Collaborative Research: Frameworks: Internet of Samples: Toward an Interdisciplinary Cyberinfrastructure for Material Samples
type: Grant
funder: 04nh1dc89

Airfall dust collection
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Sampling method
definition: Sample of fine-grained solid material that is passively collected by airfall from the atmosphere.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Airlift water sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Borehole fluid sampling
broader: Water sampling
definition: Compressed air is used to extract groundwater
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Artesian flow sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Borehole fluid sampling
broader: Water sampling
definition: Groundwater sample obtained from flowing artesian bore
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Auger
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Drilling
definition: Specimens collected by hand or mechanical auger which enable samples to be taken at intervals down profile. For example regolith, soil or sediment.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Hand auger

Borehole bailer sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Borehole fluid sampling
broader: Water sampling
definition: Bailer is a hollow tube used to retrieve groundwater samples from monitoring wells. A bailer is tied to a piece of rope or wire and lowered into the water column to collect a sample.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Point souce bailer sampling

Benthic trawl
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
alternative label: benthic dredge
broader: Trawl sampling
definition: Seabed sampling taken over a small area seaward of the continental shelf. Sample of the upper few cm of rocky sea floor particularly for biota.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Borehole drill stem test
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
alternative label: drill stem test
broader: Borehole fluid sampling
definition: A sample is collected during drilling by a test using a hydrostatic head to measure the formation pressures and to bring the formation fluids to the surface. The test can provide information for determination of potential petroleum producing formations and their exact depth.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Borehole fluid sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Fluid sampling
definition: Sampling of fluids (oil, gas, or water) from a borehole by an unspecified method.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Airlift water sampling
narrower: Artesian flow sampling
narrower: Borehole bailer sampling
narrower: Borehole drill stem test
narrower: Borehole production test
narrower: Borehole wireline formation test
narrower: Borehole fluid pumping
narrower: Liquid-gas separation

Borehole production test
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
alternative label: well production test
broader: Borehole fluid sampling
definition: A borehole sampling test similar to DST test, but on a larger scale and under the production conditions after the well completion is conducted.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Borehole wireline formation test
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
alternative label: wireline formation test
broader: Borehole fluid sampling
definition: A sample is taken from a borehole with a wireline formation tester by inserting a probe into a well wall to withdraw a small amount of formation fluid and to measure the formation pore pressure. This measurement can provide formation pressures along the well hole, thereby giving a measure of pressure with depth or along a horizontal borehole.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Borehole fluid pumping
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Borehole fluid sampling
broader: Water sampling
broader: Water body water sampling
definition: A pump designed to lift water or other fluid to the surface from a borehole. Various designs exist, including electric submersible, helical coil, jet. Include pump jacks and windmills that are specific to pumping fluid from boreholes, as well as pumps design to be placed inside the borehole
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
preferred label: Borehole water pumping

bottle incubation
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Sediment water incubation sampling
definition: A method to derive the oxygen consumption rate/respiration rates of organic matter conducted in a bottle or vial under controlled light and temperature conditions.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: bottle incubation dark
narrower: bottle incubation light

bottle incubation dark
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: bottle incubation
definition: A method to derive the oxygen consumption rate/respiration rates of organic matter conducted in a bottle or vial under controlled light and temperature conditions.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

bottle incubation light
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: bottle incubation
definition: A method to derive the oxygen consumption rate/respiration rates of organic matter conducted in a bottle or vial under controlled light and temperature conditions.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Container sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Water sampling
broader: Water body water sampling
definition: Water is collected in a container that is opened to collect water at some specific depth in a water body. Includes Niskin bottles, bottles on Rosette samplers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_sampler. Also bottled samples collected by simple bailer or scoop from water surface. If water is filtered or preserved use the water sampling -filtere or -preserved categories.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Niskin bottle
note: include Hydrothermal Fluid and Particle Sampler (HFPS) collect fluids and particles, Using a 25-port valve and two pumps, fluids are pumped through a titanium intake nozzle, through a Teflon hose and custom titanium and Teflon manifold with 24 ports. The sampler has a capacity of 18 water samples (700ml each) and 6 in-situ filters. include _Titanium major water sampler_, another tool to sample high temperature water in submarine environment. Similar to a syringe, a trigger on the outside of the bottle can be pressed by the ROV pilot to release a spring that will draw fluid into the chamber. Approximately 750ml of fluid can be collected using the Major bottles. https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/05lostcity/logs/july28/july28.html

cable tool drilling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: National Groundwater Information System (NGIS)
broader: Percussion drilling
definition: A percussion drilling method that uses a heavy drilling tool that is raised and lowered with enough force to pulverise the rock, with the debris removed by a bailer.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Chamber incubation
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Sediment water incubation sampling
definition: A method that isolates sediment and overlying water in a benthic chamber. Water samples are collected from the benthic chamber during the incubation.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: chamber incubation dark
narrower: chamber incubation light

chamber incubation dark
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Chamber incubation
definition: A in situ method that isolates sediment and overlying water in a dark benthic chamber. Incubation water samples are collected from the benthic chamber during the incubation. The dark chamber restricts light penetration and therefore stops the process of photosynthesis. This enables benthic respiration to be measured.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

chamber incubation light
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Chamber incubation
definition: A in situ method that isolates sediment and overlying water in a light benthic chamber. Incubation water samples are collected from the benthic chamber during the incubation. The transparent walls of the chamber allow light penetration and enables benthic respiration and photosynthesis to be measured.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Chemical separation
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Processed separation
definition: sample collection by chemical processing of a sampled material
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Air cooled core drilling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
alternative label: core air
broader: Core drilling
definition: Rock or sediment core derived from a dry, air-cooled diamond drilling method.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Core catcher
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Core drilling
definition: A method by which a specimen of sediment is collected from the end of the core in the core catcher. The core catcher has curved finger-like projections that extend down to the lowest part of the core liner. The core catcher helps keep the sediment in the core liner when the core is being removed from the surface.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

core conventional
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Diamond bit drill coring
definition: Core drilling using diamond or tungsten carbide bit using a core barrel with fibreglass inner sleeves. Used in the oil industry.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Core cutter
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Core drilling
definition: A method by which a specimen of sediment is collected from the lowest part of a coring assembly at the core cutter. The core cutter has sharp edges which cut and shape the sediment entering the core liner as the corer goes into the sediment.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Diamond bit drill coring
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
alternative label: core diamond
broader: Core drilling
definition: Rock or sediment core drilling using a liquid-cooled, diamond or tungsten carbide bit.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: core conventional

