allylic alcohol
An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to two hydrogens.
primary allylic alcohol
A class containing any titanium molecular entity that is an oxide of titanium.
titanium oxides
A diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.
glycol
Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa).
gas molecular entity
Any carotenoid derivative with an beta-end group
carotenoid beta-end group
A polyether that is any poly(ethylene glycol) in which one or both of the terminal hydroxy groups has been substituted or undergone modification.
poly(ethylene glycol) derivative
R-cob(III)alamin
13'-carboxy-alpha-tocopherol
A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.
cellulose acetate
A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.
retinyl palmitate
A choline that is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to the amino function.
choline
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.
cysteine
A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.
acetic acid
A p-menthan-3-ol which has (1R,2S,5R)-stereochemistry. It is the most common naturally occurring enantiomer.
(-)-menthol
The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain.
glycine
A tetraric acid that is butanedioic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3.
2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.
aldose
Any alpha-amino acid having L-configuration at the alpha-carbon.
L-alpha-amino acid
A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
primary alcohol
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.
succinic acid
A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues.
polypeptide
Any 3-hydroxy steroid whose skeleton is closely related to cholestan-3-ol (additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain).
sterol
A fatty acid with a chain length ranging from C13 to C22.
long-chain fatty acid
A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.
nicotinic acid
An acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes and other red fruits.
lycopene
A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. The commercially available fertilizer has an analysis of 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O).
urea
A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group.
ethanol
A lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or di-ester. The term encompasses phosphatidic acids and phosphoglycerides.
phospholipid
Any benzoquinone derived from 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzoquinone; one of a group of naturally occurring homologues. The redox-active quinoid moiety usually carries a polyprenoid side chain at position 6, the number of isoprenoid units in which is species-specific. Ubiquinones are involved in the control of mitochondrial electron transport, and are also potent anti-oxidants.
ubiquinones
An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.
alanine
A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.
carbon dioxide
Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
carbohydrate
Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc.
peptide
A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-5 of the ribose ring is mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphorylated.
nucleoside 5'-phosphate
Any oligosaccharide, polysaccharide or their derivatives consisting of monosaccharides or monosaccharide derivatives linked by glycosidic bonds. See also http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001.
glycan
A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen atom is replaced by a 2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl group. It is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in humans.
melatonin
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.
methionine
13'-Carboxy-gamma-tocopherol
A polysaccharide composed of two or more different types of monosaccharides,
heteroglycan
The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.
propane-1,2-diol
D-Ribitol in which the hydroxy group at position 5 is substituted by a 7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl moiety. It is a nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables, but the richest natural source is yeast. The free form occurs only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide.
riboflavin
A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.
dinitrogen oxide
A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H).
ketone
A benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of two benzene rings connected by a single covalent bond. Biphenyl occurs naturally in coal tar, crude oil, and natural gas. Formerly used as a fungicide for citrus crops.
biphenyl
The meso-diastereomer of butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol.
erythritol
A pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having meso-configuration, being derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group.
xylitol
A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.
nicotinamide
nucleoside 5'-monophosphate
A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having hypoxanthine as the nucleobase.
IMP
An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate.
glucose
dehydroascorbic acid
A glycosylglucose consisting of two D-glucopyranose units connected by an alpha-(1->4)-linkage.
maltose
Any mixture of complex, colloidal, macromolecular plant galacturonans containing a large proportion of D-galactopyranosyluronic acid residues in alpha-(1->4) linkage, the carboxy groups of which may be esterified to varying degrees by methyl groups or be partially or completely converted into salts. The structure shown is that of the parent polygalacturonan.
pectin
A sulfur-containing amino acid obtained by the oxidation of two cysteine molecules which are then linked via a disulfide bond.
cystine
A complex cob(III)alamin in which cobalt is positioned in the centre of a planar corrin tetrapyrrole ring and bound axially to a 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole moiety and a cyano group. It is one of several forms of the vitamin known as vitamin B12.
cyanocob(III)alamin
A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.
aldehyde
A carbohydrate that is an acyclic polyol having the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nCH2OH (formally derivable from an aldose by reduction of the carbonyl group).
alditol
A linear copolymer macromolecule composed of homopolymeric blocks of 1->4-linked beta-D-mannuronic acid and alpha-L-guluronic acid residues, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks.
alginic acid
An optically active form of cysteine having L-configuration.
L-cysteine
A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid.
beta-carotene
A glucooligosaccharide derived from glucose monomers linked via alpha-D-1,4 bonds as in maltose. The term is commonly applied to the series of linear oligosaccharides composed of two, three, four, five and six such units of glucose.
maltooligosaccharide
Any D-aldose having a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
D-aldohexose
A flavin mononucleotide that is riboflavin (vitamin B2) in which the primary hydroxy group has been converted to its dihydrogen phosphate ester.
FMN
A cyclic oligosaccharide comprising a ring of D-glucose units linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.
cyclomaltodextrin
A glucose with D-configuration.
D-glucose
Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.
vitamin C
Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).
vitamin B2
Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).
vitamin B3
Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.
vitamin B9
Any member of a group of cobalamin vitamers that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with low red blood cell count and anemia. The vitamers are found in foods such as cereals, meat, fish, and poultry. The vitamers include adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, cyanocobalamin, aquacobalamin, nitritocobalamin and methylcobabalamin (also includes their ionized, salt and phosphate derivatives).
vitamin B12
The (R,R,S)-stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol.
(R,R,S)-alpha-tocopherol
The (R,S,R)-stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol.
(R,S,R)-alpha-tocopherol
The (R,S,S)-stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol.
(R,S,S)-alpha-tocopherol
The (S,R,R)-stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol.
(S,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol
The (S,S,R)-stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol.
(S,S,R)-alpha-tocopherol
The (S,R,S)-stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol.
(S,R,S)-alpha-tocopherol
A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.
lactose
A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.
glycerol
A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond (where X is a halogen atom).
organohalogen compound
An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.
serine
Any glyceride resulting from the condensation of all three hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids.
triglyceride
A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.
hydrogen chloride
An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.
benzyl alcohol
A glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose.
sucrose
A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.
fumaric acid
'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids.
lipid
A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.
phylloquinone
Any six-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldohexose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketohexose).
hexose
hydrogen halide
An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.
