ICDC: ICD-China 10-19-2018 ICDC: ICD-China. The ICD-China (ICDC) represents the representation of the Chinese version of the ICD standard (GB/T 14396). Ling Wan) OWL-DL Vision Release: 1.0.01 Yongqun "Oliver" He (YH) Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification. Really of interest to developers only BFO OWL specification label Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2 Person:Alan Ruttenberg Really of interest to developers only BFO CLIF specification label editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English) PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label example A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> example of usage has curation status PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bill Bug PERSON:Melanie Courtot OBI_0000281 has curation status definition definition definition textual definition textual definition English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software. The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> DEFINITION definition definition definition textual definition textual definition editor note An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obfoundry.org/obo/obi> editor note term editor Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> term editor alternative term An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent) PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> alternative term definition source formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 PERSON:Daniel Schober Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition source curator note An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg curator note imported from For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> imported from OBO foundry unique label An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry. The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools . PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters PERSON:Chris Mungall PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/> OBO foundry unique label elucidation person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Barry Smith Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms elucidation has associated axiom(nl) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language has associated axiom(nl) has associated axiom(fol) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax has associated axiom(fol) A property created to allow the source CDRH to assign a parent to each concept with the intent of creating a hierarchy that includes only terms in which they are the contributing source. A10 Conceptual Entity Has CDRH Parent Has_CDRH_Parent Has_CDRH_Parent Has_CDRH_Parent A property created to allow the source NICHD to assign a parent to each concept with the intent of creating a hierarchy that includes only terms in which they are the contributing source. A11 Conceptual Entity Has_NICHD_Parent Has_NICHD_Parent Has_NICHD_Parent A property created to allow the source CTCAE 5.0 to assign a parent to each concept with the intent of creating a hierarchy that includes only terms in which CTCAE is the contributing source. A15 Conceptual Entity Has_CTCAE_5_Parent Has_CTCAE_5_Parent Has_CTCAE_5_Parent true NHC0 code code code The semantic type describes the sort of thing or category to which a concept belongs in the context of the UMLS semantic network. P106 Conceptual Entity Semantic Type Semantic_Type In general, applying semantic types aids in allowing users (or computer programs) to draw conclusions about concepts by virtue of the categories to which they have been assigned. We use a set of semantic types developed for the UMLS Metathesaurus. There are currently 134 semantic types in the UMLS. Semantic_Type Semantic_Type Provides an alternative Preferred Name for use in some NCI systems. P107 Conceptual Entity Display Name Display_Name Display Name Display_Name Display_Name The word or phrase that NCI uses by preference to refer to the concept. P108 Conceptual Entity Preferred Name Preferred_Name Preferred Name Preferred Term Preferred_Name Preferred_Name Concept Unique Identifiers, or CUIs, are concept numbers assigned by the National Library of Medicine (NLM). If a concept in any NCI-maintained knowledgebase exists in the NLM Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), NCI includes the NLM CUI among the information we provide about the concept. P207 Conceptual Entity UMLS CUI UMLS_CUI UMLS_CUI UMLS_CUI Contains a Concept Unique Identifier for those concepts that appear in NCI Metathesaurus but not in the NLM UMLS. P208 Conceptual Entity NCI Metathesaurus CUI NCI_META_CUI NCI_META_CUI NCI_META_CUI An NCI Thesaurus property used to indicate the standing of a concept in relation to currently accepted classifications and concepts. In NCI Thesaurus concept status subtype indicates concepts with unusual and problematic characteristics that should be evaluated by people and/or programs before those concept are used. P310 Conceptual Entity Concept Status Concept_Status Concept_Status Concept_Status Used to flag terms that are part of an FDA data standard manual, including Route of Administration, Dosage Form, Package Type and Potency. P317 Conceptual Entity FDA Table FDA_Table FDA_Table FDA_Table This property is used to indicate when a non-EVS entity has contributed to, and has a stake in, a concept. This is used where such entities, within or outside NCI, have indicated the need to be able to track their own concepts. A single concept can