Core drilling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
source: SESAR collection method
broader: Drilling
broader: Coring
definition: Sampling of a core of earth material by an unspecified drilling method
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Air cooled core drilling
narrower: Core catcher
narrower: Core cutter
narrower: Diamond bit drill coring
narrower: Coring from submersible
narrower: Rotary sidewall coring
narrower: Hand auger coring

Geoprobe coring
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
source: https://geoprobe.com/tooling/rock-coring-wet-rotary-systems
alternative label: core geoprobe
broader: Soft material coring
definition: High quality core extracted by hydraulic power. Used in rough terrain, soft sand, mud, shallow water, or tight, congested areas. Long high quality cores.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
note: [Ed. note] Geoprobe is a company that makes a variety of drilling and coring equipment; just saying 'Geoprobe' isn't obviously communicating what drilling technology is intended.

core incubation dark
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Sediment water incubation sampling
definition: A method whereby a sediment core is collected along with overlying water. The sediment and water are incubated under no light and controlled temperature conditions.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

core incubation light
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Sediment water incubation sampling
definition: A method whereby a sediment core is collected along with overlying water. The sediment and water are incubated under controlled light and temperature conditions.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

core Mackereth
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Soft material coring
definition: The Mackereth is a complex coring system utilizing compressed gas to penetrate and recover single-drive moderate (up to 12 m) cores from lakes of diverse depths. Mackereth cores can be deployed on virutally any small craft and and can be used in water depths up to 80 m.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

core press
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Water sampling
definition: Pore water is extracted from core material under pressure.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Push coring
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
alternative label: core push
broader: Soft material coring
definition: A pipe that is pushed into the sediment to gain a core that is no longer than 2m long. Core pipe has a valve on top that is used to create a vacuum at the top of the core when pulling the core out of the sediment. Can be operated by a human working on land, shallow water, or from a boat in shallow water with a pipe extension to reach the bottom. Can be operated mechanically from a submersible (HOV or ROV).
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Hand held coring
note: a smaller hand-held device made up of a length of clear plastic tubing attached to a corer head and extension poles. In the marine environment, the push corer is lowered overboard and manually pushed into the sediment before a valve at the top of the core, is closed creating a vacuum. The core and barrel is then lifted out of the surrounding sediment and back to the surface. The operation is the same on land or in shallow waters where a boat is not required. https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/marine/survey-techniques/sedimentary-coring-drilling

Coring from submersible
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Core drilling
definition: A core produced by a drill mounted on a submersible vehicle, ROV, HOV.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Sonic coring
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
source: https://www.frtr.gov/site/3_1_6.html
alternative label: rotosonic drilling
broader: Vibrator coring
definition: Similar to the vibro-core technique, the drill stem and barrel are vibrated vertically at frequencies between 50Hz and 180Hz such that the sampler barrel advances by slicing through the regolith.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

core spike
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Soft material coring
definition: A core of surficial material taken by driving a spike into the ground.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

CTD sampler
type: Concept
source: https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/ctd.html
broader: Fluid sampling
definition: Samples collected using water-sampling bottles connected to CTD equipment, used to sample water at different depths. CTD refers to a package of electronic instruments that measure Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth in a water column. Often, CTDs are attached to a much larger metal frame called a rosette, holding water-sampling bottles that are used to collect water at different depths, as well as other sensors that can measure additional physical or chemical properties.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Density separation
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Processed separation
definition: isolation of a component of an agregate based on particle density, e.g. heavy liquid
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Panned concentrate sampling

dredge diamantina
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Dredge sampling
definition: Used as a spot dredge to quickly ascertain sea bed geology. Samples give the seabed character unless it is deep when any mud is washed out during retrieval. In shallow water this dredge will return rock, mud, benthic samples and any thing else that is on the bottom.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Drilling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Sampling method
definition: Sampling by a hole drilled into the Earth by any method
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Auger
narrower: Core drilling
narrower: Percussion drilling
narrower: Rotary drilling
narrower: Sidewall coring

Benthic sled sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
alternative label: epibenthic sled
alternative label: plantobenthic sampler
alternative label: sled benthic
broader: Water body survey sampling
definition: A method designed to collect benthic and benthopelagic faunas from the deep sea. The sled is made from a steel frame consisting of two skids and stabilizing planes to keep it from sinking too deep into the mud.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
note: Sampling benthic flora and fauna using a device towed along the seafloor. The devices has have a secondary net to study plankton and can be fitted with video or stills cameras to monitor sampling in real time. https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/marine/survey-techniques/sedimentary-coring-drilling

Field mapping survey
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Sampling method
definition: A mapping survey undertaken in a land environment. May include observations and/or sampling.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Filtered dust collector
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Filtration residue sampling
definition: Sample of fine-grained solid material that is actively collected from the atmosphere by pumping and filtration.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Filtration residue sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Sampling method
definition: Separation of undissolved sediment and biological particles collected from a water column by filtration. For total dissolved solids measurements the sample is filtered through a glass fibre filter under controlled conditions. The type of filter is dependent on the method used and the purpose of the determination.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Filtered dust collector
narrower: Cartridge filter residue
narrower: Suspended sediment separate

Free fall coring
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: reported in SESAR data.
broader: Soft material coring
definition: collection of core with a tube that has an assembly with weights and fins, allowed to drop through the water column and penetrate water bottom sediment.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
note: see https://www.kc-denmark.dk/products/sediment-samplers/free-fall-corer.aspx. This device used in sandy sediment, core tube lengths to 2 m long

Geoscience Australia
type: Agent
type: Organization
identifier:: 04ge02x20

grab Eckman
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Sediment grab
definition: The Eckman Bottom Grab sampler is designed for sampling in soft bottomed lakes and rivers composed of muck, mud or fine peat
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

grab Shipek
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Sediment grab
definition: When the grab touches the bottom, inertia from a self-contained weight releases a catch and helical springs rotate the inner half cylinder by 180°. After turning, the scoop remains closed by the residual torque of the scoop spring. Because the rotation of the bucket is extremely rapid, it cuts the sediment cleanly, particularly in soft clays, muds, silts & sands. After closing, the sample has optimum protection from washout during retrieval by the cylindrical design. https://www.wildco.com/how-does-the-shipek-grab-operate/, https://www.feritech.com/products/geotechnical/sea-floor-grabs/shipek-grab/
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
note: centre-pivot sampler is designed to sample unconsolidated sediments from soft ooze to hard-packed silts from deep lakes and near offshore. It brings up virtually undisturbed, unwashed samples to the surface from any depth. Its speciality is sampling benthic organisms living at or immediately below the water/bottom interface and sediment containing a significant population of non-sessile forms. https://envcoglobal.com/catalog/water/shipek-grab/