(R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol
A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues.
polysaccharide
A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.
gamma-tocopherol
An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.
tyrosine
A solution of ammonia in water.
ammonium hydroxide
An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.
glutamic acid
A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.
(1->4)-beta-D-glucan
An iron group element atom that has atomic number 26.
iron atom
manganese atom
An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms.
alkane
A member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively.
vanillin
sulfur dioxide
Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH3.
acetamides
Dicarboxylic acids formed from aldoses by replacement of both terminal groups (CHO and CH2OH) by carboxy groups.
aldaric acid
Any carbohydrate acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde functional group of an aldose to a carboxylic acid functional group. Aldonic acids have the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nC(=O)OH.
aldonic acid
alkaline earth metal atom
alkali metal atom
Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.
alkaloid
alpha-D-glucoside
A tocopherol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a 4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl group at position 2.
alpha-tocopherol
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron.
anion
ascorbic acid
An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent
aspartic acid
Any arenecarbaldehyde that consists of a formyl substituted benzene ring and its substituted derivatives thereof.
benzaldehydes
A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.
benzenetriol
Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
benzenes
An organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring.
benzimidazoles
Any aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of benzene in which at least a single hydrogen has been substituted by a carboxy group.
benzoic acids
benzopyran
benzopyrrole
Any quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of catechol, hydroquinone, or their C-substituted derivatives.
benzoquinones
Compounds containing a phenylmethanol skeleton.
benzyl alcohols
Benzenoid aromatic compounds containing two phenyl or substituted-phenyl groups which are joined together by a single bond.
biphenyls
boron molecular entity
Any amino acid in which the parent hydrocarbon chain has one or more alkyl substituents
branched-chain amino acid
butenedioic acid
calcium atom
calcium molecular entity
carbon oxide
Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.
carbonates
Hydrocarbon carotenoids.
carotene
One of a class of tetraterpenoids (C40), formally derived from the acyclic parent, psi,psi-carotene by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, cyclization, oxidation, or combination of these processes. This class includes carotenes, xanthophylls and certain compounds that arise from rearrangement of the skeleton of psi,psi-carotene or by loss of part of this structure. Retinoids are excluded.
carotenoid
carotenol
chloride salt
A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine.
chlorine molecular entity
A quaternary ammonium ion based on the choline ion and its substituted derivatives thereof.
cholines
Any member of the class of chromanes that is chromane substituted by one or more hydroxy groups.
chromanol
chromanes
cob(III)alamins
cobalamins
cobamides
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
molecular entity
cobalt-corrinoid hexaamide
cyclic oligosaccharide
A macrocycle composed of five or more D-glucopyranose units bonded via (1->4)-linkages.
cyclodextrin
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of cysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing cysteine residues.
cysteine derivative
Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.
dextrins
An azole that is either one of a pair of heterocyclic organic compounds comprising three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring.
diazole
dimethylxanthine
A compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic. Aliphatic diols are also called glycols.
diol
Any terpenoid derived from a diterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C20 skeleton of the parent diterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
diterpenoid
Any primary alcohol based on an ethanol skeleton.
ethanols
flavin mononucleotide
Compounds containing at least one furan ring.
furans
galacturonan
gluconic acid
An oligosaccharide comprised of glucose residues.
glucooligosaccharide
Any hexosamine that is glucose in which at least one of the hydroxy groups has been replaced by an amino group.
glucosamines
glucoside
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing glutamic acid residues.
glutamic acid derivative
glycogens
A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively.
glycoside
glycosylglucose
Any disaccharide in which the two monosaccharide components are connected by a glycosidic linkage between their anomeric centres.
glycosyl glycoside
A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
chemical entity
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context.
biological role
Any organonitrogen compound containing a carbamimidamido (guanidino) group. Guanidines have the general structure (R(1)R(2)N)(R(3)R(4)N)C=N-R(5) and are related structurally to amidines and ureas.
guanidines
halogen molecular entity
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element.
organic heterocyclic compound
hexadienoic acid
hexitol
Any 6-carbon amino monosaccharide with at least one alcoholic hydroxy group replaced by an amino group.
hexosamine
A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.
hydrocarbon
Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).
hydroxides
Any carboxylic acid with at least one hydroxy group.
hydroxy carboxylic acid
Any benzoic acid carrying one or more phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring.
hydroxybenzoic acid
A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
imidazoles
imide
Any compound containing an indole skeleton.
indoles
A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
oxoacid
A molecular entity that contains no carbon.
inorganic molecular entity
inorganic oxide
Any phosphate that contains no carbon atom.
inorganic phosphate
inorganic salt
inorganic sulfate salt
inosine phosphate
iodine molecular entity
A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.
salt
organic salt
A molecular entity having a net electric charge.
ion
iron molecular entity
A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.
isoleucine
Any lipid formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives.
isoprenoid
Oxo carboxylic acids formally derived from aldonic acids by replacement of a secondary CHOH group by a carbonyl group.
ketoaldonic acid
Any hexose containing a single ketone group.
ketohexose
Ketonic parent sugars (polyhydroxy ketones H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)[CH(OH)]mH) and their intramolecular hemiketals.
ketose
Any organic salt that has lactate as the cation.
lactate salt
Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
lactone
A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.
leucine
A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.
linolenic acid
A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.
agar
A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.
lysine
A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members derived from a polyketide.
macrolide
magnesium atom
magnesium molecular entity
magnesium porphyrin
A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.
maltodextrin
p-menthane monoterpenoid
Any secondary alcohol that is one of the eight possible diastereoisomers of 5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexan-1-ol.
p-menthan-3-ol
metalloporphyrin
Compounds containing a benzene skeleton substituted with one methoxy group.
monomethoxybenzene
Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol.
methyl ester
methylxanthine
Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.
molecule
An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group.
monocarboxylic acid
Any terpenoid derived from a monoterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C10 skeleton of the parent monoterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
monoterpenoid
Any fatty acid with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain and singly bonded carbon atoms in the rest of the chain. MUFAs have positive effects on the cardiovascular system, and in diabetes treatment.
monounsaturated fatty acid
A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.
naphthoquinone
A member of the class of pyridines that is a substituted pyridine in which at least one of the substituents is a carboxamide or N-substituted caraboxamide group.
