An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) process An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. material entity geographic feature An anthropogenic geographic feature is a geographic feature resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. anthropogenic geographic feature An enclosure for displaying selected plant or animal life. garden Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used for navigation, drainage or irrigation. canal Continuous saline-water bodies that surround the continents and fill the Earth's great depressions. ocean A large expanse of saline water usually connected with an ocean. sea A body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained on a body of land. lake A stream which, through permanent or seasonal flow processes, moves from elevated land towards lower elevations through a definite channel and empties either into a sea, lake, or another river or ends on land as bed seepage and evapotranspiration exceed water supply. river Linear body of water flowing on the Earth's surface. stream A cylindrical hole, pit, or tunnel drilled or dug down to a depth from which water, oil, or gas can be pumped or brought to the surface. well A point where groundwater or steam flows out of the ground, and is thus where the aquifer surface meets the ground surface or where there is a fissure. spring A flowing body of water. watercourse A body of water, usually of smaller size than a lake. pond A small, human-made channel which has been dug for draining or irrigating the land. ditch An area that is inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. wetland Place or area with clustered or scattered buildings and a permanent human population. populated place An accumulation of water of varying size. water body A feature that has been constructed by deliberate human effort. construction A permanent walled and roofed construction. building agricultural feature A tract of crop or grazing land, as well as the group of buildings with and often surrounding a farmhouse, including barns, sheds, and other outbuildings, used for agricultural production. farm A region of general uniform slope, comparatively level, and of considerable extent. plain A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a body of water. beach A region rendered barren or partially barren by environmental extremes, especially by low rainfall. desert An area in which grasses (Graminae) are a significant component of the vegetation. grassland Land having a cover of trees, shrubs, or both. woodland An area with a high density of trees. A small forest may be called a wood. forest Treeless, level, or gently rolling plains characteristic of arctic or subarctic regions, having a permanently frozen subsoil, and usually supporting low growing vegetation such as lichens, mosses, and stunted shrubs. tundra An area of land, usually relatively small, enclosed or otherwise and used for agricultural purposes. agricultural field An intentional planting of a crop, on a large scale, usually for uses other than cereal production or pasture. The term is currently most often used for plantings of trees and shrubs. The term tends also to be used for plantings maintained on economic bases other than that of subsistence farming. plantation artificial channel A ditch that supplies water to surrounding land. irrigation ditch physiographic feature Grassland used for grazing of ungulate livestock as part of a farm or ranch. pasture The separation between neighbouring drainage basins (catchments). In hilly country, the divide lies along topographical peaks and ridges, but in flat country or on a high plateau (especially where the ground is marshy) the divide may be invisible - just a more or less notional line on the ground on either side of which falling raindrops will start a journey to different rivers, and even to different sides of a country or continent. watershed A facility in which fish are raised commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. fish farm A facility where eggs of fish are hatched under artificial conditions. fish hatchery Area covered with low-growing or stunted perennial vegetation and usually not mixed with trees. scrubland A landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area. depression The physical confine of a river, slough or ocean strait consisting of a bed and banks. channel of a watercourse A biome is an environmental system to which resident ecological communities have evolved adaptations. biome A biome that applies to the terrestrial realm. terrestrial biome An aquatic biome that comprises systems of open-ocean and unprotected coastal habitats, characterized by exposure to wave action, tidal fluctuation, and ocean currents as well as systems that largely resemble these. Water in the marine biome is generally within the salinity range of seawater: 30 to 38 ppt. marine biome A step-like feature between higher and lower ground: a relatively flat or gently inclined shelf of earth, backed and fronted by steep slopes or manmade detaining walls. terrace agricultural terrace Incorporated populated place. city A biome that applies to the freshwater realm. freshwater biome Soil is an environmental material which is primarily composed of minerals, varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay, organic material such as humus, gases, liquids, and a broad range of resident micro- and macroorganisms. soil A significant accumulation of water which is part of a marine biome. marine water body The part of an elevation or depression between the relatively flat surrounding area and the peak of a mount or the bottom of a depression. slope Water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. waste water An environmental material primarily composed of dihydrogen oxide in its liquid form. water Minute solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Occurs in and may be