Smith Mcintyre grab sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/marine/survey-techniques/sedimentary-coring-drilling
alternative label: grab Smith Mcintyre
broader: Water body bottom grab
definition: Near surface sediment grab sample. Sample has a surface area of 0.1m2. It is useful for quantitative macrobenthos sampling in either shallow or deep water.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
note: two spring hinged jaws with triggers on either side of the grab frame. The jaws are 'locked' in place within the frame until two pads hit the seafloor allowing the spring-loaded jaws to snap shut and collect the sediment. The strong hinges aid penetration of dense sediment while the large jaws return a substantial volume of sediment. Access to the sediment is through flaps on the upper side. The Smith McIntyre grab is used to get a quick sample of the seafloor and is not designed to get an undistributed sample

Van Veen grab sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
alternative label: grab Van Veen
broader: Sediment grab
definition: Quantitative sample of the sediment. Van Veen grab has long arms for levering the clam shell scoop.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
note: Two thin, hinged overlapping lids open while the equipment is descending which close on retrieval and are held shut by water pressure. The grab is triggered by a messenger weight dropped down the rope. Used for taking quantitative and qualitative samples of macroscopic benthic fauna. It can be used to determine the productivity of soft sediments, particularly those composed of finely divided muds, ooze, submerged marl and fine peaty materials. It is not recommended for rocky or sandy environments or where there is moderate benthic vegetation because small pebbles or vegetation stems can prevent proper jaw closure. https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/marine/survey-techniques/sedimentary-coring-drilling

Grain size separation
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
alternative label: seive
broader: Processed separation
definition: Separation of various size fractions of mineral or rock particles from the original specimen. For example, by using a seive or particle settling.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Sieved aggregate

Point souce bailer sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
alternative label: in situ grab sampler
broader: Borehole bailer sampling
definition: A point souce bailer that has a check valve at each end of the bailer allowing sample collection from a discrete depth
history note: SMR 2024-09-11 change label
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Lara Sedgmen
type: Agent
type: Person
affiliation: Geoscience Australia

Liquid-gas separation
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Borehole fluid sampling
definition: Separation of natural gas from a liquid phase at a surface separator to generate samples of both phases.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Lysimeter water collection
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/lysimeters
broader: Water sampling
definition: A lysimeter is a container used to measure water movement in soil and the quality of water. They are used in hydrology and water quality research to study the natural environment and understand how water moves through soil. {@en}
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Microanalytic sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Processed separation
definition: Sampling microscopic regions of a prepared sample by particle bombardment (electron, ion...) or with electromagneting beams (laser, x-ray...)
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Outcrop sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Subaerial surface sampling
definition: Collection of material from a rock outcrop or subcrop at the ground surface, typically using a hammer, or feathers and wedges.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Percussion drilling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Drilling
definition: Rock or sediment chips or fragments derived from a percussion (hammer) method. Include pneumatic drilling
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: cable tool drilling
narrower: RAB drilling
narrower: Rotary hammer drilling

Phleger coring
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/polwaste/web/pdf/ch3.pdf
broader: Soft material coring
definition: Small coring device for use in shallow water, for cores <1 m in length, in sediment types ranging from soft to sandy, semi-compacted material, as well as peat and plant roots in shallow lakes or marshes
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

dredge pipe
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Dredge sampling
definition: Sampling of small fragments and mud from the sea floor, using a metal pipe linked to the tow cable. Total weight of the dredge is around 25kg.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Pit or trench sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
alternative label: costean
broader: Subaerial surface sampling
definition: Collection of materials, typically regolith, near the ground surface from a pit, trench, or costean dug by spade, backhoe, or other mechanical means (not drilling).
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Pump sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: SESAR sample descriptions
broader: Fluid sampling
definition: Sampling a fluid using a pump to move fluid to the sample container
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

RAB drilling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: http://www.foragefte.com; http://www.masterdrilling.com
alternative label: rotary air blast drilling
broader: Percussion drilling
definition: RAB, rotary air blast, or Down-the-hole drilling. Rock or sediment chips or fragments are derived from a percussion drilling method where the cuttings are blown up the outside of the rods and collected at surface, using air or a combination of air and foam lift the cuttings.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Rain gauge
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Water sampling
definition: Rainwater is collected using an approved rain gauge/collector method.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

reverse circulation drilling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: National Groundwater Information System (NGIS)
alternative label: RC
broader: Rotary drilling
definition: A drilling technique similar to rotary drilling except that drilling fluid flow down the annular space between the drilling stem and the wall of the hole forcing cuttings up through the inside of the drill stem .
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Rotary drilling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: National Groundwater Information System (NGIS)
broader: Drilling
definition: A drilling method using a drill stem equipped with a bit that is rotated to cut and grind the rock with a fluid pumped down the stem to force cuttings up through the annular space between the stem and the wall of the hole
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: reverse circulation drilling

Rotary hammer drilling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: National Groundwater Information System (NGIS)
alternative label: hammer drilling
alternative label: jack hammer drilling
alternative label: pneumatic drilling
broader: Percussion drilling
definition: A percussion drilling method using a cutting tool powered by compressed air that creates a rapid percussion effect coupled with rotary action to drill hard rocks.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Material Sample collection methods
type: Ontology
type: ConceptScheme
created: 2024-09-11
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
license: legalcode
modified: 2024-09-12
publisher: GeoSamples, https://www.geosamples.org/
code repository: https://github.com/GeoSamples/vocabularies
imports: terms
imports: rdf-schema
imports: core
definition: Material sample collection methods focused on methods found in SESAR data (2024-08-31 dump), harmonized with CGI GTWG sampling methods draft, Geoscience Australia sampling methods, and SeaDataNet Sample Collection vocabulary. The SeaDataNet vocabulary is nominally about instruments, but many of the concepts implicitly denote methods.