pyridinecarboxamide
nitrites
nitrogen atom
nonmetal atom
A nucleobase-containing molecular entity that is a nucleoside in which one or more of the sugar hydroxy groups has been converted into a mono- or poly-phosphate. The term includes both nucleotides and non-nucleotide nucleoside phosphates.
nucleoside phosphate
Any trienoic fatty acid having eighteen carbons.
octadecatrienoic acid
A peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids.
oligopeptide
A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the omega-3 position, i.e., the third bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.
omega-3 fatty acid
organic heteromonocyclic compound
Any organic ion with a net negative charge.
organic anion
Any organic ion with a net positive charge.
organic cation
An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.
ether
organic ion
An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom.
organic oxide
organic phosphate
Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group
organic sulfate
An alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound.
aliphatic alcohol
An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters.
organophosphorus compound
An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.
oxide
oxygen molecular entity
A quinone in which the two oxo groups of the quinone are located para to each other on the 6-membered quinonoid ring.
p-quinones
A fatty acid ester obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with a hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol.
hexadecanoate ester
An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.
pentitol
aldopentose phosphate
A chemically diverse class of peptides that exhibit antimicrobial properties.
peptide antibiotic
Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom.
phosphate
A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid derivative
phosphorus molecular entity
phylloquinones
phytylnaphthoquinone
Any amino acid whose side chain is capable of forming one or more hydrogen bonds.
polar amino acid
A macromolecule composed of units connected by carboxylic ester (-O-CO-) linkages.
polyester macromolecule
Natural and synthetic compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('beta-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A), and usually the compounds derived from them by further condensations, etc. Considered by many to be synonymous with the less frequently used terms acetogenins and ketides.
polyketide
A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups.
polyol
Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.
polyphenol
Any phosphate that is a salt or an ester of polyphosphoric acid or its chalcogen analogues.
polyphosphates
Any fatty acid containing more than one double bond. Acids in this group are reported to have cardioprotective effects; and levels are lowered in chronic fatigue syndrome.
polyunsaturated fatty acid
Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the alpha-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure.
porphyrins
potassium atom
potassium molecular entity
Any alkali metal salt having potassium(1+) as the cation.
potassium salt
A quinone substituted by a polyprenyl-derived side-chain. Prenylquinones occur in all living cells. Due to their amphiphilic character, they are mainly located in biological membranes where they function as electron and proton carriers in the photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains. Some prenylquinones also perform more specialised roles sucy as antioxidants and enzyme cofactors. Prenylquinones are classified according to ring structure: the main classes are menaquinones, phylloquinones, ubiquinones and plastoquinones.
prenylquinone
An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.
proline
propane-1,2-diols
propanediol
pteridines
pterins
pullulans
purine alkaloid
purine nucleoside monophosphate
Any nucleotide that has a purine nucleobase.
purine nucleotide
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate
Any ribonucleotide that has a purine nucleobase.
purine ribonucleotide
A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives.
purines
pyridine alkaloid
A monocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is attached to a pyridine (or substituted pyridine) ring.
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
pyridines
A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring ortho fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring.
quinolines
Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.
retinoid
ribonucleoside monophosphate
ribonucleotide
ribose phosphate
Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess.
saturated fatty acid
An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from 3-phosphoglycerate (i.e. serine, glycine, cysteine and homocysteine). A closed class.
serine family amino acid
An aliphatic monocarboxylic acid with a chain length of less than C6. If any non-hydrocarbon substituent is present, the compound is not normally regarded as a short-chain fatty acid.
short-chain fatty acid
silicon molecular entity
sodium atom
sodium molecular entity
Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation.
sodium salt
Any steroid that acts as hormone.
steroid hormone
Any olefinic compound characterised by a 1,2-diphenylethylene backbone.
stilbenoid
carbohydrate phosphate
An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid.
sulfuric ester
Salts and esters of sulfuric acid
sulfates
Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.
sulfites
sulfur atom
sulfur-containing amino acid
sulfur molecular entity
A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.
sulfuric acid
Any isoprenoid that is a natural product or related compound formally derived from isoprene units. Terpenoids may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the parent terpene. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group.
terpenoid
Any oxacycle having an oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) skeleton.
oxolanes
A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
tetrapyrrole
tetraric acid
Any terpenoid derived from a tetraterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C40 skeleton of the parent tetraterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
tetraterpenoid
Any member of the group of 1,3-thiazolium cations that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B1 deficiency in animals. Symptoms of vitamin B1 deficiency include constipation, loss of apetite, fatigue, nausea, delirium, blurry vision and muscle weakness. Severe vitamin B1 deficiency can also lead to a disease known as beriberi. Vitamin B1 consists of the vitamer thiamin and its acid, aldehyde and phosphorylated derivatives (and their corresponding ionized, salt and hydrate forms).
vitamin B1
An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms.
organic heterotricyclic compound
An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.
threonine
tin atom
A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.
tocopherol
An element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell.
transition element atom
An oxoacid containing three carboxy groups.
tricarboxylic acid
trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimethylxanthine
A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.
triol
Tryptamine and its substitution derivatives.
tryptamines
organic heterobicyclic compound
Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C or C#C bond.
unsaturated fatty acid
A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.
valine
Any member of a group of fat-soluble hydroxy seco-steroids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D can be obtained from sun exposure, food and supplements and is biologically inactive and converted into the biologically active calcitriol via double hydroxylation in the body.
vitamin D
Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).
vitamin B6
A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.
xanthophyll
zinc atom
zinc molecular entity
A linolenic acid with cis-double bonds at positions 9, 12 and 15. Shown to have an antithrombotic effect.
alpha-linolenic acid
An N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation.
folic acid
selenium atom
An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.
histidine
A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee.
caffeine
hydroxocobalamin
A stilbenol that is stilbene in which the phenyl groups are substituted at positions 3, 5, and 4' by hydroxy groups.
resveratrol
An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.
tryptophan
pullulan
Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.
