{
  "$schema_note": "Informal machine-readable spec, not a registered schema. Describes the BGS mineral supply-risk widget's methodology, data coverage and URL-scenario interface for AI systems and crawlers that fetch this file directly.",
  "name": "BGS Mineral Supply Risk Widget",
  "publisher": "Hoskins Circular (hoskinscircular.com)",
  "description": "An interactive tool computing a risk-weighted supply-concentration index for 78 mined resources, combining British Geological Survey (BGS) World Mineral Statistics production shares with a choice of 48 governance, environmental, natural-hazard and human-development risk lenses. A companion chart plots each resource's global risk index against how many of 9 national/regional critical-minerals lists recognise it, letting a user re-view that chart 'as' a specific country (recomputing risk with that country's own production treated as risk-free).",
  "last_updated": "2026-09-16",
  "sibling_tool": "A related widget on ocean plastic accumulation and persistence, also on hoskinscircular.com, follows the same AI-discoverability pattern (URL scenarios, prose run summary, machine-readable spec, parent-page text).",
  "methodology": {
    "formula": "For a resource in a given year: frac_i = country i's production share / total tracked share; risk_i = the selected lens's 0-10 risk score for country i in that year (defaults to a neutral 5.0 where a country/year has no score); term_i = (frac_i * risk_i)^2; index = sum(term_i) / 10, giving a 0-10 scale.",
    "scale": "0 (many producers, low risk) to 10 (theoretical maximum: a single producer scoring the worst possible risk value)",
    "why_squared_terms": "Squaring each country's frac*risk term before summing means a handful of concentrated, high-risk producers dominate the index far more than the same total share spread across many low-risk ones -- concentration and risk compound rather than merely average.",
    "domestic_production_and_viewpoints": "When a 'viewpoint' country is selected (main risk lens is NOT affected by this; only the recognition-vs-risk overview chart supports it), that country's own ISO3 has its risk score set to 0 for the purposes of that view, since domestic production isn't import-dependency risk to that country's own viewer.",
    "missing_data_default": "A country/year combination absent from a risk lens's table defaults to a neutral risk score of 5.0 (the midpoint), rather than being dropped or assumed low/high risk.",
    "what_is_never_shown": "Raw BGS production tonnages are never displayed directly (BGS's data licence for this project is non-commercial/credit-required); the production trend chart shows an indexed-to-100 series, never absolute tonnage, and every other view of BGS data is the computed risk index, not a raw figure."
  },
  "data_sources": [
    {
      "name": "British Geological Survey, World Mineral Statistics",
      "role": "production shares by country, 1971-2024, for 72 of the 78 resources as their own commodity, plus one more (Hafnium) reused as a disclosed proxy via its Zirconium data -- see resources[].proxy_for",
      "license": "used by permission, non-commercial/credit-required -- not redistributed as raw figures by this tool"
    },
    {
      "name": "World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI)",
      "role": "7 governance risk lenses",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0"
    },
    {
      "name": "World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI)",
      "role": "29 environmental risk lenses + 1 composite",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0"
    },
    {
      "name": "WorldRiskIndex (Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft / IFHV)",
      "role": "6 natural-hazard risk lenses",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0 (or equivalent open attribution licence)"
    },
    {
      "name": "UNDP, Human Development Reports (HDR)",
      "role": "4 human-development risk lenses",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0 IGO (or equivalent)"
    },
    {
      "name": "IEA; UN Comtrade/WITS; USGS Minerals Yearbook & Mineral Commodity Summaries",
      "role": "production-geography data for the 5 non-BGS resources (Coking coal, Synthetic graphite, Silicon, Lime, Sulfur) -- see resources[].bgs_sourced",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0 (IEA); public data (UN Comtrade/WITS, USGS)"
    },
    {
      "name": "Government critical-minerals lists (US, EU, UK, AU, NZ, JP, KR, CA, IN)",
      "role": "recognition-vs-risk overview chart only -- see government_lists below",
      "license": "public government publications, cited per list"
    }
  ],
  "rejected_data_sources": "Yale Environmental Performance Index and the Fraser Institute's mining indices were both researched and dropped as candidate risk lenses for licensing reasons (CC BY-NC-SA, non-commercial-only) -- this tool applies a licence-first standard, using only CC-BY or equivalent commercially-safe sources.",
  "resource_count": 78,
  "resources": [
    {
      "name": "Aggregates",
      "category": "Bulk & construction materials",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Alumina",
      "category": "Light & other metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Aluminium",
      "category": "Light & other metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Antimony",
      "category": "Base metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Arsenic",
      "category": "Base metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Asbestos",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Barytes",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Bauxite",
      "category": "Light & other metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Bentonite and fuller's earth",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Beryllium",
      "category": "Light & other metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Bismuth",
      "category": "Base metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Borates",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Bromine",
      "category": "Other",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Cadmium",
      "category": "Base metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Cement",
      "category": "Bulk & construction materials",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Cement (finished)",
      "category": "Bulk & construction materials",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Chromium",
      "category": "Iron, steel & ferro-alloy metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Coal",
      "category": "Fuels",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Cobalt",
      "category": "Base metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Coking coal",
      "category": "Additional resources (non-BGS, see note)",
      "bgs_sourced": false,
      "sourcing_note": "Not a BGS resource. IEA, \"Coking coal production, 1990-2020\" chart, CC BY 4.0; coverage ends 2020."
