{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "source": [ "\n", "# CHAPTER 7 Mangle Data Like a Pro\n", "## 向高手一樣玩轉數據\n", "\n", "* [7.1.1 Unicode](#Unicode)\n", "* [7.1.2 格式化](#Format)\n", "* [7.1.3 正規表達式](#RegularExpressions)\n", "* [7.2.1 bytes and bytearray](#bytesbytearray)\n", "* [7.2.2 使用struct轉換二進位資料](#struct)\n", "* [7.2.3 其他二進位工具](#OtherTools)\n", "* [7.2.4 binascii函數](#binascii)\n", "* [7.2.5 位元運算](#BitOperators)\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "---\n", "\n", "## 7.1.1 Unicode\n", "[回目錄](#HOME)\n", "\n", "早期電腦發展時的所使用的ASCII只有128種，只能應付英文和數字以及一些基本的符號，所以發展出了Unicode來面對全世界所有的符號\n", "\n", "\\u 加上4碼16進位的數字表示Unicode 中的 256 個基本語言，前兩碼為類別，後兩碼為索引 \n", "\\U 加上8碼16進位的數字為表示超出上述範圍內的字符，最左一位須為0，\\N{name}用來指定字符名稱\n", "(完整清單 http://www.unicode.org/charts/charindex.html)\n", "\n", "python的unicodedata模組提供了下面兩個方向的轉換函數：\n", "\n", "* __lookup()__ - 接受不區分大小寫的標準名稱，返回一個Unicode的字符;\n", "* __name()__ - 接受一個的Unicode字符，返回大寫形式的名稱。" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 1, "metadata": { "collapsed": false, "scrolled": true }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "value=\"A\", name=\"LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A\", value2=\"A\"\n", "value=\"$\", name=\"DOLLAR SIGN\", value2=\"$\"\n", "value=\"¢\", name=\"CENT SIGN\", value2=\"¢\"\n", "value=\"€\", name=\"EURO SIGN\", value2=\"€\"\n", "value=\"☃\", name=\"SNOWMAN\", value2=\"☃\"\n", "café\n", "value=\"é\", name=\"LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE\", value2=\"é\"\n", "b'\\\\xe9'\n", "value=\"é\", name=\"LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE\", value2=\"é\"\n" ] } ], "source": [ "def unicode_test(value):\n", " import unicodedata\n", " name = unicodedata.name(value)\n", " value2 = unicodedata.lookup(name)\n", " print('value=\"%s\", name=\"%s\", value2=\"%s\"' % (value, name, value2))\n", " \n", "unicode_test('A')\n", "unicode_test('$')\n", "unicode_test('\\u00a2')\n", "unicode_test('\\u20ac')\n", "unicode_test('\\u2603')\n", "\n", "\n", "# 想知道é這個符號的編碼\n", "place = 'café'\n", "print(place)\n", "unicode_test('é')\n", "print('é'.encode('unicode-escape')) #這裡\n", "\n", "unicode_test('\\u00e9')" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "---\n", "使用utf-8進行編碼與解碼\n", "\n", "* 將字符串編碼為字節；\n", "* 將字節解碼為字符串。\n", "\n", "使用__encode()__來編碼字符串成我們看得懂的\n", "\n", "|編碼 | 說明 |\n", "|:---:|-----|\n", "|'ascii' | ASCII 編碼|\n", "|'utf-8' |最常用的編碼|\n", "|'latin-1' | ISO 8859-1 編碼|\n", "|'cp-1252' |Windows 常用編碼|\n", "|'unicode-escape' |Python 中 Unicode 的文本格式， \\uxxxx 或者 \\Uxxxxxxxx|" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 2, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "☃\n", "b'\\\\u2603'\n", "1\n", "3\n", "b'\\xe2\\x98\\x83'\n", "☃\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#編碼\n", "snowman = '\\u2603'\n", "\n", "print(snowman)\n", "print(snowman.encode('unicode-escape'))\n", "\n", "\n", "print(len(snowman))\n", "ds = snowman.encode('utf-8')\n", "\n", "print(len(ds))\n", "print(ds)\n", "print('☃')" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 3, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "café\n", "b'caf\\xc3\\xa9'\n", "café\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#解碼\n", "\n", "place = 'caf\\u00e9'\n", "print(place)\n", "\n", "place_bytes = place.encode('utf-8')\n", "print(place_bytes)\n", "\n", "place2 = place_bytes.decode('utf-8')\n", "print(place2)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "---\n", "\n", "## 7.1.2 格式化\n", "[回目錄](#HOME)\n", "\n", "有兩種方法可以格式化文字\n", "* __string % data__\n", "* __{}.format__ (新的寫法，推薦使用)\n", "* __f\"{Variable Name}\"__ (Python 3.6之後才有)\n", "\n", "第一種搭配的format符號表如下\n", "\n", "|符號|種類|\n", "|---|---|\n", "|%s | 字串|\n", "|%d | 十進制整數|\n", "|%x | 十六進制整數|\n", "|%o | 八進制整數|\n", "|%f | 十進制浮點數|\n", "|%e | 以科學計數法表示的浮點數|\n", "|%g | 十進製或科學計數法表示的浮點數|\n", "|%% | 文本值 % 本身|" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 4, "metadata": { "collapsed": false, "scrolled": true }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "42\n", "42\n", "2a\n", "52\n", "7.03\n", "7.030000\n", "7.030000e+00\n", "7.03\n", "100%\n", "混合搭配文字[我是文字]，以及數字[87.000000]\n", " 42\n", " 0042\n", " 42.0\n", "42.0\n", "42 \n", "42.0 \n" ] } ], "source": [ "# 方法一\n", "\n", "print('%s' % 42)\n", "print('%d' % 42)\n", "print('%x' % 42)\n", "print('%o' % 42)\n", "print('%s' % 7.03)\n", "print('%f' % 7.03)\n", "print('%e' % 7.03)\n", "print('%g' % 7.03)\n", "print('%d%%' % 100)\n", "print('混合搭配文字[%s]，以及數字[%f]' % ('我是文字',87))\n", "\n", "#可搭配數字做位數控制\n", "print('%10d' % 42)\n", "print('%10.4d' % 42)\n", "print('%10.1f' % 42)\n", "print('%.1f' % 42)\n", "\n", "print('%-10d' % 42)\n", "print('%-10.1f' % 42)\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 5, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "42 7.03 string cheese\n", "string cheese 42 7.03\n", "42 7.03 string cheese\n", "42 7.03 string cheese other\n", "===========分隔線===========\n", "42 7.030000 string cheese\n", "42 7.030000 string cheese\n", "===========分隔線===========\n", " 42 7.030000 string cheese\n", " 42 7.030000 string cheese\n", "42 7.030000 string cheese\n", " 42 7.030000 string cheese\n", "0000000042 7.0300 stri\n", "!!!!!!BIG SALE!!!!!!\n" ] } ], "source": [ "# 方法二\n", "\n", "n = 42\n", "f = 7.03\n", "s = 'string cheese'\n", "\n", "print('{} {} {}'.format(n, f, s))\n", "print('{2} {0} {1}'.format(n, f, s))\n", "print('{n} {f} {s}'.format(n=42, f=7.03, s='string cheese'))\n", "\n", "# 使用字典傳入\n", "d = {'n': 42, 'f': 7.03, 's': 'string cheese'}\n", "print('{0[n]} {0[f]} {0[s]} {1}'.format(d, 'other')) #0表示format的第一個參數，1表示第二個參數\n", "\n", "# 方法一中的format也可以用在新方法，採用:來做銜接\n", "print('===========分隔線===========')\n", "print('{0:d} {1:f} {2:s}'.format(n, f, s))\n", "print('{n:d} {f:f} {s:s}'.format(n=42, f=7.03, s='string cheese'))\n", "print('===========分隔線===========')\n", "print('{0:10d} {1:10f} {2:10s}'.format(n, f, s)) #指定寬度\n", "print('{0:>10d} {1:>10f} {2:>10s}'.format(n, f, s)) #右對齊\n", "print('{0:<10d} {1:<10f} {2:<10s}'.format(n, f, s)) #左對齊\n", "print('{0:^10d} {1:^10f} {2:^10s}'.format(n, f, s)) #置中對齊\n", "print('{0:>010d} {1:>10.4f} {2:>10.4s}'.format(n, f, s)) #與舊方法不同，整數沒有經度設定項\n", "print('{0:!