Collaborative Research: Frameworks: Internet of Samples: Toward an Interdisciplinary Cyberinfrastructure for Material Samples
Appendix B. Classification of metamorphic and other composite-genesis rocks, including hydrothermally altered, impact-metamorphic, mylonitic, and cataclastic rocks.
Workgroup product with classification of composite-genesis materials for use in digital information systems.
Science Language for composite-genesis materials, v. 1.0 (SLTTM)
Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada
after LeMaitre et al. 2002
acidic igneous rock
Igneous rock with more than 63 percent SiO2.
LeMaitre et al. 2002
alkali feldspar granite
Granitic rock that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.1. QAPF field 2.
Note the mela-andesite and leuco-basalt categories are not recommended in this system. If chemical analytical data are available to constrain the silica content, the basalt or andesite category should be used.
andesite
Fine-grained igneous rock with less than 20 percent quartz and less than 10 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction, in which the ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is greater 0.65. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 or chemically in TAS field O2 as andesite. Basalt and andesite, which share the same QAPF fields, are distinguished chemically based on silica content, with basalt defined to contain less than 52 weight percent silica. If chemical data are not available, the color index is used to distinguish the categories, with basalt defined to contain greater than 35 percent mafic minerals by volume or greater than 40 percent mafic minerals by weight. Typically consists of plagioclase (frequently zoned from labradorite to oligoclase), pyroxene, hornblende and/or biotite. Fine grained equivalent of dioritic rock.
LeMaitre et al. 2002; This vocabulary
Anorthositic rock term invented to label the combined QAPF fields 10, 10*, and 10', in order to construct hierarchy in this vocabulary.
Leucocratic phaneritic crystalline igneous rock consisting essentially of plagioclase, often with small amounts of pyroxene. By definition, colour index M is less than 10, and plagiclase to total feldspar ratio is greater than 0.9. Less than 20 percent quartz and less than 10 percent feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10, 10*, and 10'.
anorthositic rock
This vocabulary
Aphanite
Rock that is too fine grained to categorize in more detail.
Neuendorf et al. 2005
aplite
Light coloured crystalline rock, characterized by a fine grained allotriomorphic-granular (aplitic, saccharoidal or xenomorphic) texture; typically granitic composition, consisting of quartz, alkali feldspar and sodic plagioclase.
basalt
Fine-grained or porphyritic igneous rock with less than 20 percent quartz, and less than 10 percent feldspathoid minerals, in which the ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is greater 0.65. Typically composed of calcic plagioclase and clinopyroxene; phenocrysts typically include one or more of calcic plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and olivine. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 or chemically in TAS field B as basalt. Basalt and andesite are distinguished chemically based on silica content, with basalt defined to contain less than 52 weight percent silica. If chemical data are not available, the color index is used to distinguish the categories, with basalt defined to contain greater than 35 percent mafic minerals by volume or greater than 40 percent mafic minerals by weight.
Neuendorf et al 2005; LeMaitre et al. 2002; Gillespie and Styles 1999
basic igneous rock
Igneous rock with between 45 and 52 percent SiO2.
SLTTs 2004
Corresponding biogenic sedimentary material and biogenic sedimentary rock categories are not included based on the interpretation that biogenic sedimentary rock will be in a different category, e.g. carbonate sedimentary rock or organic rich sedimentary rock.
biogenic sediment
Sediment composed of greater than 50 percent material of biogenic origin. Because the biogenic material may be skeletal remains that are not organic, all biogenic sediment is not necessarily organic-rich.
Breccia
Coarse-grained material composed of angular broken rock fragments; the fragments typically have sharp edges and unworn corners. The fragments may be held together by a mineral cement or in a fine-grained matrix, and consolidated or nonconsolidated. Clasts may be of any composition or origin. In sedimentary environments, breccia is used for material that consists entirely of angular fragments, mostly derived from a single source rock body, as in a rock avalanche deposit, and matrix is interpreted to be the product of comminution of clasts during transport. Diamictite or diamicton is used when the material reflects mixing of rock from a variety of sources, some sub angular or subrounded clasts may be present, and matrix is pre-existing fine grained material that is not a direct product of the brecciation/deposition process.
carbonate sediment
Sediment in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals calcite, aragonite and dolomite, in particles of intrabasinal origin.
Particularly for fine-grained sedimentary rocks, distinction of 'intrabasinal' versus 'clastic' genesis can be very interpretive. In practice the use of clastic mudstone terminology as opposed to carbonate mudstone terminology may be dermined by a priori knowledge about the rock being categorized. If it is associated with other clastic rocks, the clastic categories will be favored, if with cabonate rocks, the carbonate categories will be favored. Carbonate rock subcatgories are defined on two orthogonal dimensions--mineralogy (calcitic vs. dolomitic vs non-carbonate impurities), and texture. The texture categories used here are those of Dunham (1962), and involve grain size (matrix vs. grains/allochems), fabric (matrix vs. grain supported), and genesis (bound, frame, or fragmental). The textural approach used for carbonate rocks is conceptually incompatible with that used for clastic sedimentary rocks, which is solely grain size or mineralogy based. This leads to problems in the vocabulary for rocks of mixed siliclastic/carbonate mineralogy (grainstone vs. sandstone, carbonate mudstone vs. carbonate rich mudstone, how to accomodate marlstone...).
carbonate sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rock in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals calcite, aragonite, magnesite or dolomite.
Sibson, 1977; Scholz, 1990; Snoke and Tullis, 1998; Barker, 1998 Appendix II; NADM SLTTm, 2004
cataclasite series
Fault-related rock that maintained primary cohesion during deformation, with matrix comprising greater than 10 percent of rock mass; matrix is fine-grained material formed through grain size reduction by fracture as opposed to crystal plastic process that operate in mylonitic rock. Includes cataclasite, protocataclasite and ultracataclasite.
chemical sedimentary material
Sedimentary material that consists of at least 50 percent material produced by inorganic chemical processes within the basin of deposition. Includes inorganic siliceous, carbonate, evaporite, iron-rich, and phosphatic sediment classes, as well as chemical sediments associated with submarine hot springs ('black smokers'). Note that these sediments might crystallize as a solid as they are deposited, thus similar to rock....
SLTTs 2004; Neuendorf et al. 2005
The conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, and wackestone categories are not defined as kinds of clastic sedimentary rocks because rocks meeting their purely grainsize based definitions might also be iron-rich, phosphatic, or carbonate. This is based on GeoSciML allowance to assign rocks to more than one lithology category. For example to categorize a rock as a clastic conglomerate requires assignment ot the 'clastic sedimentary rock' category and to the 'conglomerate' category. Particularly for fine-grained sedimentary rocks, distinction of 'intrabasinal' versus 'clastic' genesis can be very interpretive. In practice the use of clastic mudstone terminology as opposed to carbonate mudstone terminology may be dermined by a priori knowledge about the rock being categorized. If it is associated with other clastic rocks, the clastic categories will be favored, if with cabonate rocks, the carbonate categories will be favored.
clastic sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rock in which at least 50 percent of the constituent particles were derived from erosion, weathering, or mass-wasting of pre-existing earth materials, and transported to the place of deposition by mechanical agents such as water, wind, ice and gravity.
Economic commission for Europe, committee on Sustainable Energy- United Nations (ECE-UN), 1998, International Classification of in-Seam Coals: Energy 19, 41 pp.
coal
kohle
A consolidated organic sedimentary material having less than 75% moisture. This category includes low, medium, and high rank coals according to International Classification of In-Seam Coal (United Nations, 1998), thus including lignite. Sapropelic coal is not distinguished in this category from humic coals. Formed from the compaction or induration of variously altered plant remains similar to those of peaty deposits.
dacite
Fine grained or porphyritic crystalline rock that contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, between 20 and 60 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction, and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.65. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 4 and 5 or chemically in TAS Field O3. Typically composed of quartz and sodic plagioclase with minor amounts of biotite and/or hornblende and/or pyroxene; fine-grained equivalent of granodiorite and tonalite.
Fairbridge and Bourgeois 1978
diamictite
Unsorted or poorly sorted, clastic sedimentary rock with a wide range of particle sizes including a muddy matrix. Biogenic materials that have such texture are excluded. Distinguished from conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone based on polymodality and lack of structures related to transport and deposition of sediment by moving air or water. If more than 10 percent of the fine grained matrix is of indeterminant clastic or diagenetic origin and the fabric is matrix supported, may also be categorized as wacke.
dioritoid
Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock with M less than 90, consisting of intermediate plagioclase, commonly with hornblende and often with biotite or augite. Plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is greater that 0.65, and anorthite content of plagioclase is less than 50 percent. Less than 10 percent feldspathoid mineral and less than 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 (and their subdivisions).
doleritic rock
Dark colored gabbroic (basaltic) or dioritic (andesitic) rock intermediate in grain size between basalt and gabbro and composed of plagioclase, pyroxene and opaque minerals; often with ophitic texture. Typically occurs as hypabyssal intrusions. Includes dolerite, microdiorite, diabase and microgabbro.
Gillespie and Styles 1999; LeMaitre et al. 2002
exotic composition igneous rock
Rock or tephra with exotic mineralogical, textural or field setting characteristics; typically dark colored, with abundant phenocrysts. Criteria include: presence of greater than 10 percent melilite or leucite, or presence of kalsilite, or greater than 50 percent carbonate minerals. Includes Carbonatite, Melilitic rock, Kalsilitic rocks, Kimberlite, Lamproite, Leucitic rock and Lamprophyres. @en ;
This vocabulary; SLTTm 2004
Fault related material
Material formed as a result brittle faulting, composed of greater than 10 percent matrix; matrix is fine-grained material caused by tectonic grainsize reduction. Includes cohesive (cataclasite series, mylonitic rocks) and non-cohesive (breccia-gouge series) material.
Need to make decision as to whether devitrified glass should be considered glass or microcrystalline framework for purposes of categorization
fine grained igneous rock
volcanic rock
Igneous rock in which the framework of the rock consists of crystals that are too small to determine mineralogy with the unaided eye; framework may include up to 50 percent glass. A significant percentage of the rock by volume may be phenocrysts. Includes rocks that are generally called volcanic rocks.
foid dioritoid
Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock in which M is less than 90, the plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is greater than 0.5, feldspathoid minerals form 10-60 percent of the QAPF fraction, plagioclase has anorthite content less than 50 percent. These rocks typically contain large amounts of mafic minerals. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 13 and 14.
foid gabbroid
Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock in which M is less than 90, the plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is greater than 0.5, feldspathoids form 10-60 percent of the QAPF fraction, and plagioclase has anorthite content greater than 50 percent. These rocks typically contain large amounts of mafic minerals. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 13 and 14.
foid syenitoid
Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock with M less than 90, contains between 10 and 60 percent feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction, and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.5. Includes QAPF fields 11 and 12.
foiditoid
foidite (sensu lato)
foiditic rock
Fine grained crystalline rock containing less than 90 percent mafic minerals and more than 60 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 15 or chemically in TAS field F.
foidolite
Phaneritic crystalline rock containing more than 60 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 15
fragmental igneous rock
Igneous rock in which greater than 75 percent of the rock consists of fragments produced as a result of igneous rock-forming process. Includes pyroclastic rocks, autobreccia associated with lava flows and intrusive breccias. Excludes deposits reworked by epiclastic processes (see Tuffite)
gabbroic rock
Gabbroid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.9 in the QAPF fraction. Includes QAPF fields 10*, 10, and 10'. This category includes the various categories defined in LeMaitre et al. (2002) based on the mafic mineralogy, but apparently not subdivided based on the quartz/feldspathoid content.
gabbroid
Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock that contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, and up to 20 percent quartz or up to 10 percent feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction. The ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is greater than 0.65, and anorthite content of the plagioclase is greater than 50 percent. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 and their subdivisions.