L-dehydroascorbic acid
The most important reserve polysaccharide found in plants. It is a glucan consisting of amylose and amylopectin.
starch
An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.
phenylalanine
An aldohexose that is the C-4 epimer of glucose.
galactose
alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid
Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.
vitamin K
phosphorus atom
copper atom
A ketohexose that is an isomer of glucose.
fructose
A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of L-aspartic acid with the amino group of methyl L-phenylalaninate. Commonly used as an artificial sweetener.
aspartame
beta-D-glucan
pyridoxine 5'-phosphate
lutein
A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.
vitamin D2
A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.
calciol
A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.
theobromine
Any sugar having one or more alcoholic hydroxy groups replaced by substituted or unsubstituted amino groups.
amino sugar
A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.
chlorophyll
(R)-propane-1,2-diol
aluminium atom
An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.
arginine
The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated.
carboxylic acid anion
mononucleotide
A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.
monocarboxylic acid amide
sodium carbonate
A hexitol produced by a variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, lichens and plants.
mannitol
potassium hexacyanoferrate(4-)
sodium hexacyanoferrate(4-)
An alkane that is propane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
isobutane
A derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.
flavin
A silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens.
silicon dioxide
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.
benzoic acid
A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.
propionic acid
A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.
citric acid
A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.
dodecanoic acid
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.
adipic acid
A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.
alcohol
glucitol
The hydrochloride salt of pyridoxine.
pyridoxine hydrochloride
An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.
ammonium chloride
A member of the class of calcium oxides of calcium and oxygen in a 1:1 ratio.
calcium oxide
Calcium pantothenate
calcium sulfate
A carotenoic acid that is the 6'-monomethyl ester of 9'-cis-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioic acid.
bixin
Any organic amino compound that is a derivative of ethylenediamine.
ethylenediamine derivative
Ferrous gluconate
A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.
magnesium carbonate
magnesium oxide
A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.
methylparaben
A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions
potassium acetate
Potassium gluconate
potassium hydroxide
potassium sulfate
The benzoate ester that is the propyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Preservative typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos and bath products. Also used as a food additive.
propylparaben
retinyl acetate
A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.
saccharin
Saccharin sodium
sodium hydrogencarbonate
sodium hydroxide
sodium sulfate
A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.
sucralose
Talc
A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.
titanium dioxide
alpha-Tocopherol acetate
A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.
potassium chloride
propane
sodium acetate
An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
amide
The calcium salt of D-gluconic acid.
calcium gluconate
The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.
calcium acetate
A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.
calcium carbonate
boric acid
calcium dichloride
boron oxoacid
Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.
vitamin E
An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands).
coordination entity
oxoacid derivative
An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system.
organic fundamental parent
A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
atom
A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
primary amide
A derivative of two oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which two acyl groups are attached to the amino or substituted amino group.
secondary amide
A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
elemental molecular entity
elemental hydrogen
An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond.
organosulfur compound
elemental oxygen
An anion consisting of more than one atom.
polyatomic anion
A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms.
heteroorganic entity
A physiological role played by any substance of either plant, animal or artificial origin which contains essential body nutrients that can be ingested by an organism to provide energy, promote growth, and maintain the processes of life.
food
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal.
alkali metal molecular entity
An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal.
alkaline earth molecular entity
Any p-block element atom that is in group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.
pnictogen
A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.
pnictogen molecular entity
Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table.
chalcogen
Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.
chalcogen molecular entity
carbon group element atom
An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl.
carboxylic ester
boron group element atom
An atom belonging to one of the main groups (found in the s- and p- blocks) of the periodic table.
main group element atom
silicon oxide
zinc group element atom
manganese group element atom
iron group element atom
copper group element atom
sulfur oxoacid
A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
hydracid
pnictogen oxoacid
sulfur oxoacid derivative
Any monosaccharide containing an alcoholic hydroxy group esterified with phosphoric acid.
phospho sugar
A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons.
phosphorus oxoacid
chalcogen oxoacid
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element.
transition element molecular entity
An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity.
metal atom
s-block element atom
Any main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table.
p-block element atom
d-block element atom
benzenediols
Any benzenediol in which the two hydroxy groups are meta to one another.
resorcinols
A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid.
carboxylic acid
Any carboxylic acid having a sulfur substituent.
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.
main group molecular entity
boron group molecular entity
carbon group molecular entity
A main group molecular entity containing one or more atoms of any noble gas.
noble gas molecular entity
Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring.
cyclic compound
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only.
homocyclic compound
A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
carbocyclic compound
hydrogen molecular entity
boron oxoanion
A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.
canthaxanthin
aluminium molecular entity
elemental aluminium
polycyclic compound
A molecule that features two fused rings.
bicyclic compound
A polycyclic compound having the shape of a cage.
polycyclic cage
Any acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, excluding aromatic compounds.
aliphatic compound
A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character.
aromatic compound
organic aromatic compound
monocyclic compound
heteromonocyclic compound
A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom.
heteropolycyclic compound
A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom.
heterobicyclic compound
zinc group molecular entity
An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element.
s-block molecular entity
A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.
p-block molecular entity
A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element.
d-block molecular entity
helium molecular entity
elemental helium
Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.
hydrides
A macromolecule formed by a living organism.
biomacromolecule
information biomacromolecule
A cation consisting of more than one atom.
polyatomic cation
An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group.
alpha-amino acid
A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.
amino acid
carbohydrate acid
tetritol
iron group molecular entity
copper group molecular entity
capsanthin
Any aldonic acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde group of an aldohexose to a carboxylic acid group.
hexonic acid
cobalt group molecular entity
titanium group molecular entity
An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.
organic hydroxy compound
Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring.
organic cyclic compound
A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2).
heteroarene
benzenoid aromatic compound
Conjugated protein is a protein that contains a non-peptide component, usually in stoichiometric proportion.
conjugated protein
A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
macromolecule
Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.
phenols
Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.
aromatic alcohol
Any aldehyde in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic moiety.
arenecarbaldehyde
An amino acid whose structure includes an aromatic ring.
aromatic amino acid
Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.
aromatic carboxylic acid
An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system.
aromatic amine
transition element coordination entity
cobalt molecular entity
cobalt coordination entity
iron coordination entity
cobalt corrinoid
metallotetrapyrrole
A derivative of the corrin nucleus, which contains four reduced or partly reduced pyrrole rings joined in a macrocycle by three =C- groups and one direct carbon-carbon bond linking alpha positions.
corrinoid
A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.