    },
    {
      "name": "Copper",
      "category": "Base metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Crude steel",
      "category": "Iron, steel & ferro-alloy metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Diatomite",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Feldspar",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Ferro-alloys",
      "category": "Iron, steel & ferro-alloy metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Fluorspar",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Gallium",
      "category": "Battery & technology metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Germanium",
      "category": "Battery & technology metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Gold",
      "category": "Precious metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Graphite",
      "category": "Other",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Gypsum",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Hafnium",
      "category": "Battery & technology metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true,
      "proxy_for": "Zirconium (same producing-country geography; no standalone hafnium ore exists)",
      "sourcing_note": "Real BGS data, but for Zirconium minerals, reused as a disclosed geographic proxy since hafnium has no standalone ore -- see proxy_for."
    },
    {
      "name": "Helium",
      "category": "Other",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Indium",
      "category": "Battery & technology metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Iodine",
      "category": "Other",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Iron ore",
      "category": "Iron, steel & ferro-alloy metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Kaolin",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Lead",
      "category": "Base metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Lime",
      "category": "Additional resources (non-BGS, see note)",
      "bgs_sourced": false,
      "sourcing_note": "Not a BGS resource. USGS Minerals Yearbook & Mineral Commodity Summaries, used as a disclosed proxy for elemental calcium (USGS doesn't track calcium/calcium carbonate directly). Coverage: 1994-2025."
    },
    {
      "name": "Lithium",
      "category": "Battery & technology metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Magnesite",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Magnesium",
      "category": "Light & other metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Manganese",
      "category": "Iron, steel & ferro-alloy metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Mercury",
      "category": "Base metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Mica",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Molybdenum",
      "category": "Iron, steel & ferro-alloy metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Natural gas",
      "category": "Fuels",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Nepheline syenite",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Nickel",
      "category": "Base metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Perlite",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Petroleum (crude)",
      "category": "Fuels",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Phosphate rock",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Pig iron",
      "category": "Iron, steel & ferro-alloy metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Platinum group metals",
      "category": "Precious metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Potash",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Rare earths",
      "category": "Battery & technology metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Rhenium",
      "category": "Battery & technology metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Salt",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Selenium",
      "category": "Battery & technology metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Silicon",
      "category": "Additional resources (non-BGS, see note)",
      "bgs_sourced": false,
      "sourcing_note": "Not a BGS resource. USGS Minerals Yearbook & Mineral Commodity Summaries; combines ferrosilicon and silicon-metal tonnage. Coverage: 2007-2025."
    },
    {
      "name": "Sillimanite and related minerals",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Silver",
      "category": "Precious metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Sodium carbonate (natural)",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Strontium",
      "category": "Battery & technology metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Sulfur",
      "category": "Additional resources (non-BGS, see note)",
      "bgs_sourced": false,
      "sourcing_note": "Not a BGS resource. USGS Minerals Yearbook, assembled from five non-overlapping edition windows. Coverage: 1997-2023."