^20s}'.format('BIG SALE')) #指定填充符號" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "---\n", "\n", "## 7.1.3 正規表達式\n", "[回目錄](#HOME)\n", "\n", "\n", "採用wiki的說法\n", "\n", "正規表示式，又稱正則表達式、正規表示法、正規運算式、規則運算式、常規表示法（英語：Regular Expression，在代碼中常簡寫為regex、regexp或RE）， \n", "電腦科學的一個概念。正規表示式使用單個字串來描述、符合一系列符合某個句法規則的字串。 \n", "在很多文字編輯器裡，正則運算式通常被用來檢索、取代那些符合某個模式的文字。\n", "\n", "簡單來說，就是可以用來匹配__字串(source)__中的__規則(pattern)__\n", "\n", "```python\n", "import re #從標準函式庫引入\n", "```\n", "\n", "|function | 功能 |\n", "|----------|------|\n", "|re.match( pattern, source ) | 查看字串是否以規定的規則開頭 |\n", "|re.search( pattern, source ) | 會返回第一次成功的匹配值 (如果有成功) |\n", "|re.findall( pattern, source) | 會返回所有成功且不重複的匹配值 (如果有成功) |\n", "|re.split( pattern, source ) | 會根據 規則 將 字串 切分成若干段，返回由這些片段組成的list |\n", "|re.sub( pattern, replacement, source ) | 還需一個額外的參數 replacement，它會把 字串 中所有匹配規則的字串 替換成 replacement|" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 6, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "----------match----------\n", "You\n", "\n", "----------compile後match----------\n", "<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 3), match='You'>\n", "You\n", "\n", "----------match使用.*找任何位置----------\n", "Young Frank\n", "\n", "----------search----------\n", "Frank\n", "\n", "----------findall----------\n", "['n', 'n', 'n', 'n']\n", "共找到 4 筆符合值\n", "\n", "['ng ', 'nke', 'nst']\n", "['ng', 'nk', 'ns', 'n']\n", "\n", "----------split----------\n", "['You', 'g Fra', 'ke', 'stei', '']\n", "\n", "----------sub----------\n", "You?g Fra?ke?stei?\n", "['Fra']\n" ] } ], "source": [ "import re\n", "# .group()可以叫出符合正規表達式的字串部分\n", "\n", "print('----------match----------')\n", "# 檢查'Young Frankenstein'是否以'You'開頭\n", "result = re.match('You', 'Young Frankenstein')\n", "if result:\n", " print(result.group())\n", "\n", "\n", "print('\\n----------compile後match----------')\n", "# 針對較複雜情況可以先編譯一個物件出來加速判斷\n", "youpattern = re.compile('You')\n", "result = youpattern.match('Young Frankenstein')\n", "print(result)\n", "if result:\n", " print(result.group())\n", "\n", "print('\\n----------match使用.*找任何位置----------')\n", "# \".\"為除「\\n」之外的任何單個字元。 \"*\"為符合前面的子運算式零次或多次。\n", "# 組合在一起則成為匹配任意長度任意字元(除「\\n」)的規則\n", "m = re.match('.*Frank', 'Young Frankenstein')\n", "if m:\n", " print(m.group())\n", "\n", "print('\\n----------search----------')\n", "# 可以不用透過\".*\"來找任意位置的符合值\n", "m = re.search('Frank', 'Young Frankenstein')\n", "if m: # search返回物件\n", " print(m.group())\n", " \n", "print('\\n----------findall----------')\n", "# 尋找所有符合的\n", "m = re.findall('n', 'Young Frankenstein')\n", "print(m) # findall返回了一个列表\n", "print('共找到', len(m), '筆符合值\\n')\n", "\n", "#尋找後方有一個字元的\n", "m = re.findall('n..', 'Young Frankenstein')\n", "print(m) # findall返回了一个列表\n", "\n", "#尋找後方有一個字元(可以沒有)的\n", "m = re.findall('n.?', 'Young Frankenstein')\n", "print(m) # findall返回了一个列表\n", "\n", "print('\\n----------split----------')\n", "# 利用規格做切割字串\n", "m = re.split('n', 'Young Frankenstein')\n", "print(m) # split返回了一个列表\n", "\n", "print('\\n----------sub----------')\n", "# 利用規格做替換字串\n", "m = re.sub('n', '?', 'Young Frankenstein')\n", "print(m) # sub返回了一个列表\n", "\n", "\n", "#尋找英文單字邊界\n", "m = re.findall(r'\\bFra', 'Young Frankenstein')\n", "print(m) # findall返回了一个列表" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "\n", "|特殊字元|功能|\n", "|:---:|--------|\n", "|. |代表任意除 \\n 外的字元|\n", "|\\* |表示任意多個字元(包括 0 個)|\n", "|? |表示可選字元( 0 個或 1 個)|\n", "|\\d |一個數字字元。