Collaborative Research: Frameworks: Internet of Samples: Toward an Interdisciplinary Cyberinfrastructure for Material Samples
Geoscience Australia
Airfall dust collection
Sample of fine-grained solid material that is passively collected by airfall from the atmosphere.
Airlift water sampling
Compressed air is used to extract groundwater
Artesian flow sampling
Groundwater sample obtained from flowing artesian bore
Auger
Specimens collected by hand or mechanical auger which enable samples to be taken at intervals down profile. For example regolith, soil or sediment.
Borehole bailer sampling
Bailer is a hollow tube used to retrieve groundwater samples from monitoring wells. A bailer is tied to a piece of rope or wire and lowered into the water column to collect a sample.
Benthic trawl
benthic dredge
Seabed sampling taken over a small area seaward of the continental shelf. Sample of the upper few cm of rocky sea floor particularly for biota.
Borehole drill stem test
drill stem test
A sample is collected during drilling by a test using a hydrostatic head to measure the formation pressures and to bring the formation fluids to the surface. The test can provide information for determination of potential petroleum producing formations and their exact depth.
Borehole fluid sampling
Sampling of fluids (oil, gas, or water) from a borehole by an unspecified method.
Borehole production test
well production test
A borehole sampling test similar to DST test, but on a larger scale and under the production conditions after the well completion is conducted.
Borehole wireline formation test
wireline formation test
A sample is taken from a borehole with a wireline formation tester by inserting a probe into a well wall to withdraw a small amount of formation fluid and to measure the formation pore pressure. This measurement can provide formation pressures along the well hole, thereby giving a measure of pressure with depth or along a horizontal borehole.
Borehole fluid pumping
A pump designed to lift water or other fluid to the surface from a borehole. Various designs exist, including electric submersible, helical coil, jet. Include pump jacks and windmills that are specific to pumping fluid from boreholes, as well as pumps design to be placed inside the borehole
Borehole water pumping
bottle incubation
A method to derive the oxygen consumption rate/respiration rates of organic matter conducted in a bottle or vial under controlled light and temperature conditions.
bottle incubation dark
bottle incubation light
Container sampling
Water is collected in a container that is opened to collect water at some specific depth in a water body. Includes Niskin bottles, bottles on Rosette samplers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_sampler. Also bottled samples collected by simple bailer or scoop from water surface. If water is filtered or preserved use the water sampling -filtere or -preserved categories.
include Hydrothermal Fluid and Particle Sampler (HFPS) collect fluids and particles, Using a 25-port valve and two pumps, fluids are pumped through a titanium intake nozzle, through a Teflon hose and custom titanium and Teflon manifold with 24 ports. The sampler has a capacity of 18 water samples (700ml each) and 6 in-situ filters. include _Titanium major water sampler_, another tool to sample high temperature water in submarine environment. Similar to a syringe, a trigger on the outside of the bottle can be pressed by the ROV pilot to release a spring that will draw fluid into the chamber. Approximately 750ml of fluid can be collected using the Major bottles. https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/05lostcity/logs/july28/july28.html
National Groundwater Information System (NGIS)
cable tool drilling
A percussion drilling method that uses a heavy drilling tool that is raised and lowered with enough force to pulverise the rock, with the debris removed by a bailer.
Chamber incubation
A method that isolates sediment and overlying water in a benthic chamber. Water samples are collected from the benthic chamber during the incubation.
chamber incubation dark
A in situ method that isolates sediment and overlying water in a dark benthic chamber. Incubation water samples are collected from the benthic chamber during the incubation. The dark chamber restricts light penetration and therefore stops the process of photosynthesis. This enables benthic respiration to be measured.
chamber incubation light
A in situ method that isolates sediment and overlying water in a light benthic chamber. Incubation water samples are collected from the benthic chamber during the incubation. The transparent walls of the chamber allow light penetration and enables benthic respiration and photosynthesis to be measured.
Chemical separation
sample collection by chemical processing of a sampled material
Air cooled core drilling
core air
Rock or sediment core derived from a dry, air-cooled diamond drilling method.
Core catcher
A method by which a specimen of sediment is collected from the end of the core in the core catcher. The core catcher has curved finger-like projections that extend down to the lowest part of the core liner. The core catcher helps keep the sediment in the core liner when the core is being removed from the surface.
core conventional
Core drilling using diamond or tungsten carbide bit using a core barrel with fibreglass inner sleeves. Used in the oil industry.
Core cutter
A method by which a specimen of sediment is collected from the lowest part of a coring assembly at the core cutter. The core cutter has sharp edges which cut and shape the sediment entering the core liner as the corer goes into the sediment.