    },
    {
      "name": "Synthetic graphite",
      "category": "Additional resources (non-BGS, see note)",
      "bgs_sourced": false,
      "sourcing_note": "Not a BGS resource. UN Comtrade/WITS export statistics (HS 380110) -- an export-market proxy for production geography, not a production figure."
    },
    {
      "name": "Talc",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Tantalum and niobium",
      "category": "Battery & technology metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Tellurium",
      "category": "Battery & technology metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Tin",
      "category": "Base metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Titanium",
      "category": "Light & other metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Tungsten",
      "category": "Iron, steel & ferro-alloy metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Uranium",
      "category": "Other",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Vanadium",
      "category": "Iron, steel & ferro-alloy metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Vermiculite",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Wollastonite",
      "category": "Industrial minerals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Zinc",
      "category": "Base metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    },
    {
      "name": "Zirconium",
      "category": "Light & other metals",
      "bgs_sourced": true
    }
  ],
  "risk_lens_count": 48,
  "risk_lenses": [
    {
      "key": "conc:unadjusted",
      "label": "Unadjusted market concentration (HHI, no risk weighting)",
      "group": "Supply concentration",
      "scope": "Direct production risk",
      "description": "The plain concentration of production alone — how many countries produce this, and how evenly split between them — with every country treated as identically risky. Isolates the 'too few producers, regardless of who they are' story from the governance/hazard/development stories the other lenses tell; a spike that shows up strongly here but not under any other lens points at plain scarcity of alternative sources rather than any one producer's instability.",
      "data_note": "Every producing country is treated identically here regardless of who they are — this measures concentration alone, not governance, hazard or development risk. High even for a handful of stable, low-corruption producers if there simply aren't many of them; low even for a single high-risk producer's neighbourhood if plenty of alternative sources exist elsewhere."
    },
    {
      "key": "wgi:headline",
      "label": "Governance (headline, avg of 6 dimensions)",
      "group": "World Bank governance (WGI)",
      "scope": "Mixed — direct and contextual",
      "description": "Average of the six governance dimensions below — blends acute operational risks (political violence, corruption) with the broader institutional backdrop (civil liberties, regulatory quality).",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "wgi:va",
      "label": "Voice and accountability",
      "group": "World Bank governance (WGI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Political freedoms, civil liberties, and free elections and media. Reflects how open a country's governance is, rather than a direct threat to a mine's day-to-day operations.",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "wgi:pv",
      "label": "Political stability & absence of violence",
      "group": "World Bank governance (WGI)",
      "scope": "Direct production risk",
      "description": "Likelihood of political instability, conflict, terrorism or unconstitutional government change — the kind of disruption that can halt production or endanger a site outright.",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "wgi:ge",
      "label": "Government effectiveness",
      "group": "World Bank governance (WGI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Quality of public services, the civil service and policy implementation. Shapes the operating environment a producer works within, more than any single production event.",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "wgi:rq",
      "label": "Regulatory quality",
      "group": "World Bank governance (WGI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Government's capacity to formulate and enforce sound, market-friendly policy. Affects the broader investment climate; slow or inconsistent regulation can still delay a specific project.",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "wgi:rl",
      "label": "Rule of law",
      "group": "World Bank governance (WGI)",
      "scope": "Direct production risk",
      "description": "Confidence in contract enforcement, property rights, courts and policing. Weak rule of law is a direct operating risk — expropriation, contract breach or crime at the site.",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "wgi:cc",
      "label": "Control of corruption",
      "group": "World Bank governance (WGI)",
      "scope": "Direct production risk",
      "description": "Extent to which public power is misused for private gain. Bribery, extortion or a corrupt permitting process can directly delay or obstruct production.",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:composite",
      "label": "Environmental risk composite (mean of 28 WDI indicators, precipitation excluded)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Unweighted average of the 28 environmental indicators below. Mostly reflects a country's general environmental and public-service conditions rather than any single production-level constraint.",
      "data_note": "unweighted mean of the 28 directionally-clear indicators' 0-10 risk scores"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:AG.LND.AGRI.ZS",
      "label": "Agricultural land (% of land area)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Share of land already given over to agriculture — a weak, indirect proxy for how much competing pressure exists on land nationally.",
      "data_note": "weak proxy: more agri land ~ more land-use pressure"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:AG.LND.CREL.HA",
      "label": "Land under cereal production (hectares)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Total land area under cereal cultivation. An economy-wide land-use figure, not specific to any mine site.",
      "data_note": "weak proxy, absolute not per-country-size"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:AG.LND.FRST.ZS",
      "label": "Forest area (% of land area)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Share of land still forested. A general indicator of environmental condition and land-use pressure, not a site-specific constraint.",
      "data_note": "higher forest area share = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:AG.LND.PRCP.MM",
      "label": "Average precipitation in depth (mm per year)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Direct production risk",
      "description": "Average annual precipitation. Directly relevant to whether a water-intensive operation has enough water, or too much — but the risk cuts both ways, so treat this lens with care (see note below).",
      "data_note": "non-monotonic: both too little and too much precipitation carry risk — direction is genuinely ambiguous for this indicator; treated as higher-is-worse by default, shown for reference rather than as a settled risk lens."