have multiple instances of this property if multiple entities have such a defined stake. P322 Conceptual Entity Contributing Source Contributing_Source Contributing_Source Contributing_Source English language definitions of what a source other than NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They include information about the definition's source in a form that can easily be interpreted by software. P325 Conceptual Entity [source] Definition ALT_DEFINITION ALT_DEFINITION ALT_DEFINITION The morphologic, clinical, and genetic profile of a neoplastic growth that defines it as non-cancerous, cancerous, or of uncertain cancerous potential. P363 Conceptual Entity Neoplastic Status Neoplastic_Status FDA Neoplastic_Status Neoplastic_Status true A retired unique concept identifier created and stored as Concept Name by legacy EVS software. Use of these values was long discouraged, but continued as late as 2009 when creation of new values ceased and Concept Name was retired. Legacy values are intended solely to help resolve and update earlier coding. P366 Conceptual Entity Legacy Concept Name Legacy Concept Name Legacy_Concept_Name P371 Conceptual Entity NICHD_Hierarchy_Term NICHD NICHD_Hierarchy_Term NICHD_Hierarchy_Term Indicates whether or not a value set is ready for publication in the browser. P372 Conceptual Entity Publish_Value_Set Publish_Value_Set Publish_Value_Set Design notes are notations made by NCI vocabulary curators. They are intended to provide supplemental, unstructured information to the user or additional insight about the concept. P98 Conceptual Entity DesignNote DesignNote DesignNote DesignNote has PATO_ID has_14396_code ISA alternative term An alternative term used by the ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org). Requested by Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3603413&group_id=177891&atid=886178 Person: Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran Person: Philippe Rocca-Serra ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org) ISA alternative term IEDB alternative term An alternative term used by the IEDB. PERSON:Randi Vita, Jason Greenbaum, Bjoern Peters IEDB IEDB alternative term An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context. temporal interpretation https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime An assertion that involves at least one OWL object that is intended to be expanded into one or more logical axioms. The logical expansion can yield axioms expressed using any formal logical system, including, but not limited to OWL2-DL. logical macro assertion https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/wiki/ShortcutRelations A logical macro assertion whose domain is an IRI for a property logical macro assertion on a property Used to annotate object properties to describe a logical meta-property or characteristic of the object property. logical macro assertion on an object property RO:0002604 quality is_opposite_of true true is_opposite_of is opposite of Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Contributor should be used to indicate the entity. An entity responsible for making contributions to the content of the resource. Contributor Contributor Examples of a Creator include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity. An entity primarily responsible for making the content of the resource. Creator Creator Typically, Date will be associated with the creation or availability of the resource. Recommended best practice for encoding the date value is defined in a profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF] and follows the YYYY-MM-DD format. A date associated with an event in the life cycle of the resource. Date Date Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, table of contents, reference to a graphical representation of content or a free-text account of the content. An account of the content of the resource. Description Description Typically, Format may include the media-type or dimensions of the resource. Format may be used to determine the software, hardware or other equipment needed to display or operate the resource. Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the list of Internet Media Types [MIME] defining computer media formats). The physical or digital manifestation of the resource. Format Format The present resource may be derived from the Source resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to reference the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system. A reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived. Source Source Typically, a Subject will be expressed as keywords, key phrases or classification codes that describe a topic of the resource. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary or formal classification scheme. The topic of the content of the resource. Subject and Keywords Subject and Keywords Mark Miller 2018-05-11T13:47:29Z has_alternative_id database_cross_reference Fully qualified synonym, contains the string, term type, source, and an optional source code if appropriate. Each subfield is deliniated to facilitate interpretation by software. FULL_SYN Synonym with Source Data has exact synonym has_exact_synonym has_narrow_synonym has_obo_format_version has_obo_namespace has_related_synonym Used to associate the concept defining a particular terminology subset with concepts that belong to this subset. Concept_In_Subset in subset in_subset shorthand label label is part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. part_of part of http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of has part my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has_part has part realized in this disease is realized in this disease course this fragility is realized in this shattering this investigator role is realized in this investigation is realized by realized_in [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realized in realizes this disease course realizes this disease this investigation realizes this investigator role this shattering realizes this fragility to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realizes This document is about information artifacts and their representations is_about is a (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic. person:Alan Ruttenberg Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy is about Disease_Has_Associated_Anatomic_Site Disease_Has_Primary_Anatomic_Site Disease_Has_Normal_Tissue_Origin Disease_Has_Abnormal_Cell Disease_Has_Finding Disease_Excludes_Primary_Anatomic_Site Anatomic_Structure_Has_Location located in has_specified_input has_specified_input see is_input_of example_of_usage A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. 8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Larry Hunter PERSON: Melanie Coutot has_specified_input is_specified_input_of some Autologous EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed B-LCL (B lymphocyte cell line) is_input_for instance of Chromum Release Assay described at https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters is_specified_input_of has_specified_output has_specified_output A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Larry Hunter PERSON: Melanie Courtot has_specified_output is_specified_output_of is_specified_output_of A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters is_specified_output_of achieves_planned_objective A cell sorting process achieves the objective specification 'material separation objective' This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. BP, AR, PPPB branch PPPB branch derived modified according to email thread from 1/23/09 in accordince with DT and PPPB branch achieves_planned_objective objective_achieved_by This relation obtains between a a objective specification and a planned process when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. OBI OBI objective_achieved_by inheres in this fragility inheres in this vase this red color inheres in this apple a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists. inheres_in inheres in bearer of this apple is bearer of this red color this vase is bearer of this fragility a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist. bearer_of is bearer of bearer of participates in this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates_in participates in has participant this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot this investigation has participant this investigator this process has participant this input material (or this output material) a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. has_participant http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant has participant A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants. is concretized as A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant. concretizes this investigator role is a role of this person a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. is role of role_of role of this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has_role has role located in my brain is located in my head this rat is located in this cage a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime located_in http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:located_in located in fma constitutional_part_of constitutional_part_of fma part_of part_of fma regional_part_of regional_part_of fma systemic_part_of systemic_part_of An object property that represents a relation between a disease and a quality where the patient has the diseease that has a speciifc quality. Oliver He, Eric Wan has disease quality entity Entity Julius Caesar Verdi’s Requiem the Second World War your body mass index BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81 Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) 实体 continuant Continuant An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240 Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] 常体 occurrent Occurrent An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players. Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] 行体 ic IndependentContinuant a chair a heart a leg a molecule a spatial region an atom an orchestra. an organism the bottom right portion of a human torso the interior of your mouth A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] 独立常体 t-region TemporalRegion Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001]) All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001]) Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002]) (forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001] (forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001] 暂时域 process Process a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart a process of meiosis a process of sleeping the course of a disease the flight of a bird the life of an organism your process of aging. An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war) (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] 过程 disposition Disposition