等價於[0-9]|\n", "|\\D |一個非數字字元。等價於[^0-9]|\n", "|\\w |一個 字母 或 數字 包括底線字元。等價於[A-Za-z0-9\\_]|\n", "|\\W |一個 非字母 非數字 非底線字元。等價於[^A-Za-z0-9\\_]|\n", "|\\s |空白字元。等價於[ \\f\\n\\r\\t\\v]|\n", "|\\S |非空白字元。等價於[^ \\f\\n\\r\\t\\v]|\n", "|\\b |單詞邊界（一個 \\w 與 \\W 之間的範圍，順序可逆）|\n", "|\\B |非單詞邊界|" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 7, "metadata": { "collapsed": false, "scrolled": true }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMN\n", "OPQRSTUVWXYZ!\"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~ \t\n", "\r", "\u000b", "\f", "\n", "['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']\n", "['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', '_']\n", "[' ', '\\t', '\\n', '\\r', '\\x0b', '\\x0c']\n" ] } ], "source": [ "import string\n", "printable = string.printable #100個ASCII字元\n", "len(printable)\n", "\n", "print(printable[0:50])\n", "print(printable[50:])\n", "\n", "print(re.findall('\\d', printable)) #找數字\n", "print(re.findall('\\w', printable)) #找字母與數字\n", "print(re.findall('\\s', printable)) #找空白\n", "\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "直線符號(|)在markdown中的表格會變成區分格子用，我打不出來....請各位使用時自行替換\n", "\n", "|規則\t\t\t\t|功能 |\n", "|-------------------|--------------------------------------|\n", "|abc\t\t\t\t|文本值 abc |\n", "|(expr)\t\t\t\t|expr |\n", "|expr1 直線符號 expr2\t\t|expr1 或 expr2 |\n", "|. \t\t\t\t\t|除 \\n 外的任何字元 |\n", "|^\t\t\t\t\t|源字元串的開頭 |\n", "|$\t\t\t\t\t|源字元串的結尾 |\n", "|prev?\t\t\t\t|0 個或 1 個 prev |\n", "|prev*\t\t\t\t|0 個或多個 prev，盡可能多地匹配 |\n", "|prev*?\t\t\t\t|0 個或多個 prev，盡可能少地匹配 |\n", "|prev+\t\t\t\t|1 個或多個 prev，盡可能多地匹配 |\n", "|prev+?\t\t\t\t|1 個或多個 prev，盡可能少地匹配 |\n", "|prev{m}\t\t\t|m 個連續的 prev |\n", "|prev{m, n}\t\t\t|m 到 n 個連續的 prev，盡可能多地匹配 |\n", "|prev{m, n}?\t\t|m 到 n 個連續的 prev，盡可能少地匹配 |\n", "|[abc]\t\t\t\t|a 或 b 或 c(和 a直線符號b直線符號c 一樣) |\n", "|[^abc]\t\t\t\t|非(a 或 b 或 c) |\n", "|prev (?=next)\t\t|如果後面為 next，返回 prev |\n", "|prev (?!next)\t\t|如果後面非 next，返回 prev |\n", "|(?<=prev) next\t\t|如果前面為 prev，返回 next |\n", "|(?設定名稱\n", "m = re.search(r'(. dish\\b).*(\\bfish)', source)\n", "print(m.group())\n", "print(m.groups())\n", "\n", "\n", "m = re.search(r'(?P. dish\\b).*(?P\\bfish)', source)\n", "print(m.group())\n", "print(m.groups())\n", "\n", "print(m.group('DISH'))\n", "print(m.group('FISH'))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "---\n", "\n", "## 7.2.1 bytes and bytearray\n", "[回目錄](#HOME)\n", "\n", "恩...就是介紹bytes 和 bytearray的差別，一個可變一個不可變\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 9, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "b'\\x01\\x02\\x03\\xff'\n", "bytearray(b'\\x01\\x02\\x03\\xff')\n", "bytearray(b'\\x01\\x7f\\x03\\xff')\n" ] } ], "source": [ "blist = [1, 2, 3, 255]\n", "the_bytes = bytes(blist)\n", "print(the_bytes)\n", "\n", "the_byte_array = bytearray(blist)\n", "print(the_byte_array)\n", "\n", "the_byte_array[1] = 127 #可變\n", "print(the_byte_array)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "---\n", "\n", "## 7.2.2 