Neuendorf et al. 2005; SLTTs 2004; particle sizes defined from Krumbein phi scale (W C Krumbein and L L Sloss, Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, 2nd edition, Freeman, San Francisco, 1963; Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938, Manual of Sedimentary Petrography: New York, Appleton Century Co., Inc.)
generic conglomerate
Sedimentary rock composed of at least 30 percent rounded to subangular fragments larger than 2 mm in diameter; typically contains finer grained material in interstices between larger fragments. If more than 15 percent of the fine grained matrix is of indeterminant clastic or diagenetic origin and the fabric is matrix supported, may also be categorized as wackestone. If rock has unsorted or poorly sorted texture with a wide range of particle sizes, may also be categorized as diamictite.
Pettijohn et al. 1987 referenced in Hallsworth and Knox 1999; extrapolated from Folk, 1954, Figure 1a; particle sizes defined from Krumbein phi scale (W C Krumbein and L L Sloss, Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, 2nd edition, Freeman, San Francisco, 1963; Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938, Manual of Sedimentary Petrography: New York, Appleton Century Co., Inc.)
Distinction of intrabasinal, diagenetic, or clastic genesis for very fine-grained carbonate minerals is so interpretive that it is proposed to not define the mudstone category based on intrabasinal vs epiclastic distinction required for clastic sedimentary rock-carbonate sedimentary rock categorization in this system. Schnurrenberger, D., Russell, J. and Kelts, K., 2003, Classification of lacustrine sediments based on sedimentary components: Journal of Paleolimnology, v.29, p141-154.
generic mudstone
Sedimentary rock consisting of less than 30 percent gravel-size (2 mm) particles and with a mud to sand ratio greater than 1. Clasts may be of any composition or origin.
SLTTs 2004; Neuendorf et al. 2005; particle sizes defined from Krumbein phi scale (W C Krumbein and L L Sloss, Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, 2nd edition, Freeman, San Francisco, 1963; Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938, Manual of Sedimentary Petrography: New York, Appleton Century Co., Inc.)
Generic sandstone
Sedimentary rock in which less than 30 percent of particles are greater than 2 mm in diameter (gravel) and the sand to mud ratio is at least 1.
This vocabulary, based on Gillespie and Styles 1999
glass rich igneous rock
Igneous rock that contains greater than 50 percent massive glass.
granite
Phaneritic crystalline rock consisting of quartz, alkali feldspar and plagioclase (typically sodic) in variable amounts, usually with biotite and/or hornblende. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 3.
granitoid
granitic rock
Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock consisting of quartz, alkali feldspar and/or plagioclase. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 2, 3, 4 and 5 as alkali feldspar granite, granite, granodiorite or tonalite.
granodiorite
Phaneritic crystalline rock consisting essentially of quartz, sodic plagioclase and lesser amounts of alkali feldspar with minor hornblende and biotite. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 4.
SLTTs 2004; particle sizes defined from Krumbein phi scale (W C Krumbein and L L Sloss, Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, 2nd edition, Freeman, San Francisco, 1963; Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938, Manual of Sedimentary Petrography: New York, Appleton Century Co., Inc.)
gravel size sediment
Sediment containing greater than 30 percent gravel-size particles (greater than 2.0 mm diameter). Composition or gensis of clasts not specified.
high magnesium fine grained igneous rock
fine-grained igneous rock that contains unusually high concentration of MgO. For rocks that contain greater than 52 percent silica, MgO must be greater than 8 percent. For rocks containing less than 52 percent silica, MgO must be greater than 12 percent.
hornblendite
Ultramafic rock that consists of greater than 40 percent hornblende plus pyroxene and has a hornblende to pyroxene ratio greater than 1. Includes olivine hornblendite, olivine-pyroxene hornblendite, pyroxene hornblendite, and hornblendite.
Hallsworth and Knox, 1999
Hybrid sediment
Sediment that does not fit any of the other sediment composition/genesis categories. Sediment consisting of three or more components which form more than 5 percent but less than 50 precent of the material.
hybrid sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rock that does not fit any of the other composition/genesis categories. Sedimentary rock consisting of three or more components which form more than 5 percent but less than 50 precent of the material.
hypabyssal intrusive rock
Igneous rocks formed by crystallisation close to the Earth's surface, characterized by more rapid cooling than plutonic setting to produce generally fine-grained intrusive igneous rock, commonly associated with co-magmatic volcanic rocks.
Neuendorf et al 2005
Igneous rock
rock formed as a result of igneous processes, for example intrusion and cooling of magma in the crust, or volcanic eruption.
Stöffler and Grieve 2007; Jackson 1997
Impact generated material
Material that contains features indicative of shock metamorphism, such as microscopic planar deformation features within grains or shatter cones, interpreted to be the result of extraterrestrial bolide impact. Includes breccias and melt rocks.
intermediate composition igneous rock
Igneous rock with between 52 and 63 percent SiO2.
iron rich sediment
Sediment that consists of at least 50 percent iron-bearing minerals (hematite, magnetite, limonite-group, siderite, iron-sulfides), as determined by hand-lens or petrographic analysis. Corresponds to a rock typically containing 15 percent iron by weight.
Hallsworth and Knox 1999; SLTTs 2004
iron rich sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rock that consists of at least 50 percent iron-bearing minerals (hematite, magnetite, limonite-group, siderite, iron-sulfides), as determined by hand-lens or petrographic analysis. Corresponds to a rock typically containing 15 percent iron by weight.
Provisional SMR 2020-06-07
Massive sulphide
Massive Sulfide
rock consisting of greater than 50% sulphide or sulfosalt minerals formed by any processes. Includes hydrothermal and sedimentary ehalative sulfide.
Jackson 1997
Robertson (1999, Classification of metamorphic rocks: British Geological Survey Research Report, RR 99–02) defines the boundary between diagenesis and metamorphism in sedimentary rocks as follows: “…the boundary between diagenesis and metamorphism is somewhat arbitrary and strongly dependent on the lithologies involved. For example changes take place in organic materials at lower temperatures than in rocks dominated by silicate minerals. In mudrocks, a white mica (illite) crystallinity value of less than 0.42 Delta 2 Theta obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis, is used to define the onset of metamorphism (Kisch, 1991). In this scheme, the first appearance of glaucophane, lawsonite, paragonite, prehnite, pumpellyite or stilpnomelane is taken to indicate the lower limit of metamorphism (Frey and Kisch, 1987; Bucher and Frey, 1994; Frey and Robinson, 1998). Most workers agree that such mineral growth starts at 150 +/- 50° C in silicate rocks. Many lithologies may show no change in mineralogy under these conditions and hence the recognition of the onset of metamorphism will vary with bulk composition.”
Metamorphic rock
Rock formed by solid-state mineralogical, chemical and/or structural changes to a pre-existing rock, in response to marked changes in temperature, pressure, shearing stress and chemical environment.
SLTTm (2004) proposed the following criteria to distinguish hydrothermally altered or metasomatic rock from igneous rock. "The rock is classified as metamorphic if (1) the texture has been modified such that it can no longer be considered igneous, (2) the bulk composition of the rock is inconsistent with compositions that can be derived purely from a magma and associated processes such as assimilation and differentiation, or (3) minerals inconsistent with magmatic crystallization are present."
metasomatic rock
Rock that has fabric and composition indicating open-system mineralogical and chemical changes in response to interaction with a fluid phase, typically water rich.
LeMaitre et al. 2002, This vocabulary
monzogabbroic rock
Gabbroid with a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.65 and 0.9. QAPF field 9, 9 prime and 9 asterisk
based on SLTTs 2004; Neuendorf et al. 2005; particle sizes defined from Krumbein phi scale (W C Krumbein and L L Sloss, Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, 2nd edition, Freeman, San Francisco, 1963; Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938, Manual of Sedimentary Petrography: New York, Appleton Century Co., Inc.)
mud size sediment
Sediment consisting of less than 30 percent gravel-size (2 mm) particles and with a mud-size to sand-size particle ratio greater than 1. Clasts may be of any composition or origin. BGS (Hallsworth and Knox, 1999, p. 9) define the 'upper size limit of mud ... at 32 micrometers (.032 mm)', but Wentworth scale and Krumbein scale put boundary at .064 or .062 mm (inidistinguishable difference in rocks...) BGS 'mud-grade sediment' or sedimentary rock definition is 'over 75% of the clasts smaller than .032 mm', which is narrower than the definition here.
Sediment consisting of less than 30 percent gravel-size (2 mm) particles and with a mud-size to sand-size particle ratio greater than 1. Clasts may be of any composition or origin.
Marshak and Mitra 1988
mylonitic rock
Metamorphic rock characterised by a foliation resulting from tectonic grain size reduction, in which more than 10 percent of the rock volume has undergone grain size reduction. Includes protomylonite, mylonite, ultramylonite, and blastomylonite.
NGMDB 2008; Hallsworth and Knox 1999
non clastic siliceous sediment
Sediment that consists of at least 50 percent silicate mineral material, deposited directly by chemical or biological processes at the depositional surface, or in particles formed by chemical or biological processes within the basin of deposition.
modified from SLTTs 2004
Definition updated to include chert, flint SMR 2020-09-21
non clastic siliceous sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rock that consists of at least 50 percent silicate mineral material, deposited directly by chemical or biological processes at the depositional surface, in particles formed by chemical or biological processes within the basin of deposition, or formed by diagenetic processes. Includes chert and flint found in carbonate rocks.
Sapropelic coal, and asphaltite are not differentiated in This vocabulary
organic rich sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rock with color, composition, texture and apparent density indicating greater than 50 percent organic content by weight on a moisture-free basis.
pegmatite
Exceptionally coarse grained crystalline rock with interlocking crystals; most grains are 1cm or more diameter; composition is generally that of granite, but the term may refer to the coarse grained facies of any type of igneous rock;usually found as irregular dikes, lenses, or veins associated with plutons or batholiths.
peridotite
Ultramafic rock consisting of more than 40 percent (by volume) olivine with pyroxene and/or amphibole and little or no feldspar. commonly altered to serpentinite. Includes rocks defined modally in the ultramafic rock classification as dunite, harzburgite, lherzolite, wehrlite, olivinite, pyroxene peridotite, pyroxene hornblende peridotite or hornblende peridotite.
plutonic rock
coarse grained crystalline igneous rock
phaneritic igneous rock
Igneous rock in which the framework of the rock consists of individual crystals that can be discerned with the unaided eye. Bounding grain size is on the order of 32 to 100 microns. Igneous rocks with 'exotic' composition are excluded from this concept.