Diamond bit drill coring
core diamond
Rock or sediment core drilling using a liquid-cooled, diamond or tungsten carbide bit.
SESAR collection method
Core drilling
Sampling of a core of earth material by an unspecified drilling method
Geoprobe coring
core geoprobe
High quality core extracted by hydraulic power. Used in rough terrain, soft sand, mud, shallow water, or tight, congested areas. Long high quality cores.
[Ed. note] Geoprobe is a company that makes a variety of drilling and coring equipment; just saying 'Geoprobe' isn't obviously communicating what drilling technology is intended.
core incubation dark
A method whereby a sediment core is collected along with overlying water. The sediment and water are incubated under no light and controlled temperature conditions.
core incubation light
A method whereby a sediment core is collected along with overlying water. The sediment and water are incubated under controlled light and temperature conditions.
core Mackereth
The Mackereth is a complex coring system utilizing compressed gas to penetrate and recover single-drive moderate (up to 12 m) cores from lakes of diverse depths. Mackereth cores can be deployed on virutally any small craft and and can be used in water depths up to 80 m.
core press
Pore water is extracted from core material under pressure.
Push coring
core push
A pipe that is pushed into the sediment to gain a core that is no longer than 2m long. Core pipe has a valve on top that is used to create a vacuum at the top of the core when pulling the core out of the sediment. Can be operated by a human working on land, shallow water, or from a boat in shallow water with a pipe extension to reach the bottom. Can be operated mechanically from a submersible (HOV or ROV).
a smaller hand-held device made up of a length of clear plastic tubing attached to a corer head and extension poles. In the marine environment, the push corer is lowered overboard and manually pushed into the sediment before a valve at the top of the core, is closed creating a vacuum. The core and barrel is then lifted out of the surrounding sediment and back to the surface. The operation is the same on land or in shallow waters where a boat is not required. https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/marine/survey-techniques/sedimentary-coring-drilling
Coring from submersible
A core produced by a drill mounted on a submersible vehicle, ROV, HOV.
Sonic coring
rotosonic drilling
Similar to the vibro-core technique, the drill stem and barrel are vibrated vertically at frequencies between 50Hz and 180Hz such that the sampler barrel advances by slicing through the regolith.
core spike
A core of surficial material taken by driving a spike into the ground.
CTD sampler
Samples collected using water-sampling bottles connected to CTD equipment, used to sample water at different depths. CTD refers to a package of electronic instruments that measure Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth in a water column. Often, CTDs are attached to a much larger metal frame called a rosette, holding water-sampling bottles that are used to collect water at different depths, as well as other sensors that can measure additional physical or chemical properties.
Density separation
isolation of a component of an agregate based on particle density, e.g. heavy liquid
dredge diamantina
Used as a spot dredge to quickly ascertain sea bed geology. Samples give the seabed character unless it is deep when any mud is washed out during retrieval. In shallow water this dredge will return rock, mud, benthic samples and any thing else that is on the bottom.
Drilling
Sampling by a hole drilled into the Earth by any method
Benthic sled sampling
epibenthic sled
plantobenthic sampler
sled benthic
A method designed to collect benthic and benthopelagic faunas from the deep sea. The sled is made from a steel frame consisting of two skids and stabilizing planes to keep it from sinking too deep into the mud.
Sampling benthic flora and fauna using a device towed along the seafloor. The devices has have a secondary net to study plankton and can be fitted with video or stills cameras to monitor sampling in real time. https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/marine/survey-techniques/sedimentary-coring-drilling
Field mapping survey
A mapping survey undertaken in a land environment. May include observations and/or sampling.
Filtered dust collector
Sample of fine-grained solid material that is actively collected from the atmosphere by pumping and filtration.
Filtration residue sampling
Separation of undissolved sediment and biological particles collected from a water column by filtration. For total dissolved solids measurements the sample is filtered through a glass fibre filter under controlled conditions. The type of filter is dependent on the method used and the purpose of the determination.
Free fall coring
collection of core with a tube that has an assembly with weights and fins, allowed to drop through the water column and penetrate water bottom sediment.