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:AG.YLD.CREL.KG",
      "label": "Cereal yield (kg per hectare)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Cereal yield per hectare. An agricultural-productivity and development proxy, unrelated to any specific mine's operations.",
      "data_note": "higher yield = more productive/developed agriculture"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:EG.CFT.ACCS.ZS",
      "label": "Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking (% of population)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Share of the population with access to clean cooking fuel. A general development indicator, not a production input.",
      "data_note": "higher clean-cooking access = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:EG.EGY.PRIM.PP.KD",
      "label": "Energy intensity level of primary energy (MJ/$2021 PPP GDP)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "How much energy the whole economy uses per dollar of output. Reflects national energy efficiency, not a specific site's power supply.",
      "data_note": "higher energy intensity = less efficient = worse"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS",
      "label": "Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Share of the rural population with electricity access. A development indicator — large mine sites typically arrange dedicated power regardless of national electrification rates.",
      "data_note": "higher electricity access = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS",
      "label": "Access to electricity, urban (% of urban population)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Share of the urban population with electricity access. A development indicator — large mine sites typically arrange dedicated power regardless of national electrification rates.",
      "data_note": "higher electricity access = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS",
      "label": "Access to electricity (% of population)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Share of the population with electricity access. A development indicator — large mine sites typically arrange dedicated power regardless of national electrification rates.",
      "data_note": "higher electricity access = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:EG.ELC.RNEW.ZS",
      "label": "Renewable electricity output (% of total electricity output)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Share of electricity generated from renewable sources. Reflects the national energy mix and a country's own emissions profile, not a threat to production.",
      "data_note": "higher renewable electricity share = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS",
      "label": "Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Share of final energy consumption from renewable sources. Reflects the national energy mix, not a threat to production.",
      "data_note": "higher renewable energy share = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:EN.ATM.CO2E.PC",
      "label": "CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Per-capita CO2 emissions. A general environmental and reputational indicator rather than an operational one.",
      "data_note": "higher per-capita emissions = worse"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3",
      "label": "PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Population exposure to fine particulate air pollution. A public-health and environmental-quality indicator, not a production risk.",
      "data_note": "higher PM2.5 exposure = worse"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:EN.ATM.PM25.MC.ZS",
      "label": "PM2.5 air pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO guideline value (% of total)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Share of the population exposed to air pollution above WHO guidelines. A public-health and environmental-quality indicator, not a production risk.",
      "data_note": "higher % exceeding WHO guideline = worse"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:ER.GDP.FWTL.M3.KD",
      "label": "Water productivity, total (constant 2015 US$ GDP per cubic meter of total freshwater withdrawal)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "GDP generated per cubic metre of water withdrawn, economy-wide. Reflects national water-use efficiency rather than water availability at any one site.",
      "data_note": "higher water productivity ($/m3) = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS",
      "label": "Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Direct production risk",
      "description": "Freshwater withdrawn as a share of renewable resources — a measure of water stress. Water-intensive mining and processing compete directly with other users where this is high.",
      "data_note": "higher freshwater withdrawal vs resources = more water stress = worse; extreme outliers percentile-clipped"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:ER.H2O.INTR.PC",
      "label": "Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (cubic meters)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Direct production risk",