Instrusive igneous rock formed by crystallisation of magma far enough below Earth surface that complete crystallization of magma bodies forms holocrystalline medium to coarse grained igneous rock, wall rocks generally do not include volcanic products related to the magma, and some contact metamorphism is typically developed at intrusive contacts.
phonolitoid
phonolitic rock
Fine grained igneous rock than contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, between 10 and 60 percent feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.5. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 11 and 12, and TAS field Ph.
phosphate rich sediment
Sediment in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are phosphate minerals.
HallsworthandKnox 1999, Jackson 1997
phosphorite
Sedimentary rock in which at least 50 percent of the primary or recrystallized constituents are phosphate minerals. Most commonly occurs as a bedded primary or reworked secondary marine rock, composed of microcrystalline carbonate fluorapatite in the form of lamina, pellets, oolites and nodules, and skeletal, shell and bone fragments.
porphyry
Igneous rock that contains conspicuous phenocrysts in a finer grained groundmass; groundmass itself may be phaneritic or fine-grained.
based on LeMaitre et al. 2002
pyroclastic rock
Fragmental igneous rock that consists of greater than 75 percent fragments produced as a direct result of eruption or extrusion of magma from within the earth onto its surface. Includes autobreccia associated with lava flows and excludes deposits reworked by epiclastic processes.
pyroxenite
Ultramafic phaneritic igneous rock composed almost entirely of one or more pyroxenes and occasionally biotite, hornblende and olivine. Includes rocks defined modally in the ultramafic rock classification as olivine pyroxenite, olivine-hornblende pyroxenite, pyroxenite, orthopyroxenite, clinopyroxenite and websterite.
Occurrence of igneous rocks meeting this criteria seems to be vanishingly rare, thus subdividing the category does not seem warranted for the purposes of This vocabulary. Future usage of the vocabulary may motivate including quatzolite and quartz-rich granitoid in future revisions
quartz rich igneous rock
Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock that contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals and contains greater than 60 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction.
Note that technical definition, based on modal mineralogy plotted in a QAPF triangle may be applied qualitatively, based on phenocryst mineralogy when ground mass mineralogy can not be determined optically, or based on CIPW norm. Although TAS categories are defined based on chemical analyses, the correspondence with the QAPF defined categories is generally close enough that QAPF categories are commonly used interchangeably with TAS categories. It is important to note the basis for assignment of fine-grained igneous rocks to a specifice lithology category.
rhyolitoid
rhyolitic rock
fine_grained_igneous_rock consisting of quartz and alkali feldspar, with minor plagioclase and biotite, in a microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline or glassy groundmass. Flow texture is common. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 2 and 3 or chemically in TAS Field R as rhyolite. QAPF normative definition is based on modal mineralogy thus: less than 90 percent mafic minerals, between 20 and 60 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction, and ratio of plagioclse to total feldspar is less than 0.65.
Neuendorf et al. 2005 ; particle sizes defined from Krumbein phi scale (W C Krumbein and L L Sloss, Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, 2nd edition, Freeman, San Francisco, 1963; Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938, Manual of Sedimentary Petrography: New York, Appleton Century Co., Inc.)
sand size sediment
Sediment in which less than 30 percent of particles are gravel (greater than 2 mm in diameter) and the sand to mud ratio is at least 1. composition or genesis of clasts not specified.
Sedimentary rock
Rock formed by accumulation and cementation of solid fragmental material deposited by air, water or ice, or as a result of other natural agents, such as precipitation from solution, the accumulation of organic material, or from biogenic processes, including secretion by organisms. Includes epiclastic deposits.
syenitoid
Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock with M less than 90, consisting mainly of alkali feldspar and plagioclase; minor quartz or nepheline may be present, along with pyroxene, amphibole or biotite. Ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is less than 0.65, quartz forms less than 20 percent of QAPF fraction, and feldspathoid minerals form less than 10 percent of QAPF fraction. Includes rocks classified in QAPF fields 6, 7 and 8 and their subdivisions.
Hallsworth and Knox 1999; LeMaitre et al. 2002
Tephra
Unconsolidated pyroclastic material in which greater than 75 percent of the fragments are deposited as a direct result of volcanic processes and the deposit has not been reworked by epiclastic processes. Includes ash, lapilli tephra, bomb tephra, block tephra and unconsolidated agglomerate.
tephritoid
tephritic rock
Fine grained igneous rock than contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, between 10 and 60 percent feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.5. Includes rocks classified in QAPF field 13 and 14 or chemically in TAS field U1 as basanite or tephrite.
tonalite
Granitoid consisting of quartz and intermediate plagioclase, usually with biotite and amphibole. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 5; ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is greater than 0.9.
trachytoid
Fine grained igneous rock than contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, less than 10 percent feldspathoid mineral and less than 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.65. Mafic minerals typically include amphibole or mica; typically porphyritic. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 6, 7 and 8 (with subdivisions) or chemically in TAS Field T as trachyte or latite.
LeMaitre et al. 2002; Murawski and Meyer 1998
In practice, it is likely that any rock for which there is suspicion that it may consist of redeposited pyroclastic material, usually based on sedimentary structures, irrespective of the presence or percentage of clearly epiclastic particles, would be called a tuffite. 50 percent cutoff with epiclastic rock is in contrast with LeMaitre et al., but is used for consistentency with other sedimentary rock categories following the pattern that the rock name reflects the predominant constituent.
synonym: volcaniclastic rock
Tuffite
tuffit
Volcaniclastic rock
Rock consists of more than 50 percent particles of indeterminate pyroclastic or epiclastic origin and less than 75 percent particles of clearly pyroclastic origin. commonly the rock is laminated or exhibits size grading. (based on LeMaitre et al. 2002; Murawski and Meyer 1998).
ultrabasic igneous rock
Igneous rock with less than 45 percent SiO2.
LeMaitre et al. 2002; Gillespie and Styles 1999
ultramafic igneous rock
Igneous rock that consists of greater than 90 percent mafic minerals.
Volcanic rock
Rock that exhibits direct evidence of extrusive igneous processes in its genesis.
Hand-sample level evidence for extrusive origin includes vesiculation, inclusion of supracrustal fragments, eutaxitic foliation, bread-crust surfaces; weaker evidence includes glassy texture or fragmentation interpreted to be related to flow or eruption processes. In many cases, rocks are classified as volcanic based on the context in which they are collected; as such the assignement of volcanic genesis is not based on properties directly observable in the sample.
This class will overlap with various other classes, including exotic composition, fine-grained igneous, glass-rich igneous, intermediate-composition, porphyry, ultrabasic, ultramafic, depending on how much information is available
SLTTm 2004
breccia gouge series
Fault-related material with features such as void spaces (filled or unfilled), or unconsolidated matrix material between fragments, indicating loss of cohesion during deformation. Includes fault-related breccia and gouge.
Choice of 'clastic' is purposful. Other suggested labels for this category include siliciclastic and terrigineous clastic. Siliciclastic is considered too limiting because the category includes rocks that consists clasts of carbonate minerals, e.g. epiclastic detritus eroded from carbonate rock. Terrigineous clastic was considered and rejected first because it is considered redundant, anything that is terrigineous is clastic. Second, it is questionable if clastic sediment derived by submarine processes (fragmentation by gravity sliding, faulting, or volcanic activity, with transport by sediment gravity flow or submarine currents) is terrigineous, but it is clastic and is meant to be included in this category.
clastic sediment
Sediment in which at least 50 percent of the constituent particles were derived from erosion, weathering, or mass-wasting of pre-existing earth materials, and transported to the place of deposition by mechanical agents such as water, wind, ice and gravity.
definition amplified to help distinguish diamicton, conglomerate and wackestone in this version
diamicton
Unsorted or poorly sorted, clastic sediment with a wide range of particle sizes, including a muddy matrix. Biogenic materials that have such texture are excluded. Distinguished from conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone based on polymodality and lack of structures related to transport and deposition of sediment by moving air or water. Assignment to an other size class can be used in conjunction to indicate the dominant grain size.
residual material
Material of composite origin resulting from weathering processes at the Earth's surface, with genesis dominated by removal of chemical constituents by aqueous leaching. Minor clastic, chemical, or organic input may also contribute. Consolidation state is not inherent in definition, but typically material is unconsolidated or weakly consolidated.
Anthropogenic metal material
Metal that has been produced or used by humans. Samples of naturally occurring metallic material (e.g. native copper, gold nuggets) should be considered mineral material. Metallic material is material that when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets) or ductile (can be drawn into wires). The boundaries between metals, nonmetals, and metalloids fluctuate slightly due to a lack of universally accepted definitions of the categories involved. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal, c.f. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01001069)
Anthropogenic material
Material produced by human activity.
Material that would not be found in nature without human intervention. Thus clay would be a 'Mineral' material, but fired clay in a brick or ceramic would be an 'Anthropogenic material'. Native copper would be a Mineral, but smelted copper, extracted from ore that might include native copper (among other sulfide and oxide minerals) would be 'Anthropogenic metal material'.
Any Ice
a material that is in a solid state under the temperature and pressure conditions of the preserved sample, but is a liquid or gas at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP).
The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard temperature and pressure (STP) is 20°C (68°F) and 1 atm (14.696 psi, 101.325 kPa). This standard is also known as normal temperature and pressure (NTP).
Any ice
Samples of non-aqueous ice should be classified as 'Any ice', based on decision that distinguishing 'ice that might or might not be aqueous' from 'non-aqueous ice' does not merit adding another class to the scheme.
Biogenic non-organic material
Material produced by an organism but not composed of very large molecules of biological origin. E.g. bone, tooth, shell, coral, skeleton
Include ash from burned biogenic material. Biogenic non-organic material is intended to cover biogenic products consisting of mineral or mineraloid substance, e.g. apatite (or other Ca phosphates), aragonite (or other Ca carbonate) typical of shells, bone, teeth.
Dispersed media
Material that contains discrete elements of some material dispersed in a continuous fluid medium. The dispersed component can be a gas, a liquid or a solid (based on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersed_media). Does not include mixtures of granular material like soil, sediment, particulate, or solids that would be considered rock material.
aerosol obo:ENVO_00010505, foam obo:ENVO_00005738, emulsion obo:ENVO_00010506, colloidal suspension obo:ENVO_01001560, scum(?) obo:ENVO_00003930. (prefix obo: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/)
Natural Solid Material
A naturally occurring solid material that is not anthropogenic, biogenic, or ice.
Fluid material
Substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, or external force. Fluids are a phase of matter and include liquids, gases and plasmas. They are substances with zero or small shear modulus, and flow at a perceptible rate under any shear force applied to them. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid)
Gaseous material
Material composed of one or more chemical entities that has neither independent shape nor volume but tends to expand indefinitely (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000797). Infer that the sample is curated in some kind of container.
Liquid water
A material primarily composed of dihydrogen oxide in its liquid form; infer that the sample is curated in some kind of container.
Material
Top Concept in iSamples Material Category scheme
iSamples Materials Vocabulary
High level vocabulary to specify the kind of material that constitutes a physical sample
2022-01-05 SMR version 0.9, change base uri to https://w3id.org/isample/vocabulary/material/0.9/ for testing with ESIP COR and w3id uri resolution
2022-03-11 SMR change definitions from rdfs:comment to skos:definition. Minor fixes to some definitions. Add skos matches to URIs from other vocabularies; 2023-11-05 version 1.0, in preparation for release.