see https://www.kc-denmark.dk/products/sediment-samplers/free-fall-corer.aspx. This device used in sandy sediment, core tube lengths to 2 m long
grab Eckman
The Eckman Bottom Grab sampler is designed for sampling in soft bottomed lakes and rivers composed of muck, mud or fine peat
grab Shipek
When the grab touches the bottom, inertia from a self-contained weight releases a catch and helical springs rotate the inner half cylinder by 180°. After turning, the scoop remains closed by the residual torque of the scoop spring. Because the rotation of the bucket is extremely rapid, it cuts the sediment cleanly, particularly in soft clays, muds, silts & sands. After closing, the sample has optimum protection from washout during retrieval by the cylindrical design. https://www.wildco.com/how-does-the-shipek-grab-operate/, https://www.feritech.com/products/geotechnical/sea-floor-grabs/shipek-grab/
centre-pivot sampler is designed to sample unconsolidated sediments from soft ooze to hard-packed silts from deep lakes and near offshore. It brings up virtually undisturbed, unwashed samples to the surface from any depth. Its speciality is sampling benthic organisms living at or immediately below the water/bottom interface and sediment containing a significant population of non-sessile forms. https://envcoglobal.com/catalog/water/shipek-grab/
Smith Mcintyre grab sampling
grab Smith Mcintyre
Near surface sediment grab sample. Sample has a surface area of 0.1m2. It is useful for quantitative macrobenthos sampling in either shallow or deep water.
two spring hinged jaws with triggers on either side of the grab frame. The jaws are 'locked' in place within the frame until two pads hit the seafloor allowing the spring-loaded jaws to snap shut and collect the sediment. The strong hinges aid penetration of dense sediment while the large jaws return a substantial volume of sediment. Access to the sediment is through flaps on the upper side. The Smith McIntyre grab is used to get a quick sample of the seafloor and is not designed to get an undistributed sample
Van Veen grab sampling
grab Van Veen
Quantitative sample of the sediment. Van Veen grab has long arms for levering the clam shell scoop.
Two thin, hinged overlapping lids open while the equipment is descending which close on retrieval and are held shut by water pressure. The grab is triggered by a messenger weight dropped down the rope. Used for taking quantitative and qualitative samples of macroscopic benthic fauna. It can be used to determine the productivity of soft sediments, particularly those composed of finely divided muds, ooze, submerged marl and fine peaty materials. It is not recommended for rocky or sandy environments or where there is moderate benthic vegetation because small pebbles or vegetation stems can prevent proper jaw closure. https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/marine/survey-techniques/sedimentary-coring-drilling
Grain size separation
seive
Separation of various size fractions of mineral or rock particles from the original specimen. For example, by using a seive or particle settling.
Point souce bailer sampling
in situ grab sampler
A point souce bailer that has a check valve at each end of the bailer allowing sample collection from a discrete depth
Liquid-gas separation
Separation of natural gas from a liquid phase at a surface separator to generate samples of both phases.
Lysimeter water collection
A lysimeter is a container used to measure water movement in soil and the quality of water. They are used in hydrology and water quality research to study the natural environment and understand how water moves through soil. {@en}
Microanalytic sampling
Sampling microscopic regions of a prepared sample by particle bombardment (electron, ion...) or with electromagneting beams (laser, x-ray...)
Outcrop sampling
Collection of material from a rock outcrop or subcrop at the ground surface, typically using a hammer, or feathers and wedges.
Percussion drilling
Rock or sediment chips or fragments derived from a percussion (hammer) method. Include pneumatic drilling
Phleger coring
Small coring device for use in shallow water, for cores <1 m in length, in sediment types ranging from soft to sandy, semi-compacted material, as well as peat and plant roots in shallow lakes or marshes
dredge pipe
Sampling of small fragments and mud from the sea floor, using a metal pipe linked to the tow cable. Total weight of the dredge is around 25kg.
Pit or trench sampling
costean
Collection of materials, typically regolith, near the ground surface from a pit, trench, or costean dug by spade, backhoe, or other mechanical means (not drilling).
Pump sampling
Sampling a fluid using a pump to move fluid to the sample container
http://www.foragefte.com; http://www.masterdrilling.com
RAB drilling
rotary air blast drilling
RAB, rotary air blast, or Down-the-hole drilling. Rock or sediment chips or fragments are derived from a percussion drilling method where the cuttings are blown up the outside of the rods and collected at surface, using air or a combination of air and foam lift the cuttings.
Rain gauge
Rainwater is collected using an approved rain gauge/collector method.
reverse circulation drilling
A drilling technique similar to rotary drilling except that drilling fluid flow down the annular space between the drilling stem and the wall of the hole forcing cuttings up through the inside of the drill stem .
Rotary drilling
A drilling method using a drill stem equipped with a bit that is rotated to cut and grind the rock with a fluid pumped down the stem to force cuttings up through the annular space between the stem and the wall of the hole
Rotary hammer drilling
hammer drilling
jack hammer drilling
pneumatic drilling
A percussion drilling method using a cutting tool powered by compressed air that creates a rapid percussion effect coupled with rotary action to drill hard rocks.