an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways. the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type. b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] 性质 realizable RealizableEntity the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity. the disposition of your blood to coagulate the function of your reproductive organs the role of being a doctor the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] 可感知实体 quality Quality the ambient temperature of this portion of air the color of a tomato the length of the circumference of your waist the mass of this piece of gold. the shape of your nose the shape of your nostril a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001]) If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001]) (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] 特性 sdc SpecificallyDependentContinuant Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates. the disposition of this fish to decay the function of this heart: to pump blood the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79 the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center the role of being a doctor the shape of this hole. the smell of this portion of mozzarella A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. (iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004] (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] 特殊型依赖性常体 role Role John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. the priest role the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories the role of a building in serving as a military target the role of a stone in marking a property boundary the role of subject in a clinical trial the student role A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives. b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] 角色 gdc GenericallyDependentContinuant The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity. the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule. A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] 基本型依赖性常体 1d-t-region OneDimensionalTemporalRegion the temporal region during which a process occurs. BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks). A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001]) (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001] 一维暂时域 material MaterialEntity a flame a forest fire a human being a hurricane a photon a puff of smoke a sea wave a tornado an aggregate of human beings. an energy wave an epidemic the undetached arm of a human being An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60 BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity. BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here. A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] 物质性实体 Anatomical structure which is the aggregate material substance of an individual member of the Homo sapiens species. Examples: There is only one human body. fma FMA:20394 人的身体 fma FMA:224234 Wall of subdivision of external acoustic tube fma FMA:224236 Posterior wall of external acoustic tube fma FMA:224238 Posterior wall of right external acoustic tube fma FMA:224240 Posterior wall of left external acoustic tube fma FMA:224242 Anterior wall of external acoustic tube fma FMA:224244 Anterior wall of right external acoustic tube fma FMA:224246 Anterior wall of left external acoustic tube Floor of external acoustic tube fma FMA:224377 Inferior wall of external acoustic tube fma FMA:224380 Inferior wall of right external acoustic tube fma FMA:224382 Inferior wall of left external acoustic tube fma FMA:228619 Right supratragic tubercle fma FMA:228621 Left supratragic tubercle Head region Head subdivision Region of head fma FMA:24218 头部的其他部分 fma FMA:256133 脊椎动物身体 Anatomical structure which is the aggregate material substance of an individual member of a species. fma FMA:256135 身体 fma FMA:52780 耳 Auricular region Auricular region of head fma FMA:52781 外耳 fma FMA:53641 Right ear fma FMA:53642 Left ear Right auricular region fma FMA:53643 Right external ear Left auricular region fma FMA:53644 Left external ear Face subdivision Facial region Region of face fma FMA:54393 脸部次要部分 Subdivision of head which consists of the neurocranium and all layers superficial to it including the cranial cavity and its contents. Examples: There is only one head proper. fma FMA:54545 正常的头部 fma FMA:54546 右脸部 fma FMA:54547 左脸部 Auricle Auricle of ear Auricle of external ear Auricula (Auris externa) Pinna of ear fma FMA:56580 耳廓 fma FMA:56663 Right pinna fma FMA:56664 Left pinna Head proper region Head proper subdivision fma FMA:58817 正常头部的次要部分 Right lateral part of head Right side of head proper fma FMA:58825 头的右侧耳颞部分 Left lateral part of head Left side of head proper fma FMA:58826 头的左侧耳颞部分 Pinna subdivision fma FMA:60960 耳廓的其他部分 Auricular lobule Ear lobe Ear lobule Lobe of ear Lobule of auricle Lobule of auricle of ear Pinna lobule fma FMA:60984 耳廓小叶 Right ear lobe Right pinna lobule fma FMA:60989 Lobule of right pinna Left ear lobe Left pinna lobule fma FMA:60991 Lobule of left pinna Helical part of pinna Helix (Auricula) Helix of auricle of ear Helix of ear Helix of pinna fma FMA:60992 耳轮 Helical part of right pinna Helix of auricle of right ear Helix of right pinna fma FMA:60993 Right helix Helical part of left pinna Helix of auricle of left ear Helix of left pinna fma FMA:60994 Left helix Antihelical part of pinna Antihelix (Auricula) Antihelix of pinna fma FMA:60995 对耳轮 Antihelical part of right pinna Antihelix of right pinna fma FMA:60996 Right antihelix Antihelical part of left pinna Antihelix of