      "description": "Renewable freshwater available per person. A national proxy for physical water scarcity, directly relevant to securing water for a water-intensive operation.",
      "data_note": "higher renewable freshwater per capita = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:ER.LND.PTLD.ZS",
      "label": "Terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Direct production risk",
      "description": "Share of land under legal environmental protection. A proxy for how constrained new mining access or expansion may be nationally.",
      "data_note": "higher terrestrial protected-area share = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:ER.MRN.PTMR.ZS",
      "label": "Marine protected areas (% of territorial waters)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Direct production risk",
      "description": "Share of territorial waters under legal environmental protection. A proxy for how constrained access or expansion may be for a coastal or marine-adjacent operation.",
      "data_note": "higher marine protected-area share = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:ER.PTD.TOTL.ZS",
      "label": "Terrestrial and marine protected areas (% of total territorial area)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Direct production risk",
      "description": "Share of total land and territorial waters under legal protection. A proxy for how constrained new mining access or expansion may be nationally.",
      "data_note": "higher total protected-area share = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:NV.AGR.EMPL.KD",
      "label": "Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Value added per agricultural worker. An economic-development proxy, unrelated to mining operations.",
      "data_note": "higher agricultural value-add per worker = more productive/developed"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS",
      "label": "Total natural resources rents (% of GDP)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Natural-resource rents as a share of GDP. Reflects how economically dependent the whole country is on resource extraction — a macro policy-risk backdrop, not a site-level threat.",
      "data_note": "higher resource-rent dependence = economic-vulnerability proxy"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:SH.H2O.BASW.RU.ZS",
      "label": "People using at least basic drinking water services, rural (% of rural population)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Rural population using at least basic drinking water. A general development indicator; it can feed into local water-related tension around a mine's own water use, but doesn't measure that directly.",
      "data_note": "higher basic drinking-water access = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:SH.H2O.BASW.UR.ZS",
      "label": "People using at least basic drinking water services, urban (% of urban population)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Urban population using at least basic drinking water. A general development indicator; it can feed into local water-related tension around a mine's own water use, but doesn't measure that directly.",
      "data_note": "higher basic drinking-water access = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS",
      "label": "People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Population using safely managed drinking water. A general development indicator; it can feed into local water-related tension around a mine's own water use, but doesn't measure that directly.",
      "data_note": "higher safely-managed drinking water = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:SH.STA.BASS.RU.ZS",
      "label": "People using at least basic sanitation services, rural (% of rural population)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Rural population using at least basic sanitation. A general development indicator, tangential to any single mine's operations.",
      "data_note": "higher basic sanitation access = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:SH.STA.BASS.UR.ZS",
      "label": "People using at least basic sanitation services, urban (% of urban population)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Urban population using at least basic sanitation. A general development indicator, tangential to any single mine's operations.",
      "data_note": "higher basic sanitation access = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wdi:SH.STA.SMSS.ZS",
      "label": "People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)",
      "group": "World Bank environment (WDI)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Population using safely managed sanitation. A general development indicator, tangential to any single mine's operations.",
      "data_note": "higher safely-managed sanitation = better"
    },
    {
      "key": "wri:W",
      "label": "World Risk Index (headline)",
      "group": "Natural hazard risk (WorldRiskIndex)",
      "scope": "Mixed — direct and contextual",