Material Sample collection methods
Material sample collection methods focused on methods found in SESAR data (2024-08-31 dump), harmonized with CGI GTWG sampling methods draft, Geoscience Australia sampling methods, and SeaDataNet Sample Collection vocabulary. The SeaDataNet vocabulary is nominally about instruments, but many of the concepts implicitly denote methods.
<http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0991/1>
Nets towed over the sea floor to sample species living on or near the bottom, with single rectangular mouth piece, a conical filtering net, and equipped with closing mouth mechanism.
Agassiz trawl
Submersible grab
Collect sample from an underwater vehicle, using mechanical arms on vehicle.
Backhoe
<http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/62>
Nets towed over the sea floor having the horizontal net opening provided by a wooden or metal beam that disrupts the surface of the bed.
Beam trawl
Blake trawl
PSEP, 1997. Recommended Guidelines for Sampling Marine Sediment, Water Column, and Tissue in Puget Sound.
utilizes a pulley arrangement to gain extra purchase to activate a pair of jaws. Shepard (1973) reports that large Petersen grabs have been known to bring back undisturbed samples that still retain stratification characteristics. However, Schlieper (1972) points out that the tensile closing action from the attached hydrowire creates a secondary lifting force at the central axis that the two jaws pivot around, resulting in a shallower bite (5 centimeters (cm) or less), especially in firmer sediments. photo shows large jaw pincers, bigger that other grab samplers, dated 1963, so it is likely old technology no longer in use.
photo shows large jaw pincers, bigger that other grab samplers, dated 1963, so it is likely old technology no longer in use. 'Campbell' grab is a large version of a Petersen grab. https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/openfile/of2005-1001/htmldocs/samplers/grab/campbell.htm
Campbell grab sampling
liquid that has been passed through a cartridge filter
Cartridge filter filtrate
this vocabulary
material left behind when liquid passed throught cartridge filter
Cartridge filter residue
SESAR data
Sample extracted from feature of interest by cutting with a chain saw.
Chain saw
sampling over an area of a feature off interest by breaking off small pieces; produces an aggregate
Chip sampling
Based on web search for syringe sampling and inspection of SESAR records reporting methods with 'syringe' in the text. Examples from soil environmental sampling, sediment sampling, water sampling
Sampling by using a tube with a plunger to pull material into a cylinder; used in soils, soft sediment, and fluids, commonly for analysis of volatiles.
Syringe sampling
Collection of sample using trap to collect organisms in water, e.g. crabs, bacteria.
generalize from crap trap, mussel pot, bacteria trap, _trap_ found in SESAR data.
Subaqueous organism trap
Gas collection in a collection bottle that is sealed well enough to maintain the pressure of the original sample fluid; used to sample gasses from deep sea sources. Described technique uses flow-through gas sampling.
Gas tight bottle sampling
Ghostbuster appears to be a device for in situ chemical measurements in a high temperature/pressure environment (e.g. sea floor black smoker), designed by Kang Ding/Bill Seyfried of UMN. The information found on the web doesn't indicate it returns material samples, just measurements. (https://www.marine-geo.org/services/vocab/vocab_device_type). https://gfd.whoi.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/66/2023/08/at11-7-cruise_report.pdf. https://www.unols.org/sites/default/files/CA_InstrumentationManipulators.pdf
Ghostbuster fluid sampler
Hammer from outcrop
Hand auger
Sample collected by picking up some loose material from subaerial solid earth boundary surface
Human grab from surface
Trigger coring
Kasten coring
Large volume, reletatively undisturbed sediment core (~3m long) from a Kasten Corer. The corer is constructed of stainless steel and is square in cross-section. A weight of several hundred kilograms on top of the corer pushes it 2-3 metres into the seabed. It is designed for sedimentological and geochemical sampling of fine-grained sediments. This type of corer obtains relatively undisturbed cores and can preserve the sediment/water interface. This type of core is useful for determining sediment accumulation rates.
A slight variation on the gravity corer is the Kasten corer. This uses a similar set up, but uses a sample tube manufactured from sheet metal of square cross section with sides approximately 150mm. No liner is used. A cutter section fitted to the end of the sample tube has two spring-loaded flaps that close when the corer is withdrawn from the sediment. The sample tube is designed to be split to gain access to the sample. https://noc.ac.uk/facilities/national-marine-equipment-pool/scientific-engineering/seafloor-sampling
Mechanical grab from surface
Menzie trawl
focused ion beam (FIB) machining is used to fabricate nano to micron sized pillars of material for testing of mechanical properties
reported for samples of carrera marble by pskemer@wustl.edu, 45 samples. Interpret to mean the sample is the ion-milled micropillar.