Agassiz trawl
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: <http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0991/1>
broader: Trawl sampling
definition: Nets towed over the sea floor to sample species living on or near the bottom, with single rectangular mouth piece, a conical filtering net, and equipped with closing mouth mechanism.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
related match: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0991/1

Submersible grab
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Water body bottom grab
definition: Collect sample from an underwater vehicle, using mechanical arms on vehicle.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Backhoe
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Surface grab
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Beam trawl
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: <http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/62>
broader: Trawl sampling
definition: Nets towed over the sea floor having the horizontal net opening provided by a wooden or metal beam that disrupts the surface of the bed.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Blake trawl
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Trawl sampling
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Campbell grab sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: PSEP, 1997. Recommended Guidelines for Sampling Marine Sediment, Water Column, and Tissue in Puget Sound.
broader: Water body bottom grab
definition: utilizes a pulley arrangement to gain extra purchase to activate a pair of jaws. Shepard (1973) reports that large Petersen grabs have been known to bring back undisturbed samples that still retain stratification characteristics. However, Schlieper (1972) points out that the tensile closing action from the attached hydrowire creates a secondary lifting force at the central axis that the two jaws pivot around, resulting in a shallower bite (5 centimeters (cm) or less), especially in firmer sediments. photo shows large jaw pincers, bigger that other grab samplers, dated 1963, so it is likely old technology no longer in use.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
note: photo shows large jaw pincers, bigger that other grab samplers, dated 1963, so it is likely old technology no longer in use. 'Campbell' grab is a large version of a Petersen grab. https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/openfile/of2005-1001/htmldocs/samplers/grab/campbell.htm

Cartridge filter filtrate
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Water sampling-filter
definition: liquid that has been passed through a cartridge filter
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Cartridge filter residue
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Filtration residue sampling
definition: material left behind when liquid passed throught cartridge filter
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Chain saw
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: SESAR data
broader: Sampling method
definition: Sample extracted from feature of interest by cutting with a chain saw.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Chip sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Collected from outcrop
definition: sampling over an area of a feature off interest by breaking off small pieces; produces an aggregate
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Syringe sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: Based on web search for syringe sampling and inspection of SESAR records reporting methods with 'syringe' in the text. Examples from soil environmental sampling, sediment sampling, water sampling
broader: Suction Sampling
definition: Sampling by using a tube with a plunger to pull material into a cylinder; used in soils, soft sediment, and fluids, commonly for analysis of volatiles.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Subaqueous organism trap
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Sampling method
definition: Collection of sample using trap to collect organisms in water, e.g. crabs, bacteria.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
note: generalize from crap trap, mussel pot, bacteria trap, _trap_ found in SESAR data.

Gas tight bottle sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103282
broader: Gas sampling
definition: Gas collection in a collection bottle that is sealed well enough to maintain the pressure of the original sample fluid; used to sample gasses from deep sea sources. Described technique uses flow-through gas sampling.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Ghostbuster fluid sampler
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Fluid sampling
definition: Ghostbuster appears to be a device for in situ chemical measurements in a high temperature/pressure environment (e.g. sea floor black smoker), designed by Kang Ding/Bill Seyfried of UMN. The information found on the web doesn't indicate it returns material samples, just measurements. (https://www.marine-geo.org/services/vocab/vocab_device_type). https://gfd.whoi.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/66/2023/08/at11-7-cruise_report.pdf. https://www.unols.org/sites/default/files/CA_InstrumentationManipulators.pdf
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Hammer from outcrop
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Collected from outcrop
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Hand auger
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Auger
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Human grab from surface
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Manual grab
definition: Sample collected by picking up some loose material from subaerial solid earth boundary surface
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Manual surface grab
narrower: Lag sample

Trigger coring
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Soft material coring
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Kasten coring
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Soft material coring
definition: Large volume, reletatively undisturbed sediment core (~3m long) from a Kasten Corer. The corer is constructed of stainless steel and is square in cross-section. A weight of several hundred kilograms on top of the corer pushes it 2-3 metres into the seabed. It is designed for sedimentological and geochemical sampling of fine-grained sediments. This type of corer obtains relatively undisturbed cores and can preserve the sediment/water interface. This type of core is useful for determining sediment accumulation rates.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
note: A slight variation on the gravity corer is the Kasten corer. This uses a similar set up, but uses a sample tube manufactured from sheet metal of square cross section with sides approximately 150mm. No liner is used. A cutter section fitted to the end of the sample tube has two spring-loaded flaps that close when the corer is withdrawn from the sediment. The sample tube is designed to be split to gain access to the sample. https://noc.ac.uk/facilities/national-marine-equipment-pool/scientific-engineering/seafloor-sampling

Mechanical grab from surface
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Surface grab
definition: under water or atmosphere
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Menzie trawl
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Trawl sampling
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Micropillar Sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/micropillar-compression
broader: Sampling method
definition: focused ion beam (FIB) machining is used to fabricate nano to micron sized pillars of material for testing of mechanical properties
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
note: reported for samples of carrera marble by pskemer@wustl.edu, 45 samples. Interpret to mean the sample is the ion-milled micropillar.

Niskin bottle
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
source: https://adkinstruments.in/index.php/categories/oceanography/niskin-water-sampler
alternative label: Niskin Water Sampler
broader: Container sampling
broader: Water sampling
definition: Surface water/seawater collection. A device for collection of water samples from a specific depth in the water column.
definition: device used to collect water samples at different depths in the ocean. It consists of a PVC or metal cylinder with two or more hinged caps at either end that are remotely operated using a wire or cable. When the sampler is lowered into the ocean, the caps are opened at predetermined depths, allowing seawater to be trapped inside without contamination from the surrounding water.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Pulverize
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Sampling method
definition: reduce to powder
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Scoop
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Sampling method
definition: Interpret to mean collecting some amount of a liquid or fine-grained aggregate using a spoon-like instrument (scoop); size can range from milligram to kilogram mass. Metallurgy: _A shallow, spherical 1.25-inch diameter disc is sawed out of the feature of interest._ https://www.stress.com/services/materials-engineering/field-inspection-and-testing/non-destructive-scoop-sampling/.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Settlement Plate
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Sampling method
definition: Plates designed to remain in an environment (typically subaqueous) to monitor biome development. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33138.71361. Also colonization substrate sampler collected in submarine exploration.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Shaker table
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Sampling method
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Shovel
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Subaerial surface sampling
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Sieved aggregate
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Grain size separation
definition: Sample of particular grain size particles using sieves.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Slide hammer coring
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: SESAR collection methods
broader: Soft material coring
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Suction Sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Sampling method
definition: Sampling a fluid (liquid, gas, colloid, suspension...) by drawing it into a sample collection container using a pressure gradient.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Syringe sampling
narrower: Slurp sampling

Core preserved with wax
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: https://jgmaas.com/SCA/2014/SCA2014-097.pdf
broader: Sampling method
definition: Core coated with wax or other sealant to preserve volatile content
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
note: A standard procedure for core preservation consists of wrapping the sample with plastic film and aluminum foil before dip coating it. For the purposes of this paper, the term ‘wax’ will be used to describe the meltable coating used to cover the wrapped core plug or whole core section.