aldohexose
halide salt
silver molecular entity
elemental silver
gold molecular entity
magnesium salt
magnesium coordination entity
metallic base
alkali metal hydroxide
alkaline earth hydroxide
A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
A family of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds. The name is derived from a common name of red algae Chondrus crispus, "carrageen moss" (Irish moss).
carrageenan
Amaranth
disodium hydrogenphosphate
aldose phosphate
magnesium hydroxide
calcium hydroxide
calcium salt
acyclic carotene
cyclic carotene
sulfate salt
A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2].
terpene
A C40 terpene.
tetraterpene
nitrogen oxide
alkaline earth coordination entity
A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.
quaternary ammonium ion
A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which one (or more) of the hydrogens bonded to the nitrogen have been replaced with univalent organyl groups. The substituting carbon of the organyl group must not itself be directly attached to a heteroatom (thereby excluding protonated amides, hemiaminals, etc).
ammonium ion derivative
Compounds (NH4(+))Y(-) and derivatives, in which one or more of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent groups.
ammonium compound
Cations of structure R2C=N(+)R2.
iminium ion
carotenone
carotenoic acid
hexoside
Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene.
steroid
hydroxy steroid
Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
organonitrogen compound
Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax.
fatty acid
Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group.
monosaccharide
An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen.
oxoanion
calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate)
Any glucoside in which the glycoside group is derived from D-glucose.
D-glucoside
alkali metal salt
Compounds of structure RSSR in which R and R' are organic groups.
organic disulfide
An addition compound contains two or more simpler compounds that can be packed in a definite ratio into a crystal. The term covers donor-acceptor complexes (adducts) and a variety of lattice compounds.
addition compound
An addition compound that contains water in weak chemical combination with another compound.
hydrate
aluminium salt
carbon oxoacid
Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
aromatic ether
A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.
secondary alcohol
Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.
dicarboxylic acid
A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter.
ester
carbohydrate sulfate
Any member of the group of lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acid-derived group is attached.
glycerolipid
An oxoacid containing four carboxy groups.
tetracarboxylic acid
A carboxylic ester in which the carboxylic acid component can be any fatty acid.
fatty acid ester
seco-steroid
Any monocarboxylic acid which also contains a separate (alcoholic or phenolic) hydroxy substituent.
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid
imidazopyrimidine
A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.
sorbic acid
Any amino acid carrying two amino groups.
diamino acid
A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two or more atoms in common.
bridged compound
A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position, i.e., the sixth bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.
omega-6 fatty acid
Any stilbenoid with at least one phenolic group.
stilbenol
Esters of benzoic acid or substituted benzoic acids.
benzoate ester
A biological macromolecule minimally consisting of one polypeptide chain synthesized at the ribosome.
protein
inorganic chloride
organic chloride salt
Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).
quinone
A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond.
disaccharide
A monoester of a dicarboxylic acid.
dicarboxylic acid monoester
hexacyanoferrate(4-) salt
hexacyanoferrate salt
glycosyl alditol
cyclic tetrapyrrole
Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.
polyatomic entity
An ion consisting of more than one atom.
polyatomic ion
phosphorus oxoacid derivative
phosphorus oxoacids and derivatives
alkaline earth salt
A coordination entity in which the central atom to which the ligands are attached comes from groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of the periodic table.
main-group coordination entity
Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives.
carbonyl compound
Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element.
organic oxo compound
An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.
organochlorine compound
heterotricyclic compound
A salt formally resulting from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base.
hydrochloride
seco-cholestane
seco-ergostane
Two or more cyclic systems (single rings or fused systems) which are directly joined to each other by double or single bonds are named ring assemblies when the number of such direct ring junctions is one less than the number of cyclic systems involved.
ring assembly
Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 3.
3-hydroxy steroid
hydroxy seco-steroid
argon molecular entity
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton.
cation
The stable isotope of nitrogen with relative atomic mass 14.003074. The most abundant (99.63 atom percent) isotope of naturally occurring nitrogen.
nitrogen-14 atom
An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond.
organochalcogen compound
An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond.
organooxygen compound
vitamin B6 phosphate
A nucleotide is a nucleoside phosphate resulting from the condensation of the 3 or 5 hydroxy group of a nucleoside with phosphoric acid.
nucleotide
flavin nucleotide
ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
ribonucleoside 5'-phosphate
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
An organoiodine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-iodine bond.
organoiodine compound
A polysaccharide composed of glucose residues.
glucan
Glycans composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'.
homopolysaccharide
organic hydride
mononuclear parent hydride
titanium molecular entity
A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid units.
folic acids
A benzoate ester that is any ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) with an alcoholic or phenolic hydroxy group.
gallate ester
A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.
heteroatomic molecular entity
Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements.
halide
A lactone having a five-membered lactone ring.
gamma-lactone
trisodium phosphate
sodium dihydrogenphosphate
sodium phosphate
An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
carboxamide
Any imide in which the acyl substituents are any two from carboacyl, sulfonyl and phosphoryl
mixed diacylamine
phosphoric ester
A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.
butane
sulfuric acid derivative
A dye derived by condensation of phthalic anhydride with resorcinol (and derivatives) or m-aminophenol (and derivatives).
xanthene dye
Any carbohydrate sulfate that is a polysaccharide carrying at least one O-sulfo substituent.
polysaccharide sulfate
benzothiazoles
The stable isotope of phosphorus with relative atomic mass 30.973762 and nuclear spin (1)/2.
phosphorus-31 atom
The stable isotope of sulfur with relative atomic mass 31.972071. The most abundant (95.02 atom percent) isotope of naturally occurring sulfur.
sulfur-32 atom
A macromolecule derived from one species of (real, implicit or hypothetical) monomer.
homopolymer macromolecule
A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units.
polypyrrole
Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom.
oxacycle
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
organic heteropolycyclic compound
monocyclic heteroarene
polycyclic heteroarene
magnesium tetrapyrrole
Any of a class of heterocyclic amines having a saturated five-membered ring.
pyrrolidines
An alpha-amino acid that is butanoic acid substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.
2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid
A branched chain amino acid that consists of 3-methylpentanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.