Micropillar Sampling
Niskin bottle
Niskin Water Sampler
Surface water/seawater collection. A device for collection of water samples from a specific depth in the water column.
device used to collect water samples at different depths in the ocean. It consists of a PVC or metal cylinder with two or more hinged caps at either end that are remotely operated using a wire or cable. When the sampler is lowered into the ocean, the caps are opened at predetermined depths, allowing seawater to be trapped inside without contamination from the surrounding water.
Pulverize
Interpret to mean collecting some amount of a liquid or fine-grained aggregate using a spoon-like instrument (scoop); size can range from milligram to kilogram mass. Metallurgy: _A shallow, spherical 1.25-inch diameter disc is sawed out of the feature of interest._ https://www.stress.com/services/materials-engineering/field-inspection-and-testing/non-destructive-scoop-sampling/.
Scoop
Plates designed to remain in an environment (typically subaqueous) to monitor biome development. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33138.71361. Also colonization substrate sampler collected in submarine exploration.
Settlement Plate
Shaker table
Shovel
Sample of particular grain size particles using sieves.
Sieved aggregate
Slide hammer coring
Sampling a fluid (liquid, gas, colloid, suspension...) by drawing it into a sample collection container using a pressure gradient.
Suction Sampling
Core coated with wax or other sealant to preserve volatile content
A standard procedure for core preservation consists of wrapping the sample with plastic film and aluminum foil before dip coating it. For the purposes of this paper, the term ‘wax’ will be used to describe the meltable coating used to cover the wrapped core plug or whole core section.
Core preserved with wax
Sidewall coring
A method to extract core or plug from the sidewall of a borehole.
Percussion sidewall coring
sidewall core, bullet
Percussion cores are taken by firing hollow bullets into the formation. The bullets are attached to the tool by fasteners, and are retrieved, along with the core inside, by pulling up the tool and the fasteners. Percussion coring tools typically hold 20 to 30 bullets, but two or three tools can be combined on one run in the hole.
2024-09-11 SMR change label.
Rotary sidewall coring
Mechanical tools use hollow rotary drills to cut and then pull out core plugs. Up to 75 plugs can be recovered on one run. With full recovery, cores from typical percussion tools are 1 in. [2.5 cm] in diameter by 1 3/4 in. [4.4 cm] long, while those from mechanical tools are 0.91 in. [2.3 cm] in diameter by 2 in. [5 cm] long. The latter are also known as rotary sidewall cores.
Slurp sampling
For some small, delicate, or flexible specimens, the “slurp” hose is used to ensure that the sample is collected and handled with the proper care. ROV pilots use the manipulator arm to pick up the handle of this vacuum-like hose, which then sucks up water, sediment, and small or delicate fauna into one of the slurp containers.
e.g. see http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/water/assessment/download/sampling.pdf
composite water sample preserved with reagent (e.g. nitric acid sulfuric acid) as part of sampling process
Composite water sampling- preserve with reagent
composite water sample filtered as part of the sampling process (in the field or within a very short time period after collection)
Composite water sampling-filter
composite filtered water sample preserved with reagent (e.g. nitric acid sulfuric acid) as part of sampling process
Composite water sampling- filter and preserve with reagent
General category for methods to extract columnar samples perpendicular to the depositional surface from soil or sediment that is poorly enough consolidated that it can be sampled without rotary drilling.
Soft material coring
SESAR collection method; http://www.deepreef.org/technology/79-rock-dredge.html
Chain bag dredge
dredge chain bag
A rock dredge is a large bag made of metal chain links attached to a simple heavy frame that keeps the bag expanded. The dredge is lowered off the back of a ship to the seafloor and dragged along to collect large pieces of rock. Because of the coarse chain links most of the finer material is washed out of the bag leaving behind the larger rock and gravel pieces within the chain bag. The dredge is then winched up to the surface and any samples are dumped onto the deck of the ship to be sorted and preserved.
Sampling of large rocks from the sea floor using a chain bag
this vocabulary; http://www.oakenviro.com/pdfs/Dutch%20Auger%20equipment%20options%20-%20Eijkelkamp.pdf
core extracted from sediment or soil by a hand rotated tool with a special bit that extracts short segments of cored sediment; many variations in design.
Hand auger coring
Gas is collected from a bubbling subaqueous gas source by inverting a suitable size and composition funnel over the gas source connected by a tube to an evacuated bottle gas collector.
Inverted funnel to evacuated bottle gas collection
Gas is collected from a bubbling subaqueous gas source by inverting a suitable size and composition funnel over the gas source connected by a tube to a flow through bottle gas collector.
Inverted funnel to flow through bottle gas collection
water sample collected through some documented process over an extended water volume meant to characterize that volume e.g. a profile in a lake a stream cross section or some volume in the ocean. Many different processes may be used to collect subsamples and aggregate them into a representative single sample.