2024-08-14 SMR, various updates since 2023-12: change seeAlso to closeMatch for Rock mapping to http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/cgi/lithology/rock; minor edits to align with manuscript about the metadata schema; update vocabularies to use 'material sample' instead of 'specimen'; update schema.org namespace to http://; add provider and codeRepository in conceptScheme metadata; minor typo fixes and definition edits.
2024-09-13 remove version numbers from URI
2026-04-22 SMR. remove topConcept from this ConceptScheme and put in the SESARextension concept scheme in the SESAR materials Extension so that the hierarchy displays properly.
Mineral
Material consists of a single mineral or mineraloid phase. 'A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.' (Nickel, Ernest H. (1995), The definition of a mineral, The Canadian Mineralogist. 33 (3): 689–90). Include mineraloids. ... A material primarily composed of some substance that is naturally occurring, solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula, usually abiogenic, and that has an ordered atomic structure. (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000256). The identity of a mineral species is defined by a crystal structure and a chemical composition that might include various specific elemental substitutions in that structure. Mineraloid: A naturally occurring mineral-like substance that does not demonstrate crystallinity. Mineraloids possess chemical compositions that vary beyond the generally accepted ranges for specific minerals. Examples: obsidian, Opal. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraloid)
Mixed soil sediment or rock
Material is mixed aggregation of fragments of undifferentiated soil, sediment or rock origin. e.g. cuttings from some boreholes (rock fragments and caved soil or sediment).
This class is for samples that are solid Earth materials but known not to be mineral or particulate samples.
Non-aqueous liquid material
Liquid composed dominantly of material other than water. Includes liquids that do not fit in any other category. E.g. alcohol, petroleum.
Fluids like blood, urine, mucus are problematic. Suggest categorizing as 'Non-aqueous liquid material' and 'Organic material'. Need example use cases.
Organic material
Material derived from living organisms and composed primarily of one or more very large molecules of biological origin. Examples: body (animal or plant), body part, fecal matter, seeds, wood, tissue, biological fluids, biological waste, algal material, biofilm, necromass, plankton. source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000155
Distinction from 'Biogenic non-organic material' is fuzzy. Biogenic non-organic material is intended to cover biogenic products consisting of mineral or mineraloid substance, e.g. apatite (or other Ca phosphates), aragonite (or other Ca carbonate) typical of shells, bone, teeth.
Other anthropogenic material
Non-metallic material produced by human activity. Organic products of agricultural activity are both anthropogenic and organic. Include lab preparations like XRF pellet and rock powders. Examples: ceramics, (anthropogenic) glass, waste.
Particulate
Material consists of microscopic particulate material derived by precipitation, filtering, or settling from suspension in a fluid, e.g. filtrate from water, deposition from atmosphere, astro material particles. Might include mineral, organic, or biological material. ENVO definition (ENVO_01000060) has "composed of microscopic portions of solid or liquid material suspended in another environmental material." Refine here to define as the solid particles, distinct from a material in which they are suspended. A material that includes solid or liquid particles suspended in another material would be a dispersed_media in this scheme, not defined in ENVO. Human manufactured particulates (e.g. rock powder) should be categorized as 'Anthropogenic material' as well as 'Particulate'
Jackson, 1997; NADM C1 2004; Neuendorf et al 2005
Rock
Consolidated aggregate of particles (grains) of rock, mineral (including native elements), mineraloid, or solid organic material. Includes mineral aggregates such as granite, shale, marble; natural glass such as obsidian; organic material formed by geologic processes such as coal; extraterrestrial material in meteorites. (based on http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/cgi/lithology/rock, same as http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00001995)
Rock or sediment
Material is rock, sediment, or other non-consolidated igneous or composite gensis material.
Use for samples described as rock>sedimentary AND sediment, where it is unclear whether the sample is a consolidated 'rock' object, or loose disaggregated material in a bag.
Use for samples like dredge hauls and ROV scoops that mix rock and sediment from a water body bottom. Use for core from boreholes that likely penetrate sediment near the surface and rock at greater depth, with descriptions that do not clearly distinguish non-consolidated sediment from rock.
Distinct from 'Mixed soil, sediment or rock' that represents samples known to have components of all these materials.
Sediment
Unconsolidated material consisting of an aggregation of particles transported or deposited by air, water or ice, or that accumulated by other natural agents, such as chemical precipitation, and that forms in layers on the Earth's surface. Solid granular material transported by wind, water, or gravity, not modified by interaction with biosphere or atmosphere (to differentiate from soil). Particles derived by erosion of pre-existing rock, from shell or other body parts from organisms, precipitated chemically in the surficial environment, or generated by explosive volcanic activity. (http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/cgi/lithology/sediment). Sediment is not consolidated, i.e. Particulate constituents of a compound material do not adhere to each other strongly enough that the aggregate can be considered a solid material in its own right. Similar to http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00002007
Note that this category includes chemical sediments that might preciptate to form a solid mass, e.g. preciptitates forming vents at submarine hot springs, or gypsum and halite deposites formed by evaporation in hypersaline lakes. (http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/cgi/consolidationdegree/consolidated).
Tephra is subclass of sediment because it is generally not lithified, in which case it would be considered Rock.
Soil
Mixed granular mineral and organic matter modified by interaction between earth material, biosphere, and atmosphere, consisting of varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay, organic material such as humus, gases, liquids, and a broad range of resident micro- and macroorganisms. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil) Soil consists of horizons near the Earth's surface that, in contrast to the underlying parent material, have been altered by the interactions of climate, relief, and living organisms over time. (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054280) (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00001998)
Frozen water
Water ice
Water that is in a solid state.
acidic igneous material
Igneous material with more than 63 percent SiO2.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt; Carmichael, I.S. Turner, F.J., Verhoogen, John, 1974, Igneous petrology: New York, McGraw HIll Book Co., p.42-43.
The definition of tholeiite and alkali basalt here are more prescriptive than those found in most reference authorities. This is to actually provide some descriptive criteria to allow assignment of rocks on a hand sample basis to the tholeiite or alkali basalt categories if detailed petrographic or chemical data are available.
alkali olivine basalt
Alkali olivine basalt is silica-undersaturated, characterized by the absence of orthopyroxene, absence of quartz, presence of olivine, and typically contains some feldspathoid mineral, alkali feldspar or phlogopite in the groundmass. Feldspar phenocrysts typically are labradorite to andesine in composition. Augite is rich in titanium compared to augite in tholeiitic basalt. Alkali olivine basalt is relatively rich in sodium.
alkali feldspar rhyolite
Rhyolitoid in which the ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is less than 0.1. QAPF field 2.
alkali feldspar syenite
Alkali feldspar syenitic rock that contains 0-5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 6.
alkali feldspar syenitic rock
Syenitoid with a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio of less than 0.1. QAPF fields 6, 6*, and 6'.
alkali feldspar trachyte
Trachytoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.1, between 0 and 5 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction, and no feldspathoid minerals. QAPF field 6.
alkali feldspar trachytic rock
Trachytoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.1. QAPF fields 6, 6', and 6*.
anorthosite
Anorthositic rock that contains between 0 and 5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10.
Schmid 1981; LeMaitre et al. 2002
ash tuff lapillistone and lapilli tuff
Pyroclastic rock in which less than 25 percent of rock by volume are more than 64 mm in longest diameter. Includes tuff, lapilli tuff, and lapillistone.
basanite
Tephritoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.9, and contains more than 10 percent normative (CIPW) olivine.
basanitic foidite
Foiditoid that contains less than 90 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction, and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio that is greater than 0.5, with greater than 10 percent normative olivine.
basic igneous material
Igneous material with between 45 and 52 percent SiO2.
boninite
andesitic rock that contains more than 8 percent MgO. Typically consists of phenocrysts of protoenstatite, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and olivine in a glassy base full of crystallites, and exhibits textures characterisitc of rapid crystal growth.
carbonatite
Igneous rock composed of more than 50 percent modal carbonate minerals.
diorite
Phaneritic crystalline rock consisting of intermediate plagioclase, commonly with hornblende and often with biotite or augite; colour index M less than 90, sodic plagioclase (An0-An50), no feldspathoid, and between 0 and 5 percent quartz. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 10 as diorite.
dioritic rock
Phaneritic crystalline rock with M less than 90, consisting of intermediate plagioclase, commonly with hornblende and often with biotite or augite. A dioritoid with a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio (in the QAPF fraction) greater than 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 10, 10' and 10*.
exotic alkaline rock
Kimberlite, lamproite, or lamprophyre. Generally are potassic, mafic or ultramafic rocks. Olivine (commonly serpentinized in kimberlite), and phlogopite are significant constituents.
Felsic volcanic material
light-colored material produced by volcanic processes, containing an abundance of quartz, feldspar, muscovite, or felspathoid (light-colored minerals).
foid bearing alkali feldspar syenite
Alkali feldspar syenitic rock that contains 0-10 percent feldspathoid mineral and no quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 6'.
foid bearing alkali feldspar trachyte
Alkali feldspar trachytic rock that contains no quartz and between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 6'.
foid bearing anorthosite
Anorthositic rock that contains between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid mineral and no quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10'.
foid bearing diorite
Dioritic rock that contains between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10'.
foid bearing gabbro
Gabbroic rock that contains 0-10 percent feldspathoid minerals and no quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10'.
foid bearing latite
Latitic rock that contains no quartz and between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 8'.
foid bearing monzodiorite
Monzodioritic rock that contains between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid mineral.
foid bearing monzogabbro
Monzogabbroic rock that contains 0 to 10 percent feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 9'.
foid bearing monzonite
Monzonitic rock that contains 0-10 percent feldspathoid mineral and no quartz in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 8'.
foid bearing syenite
Syenitic rock that contains between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid mineral and no quartz in the QAPF fraction. Defined modally in QAPF Field 7'.
foid bearing trachyte
Trachytic rock that contains between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction, and no quartz. QAPF field 7'.
foid diorite
Foid dioritoid in which the plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is greater than 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 14.
foid gabbro
Foid gabbroid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 14.
foid monzodiorite
Foid dioritoid in which the plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is between 0.1 and 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 13.
foid monzogabbro
Foid gabbroid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.5 and 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 13.
foid monzosyenite
Foid syenitoid rock that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio of between 0.1 and 0.5. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 12.
foid syenite
Foid syenitoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio of less than 0.1. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 11.
foidite
Foiditoid that contains greater than 90 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction.
CGI concept definition task group
fragmental igneous material
igneous_material of unspecified consolidation state in which greater than 75 percent of the rock consists of fragments produced as a result of igneous rock-forming process.
Note that this category includes gabbro (sensu stricto) of LeMaitre et al. 2002, but is broader, including the other rock types defined by orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene-olivine-hornblende mineral ratios.
gabbro
Gabbroic rock that contains between 0 and 5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 10 as gabbro.
