{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "raw",
   "id": "front-matter",
   "metadata": {
    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "raw"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "title: \"مسائل في التغليف والتعميم وإعادة الهيكلة\"\n",
    "og:title: encapsulation_generalization_refactoring_problems\n",
    "toc: true\n",
    "format:\n",
    "  html: default\n",
    "---"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "download-notebook",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "[تحميل الدفتر](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/HassanAlgoz/python/main/book/chapters/ch3-functions/exercise_3b.ipynb)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "intro-setup",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "لتكون المسائل قريبة من الحسّ والبصر، سنستخدم مكتبة [`jupyturtle`](https://pypi.org/project/jupyturtle/) كما في دفتر التطبيقات.\n",
    "\n",
    "**التهيئة:** ثبّت الحزمة إن لزم (راجع [إعداد بيئة التطوير](../ch0-intro/lesson_setup.ipynb))، ثم نفّذ خلية الاستيراد التالية قبل الحلول.\n",
    "\n",
    "بعد كل تمرين (حيث يظهر عنوان **اختبار مرئي**) نفّذ الخلية البرمجية التالية لترى إن كان رسمك يطابق المتوقع."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "42d5eb8e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "```sh\n",
    "uv add jupyturtle\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "imports",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "from jupyturtle import (\n",
    "    Turtle,\n",
    "    make_turtle,\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b95256c0",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "المتغير `delay` يتم تمريره للتحكم بسرعة الرسم:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "0c35a15a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Control speed of drawing\n",
    "fps = 10\n",
    "delay = 1 / fps"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-1",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## رسم مستطيل\n",
    "\n",
    "الفكرة: استخدم حلقة وانعطافات السلحفاة لتتبّع محيط المستطيل.\n",
    "\n",
    "**المطلوب:** نفّذ الدالة `rectangle(t, width, height)` لترسم مستطيلًا بالأطوال المعطاة."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-1-code",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def rectangle(t: Turtle, width: float, height: float) -> None:\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-1-test-md",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**اختبار مرئي:** نفّذ الخلية التالية بعد إكمال `rectangle`.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-1-test",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "t = make_turtle(delay=delay)\n",
    "rectangle(t, 80, 40)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-2",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## رسم معين\n",
    "\n",
    "الفكرة: المَعِين يُرسم بمدّ متعاقبة مع زاويتي انعطاف متكاملتين (تكملان 180°).\n",
    "\n",
    "**المطلوب:** نفّذ الدالة `rhombus(t, length, angle)` لترسم معينًا بطول ضلع `length` وزاوية داخلية `angle` (بالدرجات)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-2-code",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def rhombus(t: Turtle, length: float, angle: float) -> None:\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-2-test-md",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**اختبار مرئي:** نفّذ الخلية التالية بعد إكمال `rhombus`.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-2-test",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "t = make_turtle(delay=delay)\n",
    "rhombus(t, 70, 60)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-3",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## تعميم بمتوازي أضلاع\n",
    "\n",
    "الفكرة: أعد استخدام منطق الرسم المشترك بين أشكال متعددة.\n",
    "\n",
    "**المطلوب:** نفّذ `parallelogram(t, side1, side2, angle)`، ثم أعد كتابة `rectangle` و`rhombus` بحيث تستدعيان `parallelogram` (المستطيل معين بزاوية 90°، والمعين بضلعين متساويين)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-3-code",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def parallelogram(t: Turtle, side1: float, side2: float, angle: float) -> None:\n",
    "    pass\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "def rectangle(t: Turtle, width: float, height: float) -> None:\n",
    "    pass\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "def rhombus(t: Turtle, length: float, angle: float) -> None:\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-3-test-md",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**اختبار مرئي:** مستطيل، ثم معين، ثم متوازي أضلاع عام — بعد إكمال التعريفات الثلاثة.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-3-test",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "t = make_turtle(delay=delay, width=400)\n",
    "\n",
    "t.pen_up()\n",
    "t.forward(-120)\n",
    "t.pen_down()\n",
    "rectangle(t, 80, 40)\n",
    "\n",
    "t.pen_up()\n",
    "t.forward(100)\n",
    "t.pen_down()\n",
    "rhombus(t, 50, 60)\n",
    "\n",
    "t.pen_up()\n",
    "t.forward(80)\n",
    "t.pen_down()\n",
    "parallelogram(t, 80, 50, 60)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-3-1",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## دالة القفز `jump`\n",
    "\n",
    "الفكرة: اجمع تسلسلًا متكررًا من أوامر السلحفاة في دالة واحدة.\n",
    "\n",
    "**المطلوب:** اكتب الدالة `jump(t, length)` التي تنفّذ بالترتيب: `pen_up()` ثم `forward(length)` ثم `pen_down()` — بحيث تتحرك بمسافة `length` دون رسم، وتنتهي والقلم للأسفل.\n",
    "\n",
    "يمكنك بعدها استخدام `jump` لفصل أشكال متجاورة بدل تكرار الثلاثة أوامر."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-3-1-code",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def jump(t: Turtle, length: float) -> None:\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-3-1-test-md",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**اختبار مرئي:** نفس الأشكال السابقة باستخدام `jump` بدل تكرار `pen_up` / `pen_down`.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-3-1-test",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "t = make_turtle(\n",
    "    delay=delay,\n",
    "    width=400,\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "jump(t, -120)\n",