Composite water sampling
A chemically inert and durable tube e.g. titanium quartz alumina or mullite) is inserted into the gas source, and allowed to thermally equilibrate with the gas; a specially prepared collection bottle with a high vacuum stopcock and sample port is attached to the collection tube. The bottle is prepared with a concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, carefully weighed and evacuated with a vacuum pump. As gas bubbles through the alkaline solution, acid gases such as CO2 H2S SO2 HCl and HF dissolve into the liquid. The remaining gases such as N2 O2 H2 CO and He collect in the headspace of the bottle. Geothermal system gases are typically omposed mostly of water and condensable acid gases that are absorbed into the alkaline solution, so many liters of gas can be collected in a single bottle. This method concentrates gases in the solution and headspace and thereby promotes better analytical precision. Typically used for hot (volcanic geothermal) gas collection.
Evacuated bottle gas sampling
Insert a suitable chemically inert and durable tube (e.g. titanium quartz alumina or mullite) into gas source. After allowing the tube to heat until condensation in the tube has reached equilibrium with the escaping gases usually about 5 minutes a specially-designed flow-through sample bottle with a stopcock at each end and a hand-operated pump is attached to the collection tubing. The hand pump flushes out air and draws the gas into the bottle. This collection method is faster that the evacuated bottle method. It is used when a complete gas analysis is not necessary or where field conditions are too hazardous to safely make an evacuated-bottle collection. Sulfur gases are stable for only a short time so this type of sample must be analyzed within a few hours of collection.
Flow through bottle gas sampling
general class for gas sampling methods
include Headspace equilibration method; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.033
Gas sampling
Water sampling
Any method used to sample water.
Generic category for any method off acquiring a water sample. Water collected into a suitable container from a single sampling point. Includes grab sample from stream samples collected by machines that open and close sampling bottles as the device is lowered through water column. e.g. Van Dorn bottles, Kemmerer Water Sampler
USGS Circular; Vernon E. Swanson and Claude Huffman Jr. 1976 GUIDELINES FOR SAMPLE COLLECTING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS USED IN THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR DETERMINING CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COAL: U. S. Geological Survey CIRCULAR 735. accessed at http://energy.er.usgs.gov/products/databases/CoalQual/Docs/c735.pdf
sampling material along a channel through a feature of interest.
chip an approximately 3-inch by 3-inch (7.5 cm by 7.5 cm) channel accross the sampled feature (e.g. a coal bed) with a chisel or pick-point hammer producing fragments 2 inches (5 cm) or less across. Positioning a horizontal plastic sheet below the level of channel cutting is sometimes helpful. May also be applied to sampling at regular intervals along a channel or trench cut across a surface.
Channel sampling
specimen obtained by breaking piece(s) of rock from rock outcrop on surface or in a subsurface tunnel
Collected from outcrop
Specimen obtained from loose material on surface e.g. from talus, colluvium, mine heap.
Manual surface grab
Sediment trap
Sediment traps are containers placed in the water column to collect particles falling toward the sea floor. The traps collect tiny sediment or larger accumulations called marine snow - made up of organic matter, dead sea creatures, tiny shells, dust and minerals.
The basic sediment trap consists of a broad funnel with a collecting jar at the bottom. The funnel opening covers a standard area (such as 0.25 square meter [2.7 square feet]) and has baffles at the top to keep out very large objects that might clog the funnel.
Use of a gold-miners pan to concentrate heavy minerals from a loose sediment (typcially stream sediment) sample
Panned concentrate sampling
mechanical separation of part a processed sample; e.g. taking grains from a mineral separate, splitting a powdered sample splitting a crushed sample
Split processed sample
SESAR collection method; this vocabulary
Suspended sediment separated from containing water by filtration or centrifuge.
Suspended sediment separate
water sample preserved with reagent (e.g. nitric acid sulfuric acid) as part of sampling process
Water sampling- preserve with reagent
water is filtered as part of the sampling process (in the field or within a very short time period after collection) Sample is filtrate.