Note that this category is used for massive glassy rocks. Much of the pyroclastic material in a pyroclastic rock may be composed of glass, but the rock is named based on its fragmental nature.
glassy igneous rock
Igneous rock that consists of greater than 80 percent massive glass.
intermediate composition igneous material
Igneous material with between 52 and 63 percent SiO2.
kalsilitic and melilitic rocks
Igneous rock containing greater than 10 percent melilite or kalsilite. Typically undersaturated, ultrapotassic (kalsilitic rocks) or calcium-rich (melilitic rocks) mafic or ultramafic rocks.
komatiitic rock
Ultramafic, magnesium-rich volcanic rock, typically with spinifex texture of intergrown skeletal and bladed olivine and pyroxene crystals set in abundant glass. Includes komatiite and meimechite.
latite
Latitic rock that contains between 0 and 5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 8.
latitic rock
Trachytoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.35 and 0.65. QAPF fields 8, 8' and 8*.
Lava
Volcanic Rock with features indicating origin by extrusive lava flow.
Matte
molten metal sulfide phases typically formed during smelting of copper, nickel, and other base metals (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matte_(metallurgy) )
Include single subcategory of schist to indicate this common kind of schist. 'Mica rich metamorphic rock' for compound use with schist fabric term would be more compatible with treatment of blueschist (Glaucophane lawsonite epidote metamorphic rock) and greenschist (Chlorite actinolite epidote metamorphic rock), but based on the assumption that schist is the only rock type that will meet the mica-rich criteria, it seems reasonable to include as a subtype of schist.
mica schist
A schist that consists of more than 50 percent mica minerals, typically muscovite or biotite. Special type included to distinguish this common variety of schist.
monzodiorite
Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock consisting of sodic plagioclase (An0 to An50), alkali feldspar, hornblende and biotite, with or without pyroxene, and 0 to 5 percent quartz. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 9.
This vocabulary; LeMaitre et al. 2002
monzodioritic rock
Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock consisting of sodic plagioclase (An0 to An50), alkali feldspar, hornblende and biotite, with or without pyroxene, and 0 to 10 percent feldspathoid or 0 to 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. Plagioclase to total feldspar ratio in the QAPF fraction is between 0.65 and 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 9, 9' and 9* as monzodiorite, foid-beaing monzodiorite, and quartz monzodiorite.
monzogabbro
Monzogabbroic rock that contains between 0 an 5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 9 .
monzogranite
Granite that has a plagiolcase to total feldspar ratio between 0.35 and 0.65. QAPF field 3b.
monzonite
Monzonitic rock that contains 0-5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 8.
monzonitic rock
Syenitoid with a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.35 and 0.65. Includes rocks in QAPF fields 8, 8*, and 8'.
phonolite
Phonolitoid in which the plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is less than 0.1. Rock consists of alkali feldspar, feldspathoid minerals, and mafic minerals.
phonolitic basanite
Tephritoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.5 and 0.9, and contains more than 10 percent normative (CIPW) olivine.
phonolitic foidite
Foiditoid that contains less than 90 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction, and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio that is less than 0.5
phonolitic tephrite
Tephritoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.5 and 0.9, and contains less than 10 percent normative (CIPW) olivine.
Pyroclastic material
Fragmental igneous material that consists of more than 75 percent of particles formed by disruption as a direct result of volcanic action.
quartz alkali feldspar syenite
Alkali feldspar syenitic rock that contains 5 to 20 percent quartz and no feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 6*.
quartz alkali feldspar trachyte
Alkali feldspar trachytic rock that contains and between 5 and 20 percent quartz mineral in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 6*.
quartz anorthosite
Anorthositic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10*.
quartz diorite
Dioritic rock that contains between 5 to 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10*.
quartz gabbro
Gabbroic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10*.
quartz latite
Latitic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 8*.
quartz monzodiorite
Monzodioritic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz.
quartz monzogabbro
Monzogabbroic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 9*.
quartz monzonite
Monzonitic rock that contains 5-20 percent quartz iin the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 8*.
quartz syenite
Syenitic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. Defined modally in QAPF Field 7*.
quartz trachyte
Trachytic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 7*.
rhyolite
rhyolitoid in which the ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is between 0.1 and 0.65.
SLTTm 2004; Neuendorf et al. 2005
schist
Foliated phaneritic metamorphic rock with well developed, continuous schistosity, meaning that greater than 50 percent of the rock by volume is mineral grains with a thin tabular, lamellar, or acicular prismatic crystallographic habit that are oriented in a continuous planar or linear fabric.
Slag
NADM metamorphic rock vocabulary SLTTm1.0; Neuendorf et al. 2005
slate
compact, fine grained rock with an average grain size less than 0.032 millimeter and a well developed schistosity (slaty cleavage), and hence can be split into slabs or thin plates.
syenite
Syenitic rock that contains between 0 and 5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. Defined modally in QAPF Field 7.
syenitic rock
Syenitoid with a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.1 and 0.35. Includes rocks in QAPF fields 7, 7*, and 7'.
syenogranite
Granite that has a plagiolcase to total feldspar ratio between 0.10 and 0.35. QAPF field 3a.
tephrite
Tephritoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.9, and contains less than 10 percent normative (CIPW) olivine.
tephritic foidite
Foiditoid that contains less than 90 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction, and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio that is greater than 0.5, with less than 10 percent normative olivine
tephritic phonolite
Phonolitoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.1 and 0.5. Broadly corresponds to TAS tephriphonolite of TAS field U3.
Definition of tholeiite and alkali basalt here are more proscriptive than those found in most reference authorities. This is to actually provide some descriptive criteria to allow assignment of rocks on a hand sample basis to the tholeiite or alkali basalt categories if detailed petrographic or chemical data are available.
tholeiitic basalt
Tholeiitic basalt is defined here to contain 2 pyroxene phases and interstitial quartz or tridymite or cristobalite in the groundmass. Pyroxene (augite and orthopyroxene or pigeonite) and calcium-rich plagioclase are common phenocryst minerals. Olivine may also be a phenocryst, and when present, may have rims of pigeonite. Only in tholeiitic basalt is olivine in reaction relationship with melt. Interstitial siliceous residue may be present, and is often glassy. Tholeiitic basalt is relatively poor in sodium. This category includes most basalts of the ocean floor, most large oceanic islands, and continental flood basalts such as the Columbia River Plateau.
trachyte
Trachytoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.1 and 0.35, between 0 and 5 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction, and no feldspathoid minerals. QAPF field 7.
LeMaitre et al. (2002) used 'trachyte' to refer to QAPF fields 7, 7', and 7* in the text (p. 30) as well as to the more restrictive category (QAPF field 7 only). The term Trachytic rock is introduced here to label this more general category of trachyte.
trachytic rock
Trachytoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.1 and 0.35. QAPF fields 7, 7', and 7*.
tuff breccia agglomerate or pyroclastic breccia
Pyroclastic rock in which greater than 25 percent of particles are greater than 64 mm in largest dimension. Includes agglomerate, pyroclastic breccia of Gillespie and Styles (1999)
Volcanic Material
Material exhibiting features demonstrating an extrusive igneous origin. Consolidated or non-consolidated
Antonio Arribas, Jeffrey Hedenquist, 2019, Environments of advanced argillic alteration: II) steam-heated, and exploration implications: Conference: Society of Resource Geology Annual SymposiumAt: University of Tokyo, Tokyo (Japan)Volume: 69, accessed at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334230797_Environments_of_advanced_argillic_alteration_II_steam-heated_and_exploration_implications#fullTextFileContent; Constantinos Mavrogonatos et al., 2018, Mineralogical Study of the Advanced Argillic Alteration Zone at the Konos Hill Mo–Cu–Re–Au Porphyry Prospect, NE Greece: Minerals, 8, 479; doi:10.3390/min8110479; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argillic_alteration
advanced argillic altered rock
Advanced argillic alteration occurs under lower pH and higher temperature conditions than argillic alteration. Kaolinite and dickite occur at lower temperatures whereas pyrophyllite and andalusite occur under high temperature conditions (T > 300°C). Quartz deposition is common. Alunite, topaz, zunyite, tourmaline, enargite and tennantite may also occur. In many cases, advanced argillic alteration zones, or “lithocaps”, develop at shallow levels above porphyry Cu–Au deposits (e.g., Lepanto-Far Southeast, Philippines; Maricunga, Chile). Advanced argillic alteration mineral assemblages precipitate from SO2- and HCl-rich magmatic vapor, which arises from an underlying intrusive source, and can also form in supergene environments, due to post-hydrothermal weathering and oxidation of pyrite, locally creating pH<1 liquid due to high concentrations of H2SO4 within the vadose zone, where kaolinite and alunite plus Fe hydroxides form.
CGI alterationtype SKOS vocabulary 2012-11-24
albitic altered rock
definition missing
Altered, type not specified
Rock material has been changed by some subsurface alteration process, but the nature of the alteration is not specified.
alunitic altered rock
Coutinho et al. 2007, IUGS SCMR chapter 8 (http://www.bgs.ac.uk/SCMR/)
amphibolite
Metamorphic rock mainly consisting of green, brown or black amphibole and plagioclase (including albite), which combined form 75 percent or more of the rock, and both of which are present as major constituents. The amphibole constitutes 50 percent or more of the total mafic constituents and is present in an amount of 30 percent or more; other common minerals include quartz, clinopyroxene, garnet, epidote-group minerals, biotite, titanite and scapolite.
Animal tissue
Organic material that is tissue from the body of an animal.
Economic commission for Europe, committee on Sustainable Energy- United Nations (ECE-UN), 1998, International Classification of in-Seam Coals: Energy 19, 41 pp; see also Neuendorf et al. 2005; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal#Types_of_coal; Eberhard Lindner; Chemie für Ingenieure; Lindner Verlag Karlsruhe, S. 258
anthracite
High rank coal
Coal that has vitrinite mean random reflectance greater than 2.0% (determined in conformance with ISO 7404-5). Less than 12-14 percent volatiles (dry, ash free), greater than 91 percent fixed carbon (dry, ash free basis). The highest rank coal; very hard, glossy, black, with semimetallic luster, semi conchoidal fracture.
anthrazit
Anthropogenic nonconsolidated material
Non-consolidated material known to have artificial (human-related) origin.
Pettijohn, Potter, Siever, 1972, Sand and Sandstone: New York, Springer Verlag, 681 p.
arenite
Clastic sandstone that contains less than 10 percent matrix. Matrix is mud-size silicate minerals (clay, feldspar, quartz, rock fragments, and alteration products) of detrital or diagenetic nature.
arenit
argillic altered rock
Argillic alteration is hydrothermal alteration of wall rock which introduces clay minerals including kaolinite, smectite and illite. The process generally occurs at low temperatures and may occur in atmospheric conditions. Argillic alteration is representative of supergene environments where low temperature groundwater becomes acidic. Argillic assemblages include kaolinite replacing plagioclase and montmorillonite replacing amphibole and plagioclase. Orthoclase is generally stable and unaffected. Argillic grades into phyllic alteration at higher temperatures in an ore deposit hydrothermal system.
Neuendorf et al, 2004, provisional SMR 2020-06-11
argillite
A weakly metamorphosed argillaceous rock (Flawn, 1953, AAPG Bull v37 p.563-664). Rock is very fine-grained to aphanitic, compact, indurated, and massive (lacks fissility or cleavage) (Neuendorf et al, 2004). Claystone and Siltstone are related, non-metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Like Aphanite but sedimentary protolith is determined. In contact metamorphic environments would be Hornfels.
ash and lapilli
Tephra in which less than 25 percent of fragments are greater than 64 mm in longest dimension
ash breccia bomb or block tephra
Tephra in which more than 25 percent of particles are greater than 64 mm in largest dimension. Includes ash breccia, bomb tephra and block tephra of Gillespie and Styles (1999)
Eggleton 2001
Bauxite
Highly aluminous material containing abundant aluminium hydroxides (gibbsite, less commonly boehmite, diaspore) and aluminium-substituted iron oxides or hydroxides and generally minor or negligible kaolin minerals; may contain up to 20 percent quartz. commonly has a pisolitic or nodular texture, and may be cemented.