      "description": "Combines a country's exposure to natural hazards with its vulnerability to them. Exposure is a direct operational risk; vulnerability is more about the broader societal backdrop.",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "wri:E",
      "label": "Exposure to natural hazards",
      "group": "Natural hazard risk (WorldRiskIndex)",
      "scope": "Direct production risk",
      "description": "Population and assets exposed to earthquakes, floods, storms, drought and sea-level rise. A direct physical threat to mine infrastructure and continuity of production.",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "wri:V",
      "label": "Vulnerability (susceptibility + coping + adaptive capacity)",
      "group": "Natural hazard risk (WorldRiskIndex)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "How vulnerable a country's population is once a hazard occurs — a societal-resilience measure, not a threat to any single site.",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "wri:S",
      "label": "Susceptibility",
      "group": "Natural hazard risk (WorldRiskIndex)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Susceptibility to harm from a hazard, driven by poverty, infrastructure and public services. Broader social context rather than a direct production risk.",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "wri:C",
      "label": "Lack of coping capacities",
      "group": "Natural hazard risk (WorldRiskIndex)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "How well a country can respond to and cope with a disaster once it strikes — a national-capacity measure, not a site-specific one.",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "wri:A",
      "label": "Lack of adaptive capacities",
      "group": "Natural hazard risk (WorldRiskIndex)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "How well a country can adapt to future hazard risk over time. A long-run societal indicator, not an immediate production threat.",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "hdr:HDI",
      "label": "Human Development Index (headline)",
      "group": "Human development (HDR)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "UNDP's headline development measure — life expectancy, education and income combined. Describes how developed a producing country is broadly, not a specific threat to production.",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "hdr:IHDI",
      "label": "Inequality-adjusted HDI",
      "group": "Human development (HDR)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "The Human Development Index discounted for how unevenly development is shared within a country. A broader social-equity indicator.",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "hdr:GII",
      "label": "Gender Inequality Index",
      "group": "Human development (HDR)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Gender-based disparity in health, empowerment and the labour market. A social-context and labour-market indicator, not a direct production risk.",
      "data_note": null
    },
    {
      "key": "hdr:PHDI",
      "label": "Planetary pressures-adjusted HDI",
      "group": "Human development (HDR)",
      "scope": "Broader contextual risk",
      "description": "Human development discounted for a country's carbon and material footprint. A sustainability-adjusted development score, not an operational one.",
      "data_note": null
    }
  ],
  "recognition_overview_chart": {
    "description": "Scatter chart of each resource's global risk index (fixed to the WGI governance-headline lens, 2024, independent of the main risk-lens selector) against how many of 9 government critical-minerals lists recognise it (0-9). Selecting a 'viewpoint' shifts each resource's x-position by recomputing the index with that viewpoint country's own production treated as risk-free, and highlights the resources that country's own list recognises.",
    "government_lists": [
      {
        "code": "us",
        "country": "United States",
        "source": "USGS/DOI final critical minerals list, Federal Register, Nov 2025",
        "item_count": 60
      },
      {
        "code": "eu",
        "country": "European Union",
        "source": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (Critical Raw Materials Act), Annexes I-II",
        "item_count": 34,
        "note": "17 of the 34 are additionally designated 'strategic'"
      },
      {
        "code": "uk",
        "country": "United Kingdom",
        "source": "British Geological Survey, UK Criticality Assessment, OR/24/047, Nov 2024",
        "item_count": 34
      },
      {
        "code": "au",
        "country": "Australia",
        "source": "Dept. of Industry, Science and Resources, Critical Minerals List (30) + Strategic Materials List (6), Dec 2023",
        "item_count": 36
      },
      {
        "code": "nz",
        "country": "New Zealand",
        "source": "Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, critical minerals list, Jan 2025",
        "item_count": 37
      },
      {
        "code": "jp",
        "country": "Japan",