Include Hot Fluid Sampler (HFS), collects hot fluid samples using various types of filters https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/eoi/nemo2003/logbook/aug27.html
Water sampling-filter
water sample is filtered and preserved with reagent (e.g. nitric acid sulfuric acid) as part of sampling process
Water sampling-filter and preserve with reagent
SESAR collection method; http://www.deepreef.org/technology/9-grab.html; http://www.eu-hermione.net/box-core; http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/water/assessment/download/sampling.pdf (Eckman dredge)
Box coring
core box
A method that obtains a large volume or large surface area core with shallow penetration and minimum disturbance. Commonly uses a double spade system. A box core uses trigger plates that contact the seafloor to close the top and bottom of a metal box plunged into the seabed. This device neatly extracts a plug of sediment that is mostly undisturbed and allows scientists to examine the layers of sediment carefully and any marine life found within. Use this category for Eckman Dredge samples as well
SESAR collection method; http://www.whoi.edu/instruments/viewInstrument.do?id=8087 http://www.whoi.edu/instruments/viewInstrument.do?id=1079
Gravity coring
core gravity
Coring that relies on the weight of the device for penetration into the seafloor. Geoscience Australia's gravity corer consists of a one tonne weight atop a steel core barrel which houses an internal PVC core sleeve. The unit is lowered to a predetermined height above the seafloor using a wire rope before being allowed to freefall. The resulting core enters the internal sleeve and is held in place by a core catcher. The wire rope is then reeled in and the inner sleeve is removed from the core barrel and the core is processed. Gravity cores up to 12 metres in length can be collected with some systems but in practice recoveries are typically less than six metres. The gravity corer is designed for use in areas of soft, unconsolidated sediment.
Collects core by operator pushing the core tube into the sediment to be sampled; may be assisted by vibration induced in the core tube. Like push core, but manually operated.
Hand held coring
sampling by pushing a device into seafloor sediments that extracts many tubular samples of sediment at once. The multicore has a cone-shaped aluminum frame. In the middle are eight plastic tubes. When the frame settles on the floor the center of the multicore slowly and evenly pushes the tubes into the sediment. The tubes are capped at the top and bottom and the multicore comes back to the surface with eight samples of sediment.
Multi coring
SESAR collection method; http://www.whoi.edu/instruments/gallery.do?mainid=17288&iid=8087; http://www.tdi-bi.com/field_services/sge_info/piston_coring.htm
Piston coring
Piston corer
core piston
Piston corers have a piston mechanism that is triggered when the corer hits the bottom. As the barrel enters the sediment a special internal piston creates a vacuum and helps to draw the core into the barrel. The piston helps to avoid disturbing the sediment. As the piston corer penetrates the seafloor the piston inside stops at the sediment surface. The action of the piston creates a pressure differential at the top of the sediment column. This allows the soft material to enter the core liner without disruption. A piston corer uses a 'free fall' of the coring rig to achieve a greater initial force on impact than gravity coring and a sliding piston inside the core barrel to reduce inside wall friction with the sediment and to assist in the evacuation of displaced water from the top of the corer. The piston-coring rig is comprised of a trigger assembly the coring weight assembly core barrels tip assembly and piston.
consists of a weight fitted connected to a steel sample tube, with a PVC liner tube inside the full-length of the core barrel. A piston is fitted inside the PVC liner and is attached to a wire that runs inside the corer barrel, through a hole in the centre of the weight and is attached to the main deployment wire. The corer is lowered on a wire to the seabed until a trigger weight, suspended from the corer weight via an arm, contacts the seabed, and releases the corer for free-fall a distance pre-set by the length of trigger wire to sink into the sediment. As the corer penetrates the sediment it reaches a point where the piston inside the barrel is level with the surface of the sediment. As the corer sinks further into the sediment, the piston should remain static at its optimum point at the sediment surface. The core tube then moves past the piston into the sediment creating a vacuum at the top of the tube which helps to overcome the friction generated between the sediment and the inside of the core liner. https://noc.ac.uk/facilities/national-marine-equipment-pool/scientific-engineering/seafloor-sampling
SESAR collection method; http://www.fandm.edu/earth-and-environment/sediment-sampling-methods
Soil or sediment collected by pneumatically pushing or pounding a sleeve through soft sediments via a rig mounted on the back of a pick-up truck or on an ATV. Note: Sediment in cores commonly is compressed to 30-50% of the in situ volume. Wildco corer.
Probe core
SESAR collection method; http://www.vibracoring.com/vcconcepts.html
Vibrator coring
core vibro
vibracore
vibrocore
A core tube is attached to a source of mechanical vibration (the power head) and lowered into sediment. The vibrations provide energy for rearranging the particles within the sediment in such a way that the coretube penetrates under the static weight of the vibracoring apparatus. Samples include stiff and stony clays, soft rock and sands, and saturated sediments which can not be sampled using gravity or piston corers. Also know as VIBRA.
Vibracoring (or vibrocoring) is a technology and a technique for collecting core samples of underwater sediments and wetland soils. The vibrating mechanism of a vibracorer sometimes called the _vibrahead_ operates on hydraulic pneumatic mechanical or electrical power from an external source. The attached core tube is driven into sediment by the force of gravity enhanced by vibration energy. When the insertion is completed the vibracorer is turned off and the tube is withdrawn with the aid of hoist equipment.
sample collected from rock material freed from outcrop by explosives; similar to surface grab in that precise location of specimen in the rock body is not precisely known
Blasting
Dredge sampling
Dredging
samples _grabbed_ from submarine surface by dragging a basket with an enclosed bottom (solid or open-chain) along the bottom of the water body.