Biogenic material
Material formed by a living organism, organic or inorganic composition
based on NADM SLTT sedimentary; Hallsworth and Knox 1999
biogenic silica sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rock that consists of at least 50 percent silicate mineral material, deposited directly by biological processes at the depositional surface, or in particles formed by biological processes within the basin of deposition. Includes radiolarian chert, diatomite, novaculite.
Economic commission for Europe, committee on Sustainable Energy- United Nations (ECE-UN), 1998, International Classification of in-Seam Coals: Energy 19, 41 pp; see also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal#Types_of_coal; Eberhard Lindner; Chemie für Ingenieure; Lindner Verlag Karlsruhe, S. 258
bituminous coal
medium rank coal
Coal that has vitrinite mean random reflectance greater than 0.6% and less than 2.0% (determined in conformance with ISO 7404-5), or has a gross calorific value greater than 24 MJ/kg (determined in conformance with ISO 1928). Hard, black, organic rich sedimentary rock; contains less than 91 percent fixed carbon on a dry, mineral-matter-free basis, and greater than 13-14 percent volatiles (dry, ash free). Formed from the compaction or induration of variously altered plant remains similar to those of peaty deposits.
Wentworth size scale
boulder gravel size sediment
Sediment containing greater than 30 percent boulder-size particles (greater than 256 mm in diameter)
boundstone
Sedimentary carbonate rock with preserved biogenic texture, whose original components were bound and encrusted together during deposition by the action of plants and animals during deposition, and remained substantially in the position of growth.
after Hallsworth and Knox 1999
calcareous carbonate sediment
Carbonate sediment with a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1. Includes lime-sediments.
calcareous carbonate sedimentary material
Carbonate sedimentary material of unspecified consolidation state with a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1. Includes lime-sediments, limestone and dolomitic limestone.
SLTTs 2004; Hallsworth and Knox 1999
calcareous carbonate sedimentary rock
Carbonate sedimentary rock with a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1. Includes limestone and dolomitic limestone.
calcsilicate altered rock
calc silicate metamorphic rock
metamorphic rock containing abundant calcium-silicate minerals
Overlaps into metasomatic rocks because of high mobility of Ca carbonates. Typically rich in epidote, diopside, tremolite, calcic-amphibole, talc, with quartz and calcite. Might be gneiss or granofels; lower metamorphic grade than granulite.
carbonate altered rock
follow pattern used for clastic sand and mud categories, based on SLTTs 2004
carbonate mud
marl
Carbonate sediment composed of less than 25 percent clasts that have a maximum diameter more than 2 mm, and the ratio of sand size to mud size clasts is less than one.
Not a subcategory of carbonate sedimentary rock because definition does not specify 'carbonate minerals of intrabasinal origin', but is agnostic on origin of carbonate. Schnurrenberger et al. 2003 point out that it is very difficult (at least in lacustrine rocks) to distinguish chemically precipitated or diagenetic carbonate from primary biogenic carbonate. This distinction between biogenic, detrital, and pedogenic or authigenic carbonate material is thus not a good one to use in a general purpose classification system. Schnurrenberger, D., Russell, J. and Kelts, K., 2003, Classification of lacustrine sediments based on sedimentary components: Journal of Paleolimnology, v.29, p141-154.
carbonate mudstone
marlstone
Mudstone that consists of greater than 50 percent carbonate minerals of any origin in the mud size fraction.
carbonate ooze
ooze that consists of more than 50 percent carbonate skeletal remains
carbonate rich mud
carbonate rich loess
Mud size sediment that contains between 10 and 50 percent carbonate minerals in any size fraction. Carbonate origin is not specified.
Carbonate-rich mudstone' definition limits carbonate to mud-size fraction to avoid overlap with 'impure carbonate sedimentary rock'. If carbonate minerals are in sand or gravel size fractions, use 'impure carbonate sedimentary rock'. The operational test typically used to identify this category is if the rock fizzes when hydrochloric acid is applied. The '10 percent carbonate' criteria is a fuzzy boundary.
carbonate rich mudstone
Mudstone that contains between 10 and 50 percent carbonate minerals in the mud size fraction. Carbonate origin is not specified.
Should carbonate sedimentary material be considered a kind of chemical sedimentary material? Is biogenic precipitation a chemical sedimentary process?
Carbonate sedimentary material
Sedimentary material in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals calcite, aragonite and dolomite, in particles of intrabasinal origin.
Dunham 1962
carbonate wackestone
Carbonate sedimentary rock with discernible mud supported depositional texture and containing greater than 10 percent allochems, and constituent particles are of intrabasinal origin. If particles are not intrabasinal, categorization as a mudstone or wackestone should be considered.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk; C.S. Harris, 2009, unpublished web page, http://www.geologyshop.co.uk/chalk.htm
chalk
A generally soft, white, very fine-grained, extremely pure, porous limestone. It forms under marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of skeletal elements from minute planktonic green algae (cocoliths), associated with varying proportions of larger microscopic fragments of bivalves, foraminifera and ostracods. It is common to find flint and chert nodules embedded in chalk.
chloritic altered rock
Neuendorf et al. 2005; SLTTs 2004
Note this category is equivalent to category labeled 'Conglomeratic rock in SLTTs (2004), not to the category labeled 'Conglomerate' in that system.
conglomerate
conglomeratic rock
Clastic sedimentary rock composed of at least 30 percent rounded to subangular fragments larger than 2 mm in diameter; typically contains finer grained material in interstices between larger fragments. If more than 15 percent of the fine grained matrix is of indeterminant clastic or diagenetic origin and the fabric is matrix supported, may also be categorized as wackestone. If rock has unsorted or poorly sorted texture with a wide range of particle sizes, may also be categorized as diamictite.
Pettijohn et al. 1987 referenced in Hallsworth and Knox 1999.
Distinction of intrabasinal, diagenetic, or clastic genesis for very fine-grained carbonate minerals is interpretive in many cases. If there is uncertainty on the mudstone category based on intrabasinal vs epiclastic distinction required for clastic sedimentary rock-carbonate sedimentary rock categorization in this system, it is recommended to use the generic_mudstone category. This category is the union of the various fields labeled 'mudstone' with various qualifiers in Folk, 1954, Figure 1a, although Folk's (1954) category labeled 'mudstone' is a much more restricted category. The CGI category is equivalent to category labeled 'Mudrock' in SLTTs (2004), not to the category labeled 'Mudstone' adopted by that system from Folk (1954). Schnurrenberger, D., Russell, J. and Kelts, K., 2003, Classification of lacustrine sediments based on sedimentary components: Journal of Paleolimnology, v.29, p141-154.
mudstone
clastic mudstone
mudrock
Clastic sedimentary rock consisting of less than 30 percent gravel-size (2 mm) particles and with a mud to sand ratio greater than 1.
SLTTs 2004; Neuendorf et al. 2005; particle size from Wentworth grade scale
Note this category is equivalent to cagetory labeled 'sandy rock' in SLTTs (2004), not to the much more restricted category labeled 'Sandstone' in that system.
sandstone
clastic sandstone
sandy rock
Clastic sedimentary rock in which less than 30 percent of particles are greater than 2 mm in diameter (gravel) and the sand to mud ratio is at least 1.
clastic sedimentary material
Sedimentary material of unspecified consolidation state in which at least 50 percent of the constituent particles were derived from erosion, weathering, or mass-wasting of pre-existing earth materials, and transported to the place of deposition by mechanical agents such as water, wind, ice and gravity.
based on SLTTs 2004; Neuendorf et al. 2005; particle size from Wentworth grade scale
clay
Mud that consists of greater than 50 percent particles with grain size less than 0.004 mm
claystone
Mudstone that contains no detectable silt, inferred to consist virtually entirely of clay-size particles.
cobble gravel size sediment
Sediment containing greater than 30 percent cobble-size particles (64-256 mm in diameter)
Composite genesis material
Material of unspecified consolidation state formed by geological modification of pre-existing materials outside the realm of igneous and sedimentary processes. Includes rocks formed by impact metamorphism, standard dynamothermal metamorphism, brittle deformation, weathering, metasomatism and hydrothermal alteration (diagenesis is a sedimentary process in this context).
Composite genesis rock
Rock formed by geological modification of pre-existing rocks outside the realm of igneous and sedimentary processes. Includes rocks formed by impact metamorphism, standard dynamothermal metamorphism, brittle deformation, weathering, metasomatism and hydrothermal alteration (diagenesis is a sedimentary process in this context).
Concrete
Material composed of coarse- to medium-grained particulate material bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time.
crystalline carbonate
Carbonate rock of indeterminate mineralogy in which diagenetic processes have obliterated any original depositional texture.
deuteric altered rock
after SLTTs 2004, Hallsworth and Knox 1999
dolomitic or magnesian sedimentary material
Carbonate sedimentary material of unspecified consolidation degree with a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1. Includes dolomite sediment, dolostone, lime dolostone and magnesite-stone.
dolomitic or magnesian sedimentary rock
Carbonate sedimentary rock with a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1. Includes dolostone, lime dolostone and magnesite-stone.
dolomitic sediment
Carbonate sediment with a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1.
dolomite
dolostone
pure dolomitic or magnesian carbonate sedimentary rock
Pure carbonate sedimentary rock with a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1.
Duricrust
Rock forming a hard crust or layer at or near the Earth's surface at the time of formation, e.g. in the upper horizons of a soil, characterized by structures indicative of pedogenic origin.
IUGS SCMR 2007 (http://www.bgs.ac.uk/SCMR/)
eclogite
Metamorphic rock composed of 75 percent or more (by volume) omphacite and garnet, both of which are present as major constituents, the amount of neither of them being higher than 75 percent (by volume); the presence of plagioclase precludes classification as an eclogite.
epidote altered rock
Jackson 1997; SLTTs 2004
Evaporite
Nonclastic sedimentary rock composed of at least 50 percent non-carbonate salts, including chloride, sulfate or borate minerals; formed through precipitation of mineral salts from a saline solution (non-carbonate salt rock).
Category represents evaporite material that is not mostly gypsum/anhydrite or halite. These are generally not very common, thus the 'exotic' name
exotic evaporite
Evaporite that is not 50 percent halite or 50 percent gypsum or anhydrite.
Felsic plutonic rock
light-colored plutonic rock containing an abundance of quartz, feldspar, muscovite, or felspathoid
based on NADM SLTT metamorphic
foliated metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rock in which 10 percent or more of the contained mineral grains are elements in a planar or linear fabric. Cataclastic or glassy character precludes classification with this concept.
Hallsworth and Knox 1999; SLTTs 2004, Table 15-3-1
framestone
Carbonate reef rock consisting of a rigid framework of colonies, shells or skeletons, with internal cavities filled with fine sediment; usually created through the activities of colonial organisms.