Sidewall coring
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Drilling
broader: Coring
definition: A method to extract core or plug from the sidewall of a borehole.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Percussion sidewall coring
narrower: Rotary sidewall coring

Percussion sidewall coring
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
alternative label: sidewall core, bullet
broader: Sidewall coring
definition: Percussion cores are taken by firing hollow bullets into the formation. The bullets are attached to the tool by fasteners, and are retrieved, along with the core inside, by pulling up the tool and the fasteners. Percussion coring tools typically hold 20 to 30 bullets, but two or three tools can be combined on one run in the hole.
history note: 2024-09-11 SMR change label.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Rotary sidewall coring
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Core drilling
broader: Sidewall coring
definition: Mechanical tools use hollow rotary drills to cut and then pull out core plugs. Up to 75 plugs can be recovered on one run. With full recovery, cores from typical percussion tools are 1 in. [2.5 cm] in diameter by 1 3/4 in. [4.4 cm] long, while those from mechanical tools are 0.91 in. [2.3 cm] in diameter by 2 in. [5 cm] long. The latter are also known as rotary sidewall cores.
history note: 2024-09-11 SMR change label.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Slurp sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: https://nautiluslive.org/science/sampling-procedures
broader: Suction Sampling
definition: For some small, delicate, or flexible specimens, the “slurp” hose is used to ensure that the sample is collected and handled with the proper care. ROV pilots use the manipulator arm to pick up the handle of this vacuum-like hose, which then sucks up water, sediment, and small or delicate fauna into one of the slurp containers.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Composite water sampling- preserve with reagent
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: e.g. see http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/water/assessment/download/sampling.pdf
broader: Composite water sampling
definition: composite water sample preserved with reagent (e.g. nitric acid sulfuric acid) as part of sampling process
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Composite water sampling- filter and preserve with reagent

Composite water sampling-filter
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: e.g. see http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/water/assessment/download/sampling.pdf
broader: Composite water sampling
definition: composite water sample filtered as part of the sampling process (in the field or within a very short time period after collection)
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Composite water sampling- filter and preserve with reagent

Composite water sampling- filter and preserve with reagent
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: e.g. see http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/water/assessment/download/sampling.pdf
broader: Composite water sampling- preserve with reagent
broader: Composite water sampling-filter
definition: composite filtered water sample preserved with reagent (e.g. nitric acid sulfuric acid) as part of sampling process
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Soft material coring
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: SESAR collection method
broader: Coring
definition: General category for methods to extract columnar samples perpendicular to the depositional surface from soil or sediment that is poorly enough consolidated that it can be sampled without rotary drilling.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Geoprobe coring
narrower: core Mackereth
narrower: Push coring
narrower: core spike
narrower: Free fall coring
narrower: Phleger coring
narrower: Trigger coring
narrower: Kasten coring
narrower: Slide hammer coring
narrower: Box coring
narrower: Gravity coring
narrower: Multi coring
narrower: Piston coring
narrower: Probe core
narrower: Vibrator coring
narrower: Wax coring

Chain bag dredge
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
source: SESAR collection method; http://www.deepreef.org/technology/79-rock-dredge.html
alternative label: dredge chain bag
broader: Dredge sampling
definition: A rock dredge is a large bag made of metal chain links attached to a simple heavy frame that keeps the bag expanded. The dredge is lowered off the back of a ship to the seafloor and dragged along to collect large pieces of rock. Because of the coarse chain links most of the finer material is washed out of the bag leaving behind the larger rock and gravel pieces within the chain bag. The dredge is then winched up to the surface and any samples are dumped onto the deck of the ship to be sorted and preserved.
definition: Sampling of large rocks from the sea floor using a chain bag
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Hand auger coring
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary; http://www.oakenviro.com/pdfs/Dutch%20Auger%20equipment%20options%20-%20Eijkelkamp.pdf
broader: Core drilling
definition: core extracted from sediment or soil by a hand rotated tool with a special bit that extracts short segments of cored sediment; many variations in design.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Inverted funnel to evacuated bottle gas collection
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Evacuated bottle gas sampling
definition: Gas is collected from a bubbling subaqueous gas source by inverting a suitable size and composition funnel over the gas source connected by a tube to an evacuated bottle gas collector.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Inverted funnel to flow through bottle gas collection
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Flow through bottle gas sampling
definition: Gas is collected from a bubbling subaqueous gas source by inverting a suitable size and composition funnel over the gas source connected by a tube to a flow through bottle gas collector.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Composite water sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: e.g. see http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/water/assessment/download/sampling.pdf
broader: Water sampling
broader: Water body water sampling
definition: water sample collected through some documented process over an extended water volume meant to characterize that volume e.g. a profile in a lake a stream cross section or some volume in the ocean. Many different processes may be used to collect subsamples and aggregate them into a representative single sample.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Composite water sampling- preserve with reagent
narrower: Composite water sampling-filter

Evacuated bottle gas sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/activity/methods/gas/sample.php
source: https://asgmt.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/105.pdf
source: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0361/report.pdf
broader: Gas sampling
definition: A chemically inert and durable tube e.g. titanium quartz alumina or mullite) is inserted into the gas source, and allowed to thermally equilibrate with the gas; a specially prepared collection bottle with a high vacuum stopcock and sample port is attached to the collection tube. The bottle is prepared with a concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, carefully weighed and evacuated with a vacuum pump. As gas bubbles through the alkaline solution, acid gases such as CO2 H2S SO2 HCl and HF dissolve into the liquid. The remaining gases such as N2 O2 H2 CO and He collect in the headspace of the bottle. Geothermal system gases are typically omposed mostly of water and condensable acid gases that are absorbed into the alkaline solution, so many liters of gas can be collected in a single bottle. This method concentrates gases in the solution and headspace and thereby promotes better analytical precision. Typically used for hot (volcanic geothermal) gas collection.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Inverted funnel to evacuated bottle gas collection