left pinna fma FMA:60997 Left antihelix Tragal part of pinna fma FMA:60998 耳珠 Tragal part of right pinna fma FMA:60999 Right tragus Tragal part of left pinna fma FMA:61000 Left tragus Antitragal part of pinna fma FMA:61001 对耳屏 Antitragal part of right pinna fma FMA:61002 Right antitragus Antitragal part of left pinna fma FMA:61003 Left antitragus Concha Concha of auricle Concha of pinna fma FMA:61006 耳廓壳体 Concha of right pinna fma FMA:61008 Conchal part of right pinna Concha of left pinna fma FMA:61009 Conchal part of left pinna Subdivision of concha of auricle Subdivision of concha of pinna fma FMA:61081 耳廓壳体的其他部分 Cymba conchae of auricle fma FMA:61082 Cymba conchae of pinna Concha proper of auricle fma FMA:61083 Concha proper of pinna Right cymba conchae fma FMA:61084 Cymba conchae of right pinna Left cymba conchae fma FMA:61085 Cymba conchae of left pinna fma FMA:61086 Concha proper of right pinna fma FMA:61087 Concha proper of left pinna Auricular tubercle Darwin's tubercle Pinna tubercle fma FMA:61151 耳廓结节 Right auricular tubercle Right pinna tubercle fma FMA:61152 Tubercle of right pinna Left auricular tubercle Left pinna tubercle fma FMA:61153 Tubercle of left pinna External acoustic tube subdivision fma FMA:61288 外耳道的其他部分 External acoustic tube isthmus fma FMA:61291 Isthmus of external acoustic tube Right external acoustic meatus isthmus fma FMA:61292 Isthmus of right external acoustic meatus Left external acoustic meatus isthmus fma FMA:61293 Isthmus of left external acoustic meatus External part of external acoustic meatus External part of external auditory meatus External part of external auditory tube Pars externa of external acoustic meatus fma FMA:61305 External part of external acoustic tube Middle part of external acoustic meatus Middle part of external auditory tube Pars media of external acoustic meatus fma FMA:61306 Middle part of external acoustic tube Inner part of external acoustic meatus Inner part of external auditory tube Pars interna of external acoustic meatus fma FMA:61307 Inner part of external acoustic tube Inner part of right external acoustic meatus fma FMA:61308 Inner part of right external acoustic tube Inner part of left external acoustic meatus fma FMA:61309 Inner part of left external acoustic tube Middle part of right external acoustic meatus Middle part of right external auditory meatus fma FMA:61310 Middle part of right external acoustic tube Middle part of left external acoustic meatus fma FMA:61311 Middle part of left external acoustic tube External part of right external acoustic meatus External part of right external auditory tube fma FMA:61312 External part of right external acoustic tube External part of left external acoustic meatus External part of left external auditory meatus fma FMA:61313 External part of left external acoustic tube External acoustic tube wall fma FMA:61319 Wall of external acoustic tube Right external acoustic meatus wall fma FMA:61323 Wall of right external acoustic tube Left external acoustic meatus wall fma FMA:61324 Wall of left external acoustic tube fma FMA:61328 Wall of external part of external acoustic tube fma FMA:61329 Wall of middle part of external acoustic tube fma FMA:61330 Wall of inner part of external acoustic tube fma FMA:61331 Wall of inner part of right external acoustic tube fma FMA:61332 Wall of inner part of left external acoustic tube fma FMA:61333 Wall of middle part of right external acoustic tube fma FMA:61334 Wall of middle part of left external acoustic tube fma FMA:61335 Wall of external part of right external acoustic tube fma FMA:61336 Wall of external part of left external acoustic tube External ear subdivision fma FMA:61705 外耳的其他部分 Subdivision of head proper which consists of the temporal bone and all layers superficial to it, including the pinna. Examples: There are only two canonical instances, right and left auriculotemporal parts of head. Lateral part of head Side of head proper fma FMA:61707 头的耳颞部分 fma FMA:61708 头耳颞部的其他部分 External acoustic meatus, Auditory canal External auditory canal External auditory meatus External auditory tube external canal fma FMA:61734 外耳道 Right external acoustic meatus Right external auditory canal Right external auditory meatus fma FMA:61735 Right external acoustic tube Left external acoustic meatus Left external auditory canal Left external auditory meatus Left external auditory tube fma FMA:61736 Left external acoustic tube Anatomical entity which has three or fewer spatial dimensions. Examples: hemoglobin molecule, mitochondrion, hepatocyte, erythrocyte, heart, head, blood, urine, peritoneal cavity, diaphragmatic surface of heart, inferior margin of liver, apex of lung. fma FMA:61775 身体解剖学上的实体 Organismal continuant entity which is enclosed by the bona fide boundary of an organism or is an attribute of its structural organization. Examples: cell, heart, head, peritoneal cavity, apex of lung, anatomical term, sagittal plane. fma FMA:62955 解剖学上的实体 Material anatomical entity which is generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genes that guide its morphogenesis; has inherent 3D shape; its parts are connected and spatially related to one another in patterns determined by coordinated gene expression. Examples: heart, right ventricle, mitral valve, myocardium, endothelium, lymphocyte, fibroblast, thorax, cardiovascular system, hemoglobin, T cell receptor. Biological structure fma FMA:67135 解剖学结构 Physical anatomical entity which has mass. Examples: hemoglobin molecule, mitochondrion, hepatocyte, erythrocyte, heart, head, blood, urine. fma