Fabric is weakly developed in this rock in many cases, so the fabric categories 'foliated metamorphic rock, 'schist' or 'granofels' may apply.
blueschist
glaucophane lawsonite epidote metamorphic rock
A metamorphic rock of roughly basaltic composition, defined by the presence of glaucophane with lawsonite or epidote. Other minerals that may be present include jadeite, albite, chlorite, garnet, and muscovite (phengitic white mica). Typically fine-grained, dark colored. Category for rocks commonly referred to as blueschist.
gneiss
Foliated metamorphic rock with bands or lenticles rich in granular minerals alternating with bands or lenticles rich in minerals with a flaky or elongate prismatic habit. Mylonitic foliation or well developed, continuous schistosity (greater than 50 percent of the rock consists of grains participate in a planar or linear fabric) precludes classification with this concept.
grainstone
carbonate grainstone
Carbonate sedimentary rock with recognizable depositional fabric that is grain-supported, and constituent particles are of intrabasinal origin; contains little or no mud matrix. Distinction from sandstone is based on interpretation of intrabasinal origin of clasts and grain-supported fabric, but grainstone definition does not include a grain size criteria.
granofels
Metamorphic rock with granoblastic fabric and very little or no foliation (less than 10 percent of the mineral grains in the rock are elements in a planar or linear fabric). Grainsize not specified.
Fettes and Desmons (2007). See also Wimmenauer (1985), Winkler (1979) (D.R. Bowes (1989), The Encyclopedia of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology; Van Nostrand Reinhold ISBN: 0-442-20623-2 ; wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulite accessed 5/30/09
Wimmenauer (1985) requires granulite to consist of at least 20 percent feldspar. Garnet is frequently present; some hornblende or biotite may be present. The rock has a granoblastic texture and gneissose to massive structure; grain size and fabric may be variable on a decimetric scale. Foliation is less well developed than in rock that would typically be called gneiss. The minerals present in a granulite vary depending on the protolith and the temperature and pressure conditions experienced during metamorphism. According to Fettes and Desmons (2007) the main calc-silicate minerals are calcic garnet, calcic plagioclase, calcic scapolite, diopside-hedenbergite, epidote group minerals, hydrogrossular, johannsenite, prehnite, pumpellyite, titanite, vesuvianite, wollastonite. Note that the shale and siltstone categories may apply to any of the mineralogically defined mudstone categories.
granulite
Metamorphic rock of high metamorphic grade in which Fe-Mg silicate minerals are dominantly hydroxl-free; feldspar must be present, and muscovite is absent; rock contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, less than 75 percent calcite and/or dolomite, less than 75 percent quartz, less than 50 percent iron-bearing minerals (hematite, magnetite, limonite-group, siderite, iron-sulfides), and less than 50 percent calc-silicate minerals.
definition of gravel from SLTTs 2004; particle sizes defined from Krumbein phi scale (W C Krumbein and L L Sloss, Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, 2nd edition, Freeman, San Francisco, 1963; Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938, Manual of Sedimentary Petrography: New York, Appleton Century Co., Inc.)
gravel
Clastic sediment containing greater than 30 percent gravel-size particles (greater than 2.0 mm diameter). Gravel in which more than half of the particles are of epiclastic origin
Rock classified as Greenschist is difficult to categorize. This stems in part from the variation in usage and the general fuzzy definition of the term. The definition of greenschist is generally something along the lines of 'metamorphosed rock with a greenish colour, characterized by the presence of actinolite, chlorite and epidote, and containing a planar or linear fabric. The presence or absence of schistose fabric in rocks called 'greenschist' is problematic. The fabric present in many rocks called greenschist is too weak or variably developed to meet the definition of 'schist'. Generally if the rock has achieved metamorphic grade such that the term 'gneiss' is applicable, it would not be called greenschist. Thus, 'greenschist' would correspond most closely to a chlorite + actinolite rich 'Foliated metamorphic rock', but if it actually meets the definition of 'Schist' it would be a chlorite + actinolite 'Schist'.
greenstone
chlorite actinolite epidote metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rock characterized by 50 percent or more of combined chlorite, actinolite and epidote. Category for rocks generally named greenschist or greenstone.
Greisen
Greisen is a class of endoskarn, formed by self-generated alteration of a granite. Greisens appear as partly coarse, crystalline granite, partly vuggy with miarolitic cavities, disseminated halide minerals such as fluorite, and occasionally metallic oxide and sulfide ore minerals, borate minerals (tourmaline) and accessory phases such as sphene, beryl or topaz.
Williams, P.J., 1994, Aust. J. Earth Science, v41, p381-382
hematitic altered rock
red rock altered rock
Alteration characterized by finely dispersed hematite
hornfels
Granofels formed by contact metamorphism, composed of a mosaic of equidimensional grains in a characteristically granoblastic or decussate matrix; porphyroblasts or relict phenocrysts may be present. Typically fine grained.
provisional by SMR 2020-06-07
Hydrothermal Massive Sulphide
Hydrothermal Massive Sulfide
Rock consisting of greater that 50% sulphide or sulfosalt minerals formed by hydrothermal mineralization processes.
Igneous material
Earth material formed as a result of igneous processes, eg. intrusion and cooling of magma in the crust, volcanic eruption.
impure calcareous carbonate sediment
calcareous marl
Carbonate sediment in which between 50 and 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin, and a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1.
impure carbonate sediment
Carbonate sediment in which between 50 and 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin.
impure carbonate sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rock in which between 50 and 90 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are composed of carbonate minerals.
impure dolomitic sediment
dolomitic marl
Carbonate sediment in which between 50 and 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin, and the ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1.
impure dolomite
dolomitic marlstone
impure dolomitic or magnesian carbonate sedimentary rock
impure dolostone
Impure carbonate sedimentary rock with a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1.
impure limestone
calcareous marlstone
Impure carbonate sedimentary rock with a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1.
Intermediate color plutonic rock
Plutonic rock that has sub-equal proportion of light and dark colored mineral. Not recommended for usage with new sample registrations. (see acid, basic, intermediate composition categories)
Intermediate color volcanic material
Material produced by volcanic processes, that has sub-equal proportion of light and dark colored mineral. Not recommended for usage with new sample registrations. (see acid, basic, intermediate composition categories)
Note that the term intermediate is normally used to denote igneous rocks with a range of silica content, but usage here is included for consistency with legacy SESAR felsic-intermediate-mafic-ultramafic subdivision of igneous rocks. Not recommended for usage with new sample registrations.
Iron rich sedimentary material
Sedimentary material of unspecified consolidation state that consists of at least 50 percent iron-bearing minerals (hematite, magnetite, limonite-group, siderite, iron-sulfides), as determined by hand-lens or petrographic analysis. Corresponds to a rock typically containing 15 percent iron by weight.
kaolinitic altered rock
lignite
low rank coal
Coal that has a gross calorific value less than 24 MJ/kg (determined in conformance with ISO 1928), and vitrinite mean random reflectance less than 0.6% (determined in conformance with ISO 7404-5). Gross calorific value is recalculated to a moist, ash free basis using bed moisture (determined according to ISO 1015 or ISO 5068). Includes all low-rank coals, including sub-bitiminous coal. A consolidated, dull, soft brown to black coal having many readily discernible plant fragments set in a finer grained organic matrix. Tends to crack and fall apart on drying. Operationally sub-bituminous and bitiminous coal are qualitatively distinguished based on brown streak for sub-bitiminous coal and black streak for bituminous coal.
limestone
Pure carbonate sedimentary rock with a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1. Includes limestone and dolomitic limestone.
Mafic plutonic rock
Dark-colored plutonic rock containing an abundance of ferromagnesian rock-forming silicates, especially Pyroxene Group, Amphibole Supergroup, olivine and biotite
Mafic volcanic material
Dark-colored material produced by volcanic processes, containing an abundance of ferromagnesian rock-forming silicates, especially Pyroxene Group, Amphibole Supergroup, olivine and biotite
Manganese rich sedimentary material
Sedimentary material of unspecified consolidation state that consists of at least 50 percent manganese-bearing minerals, as determined by hand-lens or petrographic analysis.
Manganese-rich nodules and crusts found on the sea floor
Manufactured chemical substance
material is an artifically produced sustance consisting of a single chemical entity
IUGS SCMR 2007 (http://www.bgs.ac.uk/SCMR/), SLTTm1.0 2004
marble
meta-carbonate rock
Metamorphic rock consisting of greater than 75 percent fine- to coarse-grained recrystallized calcite and/or dolomite; usually with a granoblastic, saccharoidal texture.
Material formed in surficial environment
Material that is the product of weathering processes operating on pre-existing rocks or deposits, analogous to hydrothermal or metasomatic rocks, but formed at ambient Earth surface temperature and pressure.
SESAR - Materials vocabulary
Material categories for SESAR materialType classification. Extends the iSamples Earth and Environment rock and sediment extension, which extends the base iSamples Material Type vocabulary.
2024-08-19 SMR generate vocabulary by merging with GSO Rock_Material vocabulary.
2024-12-11 SMR add iSamples Material vocab into file, reorganize hierarchy for consistency; add biogenic material, felsic, intermediate, mafic in igneous rock classes. For compatibility with SESAR legacy classifications.
metamorphosed ultramafic rock
Metamorphic rock with a protolith that is a ultramafic rock.
metaplutonic rock
Rock formed by metamorphism of a plutonic igneous protolith.
metasedimentary rock
Rock formed by metamorphism of a sedimentary protolith.
metavolcanic rock
Rock formed by metamorphism of an extrusive igneous protolith.
Fette and Desmons (2007) (http://www.bgs.ac.uk/SCMR/)
migmatite
Silicate metamorphic rock that is pervasively heterogeneous on a decimeter to meter scale that typically consists of darker and lighter parts; the darker parts usually exhibit features of metamorphic rocks whereas the lighter parts are of igneous-looking appearance.
Mineral Processing Product
Includes tailings, slag, matte, concentrate etc, materials resulting from mineral processing for resource extraction
Mineral processing product
definition of mud from SLTTs 2004 muddy sediment; particle sizes defined from Krumbein phi scale (W C Krumbein and L L Sloss, Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, 2nd edition, Freeman, San Francisco, 1963; Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938, Manual of Sedimentary Petrography: New York, Appleton Century Co., Inc.)
mud
Clastic sediment consisting of less than 30 percent gravel-size (2 mm) particles and with a mud-size to sand-size particle ratio greater than 1. More than half of the particles are of epiclastic origin.
Natural nonconsolidated material
Nonconsolidated material known to have natural, ie. not human-made, origin.
non clastic siliceous sedimentary material
Sedimentary material that consists of at least 50 percent silicate mineral material, deposited directly by chemical or biological processes at the depositional surface, or in particles formed by chemical or biological processes within the basin of deposition.
Nonconsolidated material
compoundMaterial composed of an aggregation of particles that do not adhere to each other strongly enough that the aggregate can be considered a solid in its own right.
based on Bates and Jackson 1987 and Hallsworth and Knox 1999
Neuendorf et al. 2005 put cutoff at 30 percent skeletal remains; this is raised to 50 percent in This vocabulary for consistency with definition of other Biogenic sediment category
ooze
biogenic mud
Biogenic sediment consisting of less than 1 percent gravel-size (greater than or equal to 2 mm) particles, with a sand to mud ratio less than 1 to 9, and less than 50 percent carbonate minerals.