        "source": "Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), June 2025 (no official English-language list exists)",
        "item_count": 36
      },
      {
        "code": "kr",
        "country": "South Korea",
        "source": "Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE), Dec 2023 (10 strategic + 23 broader)",
        "item_count": 33
      },
      {
        "code": "ca",
        "country": "Canada",
        "source": "Natural Resources Canada, Critical Minerals List, June 2024",
        "item_count": 34
      },
      {
        "code": "in",
        "country": "India",
        "source": "Ministry of Mines, critical minerals master list, June 2023",
        "item_count": 30
      }
    ],
    "china_viewpoint": "China has no comparable public critical-minerals list to check resources against. An unofficial ~36-item catalogue exists but follows different logic (export leverage and processing dominance, not import dependency), so it isn't used for comparison -- China is shown as its own \"no list to check\" viewpoint rather than assigning it a fabricated negative.",
    "other_country_viewpoint": "Any producing country with at least 0.5% share of at least one resource can be selected as a viewpoint via the 'Other country' dropdown, even though it has no comparable published list to check resources against -- the chart still recomputes its risk index as domestic-production-adjusted.",
    "recognition_counts": {
      "Cobalt": 9,
      "Lithium": 8,
      "Nickel": 9,
      "Graphite": 9,
      "Rare earths": 9,
      "Gallium": 9,
      "Germanium": 8,
      "Manganese": 8,
      "Antimony": 9,
      "Tungsten": 9,
      "Platinum group metals": 9,
      "Tantalum and niobium": 9,
      "Vanadium": 9,
      "Titanium": 9,
      "Tin": 6,
      "Bismuth": 9,
      "Indium": 8,
      "Zirconium": 6,
      "Chromium": 6,
      "Molybdenum": 6,
      "Copper": 7,
      "Potash": 4,
      "Iron ore": 2,
      "Zinc": 6,
      "Gold": 1,
      "Cement": 0,
      "Salt": 0,
      "Bauxite": 1,
      "Uranium": 3,
      "Aggregates": 1,
      "Alumina": 2,
      "Aluminium": 7,
      "Arsenic": 4,
      "Asbestos": 0,
      "Barytes": 3,
      "Bentonite and fuller's earth": 0,
      "Beryllium": 6,
      "Borates": 5,
      "Bromine": 0,
      "Cadmium": 1,
      "Cement (finished)": 0,
      "Coal": 0,
      "Coking coal": 3,
      "Crude steel": 0,
      "Diatomite": 0,
      "Feldspar": 1,
      "Ferro-alloys": 0,
      "Fluorspar": 6,
      "Gypsum": 0,
      "Helium": 3,
      "Iodine": 0,
      "Kaolin": 0,
      "Lead": 2,
      "Magnesite": 1,
      "Magnesium": 8,
      "Mercury": 0,
      "Mica": 0,
      "Natural gas": 0,
      "Nepheline syenite": 0,
      "Perlite": 0,
      "Petroleum (crude)": 0,
      "Phosphate rock": 8,
      "Pig iron": 0,
      "Rhenium": 5,
      "Selenium": 5,
      "Sillimanite and related minerals": 0,
      "Silver": 1,
      "Sodium carbonate (natural)": 1,
      "Strontium": 5,
      "Sulfur": 0,
      "Synthetic graphite": 7,
      "Talc": 0,
      "Tellurium": 7,
      "Vermiculite": 0,
      "Wollastonite": 0,
      "Silicon": 9,
      "Lime": 0,
      "Hafnium": 5
    }
  },
  "url_scenario_parameters": {
    "description": "The widget reflects its full state (main selection, risk lens, year, scope filter, and the overview chart's viewpoint/highlight) into the page URL's query string after every change, so any specific view can be linked, cited or embedded directly, and reproduces exactly on load.",
    "parameters": [
      {
        "param": "material",
        "meaning": "Selected resource (must match a resource name exactly, e.g. \"Copper\", \"Rare earths\")",
        "default": "Copper"
      },
      {
        "param": "indicator",
        "meaning": "Selected risk-lens key, e.g. \"wgi:headline\", \"conc:unadjusted\", \"wdi:ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS\" -- see risk_lenses[].key below",
        "default": "wgi:headline"
      },
      {
        "param": "year",
        "meaning": "Selected year, integer 1996-2024",
        "default": "2024"
      },
      {
        "param": "scope",
        "meaning": "\"all\" (every risk lens) or \"direct\" (direct/mixed production-risk lenses only, contextual lenses hidden)",
        "default": "all"
      },
      {
        "param": "ov",
        "meaning": "Recognition-vs-risk overview chart's \"viewing as\" state. One of: \"global\" (default, omitted from the URL), a government-list code (us/eu/uk/au/nz/jp/kr/ca/in), \"cn\" (China, no-list viewpoint), or \"oc:<ISO3>\" for any other producing country (e.g. \"oc:IDN\" for Indonesia)",
        "default": "global (omitted)"
      },
      {
        "param": "ovr",
        "meaning": "Resource name highlighted on the overview chart (independent of `material`)",
        "default": "none (omitted)"
      }
    ],
    "example": "?material=Rare+earths&indicator=wgi:headline&year=2024&scope=all&ov=cn&ovr=Rare+earths -- Rare earths, WGI governance headline lens, 2024, all lenses shown, overview chart viewed as China (no comparable list) with Rare earths highlighted"
  }
}