Used for sampling sediment material or rock from the bottom of a water body. Use Trawl if focus is on pelagic or benthic biome.
loose sediment collected into bag from the wall of a trench, stream bank or pit--any vertical cut that provides access to a near surface soil and sediment profile; common for sampling soil horizons.
Grab from trench or pit
Material sample is obtained by picking up an object by hand
Manual grab
Sediment grabs come in all shapes and sizes but they all do much the same thing to collect a sample of sediment from the seabed. Sediment grabs are often named after their inventors. For example the Smith-MacIntyre grab is lowered from ships and on contact with the seabed a split cylindrical bucket is triggered which scoops up about 10 litres of sediment. Another is the Van-Veen grab like a giant pair of tongs which closes two halves of the bucket together as the winch draws the cable in. Sediment is then evenly scooped into the large buckets. A sediment grab does not attempt to preserve the internal structure of the sediment which disginguishes it from soft sediment coring.
Sediment grab
composite of several single grab sediment samples collected from a stream channel agregatted in the field. Sample might be collected from subaqueous stream bed, or in a dry stream channel.
Stream sediment composite
stream sediment collected from bed of a stream at a single location; Sample might be collected from subaqueous stream bed, or in a dry stream channel.
Stream sediment single grab
Water body bottom grab
Submarine grab
Specimens gathered from the bed of a water body by a mechanical grab primarily for lithogical and petrographical analyses.
Sample collected by sweeping up surface lag material over some area and bagging it. Generally only used in arid or semi-arid environments where surface lag is representative in some way of underlying bedrock.
Lag sample
Sample is removed from sampling feature by extracting an undisturbed provile typically as a long cylinder meant to preserve the internal structure of the sampled sediment or rock. sample extracted as a cylinder of material drilled out of the feature of interest; diameter can range from mm to m, lengths mm to 100_s of m.
Coring
General category for gas and water sampling procedures that obtain a specimen in a sealed container, or feed directly to analytical equipment (e.g. autosamplers).
Fluid sampling
Specimen obtained using some mechnical process not identified in this vocabulary
Other sampling procedure
separation of part of a sample by some lab technique; have to look at processing method for details. E.g. density separation magnetic separation insoluble residue hand picking. Too many possibilities to categorize each subsampling method.
Processed separation
mechanical separation of part of a bulk sample. E.g. breaking a hand sample up with a hammer and taking pieces, cutting peices from a solid sample, splitting material in a bagged sample
Splitting from bulk sample
Specimen obtained by picking up material from a surface, subaerial or subaqueous; may involve breaking material away from outcrop or picking up loose material on surface
Surface grab
Top concept, for all methods used to collect material samples
Sampling method
Sediment water incubation sampling
Samples that include sediment and water, typically from near water body bottom, collected under controlled conditions to preserve biological activity, intended to incubate in a lab to observe metabolic processes.
Solid phase microextraction
sampling technique a solid support (e.g. a fiber) coated with an extracting phase extracts analytes of interest from a sampled media that can be a liquid or gas phase. The extracting phase can be a liquid (polymer) or a solid (sorbent). The quantity of analyte extracted is proportional to its concentration in the sample.
Subaerial surface sampling
Surface material sampling
Collection of earth materials at the ground surface on land.
Trawl sampling
Collection of sample by dragging a net through the water column or along the bottom of the water column. Connotation is focus on biome in the water or at the water-sediment interface, but might include suspended sediment in water or sediment from water body bottom.
Include net systems that might be simple manual scoops through near surface, and systems that pump lots of water through a net (e.g. 'big Bertha, https://serc.si.edu/node/38659) to achieve the same effect.
Undergound mine sampling
Collection of material from a rock outcrop exposed beneath the ground surface (eg, a mine), typically using a hammer.
unknown
The sampling method is unknown.
Vacuum pore water sampling
Extraction of pore water from soil or sediment by creating a vacuum.
Water body survey sampling
Collection of materials during a marine, lacustrine, or coastal survey by any method.
smr add lacustrine to generalize to any water body.
Water body water sampling
Collection of water samples from a water body; includes surface water, lakes, marine water.
Wax coring
Samples sediment and volcanic glass at the sea floor by crashing a weighted core tube that has a ring of sticky wax at the bottom into the sea floor. Invented to sample volcanic glass shards in surface deposits along mid ocean ridges.