FMA:67165 物质性解剖学实体 Anatomical structure, which is a subdivision of a cardinal body part; it may exclude bones; is demarcated from other subdivisions of the same cardinal body part by anatomical surfaces or lines or topographical references; together with other contiguous subdivisions of the same cardinal body part, it constitutes a cardinal body part. Examples: thorax, perineum, back of neck, forearm, hand, phalanx, nose, auricle of ear, scrotum. Principal body part subdivision fma FMA:67504 身体次要部分 fma FMA:67811 男性的身体 fma FMA:67812 女性的身体 Anatomical structure, which has as its direct parts instances of anatomical sets of organs and cardinal organ parts spatially associated with either the skull, vertebral column, or the skeleton of a limb; in their aggregate are surrounded by a part of the skin Examples: Head, body proper, right upper limb. Body region fma FMA:7153 身体主要部分 Cardinal body part, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the skull, it is partially surrounded by skin of head. Examples: There is only one head. Head (volume) fma FMA:7154 头部 fma FMA:77676 Supratragic tubercle objective specification In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction. a directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved. 2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed." 2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that. Answers the question, why did you do this experiment? PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Barry Smith PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Jennifer Fostel goal specification OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch OBI_0000217 objective specification Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2 a directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take Alan Ruttenberg OBI Plan and Planned Process branch action specification data item Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries. a data item is an information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements. 2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers. 2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum. 2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym. 2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/ JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Chris Stoeckert PERSON: Jonathan Rees data 数据项 information content entity Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs. A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing. 2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity. PERSON: Chris Stoeckert OBI_0000142 信息内容实体 An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term. 2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it. 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters 指令性信息实体 curation status specification The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting) PERSON:Bill Bug GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> OBI_0000266 curation status specification data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term Person:Alan Ruttenberg 本体类数据 plan specification PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice. A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term. 2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications. Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved Alan Ruttenberg OBI Plan and Planned Process branch OBI_0000344 2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them plan specification Objective evidence of disease perceptible to the examining practitioner (sign) and subjective evidence of disease perceived by the patient (symptom). C100104 Finding Sign or Symptom C0037088 CDISC NICHD Objective evidence of disease perceptible to the examiner (sign) and subjective evidence of disease perceived by the subject (symptom). Sign or Symptom CLINICAL FINDING CLINICAL SIGNS Clinical Finding Clinical Signs DESC Sign or Symptom Signs or Symptoms Sign or Symptom A category of diseases that involve muscles and bones. C107377 Disease or Syndrome Musculoskeletal System Disorder C0026857 NICHD Musculoskeletal System Disorder Disorder of Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System Disorder Musculoskeletal System Disorder A human biological structure, fluid or other substance; excludes single molecular entities. C12219 Classification Anatomical Concepts Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance C1515976 NICHD Anatomic_Structure_System_or_Substance Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance Anatomic Structures and Systems test Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance Bone Head and Neck A congenital anatomic defect characterised by the absence of a normally present opening in an organ or tissue. C124497 Disease or Syndrome Atresia C0243066 CDISC Absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular organ. (Makris S, Solomon HM, Clark R, Shiota K, Barbellion S, Buschmann J, Ema M, Fujiwara M, Grote K, Hazelden KP, Hew KW, Horimoto M, Ooshima Y, Parkinson M, Wise LD. Terminology of developmental abnormalities in common laboratory mammals (Version 2). Part B. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2009 Aug;86(4):227-327.) ATRESIA Atresia Atretic 闭锁 Skin Soft Tissue Infection Integumentary System Neoplastic Cell Exocrine System Connective and Soft Tissue Material produced by living organisms; it can be a necessary constituent of, or product of an organismal process. C13236 Body Substance Body Fluid or Substance CL427986 CDISC NICHD Liquid substances produced by the body. Body_Fluid_or_Substance Body Fluid or Substance Body Fluid or Substance Body Fluids and Substances Body Fluids or Substances FLUID Body Fluid or Substance C143163 Finding CTCAE by Body System CTCAE by Body System Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events by Body System CTCAE by Body System C143171 Finding Infections and Infestations, CTCAE Infections and Infestations, CTCAE Infections and Infestations, CTCAE A disorder characterized by an infectious process involving the outer ear and ear canal. Contributory factors include excessive water exposure (swimmer's ear infection) and cuts in the ear canal. Symptoms include fullness, itching, swelling and marked discomfort in the ear and ear drainage. C143719 Finding Otitis Externa, CTCAE CTCAE A disorder characterized by an infectious process involving the outer ear and ear canal. Contributory factors include excessive water exposure (swimmer's ear infection) and cuts in the ear canal. Symptoms include fullness, itching, swelling and marked discomfort in the ear and ear drainage. Otitis Externa, CTCAE Otitis externa Otitis Externa, CTCAE A disorder characterized by an infectious process involving the middle ear. C143720 Finding Otitis Media, CTCAE CTCAE A disorder characterized by an infectious process involving the middle ear. Otitis Media, CTCAE Otitis media Otitis Media, CTCAE A cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. C16897 Pathologic Function Necrotic Process C0027540 Patient Code (Appendix B) CDISC CTRP FDA Death of a group of cells in an organ or tissue. (INHAND) Refers to the death of tissues. Necrosis NECROSIS Necrosis Necrotic Process necrosis Necrotic Process A biologic function or a process having an abnormal or deleterious effect at the subcellular, cellular, multicellular, or organismal level. C16956 Phenomenon or Process Pathologic Process C0030660 Pathologic_Process Pathologic Process Pathologic Process An activity occurring within an organism, between organisms or among organisms and the mechanisms underlying such events. C17828 Biologic Function Biological Process C0031845 Biological_Process Biological Function Biological Process Biological Process A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the connective and soft tissue. C26326 Disease or Syndrome Non-Neoplastic Connective and Soft Tissue Disorder C1335003 Non-Neoplastic_Connective_and_Soft_Tissue_Disorder Non-Neoplastic Connective and Soft Tissue Disease Non-Neoplastic Connective and Soft Tissue Diseases Non-Neoplastic Connective and Soft Tissue Disorder Non-Neoplastic Connective and Soft Tissue Disorders Non-Neoplastic Connective and Soft Tissue Disorder Inflammation of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues caused by a bacterial infection. Symptoms include erythema, edema, and pain to the affected area. C26715 Disease or Syndrome Cellulitis C0007642 Patient Code (Appendix B) FDA MedDRA NICHD An acute, spreading infection of the deep tissues of the skin and muscle that causes the skin to become warm and tender and may also cause fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes, and blisters. An infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with induration and erythema. Cellulitis Cellulitis Cellulitis cellulitis 蜂窝组织炎 A disorder resulting from the presence and activity of a microbial, viral, fungal, or parasitic agent. It can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact. C26726 Disease or Syndrome Infectious Disorder Infectious Disorder C0009450 Patient Code (Appendix B) CDISC CTRP FDA MedDRA NICHD A disorder resulting from the presence and activity of a microbial, viral, fungal, or parasitic agent. It can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact. A disorder resulting from the presence and activity of a microbial, viral, or parasitic agent. It can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact. (NCI) Invasion and multiplication of germs in the body. Infections can occur in any part of the body and can spread throughout the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, or fungi. They can cause a fever and other problems, depending on where the infection occurs. When the body's natural defense system is strong, it can often fight the germs and prevent infection. Some cancer treatments can weaken the natural defense system. Infectious_Disorder Infectious Disorder Clinical Infection ID INFECTION Infection Infectious Infectious Disease Infectious Diseases and Manifestations Infectious Disorder infection Infectious Disorder A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the connective tissue. C26729 Disease or Syndrome Connective Tissue Disorder C0009782 Patient Code (Appendix B) FDA NICHD A disorder characterized by abnormalities in one or more of the elements of the connective tissues, typically associated with genetic defects. Connective_Tissue_Disorder Connective Tissue Disorder Connective Tissue Disease Connective Tissue Diseases Connective Tissue Disorder Connective Tissue Disorders Disease, Connective Tissue Disorder of Connective Tissue Primary Disorder of Connective Tissue Tissue Disease, Connective Connective Tissue Disorder A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the soft tissue. C27042 Disease or Syndrome Soft Tissue Disorder C0263978 Soft_Tissue_Disorder Soft Tissue Disease Soft Tissue Diseases Soft Tissue Disorder Soft Tissue Disorders Soft Tissue Disorder A term that refers to the classification of a disorder according to the