Flow through bottle gas sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/activity/methods/gas/sample.php
broader: Gas sampling
definition: Insert a suitable chemically inert and durable tube (e.g. titanium quartz alumina or mullite) into gas source. After allowing the tube to heat until condensation in the tube has reached equilibrium with the escaping gases usually about 5 minutes a specially-designed flow-through sample bottle with a stopcock at each end and a hand-operated pump is attached to the collection tubing. The hand pump flushes out air and draws the gas into the bottle. This collection method is faster that the evacuated bottle method. It is used when a complete gas analysis is not necessary or where field conditions are too hazardous to safely make an evacuated-bottle collection. Sulfur gases are stable for only a short time so this type of sample must be analyzed within a few hours of collection.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Inverted funnel to flow through bottle gas collection

Gas sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Fluid sampling
definition: general class for gas sampling methods
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Gas tight bottle sampling
narrower: Evacuated bottle gas sampling
narrower: Flow through bottle gas sampling
note: include Headspace equilibration method; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.033

Water sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
source: e.g. see http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/water/assessment/download/sampling.pdf
broader: Fluid sampling
definition: Any method used to sample water.
definition: Generic category for any method off acquiring a water sample. Water collected into a suitable container from a single sampling point. Includes grab sample from stream samples collected by machines that open and close sampling bottles as the device is lowered through water column. e.g. Van Dorn bottles, Kemmerer Water Sampler
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Airlift water sampling
narrower: Artesian flow sampling
narrower: Borehole bailer sampling
narrower: Borehole fluid pumping
narrower: Container sampling
narrower: core press
narrower: Lysimeter water collection
narrower: Rain gauge
narrower: Niskin bottle
narrower: Composite water sampling
narrower: Water sampling- preserve with reagent
narrower: Water sampling-filter
narrower: Vacuum pore water sampling

Channel sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: USGS Circular; Vernon E. Swanson and Claude Huffman Jr. 1976 GUIDELINES FOR SAMPLE COLLECTING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS USED IN THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR DETERMINING CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COAL: U. S. Geological Survey CIRCULAR 735. accessed at http://energy.er.usgs.gov/products/databases/CoalQual/Docs/c735.pdf
broader: Collected from outcrop
definition: sampling material along a channel through a feature of interest.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
note: chip an approximately 3-inch by 3-inch (7.5 cm by 7.5 cm) channel accross the sampled feature (e.g. a coal bed) with a chisel or pick-point hammer producing fragments 2 inches (5 cm) or less across. Positioning a horizontal plastic sheet below the level of channel cutting is sometimes helpful. May also be applied to sampling at regular intervals along a channel or trench cut across a surface.

Collected from outcrop
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Manual grab
definition: specimen obtained by breaking piece(s) of rock from rock outcrop on surface or in a subsurface tunnel
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Chip sampling
narrower: Hammer from outcrop
narrower: Channel sampling

Manual surface grab
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Human grab from surface
definition: Specimen obtained from loose material on surface e.g. from talus, colluvium, mine heap.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Sediment trap
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
source: SESAR collection method;
source: http://www.whoi.edu/instruments/viewInstrument.do
broader: Sampling method
definition: Sediment traps are containers placed in the water column to collect particles falling toward the sea floor. The traps collect tiny sediment or larger accumulations called marine snow - made up of organic matter, dead sea creatures, tiny shells, dust and minerals.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
note: The basic sediment trap consists of a broad funnel with a collecting jar at the bottom. The funnel opening covers a standard area (such as 0.25 square meter [2.7 square feet]) and has baffles at the top to keep out very large objects that might clog the funnel.

Panned concentrate sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Density separation
definition: Use of a gold-miners pan to concentrate heavy minerals from a loose sediment (typcially stream sediment) sample
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Split processed sample
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Processed separation
definition: mechanical separation of part a processed sample; e.g. taking grains from a mineral separate, splitting a powdered sample splitting a crushed sample
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Suspended sediment separate
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: SESAR collection method; this vocabulary
broader: Filtration residue sampling
broader: Processed separation
definition: Suspended sediment separated from containing water by filtration or centrifuge.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Water sampling- preserve with reagent
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: e.g. see http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/water/assessment/download/sampling.pdf
broader: Water sampling
broader: Water body water sampling
definition: water sample preserved with reagent (e.g. nitric acid sulfuric acid) as part of sampling process
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Water sampling-filter and preserve with reagent

Water sampling-filter
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: e.g. see http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/water/assessment/download/sampling.pdf
broader: Water sampling
broader: Water body water sampling
definition: water is filtered as part of the sampling process (in the field or within a very short time period after collection) Sample is filtrate.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Cartridge filter filtrate
narrower: Water sampling-filter and preserve with reagent
note: Include Hot Fluid Sampler (HFS), collects hot fluid samples using various types of filters https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/eoi/nemo2003/logbook/aug27.html