deposited from, the atmosphere. dust Water which has a low concentration of dissolved solutes, particularly that of sodium chloride. fresh water Wastewater that is contaminated with feces or urine, sewage aquatic biome contaminated water Straw or other material strewn in an animal's enclosure (e.g. a stable) for it to sleep on and to absorb its faeces and urine. animal litter A building in which a business presents a selection of goods and offers to trade or sell them to customers for money or other goods. shop A shop in which a business offers food products for sale or trade. food shop A soil composed of sand, silt, and clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20% concentration respectively). loam agricultural soil garden soil A material which is not the desired output of a process and which is typically the input of a process which removes it from its producer (e.g. a disposal process). waste material A material entity which determines an environmental system. environmental feature A fermented, high-moisture forage that can be fed to ruminants. silage animal manure fresh animal manure A house used for sheltering non-human animals. animal house Drinking water is water which may be consumed by humans with no adverse effects on their health. drinking water grass silage A material entity that has been processed by humans or their technology in any way, including intermediate products as well as final products. manufactured product tap water horse manure Manure which is primarily composed of pig feces. pig manure An industrial building is a building within which goods are produced and, optionally, stored or within which services are rendered. industrial building A dairy is a building in which animal milk is harvested and, optionally, processed for human consumption. dairy A food processing building is a building in which materials that contain or consist of essential body nutrients - such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals - and may be ingested and assimilated by an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth, and maintain life are converted alternative forms. food processing building A bakery is a building in which raw flour-based food is baked in an oven to produce food products such as bread, cakes, pastries, and pies. These products are often sold from the bakery itself. bakery farmyard manure A brewery is a building in which alcoholic beverages are produced by brewing, that is, steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast. At times, the products are also sold from the brewery. brewery rye grass silage stable manure potato silage compost soil farm soil A portion of environmental material is a fiat object which forms the medium or part of the medium of an environmental system. environmental material A surface layer is the uppermost layer of some material entity. surface layer A facility in which animals are confined within enclosures and displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred. zoological garden Anthropogenic material in or on which organisms may live. anthropogenic environmental material agricultural environmental material A liquid or semi-liquid mixture of water and some combination of soil, silt, and clay. mud water well A naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. sand Gravel is an environmental material which is composed of pieces of rock that are at least two millimeters (2mm) in its largest dimension and no more than 75 millimeters. gravel The ocean biome comprises major bodies of saline water, principal components of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. ocean biome Environmental material derived from living organisms. organic material A forest biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, densely packed vegetation which strongly limits light penetration to the forest floor. forest biome A woodland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, woody plants spaced sufficiently far apart to allow light penetration to support communities of herbaceous plants or shrubs living closer to the woodland floor. woodland biome A shrubland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, dense groups of shrubs. shrubland biome A grassland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, an unbroken layer of grasses (Gramineae), sedges (Cyperaceae) or rushes (Juncaceae). grassland biome A desert biome is a terrestrial biome which loses more liquid water by evapotranspiration than is supplied by precipitation and includes communities adapted to these conditions. desert biome A tundra is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its spatial extent, only low-growing vegetation such as dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens. Tundra biomes rarely have monthly average temperatures above 10 degrees Celsius and have low evapotranspiration ratios. tundra biome A mangrove biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its spatial extent, mangrove plants (Rhizophoraceae). Mangrove plants are able to withstand high levels of salinity as well as regions of anoxia and frequent tidal inundation. Mangrove biomes often occur near tropical and sub-tropical estuaries and depositional marine coastal environments where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high energy wave action. mangrove biome An anthropogenic terrestrial biome is a terrestrial biome which has community structures determined by human activity. anthropogenic terrestrial biome A cropland biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for agricultural activity and which contains no village or larger human settlement. cropland biome A village biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which contains settlements such as villages, towns, and/or small cities and which is primarily used for agricultural activity. village biome A rangeland biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for