使用struct轉換二進位資料\n", "[回目錄](#HOME)\n", "\n", "使用標準函式庫裡的struct來做為轉換二進位資料\n", "\n", "|符號 | Byte order |\n", "|----|--------|\n", "|<| 小端方案|\n", "|>| 大端方案|\n", "\n", "|標識符|\t描述|\t字節|\n", "|:--:|-----|:----:|\n", "|x\t|跳過一個字節|\t1|\n", "|b\t|有符號字節|\t1|\n", "|B\t|無符號字節|\t1|\n", "|h\t|有符號短整數|\t2|\n", "|H\t|無符號短整數|\t2|\n", "|i\t|有符號整數|\t4|\n", "|I\t|無符號整數|\t4|\n", "|l\t|有符號長整數|\t4|\n", "|L\t|無符號長整數|\t4|\n", "|Q\t|無符號 long long 型整數|\t8|\n", "|f\t|單精度浮點數|\t4\t|\t\t\n", "|d\t|雙精度浮點數|\t8\t\t|\t\n", "|p\t|數量和字符|\t1\t+\t數量\t|\n", "|s\t|字符|\t數量|\t\t\t\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 10, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Valid PNG, width 154 height 141\n", "b'\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x9a'\n", "b'\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x8d'\n", "(154, 141)\n", "(154, 141)\n" ] } ], "source": [ "import struct\n", "valid_png_header = b'\\x89PNG\\r\\n\\x1a\\n' #png的檔頭\n", "data = b'\\x89PNG\\r\\n\\x1a\\n\\x00\\x00\\x00\\rIHDR' + \\\n", " b'\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x9a\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x8d\\x08\\x02\\x00\\x00\\x00\\xc0' #一個圖檔的前段\n", " \n", "if data[:8] == valid_png_header:\n", " width, height = struct.unpack('>LL', data[16:24])\n", " print('Valid PNG, width', width, 'height', height)\n", "else:\n", " print('Not a valid PNG')\n", " \n", "#反過來轉換\n", "print(struct.pack('>L', 154))\n", "print(struct.pack('>L', 141))\n", "\n", "print(struct.unpack('>2L', data[16:24]))\n", "print(struct.unpack('>16x2L6x', data))\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "---\n", "\n", "## 7.2.3 其他二進位工具\n", "[回目錄](#HOME)\n", "\n", "* bitstring（ https://code.google.com/p/python-bitstring/ ）\n", "* construct（ http://construct.readthedocs.org/en/latest/ ）\n", "* hachoir（ https://bitbucket.org/haypo/hachoir/wiki/Home ）\n", "* binio（ http://spika.net/py/binio/ ）\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "---\n", "\n", "## 7.2.4 binascii函數\n", "[回目錄](#HOME)\n", "\n", "十六進制、六十四進制、uuencoded，等等之間轉換的函數。" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 11, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "b'89504e470d0a1a0a'\n", "b'\\x89PNG\\r\\n\\x1a\\n'\n" ] } ], "source": [ "import binascii\n", "\n", "#八字節轉十六bytes\n", "valid_png_header = b'\\x89PNG\\r\\n\\x1a\\n'\n", "print(binascii.hexlify(valid_png_header))\n", "\n", "#十六bytes轉八bytes\n", "print(binascii.unhexlify(b'89504e470d0a1a0a'))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "---\n", "\n", "## 7.2.5 位元運算\n", "[回目錄](#HOME)\n", "\n", "以整數 a（十進制 5，二進制 0b0101）和 b（十進制 1，二進制 0b0001）做示範\n", "\n", "\n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", " \n", "
運算符描述示範十進制結果二進制結果
&與a & b10b0001
|或a | b50b0101
^異或 a ^ b40b0100
~翻轉~a-6取決於 int 類型的大小
<<左位移a << 1100b1010
>>右位移a >> 120b0010
\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n" ] } ], "metadata": { "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python [Root]", "language": "python", "name": "Python [Root]" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 3 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "version": "3.5.2" } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 0 }