2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring in which two of the C-H fragments have been replaced by isolobal nitrogens (the diazine parent structure).
diazines
A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives.
aminopyrimidine
1,3-thiazoles
1-benzopyran
aminoalkylindole
Any flavonoid that is a glycoside derivative of anthocyanidin. Anthocyanins are water-souluble plant pigments that generally occur as acidic salts exhibiting bright colours.
anthocyanin
organic sodium salt
inorganic sodium salt
xanthenes
tetraborate(2-)
benzopteridine
A complex in which one component (the host) forms a cavity or, in the case of a crystal, a crystal lattice containing spaces in the shape of long tunnels or channels in which molecular entities of a second chemical species (the guest) are located. There is no covalent bonding between guest and host, the attraction being generally due to van der Waals forces.
inclusion compound
Inclusion compound in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules.
clathrate compound
A class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles. They are synthesized in the liver without a lipid core, accumulate cholesterol esters from peripheral tissues and transport them to the liver for re-utilization or elimination from the body (the reverse cholesterol transport).
high-density lipoprotein
A class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and low density (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of cholesterol esters and smaller amounts of triglycerides. The surface monolayer consists mostly of phospholipids, a single copy of apolipoprotein B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. The main function of LDL is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters from the liver. Excessive levels are associated with cardiovascular disease.
low-density lipoprotein
Any sulfur oxoacid derivative derived from sulfurous acid.
sulfurous acid derivative
Any polyamine that contains four amino groups.
tetramine
Any organic heteropolycyclic compound based on a skeleton consisting of a pyran ring fused with two benzene rings.
dibenzopyran
Any saturated fatty acid lacking a side-chain.
straight-chain saturated fatty acid
A chromanol with a chroman-6-ol skeleton that is substituted at position 2 by a saturated or triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units.
tocol
Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure.
pyrimidines
Any azaalkane in which two or more carbons in the chain are replaced by nitrogen.
polyazaalkane
A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.
curcumin
cyclic ketone
A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.
D-hexose
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
A member of the class of benzimidazoles carrying a 1,3-thiazol-4-yl substituent at position 2. A mainly post-harvest fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cladosporium and Fusarium.
thiabendazole
A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.
coenzyme Q10
The (S,S,S)-stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol.
(S,S,S)-alpha-tocopherol
A compound that contains two ketone functionalities.
diketone
nitrite salt
In general, a mineral is a chemical substance that is normally crystalline formed and has been formed as a result of geological processes. The term also includes metamict substances (naturally occurring, formerly crystalline substances whose crystallinity has been destroyed by ionising radiation) and can include naturally occurring amorphous substances that have never been crystalline ('mineraloids') such as georgite and calciouranoite as well as substances formed by the action of geological processes on bigenic compounds ('biogenic minerals').
mineral
silicate mineral
azaalkane
carbonate salt
Any molecule that contains two amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
dipeptide
Any ether that contains more than one ether linkage.
polyether
Any ether carrying a hydroxy group at unspecified position.
hydroxyether
A hydroxyether compound containing more than one ether group.
hydroxypolyether
A polymer composed of repeating ethyleneoxy units.
poly(ethylene glycol)
Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.
tetrahydrofuranone
Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
acetate ester
ammonium salt
A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 5 and 8. While it is found in low concentrations in many vegetable oils, only cottonseed oil contains significant amounts.
beta-tocopherol
A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by a methyl group at position 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.
delta-tocopherol
Any ester resulting from the condensation of one or more of the hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids.
glyceride
cyclic polypyrrole
Any member of the 'superclass' flavonoids whose skeleton is based on 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 2. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.
flavonoid
sulfur oxide
sulfamate ester
calcium oxides
A tetritol that is butane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2, 3 and 4.
butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol
Compounds of structure RSSR'.
disulfide
A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is vanillin in which the methoxy group is replaced by an ethoxy group.
ethyl vanillin
Silicate minerals that contain aluminium, silicon, and oxygen, together with other ions. They are a major component of clay minerals.
aluminosilicate mineral
sulfite salt
An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains a N atom and one S atom.
thiazoles
A hydrochloride obtained by combining thiamine chloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.
thiamine hydrochloride
2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid
A cyclodextrin composed of seven alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.
beta-cyclodextrin
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
organic amino compound
An oligosaccharide comprising four monomeric monosaccharide units.
tetrasaccharide
A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).
retinol
Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.
2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid
A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
butenolide
An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position.
alkyl alcohol
A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues.
oligosaccharide
A salt of citric acid.
citrate salt
Any molecular entity that contains carbon.
organic molecular entity
A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit.
role
Systems consisting of two or more molecular entities held together by non-covalent interactions.
non-covalently-bound molecular entity
A cyclic compound containing nine or more atoms as part of the cyclic system.
macrocycle
organic halide salt
nitrate salt
inorganic nitrate salt
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context.
chemical role
nitrogen molecular entity
magnesium halide
Sulfate salts where the cation is a metal ion.
metal sulfate
D-isoascorbic acid
A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the amino group of an amino acid.
N-acyl-amino acid
Any aromatic ether that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with one or more methoxy groups.
methoxybenzenes
An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
enone
A ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)R(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.
alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone
organic polycyclic compound
organic tricyclic compound
physiological role
A stable isotope of selenium with relative atomic mass 76.919915, 7.60 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 1/2.
selenium-77 atom
The stable isotope of iron with relative atomic mass 56.935399, 2.1 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 1/2.
iron-57 atom
inorganic hydroxy compound
The stable isotope of potassium with relative atomic mass 38.963707, 93.3 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 3/2.
potassium-39 atom
The stable isotope of sodium with relative atomic mass 22.989770, 100 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 3/2.
sodium-23 atom
The stable isotope of magnesium with relative atomic mass 24.985837, 10.0 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 5/2.
magnesium-25 atom
A mixture of peptides and proteins produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from the skin, bones, and connective tissues of animals such as domesticated cattle, chicken, pigs, and fish.
gelatin
A macromolecule composed of repeating alkane or substituted alkane units.
poly(alkylene) macromolecule
A macromolecule composed of ethane or substituted ethane units.
polyethylene macromolecule
A polymer composed of ethane units.
poly(ethylene)
A macromolecule composed of repeating -CHR-CH2- units.
vinyl polymer macromolecule
A polymer composed of repeating chloroethyl units.
poly(vinyl chloride)
A vinyl polymer composed of repeating -CH2-CR- units where R is a 2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl group.