Water sampling-filter and preserve with reagent
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: e.g. see http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/water/assessment/download/sampling.pdf
broader: Water sampling- preserve with reagent
broader: Water sampling-filter
definition: water sample is filtered and preserved with reagent (e.g. nitric acid sulfuric acid) as part of sampling process
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Box coring
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
source: SESAR collection method; http://www.deepreef.org/technology/9-grab.html; http://www.eu-hermione.net/box-core; http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/water/assessment/download/sampling.pdf (Eckman dredge)
alternative label: core box
broader: Soft material coring
definition: A method that obtains a large volume or large surface area core with shallow penetration and minimum disturbance. Commonly uses a double spade system. A box core uses trigger plates that contact the seafloor to close the top and bottom of a metal box plunged into the seabed. This device neatly extracts a plug of sediment that is mostly undisturbed and allows scientists to examine the layers of sediment carefully and any marine life found within. Use this category for Eckman Dredge samples as well
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Gravity coring
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
source: SESAR collection method; http://www.whoi.edu/instruments/viewInstrument.do?id=8087 http://www.whoi.edu/instruments/viewInstrument.do?id=1079
alternative label: core gravity
broader: Soft material coring
definition: Coring that relies on the weight of the device for penetration into the seafloor. Geoscience Australia's gravity corer consists of a one tonne weight atop a steel core barrel which houses an internal PVC core sleeve. The unit is lowered to a predetermined height above the seafloor using a wire rope before being allowed to freefall. The resulting core enters the internal sleeve and is held in place by a core catcher. The wire rope is then reeled in and the inner sleeve is removed from the core barrel and the core is processed. Gravity cores up to 12 metres in length can be collected with some systems but in practice recoveries are typically less than six metres. The gravity corer is designed for use in areas of soft, unconsolidated sediment.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Hand held coring
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: SESAR collection method
broader: Push coring
definition: Collects core by operator pushing the core tube into the sediment to be sampled; may be assisted by vibration induced in the core tube. Like push core, but manually operated.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Multi coring
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: SESAR collection method
source: http://polardiscovery.whoi.edu/expedition5/tools_multicore.html
broader: Soft material coring
definition: sampling by pushing a device into seafloor sediments that extracts many tubular samples of sediment at once. The multicore has a cone-shaped aluminum frame. In the middle are eight plastic tubes. When the frame settles on the floor the center of the multicore slowly and evenly pushes the tubes into the sediment. The tubes are capped at the top and bottom and the multicore comes back to the surface with eight samples of sediment.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Piston coring
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: SESAR collection method; http://www.whoi.edu/instruments/gallery.do?mainid=17288&iid=8087; http://www.tdi-bi.com/field_services/sge_info/piston_coring.htm
source: https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/marine/survey-techniques/sedimentary-coring-drilling
alternative label: Piston corer
alternative label: core piston
broader: Soft material coring
definition: Piston corers have a piston mechanism that is triggered when the corer hits the bottom. As the barrel enters the sediment a special internal piston creates a vacuum and helps to draw the core into the barrel. The piston helps to avoid disturbing the sediment. As the piston corer penetrates the seafloor the piston inside stops at the sediment surface. The action of the piston creates a pressure differential at the top of the sediment column. This allows the soft material to enter the core liner without disruption. A piston corer uses a 'free fall' of the coring rig to achieve a greater initial force on impact than gravity coring and a sliding piston inside the core barrel to reduce inside wall friction with the sediment and to assist in the evacuation of displaced water from the top of the corer. The piston-coring rig is comprised of a trigger assembly the coring weight assembly core barrels tip assembly and piston.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
note: consists of a weight fitted connected to a steel sample tube, with a PVC liner tube inside the full-length of the core barrel. A piston is fitted inside the PVC liner and is attached to a wire that runs inside the corer barrel, through a hole in the centre of the weight and is attached to the main deployment wire. The corer is lowered on a wire to the seabed until a trigger weight, suspended from the corer weight via an arm, contacts the seabed, and releases the corer for free-fall a distance pre-set by the length of trigger wire to sink into the sediment. As the corer penetrates the sediment it reaches a point where the piston inside the barrel is level with the surface of the sediment. As the corer sinks further into the sediment, the piston should remain static at its optimum point at the sediment surface. The core tube then moves past the piston into the sediment creating a vacuum at the top of the tube which helps to overcome the friction generated between the sediment and the inside of the core liner. https://noc.ac.uk/facilities/national-marine-equipment-pool/scientific-engineering/seafloor-sampling

Probe core
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: SESAR collection method; http://www.fandm.edu/earth-and-environment/sediment-sampling-methods
broader: Soft material coring
definition: Soil or sediment collected by pneumatically pushing or pounding a sleeve through soft sediments via a rig mounted on the back of a pick-up truck or on an ATV. Note: Sediment in cores commonly is compressed to 30-50% of the in situ volume. Wildco corer.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Vibrator coring
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: SESAR collection method; http://www.vibracoring.com/vcconcepts.html
source: http://www.pvltech.com
alternative label: core vibro
alternative label: vibracore
alternative label: vibrocore
broader: Soft material coring
definition: A core tube is attached to a source of mechanical vibration (the power head) and lowered into sediment. The vibrations provide energy for rearranging the particles within the sediment in such a way that the coretube penetrates under the static weight of the vibracoring apparatus. Samples include stiff and stony clays, soft rock and sands, and saturated sediments which can not be sampled using gravity or piston corers. Also know as VIBRA.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Sonic coring
note: Vibracoring (or vibrocoring) is a technology and a technique for collecting core samples of underwater sediments and wetland soils. The vibrating mechanism of a vibracorer sometimes called the _vibrahead_ operates on hydraulic pneumatic mechanical or electrical power from an external source. The attached core tube is driven into sediment by the force of gravity enhanced by vibration energy. When the insertion is completed the vibracorer is turned off and the tube is withdrawn with the aid of hoist equipment.

Blasting
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: SESAR collection method
broader: Surface grab
definition: sample collected from rock material freed from outcrop by explosives; similar to surface grab in that precise location of specimen in the rock body is not precisely known
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Dredge sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
source: SESAR collection method
alternative label: Dredging
broader: Water body survey sampling
definition: samples _grabbed_ from submarine surface by dragging a basket with an enclosed bottom (solid or open-chain) along the bottom of the water body.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: dredge diamantina
narrower: dredge pipe
narrower: Chain bag dredge
note: Used for sampling sediment material or rock from the bottom of a water body. Use Trawl if focus is on pelagic or benthic biome.

Grab from trench or pit
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Manual grab
definition: loose sediment collected into bag from the wall of a trench, stream bank or pit--any vertical cut that provides access to a near surface soil and sediment profile; common for sampling soil horizons.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Manual grab
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: SESAR collection method
broader: Surface grab
definition: Material sample is obtained by picking up an object by hand
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Human grab from surface
narrower: Collected from outcrop
narrower: Grab from trench or pit

Sediment grab
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: http://www.deepreef.org/technology/9-grab.html
broader: Water body bottom grab
definition: Sediment grabs come in all shapes and sizes but they all do much the same thing to collect a sample of sediment from the seabed. Sediment grabs are often named after their inventors. For example the Smith-MacIntyre grab is lowered from ships and on contact with the seabed a split cylindrical bucket is triggered which scoops up about 10 litres of sediment. Another is the Van-Veen grab like a giant pair of tongs which closes two halves of the bucket together as the winch draws the cable in. Sediment is then evenly scooped into the large buckets. A sediment grab does not attempt to preserve the internal structure of the sediment which disginguishes it from soft sediment coring.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: grab Eckman
narrower: grab Shipek
narrower: Van Veen grab sampling

Stream sediment composite
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Surface grab
definition: composite of several single grab sediment samples collected from a stream channel agregatted in the field. Sample might be collected from subaqueous stream bed, or in a dry stream channel.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Stream sediment single grab
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Surface grab
definition: stream sediment collected from bed of a stream at a single location; Sample might be collected from subaqueous stream bed, or in a dry stream channel.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Water body bottom grab
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
source: SESAR collection method
comment: renamed from grab SMR 2024-09-11
alternative label: Submarine grab
broader: Surface grab
broader: Water body survey sampling
definition: Specimens gathered from the bed of a water body by a mechanical grab primarily for lithogical and petrographical analyses.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Smith Mcintyre grab sampling
narrower: Submersible grab
narrower: Campbell grab sampling
narrower: Sediment grab