    "rectangle(t, 80, 40)\n",
    "\n",
    "jump(t, 100)\n",
    "rhombus(t, 50, 60)\n",
    "\n",
    "jump(t, 80)\n",
    "parallelogram(t, 80, 50, 60)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-4",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## «فطيرة» من مثلثات متكررة\n",
    "\n",
    "الفكرة: ابنِ شكلًا أكبر بتكرار أداة رسم صغيرة (قطعة مثلثية).\n",
    "\n",
    "**المطلوب:**\n",
    "\n",
    "1. نفّذ `triangle(t, r, angle)` لترسم قطعة مثلثية واحدة (كما في النص الأصلي للفصل).\n",
    "2. نفّذ `draw_pie(t, n, r)` لتكرار هذه القطعة `n` مرّة وتكوين فطيرة كاملة."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-4-code",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def triangle(t: Turtle, r: float, angle: float) -> None:\n",
    "    pass\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "def draw_pie(t: Turtle, n: int, r: float) -> None:\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-4-tri-test-md",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**اختبار مرئي (مثلث واحد):** نُسرّع الرسم بقيمة `delay` أصغر.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-4-tri-test",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tri_fps = 40\n",
    "tri_delay = 1 / tri_fps\n",
    "t_tri = make_turtle(delay=tri_delay)\n",
    "triangle(t_tri, 60, 20)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-4-pie-test-md",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**اختبار مرئي (فطائر):** ثلاث فطائر بأعداد أضلاع مختلفة؛ يفترض أن تكون `jump` قد عرّفتَها في التمرين السابق.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-4-pie-test",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "size = 40\n",
    "margin = 2 * size + 20\n",
    "\n",
    "t = make_turtle(\n",
    "    delay=delay,\n",
    "    width=50 + (size + margin) * 3,\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "t.pen_up()\n",
    "t.forward(-80)\n",
    "t.pen_down()\n",
    "\n",
    "draw_pie(t, 5, size)\n",
    "\n",
    "jump(t, margin)\n",
    "draw_pie(t, 6, size)\n",
    "\n",
    "jump(t, margin)\n",
    "draw_pie(t, 7, size)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-5",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## زهرة بأوراق\n",
    "\n",
    "الفكرة: اجمع زهرة كاملة بتكرار رسم ورقة واحدة.\n",
    "\n",
    "**المطلوب:** باستخدام الدالة `arc` المعطاة في الخلية التالية، نفّذ `petal(t, r, angle)` لرسم ورقة واحدة، ثم `flower(t, n, r, angle)` لتجميع `n` ورقة في زهرة."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-5-arc",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def arc(t: Turtle, r: float, angle: float) -> None:\n",
    "    for i in range(r):\n",
    "        t.forward(r, i * 2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-5-arc-test-md",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**اختبار مرئي:** الدالة `arc` المعطاة (مرجع قبل رسم الورقة).\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-5-arc-test",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "t = make_turtle(delay=delay)\n",
    "arc(t, 10, 36)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-5-code",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def petal(t: Turtle, r: float, angle: float) -> None:\n",
    "    pass\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "def flower(t: Turtle, n: int, r: float, angle: float) -> None:\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-5-petal-test-md",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**اختبار مرئي:** ورقة واحدة بـ `petal`.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-5-petal-test",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "t = make_turtle(delay=delay)\n",
    "petal(t, 10, 36)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-5-flower-test-md",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**اختبار مرئي:** زهرة كاملة؛ لوحة أكبر كما في دفتر الفصل.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-5-flower-test",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "t = make_turtle(\n",
    "    delay=delay,\n",
    "    height=400,\n",
    "    width=400,\n",
    ")\n",
    "flower(t, 8, 10, 36)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-6",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## حلزون\n",
    "\n",
    "البرنامج التالي (من نفس الفصل) يوضّح رسم مضلّع ودائرة تقريبية باستخدام السلحفاة — اقرأه كسياق، ثم انتقل للمطلوب.\n",
    "\n",
    "**المطلوب:** اكتب الدالة `spiral(t, n, length, gap)` التي ترسم حلزونًا: في كل خطوة تمشي `length` ثم تنعطف بزاوية ثابتة، وتزيد `length` بمقدار `gap` للخطوة التالية (كرر `n` مرّة)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-6-context",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def polygon(t: Turtle, n: int, length: float) -> None:\n",
    "    angle = 360 / n\n",
    "    for i in range(n):\n",
    "        t.forward(length)\n",
    "        t.left(angle)\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "def circle(t: Turtle, radius: float) -> None:\n",
    "    circumference = 2 * math.pi * radius\n",
    "    n = 10\n",
    "    length = circumference / n\n",
    "    polygon(t, n, length)\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "# مثال: t = make_turtle(delay=delay); t.jump_to(120, 120); circle(t, 60)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-6-circle-test-md",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**اختبار مرئي (اختياري):** دائرة تقريبية باستخدام `polygon` و`circle` من خلية السياق.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-6-circle-test",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "t = make_turtle(delay=delay)\n",
    "t.jump_to(120, 120)\n",
    "circle(t, 60)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-6-code",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def spiral(t: Turtle, n: int, length: float, gap: float) -> None:\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ex-6-spiral-test-md",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**اختبار مرئي:** الحلزون بعد إكمال `spiral`.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ex-6-spiral-test",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "t = make_turtle(delay=delay)\n",
    "spiral(t, 50, 5, 0.2)\n"
   ]
  }
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