Ore
A natural Earth material containing a potentially economic quantity of extractable metals or other commodities.
Neuendorf et al. 2005; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_shale
organic bearing mudstone
oil shale
Mudstone that contains a significant amount of organic carbon, typically kerogen. commonly finely laminated, brown or black in color.
The broader relation from organic rich sediment to biogenic sediment is based on the inference that organic rich material is always biogenic in origin. Biogenic is a broader category because not all biogenic materials are organic rich, for example shells or phosphatic bone.
organic rich sediment
Sediment with color, composition, texture and apparent density indicating greater than 50 percent organic content by weight on a moisture-free basis.
organic rich sedimentary material
Sedimentary material in which 50 percent or more of the primary sedimentary material is organic carbon.
orthogneiss
A gneiss with mineralogy and texture indicating derivation from a phaneritic igneous rock protolith. Typically consists of abundant feldspar, with quartz, and variable hornblende, biotite, and muscovite, with a relatively homogeneous character.
Other biogenic organic material
Biogenic organic material that is not animal tissue or from a plant.
Hallsworth and Knox 1999
Note that this category overlaps with 'carbonate mudstone'.
packstone
Carbonate sedimentary rock with discernible grain supported depositional texture, containing greater than 10 percent grains, and constituent particles are of intrabasinal origin; intergranular spaces are filled by matrix.
paragneiss
A gneiss with mineralogy and texture indicating derivation from a sedimentary rock protolith. Typically consists of abundant quartz, mica, or calcsilicate minerals; aluminosilicate minerals or garnet commonly present. composition of rock tends to be more variable on a decimetric scale that in orthogneiss.
peat
Unconsolidated organic-rich sediment composed of at least 50 percent semi-carbonised plant remains; individual remains commonly seen with unaided eye; yellowish brown to brownish black; generally fibrous texture; can be plastic or friable. In its natural state it can be readily cut and has a very high moisture content, generally greater than 90 percent. Liptinite to Inertinite ratio is less than one (Economic commission for Europe, committee on Sustainable Energy- United Nations (ECE-UN), 1998, International Classification of in-Seam Coals: Energy 19, 41 pp.)
pebble gravel size sediment
Sediment containing greater than 30 percent pebble-size particles (2.0 -64 mm in diameter)
phosphate rich sedimentary material
Sedimentary material in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are phosphate minerals.
phyllic altered rock
Altered rock characterised by the assemblage of quartz + sericite + pyrite, and occurs at high temperatures and moderately acidic (low pH) conditions. Typically associated with copper porphyry ore deposits in calc-alkaline rocks.
phyllite
Rock with a well developed, continuous schistosity, an average grain size between 0.1 and 0.5 millimeters, and a silvery sheen on cleavage surfaces. Individual phyllosilicate grains are barely visible with the unaided eye.
NADM metamorphic rock vocabulary SLTTm1.0; Marshak and Mitra 1988
phyllonite
Mylonitic rock composed largely of fine-grained mica that imparts a sheen to foliation surfaces; may have flaser lamination, isoclinal folding, and deformed veins, which indicate significant shearing. Macroscopically resembles phyllite, but formed by mechanical degradation of initially coarser rock.
Plant material
Organic material produced by a plant
potassic altered rock
propylitic altered rock
pure calcareous carbonate sediment
lime sediment
Carbonate sediment in which greater than 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin, and a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1.
pure carbonate mudstone
Mudstone that consists of greater than 90 percent carbonate minerals of intrabasinal orign in the mud fraction, and contains less than 10 percent allochems. The original depositional texture is preserved and fabric is matrix supported. Carbonate mudstone of Dunham (1962)
pure carbonate sediment
Carbonate sediment in which greater than 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin.
pure carbonate sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rock in which greater than 90 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are carbonate minerals.
pure dolomitic sediment
Carbonate sediment in which greater than 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin, and a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1.
pyritic altered rock
after Neuendorf et al. 2005
quartzite
Metamorphic rock consisting of greater than or equal to 75 percent quartz; typically granoblastic texture.
gypsum or anhydrite
Evaporite composed of at least 50 percent gypsum or anhydrite.
rock salt
Evaporite composed of at least 50 percent halite.
Rodingite
Rodingite is a metasomatic rock composed of grossular-andradite garnet, calcic pyroxene, vesuvianite, epidote and scapolite. Rodingites are common where mafic rocks are in proximity to serpentinized ultramafic rocks. The mafic rocks are altered by high pH, Ca2+ and OH− fluids, which are a byproduct of the serpentinization process, and become rodingites. The mineral content of rodingites is highly variable, their high calcium, low silicon and environment of formation being their defining characteristic. Rodingites are common in ophiolites, serpentinite mélanges, ocean floor peridotites and eclogite massifs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodingite
definition of sand from SLTTs 2004 sandy sediment; particle sizes defined from Krumbein phi scale (W C Krumbein and L L Sloss, Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, 2nd edition, Freeman, San Francisco, 1963; Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938, Manual of Sedimentary Petrography: New York, Appleton Century Co., Inc.)
sand
Clastic sediment in which less than 30 percent of particles are gravel (greater than 2 mm in diameter) and the sand to mud ratio is at least 1. More than half of the particles are of epiclastic origin.
sapropel
Jelly like organic rich sediment composed of plant remains, usually algal. Liptinite to Inertinite ratio is greater than one (Economic commission for Europe, committee on Sustainable Energy- United Nations (ECE-UN), 1998, International Classification of in-Seam Coals: Energy 19, 41 pp.)
saussuritised rock
Rock in which calcium-bearing plagioclase feldspar is altered to an assemblage of minerals called saussurite, typically including zoisite, chlorite, amphibole, and carbonate minerals. Residual fluids present during the late stages of magmatic crystallization can react with previously formed plagioclase feldspar to form saussurite; the saussurite will be spread through the plagioclase or located near its outer margin. The plagioclase may be reconstituted into a more sodium-rich variety (albite), although the original form of the crystal is retained. Later hydrothermal alteration can produce the same result. Mafic rocks are especially susceptible to saussuritization owing to their high calcium content; the more calcium-rich portions of plagioclase in acidic rocks also are often saussuritized.
smr provisional 2020-06-07
Sedimentary Massive Sulphide
Sedimentary Massive Sulfide
rock consisting of greater than 50% sulphide or sulfosalt minerals formed by sedimentary exhalative processes.
include sulfide formed at active seafloor vents, chimneys.
Sedimentary material
Material formed by accumulation of solid fragmental material deposited by air, water or ice, or material that accumulated by other natural agents such as chemical precipitation from solution or secretion by organisms. Includes both sediment and sedimentary rock. Includes epiclastic deposits. All stated composition criteria are based on the mineral/ compound material (GeoSciML term)/particulate fraction of the material, irrespective of porosity or the pore-fluid. No distinctions are made based on porosity or pore fluid composition (except organic rich sediment in which liquid hydrocarbon content may be considered).
sericitic altered rock
Rock in which plagioclase feldspar has been converted to sericite, an informal term for fine-grained white phyllosilicate minerals. Commonly associated with phyllic altered rocks, used to describe less intense alteration.
serpentinised rock
serpentinite
Rock consisting of more than 75 percent serpentine-group minerals, eg. antigorite, chrysotile or lizardite; accessory chlorite, talc and magnetite may be present; derived from hydration of ferromagnesian silicate minerals such as olivine and pyroxene.
NADM SLTT sedimentary, 2004
Note definition does not specify carbonate vs. siliclastic nature of mud.
shale
Laminated mudstone that will part or break along thin, closely spaced layers parallel to stratification.
silicate mud
Mud size sediment that consists of less than 50 percent carbonate minerals and less than 50 percent clastic particles.
Operational distinction of this category will typically be based on whether or not the rock fizzes when hydrochloric acid is applied--the rock is silicate mudstone if it does not fizz. The quantitative '10 percent' criteria is fuzzy.
silicate mudstone
Mudstone that contains less than 10 percent carbonate minerals.
siliceous ooze
Ooze that consists of more than 50 percent siliceous skeletal remains
silicificed rock
silt
loess
Mud that consists of greater than 50 percent silt-size grains.
Use of 'detectable silt' in the criteria for this category is based on the observation that in practice, distinction of claystone from 'siltstone' is typically based on a qualitative assessment of 'grittiness' (e.g. rubbing with fingers, or chewing); the property that these tests can determine is the presence or absence of silty particles in the material. Quantitative grain size analysis in the the clay/silt fraction of a lithified sediment is difficult at best, and of questionable significance because diagensis has altered the size and mineralogy of original sedimentary particles.
siltstone
Silt bearing mudstone
Mudstone that contains detectable silt. (see comments)
Fettes and Desmons, 2007, p195
skarn
exoskarn
tactite
Metasomatic rock consisting mainly of Ca-, Mg-, Fe-, or Mn-silicate minerals, which are free from or poor in water. Typically formed at the contact between a silicate rock or magma and a carbonate rock.
Fettes and Desmon, 2007; Best, M.G., 1982, Igneous and metamorphic petrology: New York, W.H. Freeman and company, p. 398; Neuendorf et al. 2005, p. 619.
spilite
Altered basic to intermediate composition fine-grained igneous rock in which the feldspar is partially or completely composed of of albite, typically accompanied by chlorite, calcite, quartz, epidote, prehnite, and low-tempaerature hydrous crystallization products. Preservation of eruptive volcanic features is typical.
Neuendorf et al. 2005; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travertine; Chafetz, H.S., and Folk, R.L., 1984, Travertine: Depositional morphology an dthe bacterially constructed constituents: J. Sed. Petrology, v. 126, p.57-74.
Travertine
Biotically or abiotically precipitated calcium carbonate, from spring-fed, heated, or ambient-temperature water. May be white and spongy, various shades of orange, tan or gray, and ranges to dense, banded or laminated rock. Macrophytes, bryophytes, algae, cyanobacteria and other organisms often colonize the surface of travertine and may be preserved, to produce the porous varieties.
Ultramafic plutonic rock
Plutonic rock that consists of greater than 90 percent ferromagnesian rock-forming silicates, especially Pyroxene Group, Amphibole Supergroup, olivine and biotite.
Ultramafic volcanic material
material produced by volcanic processes that consists of greater than 90 percent mafic minerals.
uralitised rock
Distinction from mudstone is based on inference that less that 50 percent of the mud size fraction (matrix) is original mud size detrital particles. May also grade into diamictite or conglomerate based on size distribution of discernible particles. If more than 50 percent of rock is detrital particles of intrabasinal orgin and carbonate composition, categorize as carbonate wackestone. Term is typically applied to diagenetically altered volcanic-lithic clastic rocks in which the definition of the original clasts has been obscured. Suggested boundaries between wacke and arenite range from 5 to 15 percent matrix. See Dickinson (1970) for discussion of interpretation of undiscernible matrix in diagenetically altered lithic clastic rocks. Dickinson, W.R., 1970, Interpreting detrital modes of graywacke and arkose: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 40, p. 695-707.
wacke
Clastic sandstone with more than 10 percent matrix of indeterminate detrital or diagenetic nature. Matrix is mud size silicate minerals (clay, feldspar, quartz, rock fragments, and alteration products).
zeolitic altered rock