Lag sample
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Human grab from surface
definition: Sample collected by sweeping up surface lag material over some area and bagging it. Generally only used in arid or semi-arid environments where surface lag is representative in some way of underlying bedrock.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Coring
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Sampling method
definition: Sample is removed from sampling feature by extracting an undisturbed provile typically as a long cylinder meant to preserve the internal structure of the sampled sediment or rock. sample extracted as a cylinder of material drilled out of the feature of interest; diameter can range from mm to m, lengths mm to 100_s of m.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Core drilling
narrower: Sidewall coring
narrower: Soft material coring

Fluid sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Sampling method
definition: General category for gas and water sampling procedures that obtain a specimen in a sealed container, or feed directly to analytical equipment (e.g. autosamplers).
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Borehole fluid sampling
narrower: Pump sampling
narrower: Ghostbuster fluid sampler
narrower: Gas sampling
narrower: Water sampling

Other sampling procedure
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Sampling method
definition: Specimen obtained using some mechnical process not identified in this vocabulary
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Processed separation
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Sampling method
definition: separation of part of a sample by some lab technique; have to look at processing method for details. E.g. density separation magnetic separation insoluble residue hand picking. Too many possibilities to categorize each subsampling method.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Chemical separation
narrower: Density separation
narrower: Grain size separation
narrower: Microanalytic sampling
narrower: Split processed sample
narrower: Suspended sediment separate
narrower: Splitting from bulk sample

Splitting from bulk sample
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Processed separation
definition: mechanical separation of part of a bulk sample. E.g. breaking a hand sample up with a hammer and taking pieces, cutting peices from a solid sample, splitting material in a bagged sample
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Surface grab
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Sampling method
definition: Specimen obtained by picking up material from a surface, subaerial or subaqueous; may involve breaking material away from outcrop or picking up loose material on surface
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Backhoe
narrower: Mechanical grab from surface
narrower: Blasting
narrower: Manual grab
narrower: Stream sediment composite
narrower: Stream sediment single grab
narrower: Water body bottom grab
narrower: Subaerial surface sampling

Sampling method
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
definition: Top concept, for all methods used to collect material samples
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Airfall dust collection
narrower: Drilling
narrower: Field mapping survey
narrower: Filtration residue sampling
narrower: Chain saw
narrower: Subaqueous organism trap
narrower: Micropillar Sampling
narrower: Pulverize
narrower: Scoop
narrower: Settlement Plate
narrower: Shaker table
narrower: Suction Sampling
narrower: Core preserved with wax
narrower: Sediment trap
narrower: Coring
narrower: Fluid sampling
narrower: Other sampling procedure
narrower: Processed separation
narrower: Surface grab
narrower: Sediment water incubation sampling
narrower: unknown
narrower: Water body survey sampling
top concept of: Material Sample collection methods

Sediment water incubation sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
broader: Sampling method
definition: Samples that include sediment and water, typically from near water body bottom, collected under controlled conditions to preserve biological activity, intended to incubate in a lab to observe metabolic processes.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: bottle incubation
narrower: Chamber incubation
narrower: core incubation dark
narrower: core incubation light

Solid phase microextraction
type: Concept
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-phase_microextraction
broader: Sampling method
definition: sampling technique a solid support (e.g. a fiber) coated with an extracting phase extracts analytes of interest from a sampled media that can be a liquid or gas phase. The extracting phase can be a liquid (polymer) or a solid (sorbent). The quantity of analyte extracted is proportional to its concentration in the sample.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Dr. Stephen M. Richard
type: Person
type: NamedIndividual
comment: e-mail: mailto:smrTucson@gmail.com

Subaerial surface sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
alternative label: Surface material sampling
broader: Surface grab
definition: Collection of earth materials at the ground surface on land.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Outcrop sampling
narrower: Pit or trench sampling
narrower: Shovel
narrower: Undergound mine sampling

Trawl sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Water body survey sampling
definition: Collection of sample by dragging a net through the water column or along the bottom of the water column. Connotation is focus on biome in the water or at the water-sediment interface, but might include suspended sediment in water or sediment from water body bottom.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Benthic trawl
narrower: Agassiz trawl
narrower: Beam trawl
narrower: Blake trawl
narrower: Menzie trawl
note: Include net systems that might be simple manual scoops through near surface, and systems that pump lots of water through a net (e.g. 'big Bertha, https://serc.si.edu/node/38659) to achieve the same effect.

Undergound mine sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Subaerial surface sampling
definition: Collection of material from a rock outcrop exposed beneath the ground surface (eg, a mine), typically using a hammer.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

unknown
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
broader: Sampling method
definition: The sampling method is unknown.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Vacuum pore water sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: https://www.rhizosphere.com/rhizons/
source: https://www.sedgeochem.uni-bremen.de/rhizon.html
broader: Water sampling
definition: Extraction of pore water from soil or sediment by creating a vacuum.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods

Water body survey sampling
type: Concept
contributor: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
created: 2018-01-30T23:26:29Z
creator: Lara Sedgmen
source: Geoscience Australia
broader: Sampling method
definition: Collection of materials during a marine, lacustrine, or coastal survey by any method.
history note: smr add lacustrine to generalize to any water body.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrow match: marine survey sampling
narrower: Benthic sled sampling
narrower: Dredge sampling
narrower: Water body bottom grab
narrower: Trawl sampling
narrower: Water body water sampling

Water body water sampling
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: this vocabulary
broader: Water body survey sampling
definition: Collection of water samples from a water body; includes surface water, lakes, marine water.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods
narrower: Borehole fluid pumping
narrower: Container sampling
narrower: Composite water sampling
narrower: Water sampling- preserve with reagent
narrower: Water sampling-filter

Wax coring
type: Concept
creator: Dr. Stephen M. Richard
source: https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023AGUFMV43B018.1L/abstract
source: https://web.mit.edu/deeparch/www/publications/papers/YoergerEtAl1999.pdf
broader: Soft material coring
definition: Samples sediment and volcanic glass at the sea floor by crashing a weighted core tube that has a ring of sticky wax at the bottom into the sea floor. Invented to sample volcanic glass shards in surface deposits along mid ocean ridges.
in scheme: Material Sample collection methods