poly(vinylpyrrolidone)
A polymer composed of repeating -CR2-CR2- units.
poly(vinylidene)
A polymer composed of repeating tetrafluoroethyl groups.
poly(tetrafluoroethylene)
The trisodium salt of citric acid.
sodium citrate
Macromolecules composed of repeating substituted or unsubstituted ethylbenzene units.
polystyrene macromolecule
A polymer composed of repeating ethyl benzene groups.
poly(styrene)
A macromolecule derived from two or more species of monomer.
copolymer macromolecule
A copolymer macromolecule composed of homopolymeric blocks of 1->4-linked homopolymeric blocks of 1->4-linked sodium beta-D-mannuronate and sodium alpha-L-guluronate residues, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks. The sodium salt of alginic acid.
sodium alginate
Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C double bond.
olefinic fatty acid
Any poly(ethylene glycol) derivative composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan [2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol] normally containing a total of 20 oxyethylene groups, with one or more of the terminal hydroxy groups esterified with a fatty acyl group. They are used as emulsifiers and dispersing agents in some pharmaceuticals products and as defoamers and emulsifiers in some foods.
polysorbate
A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by a palmitoyl group.
polysorbate 40
A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by a dodecanoyl group.
polysorbate 20
A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by a stearate group.
polysorbate 60
A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by an oleoyl group.
polysorbate 80
A (1->4)-beta-D-glucan compound formed by methylating cellulose through exposure to NaOH/CH3Cl.
methyl cellulose
A polymer compose of repeating propane-1,2-diyl units.
poly(propylene)
A quinoline derivative with a 1,3-dioxoindan-2-yl substituent at C-2.
quinoline yellow
glucosamine
A benzothiazole consisting of a benzene ring fused to an isothiazole.
1,2-benzisothiazole
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.
heterocyclic compound
Any fatty acid whose skeletal carbon atoms form an unbranched open chain.
straight-chain fatty acid
Any salt prepared using acetic acid as the acid component.
acetate salt
Any member of the sub-set of polyunsaturated fatty acid for which there is an absolute dietary requirement.
essential fatty acid
Any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
medium-chain fatty acid
An iminium ion that is a dark bluish synthetic dye used as a food colouring agent
patent blue V
Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units.
phosphoric acids
Hydroxy boron compounds of general formula BxOyHz.
boric acids
A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.
chemical substance
A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.
mixture
A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc..
polymer
An amino acid containing one or more nitrogen atoms connected through carbon atoms to one or more carboxy groups.
polyamino carboxylic acid
Any amino sugar that is a monosaccharide in which one alcoholic hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group.
amino monosaccharide
A glucoside in which the anomeric carbon of the glycosidic bond is in an alpha configuration
alpha-glucoside
Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part.
nucleobase-containing molecular entity
Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides in plant cell walls that have beta-(1->4)-linked backbones with an equatorial configuration. Hemicelluloses include xyloglucans, xylans, mannans and glucomannans, and beta-(1->3,1->4)-glucans.
hemicellulose
A polymer, composed of polysiloxane macromolecules.
polysiloxane polymer
A polysiloxane polymer, composed of silicone macromolecules.
silicone polymer
A silicone polymer, composed of polydimethylsiloxane macromolecules.
polydimethylsiloxane polymer
A polydimethylsiloxane polymer, composed of dimethicone macromolecules.
dimethicone polymer
A lipid-rich mixture containing glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid and other components.
lecithin
A carbohydrate acid derivative anion arising from deprotonation of one or more oxoacid OH groups of any polysaccharide acid.
polysaccharide acid oxoanion
An ester where the ester linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.
aromatic ester
An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.
ammonium sulfate
A (1->4)-beta-D-glucan (cellulose) in crystalline form with a structure consisting of several hundred to over ten thousand D-glucose residues joined by beta(1->4) glycosidic linkages.
crystalline cellulose
An acetate salt in which the cationic component is zinc(2+).
zinc acetate
The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.
sodium nitrate
The organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of L-tartaric acid.
sodium L-tartrate
The potassium salt of L-tartaric acid.
potassium L-tartrate
The organic sodium and potassium salt of L-tartaric acid (mol ratio 1:1:1).
potassium sodium L-tartrate
A potassium salt in which dihydrogen phosphate(1-) is the counterion.
potassium dihydrogen phosphate
A citrate salt in which all three carboxy groups are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.
triammonium citrate
The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.
potassium nitrate
An organic cation resulting from protonation or quaternisation at the 3-position of any 1,3-thiazole.
1,3-thiazolium cation
A carbohydrate derivative arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to an oxygen, carbon, nitrogen or sulfur atom of a separate entity.
glycosyl compound
Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds.
carbohydrate derivative
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a disaccharide.
disaccharide derivative
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide.
monosaccharide derivative
A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentose.
pentose derivative
A carboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of a carbohydrate acid derivative.
carbohydrate acid derivative anion
Any lactone in which the cyclic carboxylic ester group forms a part of a cyclic macromolecule.
macrocyclic lactone
An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.
monosodium glutamate
An organic aromatic compound whose structure contains two aromatic rings or ring systems, joined to each other by a single bond.
biaryl
An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1).
one-carbon compound
Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage.
organic acid
A clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids.
lipoprotein
A carbohydrate derivative that is any derivative of a polysaccharide.
polysaccharide derivative
A magnesium salt comprising of two chlorine atoms bound to a magnesium atom.
magnesium dichloride
A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.
malic acid
Any dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.