the rearing and grazing of livestock. rangeland biome A dense settlement biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for human habitation, recreation, and industry within built structures with little other land use. dense settlement biome freshwater lake biome freshwater river biome A system which has the disposition to environ one or more material entities. environmental system A layer is a quantity of some material which has comparable thickness and usually covers some surface. layer An unbroken expanse (as of ice) field An environmental zone is an environmental feature whose extent is determined by the presence or influence of one or more material entities or processes. An environmental zone may, itself, assume the role of an environmental feature. environmental zone A house is a building that provides a dwelling-place for a living entity. house human house A building floor is a surface layer which is part of a building and used for walking. building floor A lentic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, has very little to no directed flow. lentic water body A lotic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, is flowing. lotic water body A manufactured structure made of interspaced structural elements such as metal or wooden bars or wires held together such that they may be used to confine, contain, or protect something. manufactured cage A drylot is an enclosure of limited size usually bare of vegetation and used for fattening livestock. drylot A feedlot is a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market feedlot Magma is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles, and solids that is found beneath the uppermost solid layer of a planetary body. Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals, dissolved gas and sometimes gas bubbles. magma A settlement with a high density of buildings and inhabitants. dense settlement A material part of an astronomical body. astronomical body part An environmental material which is in a solid state. solid environmental material An environmental material which is in a liquid state. liquid environmental material An animal house which is only partially surrounded by a building envelope. open animal house An animal house which has a complete building envelope. closed animal house A manufactured cage which may be used to confine, contain, or protect an animal. animal cage A petting zoo is a zoological garden which contains domesticated non-human animals and some wild non-human animals that are docile enough for humans to touch and feed. petting zoo An artificial channel which transports unwanted water or waste liquids away from their source, either to a more useful area, a receptacle, or into sewers or stormwater mains as waste discharge to be released or processed. plumbing drain A facility in which non-human animals are slaughtered and processed for human consumption. abattoir A building which is used to care for a human child during the working day by a person, outside the child's immediate family, other than that child's legal guardians. day care building A building in which fish are subject to a series of operations to prepare them for human consumption. fish processing building A building in which nursing aides and skilled nurses provide care and treatment to residents who have significant difficulty coping with the required activities of daily living. nursing home A human house which serves as a long-term shelter for its inhabitants and within which they store personal property. residential building A building within which food and drink are prepared and served to customers in exchange for money or other goods and/or services. restaurant A part of an ecosystem which may be or has been used for one or more overnight stays by humans sheltering in tents, camper vans, caravans, or improvised shelters. campground A campground which has been modified by humans to provide and maintain facilities for camping such as fire pits, road access, latrines, and garbage bins. dedicated campground A campground which has no pre-existing facilities installed or maintained by humans, usually found outside of anthropised ecosystems. impromptu campground A manufactured product which may hold a volume of heated water suitable for one or more humans to bathe in, usually for the purposes of hydrotherapy or pleasure. hot tub An environmental system which includes both living and non-living components. ecosystem An ice is an environmental material which is either frozen or which is maintained in a solid state by gravitational forces or pressure. ice A vegetated area is a geographic feature which has ground cover dominated by plant communities. vegetated area The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. generation of precursor metabolites and energy Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. metabolic process Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. cellular process The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide (CO2) using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. photosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released. energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. cellular metabolic process A biological process that involves only one organism. single-organism process A metabolic process - chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances - which involves a single organism. single-organism metabolic process Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, occurring within a single organism. single-organism cellular process The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration). cellular respiration A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. oxidation-reduction process A material entity consisting of multiple components that are causally integrated. http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43 system