C4-dicarboxylic acid
A diketone in which the two keto groups are separated by a single carbon atom.
beta-diketone
A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.
hexamethylenetetramine
An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute.
maltitol
Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
azole
dehydro-gamma-tocopherol
A homopolysaccharide derivative which is formally derived from a glucan.
glucan derivative
A type-A lantibiotic containing 34 amino acid residues (including lanthionine (Lan), methyllanthionine (MeLan), didehydroalanine (Dha) and didehydroaminobutyric acid (Dhb)) and five thioether bridges. It is obtained by fermentation of the bacterium Lactococcus lactis and shows particular activity against Clostridium botulinum. It is used in the production of various processed foods to suppress Gram-positive spoilage and pathogenic bacteria and so extend shelf life.
nisin
A class of peptide antibiotic characterised by the presence of the rare thioether amino acids lanthionine or methyllanthionine, as well as the unsaturated amino acids dehydroalanine and 2-aminoisobutyric acid. In contrast to classical peptide antibiotics, lantibiotics are synthesised from precursor genes using the ribosomal pathway and the characteristic rare amino acids are introduced by posttranslational modification procedues into the lantibiotic precursor peptides ('prepeptides'). Lantibiotics are subdivided into two types: type A have long, flexible structures, while type B have rigid, globular structures.
lantibiotic
Any lantibiotic which has which has a long, flexible structure.
type A lantibiotic
Any organic molecular entity whose stucture is based on derivatives of a phenyl-substituted 1-phenylpropane possessing a C15 or C16 skeleton, or such a structure which is condensed with a C6-C3 lignan precursors. The term is a 'superclass' comprising all members of the classes of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, neoflavonoid, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, aurones, pterocarpan, coumestans, rotenoid, flavonolignan, homoflavonoid and flavonoid oligomers. Originally restricted to natural products, the term is also applied to synthetic compounds related to them.
flavonoids
Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.
organic molecule
A biomacromolecule composed of carbohydrate residues which is secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment.
exopolysaccharide
Any polyunsaturated fatty acid that contains three double bonds.
trienoic fatty acid
A vitamin D that is calciol or its hydroxylated metabolites calcidiol and calcitriol. Calciol (also known as vitamin D3) acts as a hormone precursor, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.
D3 vitamins
Any sulfate salt resulting from the formal condensation of aluminium hydroxide with 1.5 mol eq. of sulfuric acid.
aluminium sulfate
Natamycin
An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.
sodium lactate
A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.
lactitol
Any member of the group of eight water-soluble vitamins originally thought to be a single compound (vitamin B) that play important roles in cell metabolism. The group comprises of vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12 (Around 20 other compounds were once thought to be B vitamins but are no longer classified as such).
B vitamin
A ketone in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic ring.
aromatic ketone
A mixture of 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. Is is used as an antioxidant and preservative in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, rubber and petroleum products.
butylated hydroxyanisole
A glycerol compound having one of three possible substituent groups - either acyl, alkyl, or alk-1-enyl - at each of the three possible positions sn-1, sn-2 or sn-3. has functional parent glycerol (CHEBI:17754), children: triglyceride (CHEBI:17855). Parent: is_a glycerolipid (CHEBI:35741)
triradylglycerol
A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.
calcium phosphate
A potassium salt having sorbate as the counterion.
potassium sorbate
A hydrate that is tin dichloride (anh.) combined with 2 mol eq. of water.
tin(II) chloride dihydrate
A physiological role played by any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants.
food component
Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
environmental contaminant
Any unwanted chemical in food. The term includes agrochemicals and industrial chemicals that may contaminate foodstuffs during their production, transportation or storage.
environmental food contaminant
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.
2-hydroxypropanoic acid
Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation.
carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives
A linear tetrasaccharide comprising three L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose residues and a 3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (2-keto-3-deoxy-alpha-D-mannooctanoic acid, alpha-Kdo) residue in a (1->7), (1->3), (1->5) sequence.
L-alpha-D-Hepp-(1->7)-L-alpha-D-Hepp-(1->3)-L-alpha-D-Hepp-(1->5)-alpha-Kdo
A family of plant metabolites with a common 1,7-diphenylheptane structural skeleton, carrying various substituents. They are mainly distributed in the roots, rhizomes and bark of Alpinia, Zingiber, Curcuma and Alnus species.
diarylheptanoid
Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond.
olefinic compound
An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.
sodium nitrite
A monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon of the carboxy group is directly attached to a C=C or C#C bond.
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
A benzoate ester that is an ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
4-hydroxybenzoate ester
Ferrous lactate
Calcium propionate
A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.
potassium hydrogencarbonate
Vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymer
Brilliant Blue
Cyclamate
Nylon 6
A mixture resulting from extraction from propolis.
propolis extract
A mixture of sugar (fructose, glucose, sucrose) and carbohydrate components that is a by-product from sugar refinery.
molasses
A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.
acesulfame
A dipeptide composed of N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-aspartic acid and methyl L-phenylalanate units joined by a peptide linkage.
neotame
A gallate ester obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the hydroxy group of octanol.
octyl gallate
Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.
proteinogenic amino acid derivative
Any of the 23 alpha-amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. The group includes the 20 amino acids encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes together with selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and N-formylmethionine. Apart from glycine, which is non-chiral, all have L configuration.
proteinogenic amino acid
Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues.
amino acid derivative
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-glutamic acid by a heteroatom.
L-glutamic acid derivative
Any phospho sugar that is the phosphate derivative of pentose.
pentose phosphate
An organic sodium salt having D-gluconate as the counterion.
sodium gluconate
A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester in which the esterifying alcohol is an alkanol (in diagram, R = alkyl). Commonly used as preservatives in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
paraben
A polysaccharide acid oxoanion produced by bacteria, which is used as a substitute for agar as gelling agent in various clinical bacteriological media.
gellan gum
A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.
borax
A metal sulfate composed of potassium, aluminium and sulfate ions in the ration 1:1:2.
potassium aluminium sulfate
An inorganic sodium salt having sulfite as the counterion.
sodium sulfite
Heteroorganic entities that are microbial metabolites (or compounds derived from them) which have significant antifungal properties.
antibiotic antifungal agent
An organic aromatic compound that has been used as a fungicide.
aromatic fungicide
Compounds that contain a benzimidazole moiety as a key feature of their structure and which have been used as fungicides.
benzimidazole fungicide
Any antibiotic antifungal agent used to treat fungal infections in humans or animals.
antibiotic antifungal drug
An organoiodine compound that is the ring opened tautomer of fluorescein substituted at positions 2, 4, 5 and 7 by iodo groups.
erythrosin
Any fatty acid ester in which the carboxylic acid component is lauric acid.
dodecanoate ester
Any organic amino compound that contains two or more amino groups.
polyamine
Any metal which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
metal allergen
A mixed diacylamine resulting from the formal condensation of the nitrogen of a carboxamide with a sulphonic acid.
N-sulfonylcarboxamide
2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol
An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.
tartrazine
tricalcium bis(phosphate)