anatomic site that is involved in the pathologic process. C27551 Disease or Syndrome Disorder by Site C1333305 Header_Concept Disorder_by_Site Disease by Site Disorder by Site Disorder by Site A disorder involving lesions or eruptions of the skin, usually without inflammation. C27554 Disease or Syndrome Dermatosis Dermatosis CL448476 Dermatosis Dermatosis Dermatosis C27555 Disease or Syndrome Non-Neoplastic Skin Disorder C1335042 Non-Neoplastic_Skin_Disorder Non-Neoplastic Cutaneous Disorder Non-Neoplastic Skin Disorder Non-Neoplastic Skin Disorder A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the anatomic structures of the head and neck region. This category includes inflammatory disorders, benign neoplasms, precancerous conditions, and malignant neoplasms. C27571 Disease or Syndrome Head and Neck Disorder C1333941 Head_and_Neck_Disorder Head and Neck Disorder Head and Neck Disorder A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the bone or articular cartilage. C27572 Disease or Syndrome Non-Neoplastic Bone Disorder C1334997 Non-Neoplastic_Bone_Disorder Non-Neoplastic Bone Disorder Non-Neoplastic Bone Disorder A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the soft tissue. C27573 Disease or Syndrome Non-Neoplastic Soft Tissue Disorder C1335043 Non-Neoplastic_Soft_Tissue_Disorder Non-Neoplastic Soft Tissue Disorder Non-Neoplastic Soft Tissue Disorder A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the connective and soft tissue. C27574 Disease or Syndrome Connective and Soft Tissue Disorder C1333150 Connective_and_Soft_Tissue_Disorder Connective and Soft Tissue Disease Connective and Soft Tissue Diseases Connective and Soft Tissue Disorder Connective and Soft Tissue Disorder C27583 Disease or Syndrome Infectious Disorder by Site C1334175 Header_Concept Infectious_Disorder_by_Site Infectious Disorder by Site 局部感染性疾患 A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the anatomic structures of the head and neck region. C27663 Disease or Syndrome Non-Neoplastic Head and Neck Disorder C1335014 Non-Neoplastic_Head_and_Neck_Disorder Non-Neoplastic Head and Neck Disease Non-Neoplastic Head and Neck Disorder Non-Neoplastic Head and Neck Disorder Any abnormality, anatomical or biochemical, evident at birth or during the neonatal period. C2849 Congenital Abnormality Disease or Syndrome Congenital Abnormality C0000768 Patient Code (Appendix B) CDISC FDA NICHD A morphologic defect of an organ, part of an organ, or larger region of the body that results from an intrinsically abnormal developmental process during gestation. Congenital_Abnormality Congenital Malformation Birth Defect CONGENITAL DEFECT/DEFORMITY Congenital Abnormality Congenital Anatomic Abnormality Congenital Anatomical Abnormality Congenital Anomalies of Fetus Congenital Anomaly Congenital Anomaly or Birth Defect Congenital Defect Congenital Defect/Deformity Congenital Deformity Congenital Malformation DEFECT/DEFORMITY, CONGENITAL Defect/Deformity, Congenital Deformity/Defect, Congenital SCONG Congenital Abnormality An acute infectious disorder that is caused by gram positive or gram negative bacteria; representative examples include pneumococcal, streptococcal, salmonella, and meningeal infections. C2890 Disease or Syndrome Bacterial Infection Bacterial Infection C0004623 Patient Code (Appendix B) CTRP FDA NICHD An infection caused by a bacterium. Bacterial_Infection Bacterial Infection Bacterial Disease Bacterial Disorder Bacterial Infection Infection, Bacterial 细菌感染 A pathologic process characterized by the proliferation of keratinizing squamous epithelium resulting in the accumulation of keratin and cells in the middle ear and/or mastoid. It may be congenital or acquired. If left untreated, it may increase in size and destroy adjacent structures. C2944 Disease or Syndrome Cholesteatoma C0008373 Cholesteatoma Cholesteatoma Cholesteatoma A sac-like closed membranous structure that may be empty or contain fluid or amorphous material. C2978 Finding Cyst C0010709 CDISC NICHD A sac or capsule in the body. It may be filled with fluid or other material. A sac-like closed pocket of tissue that may be empty or may be filled with fluid, gas, semisolid, or amorphous material. It typically has an outer epithelial-lined capsule. Cyst Cyst CYST Cyst cyst Cyst An inflammatory process affecting the skin. Signs include red rash, itching, and blister formation. Representative examples are contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis. C2983 Disease or Syndrome Dermatitis Dermatitis C0011603 Patient Code (Appendix B) FDA Inflammation of the skin. Dermatitis Dermatitis Inflammation Of Skin Inflammation of Skin Inflammation of the Skin Skin Inflammation dermatitis Dermatitis Any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. The term is often used broadly to include injuries, disabilities, syndromes, symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function. C2991 Disease or Syndrome Disease or Disorder C0012634 CDISC-GLOSS NICHD Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a part, organ, or system of the body as manifested by characteristic symptoms and signs. [Dorland's Medical Dictionary] In medicine, a health problem with certain characteristics or symptoms. Diseases_and_Disorders Disease or Disorder Disease Disease or Disorder Disease or Disorder, Non-Neoplastic Diseases Diseases and Disorders Disorder Disorders Other Disease condition disease disorder Disease or Disorder A form of dermatitis characterized by red, itchy, scaly, or crusty patches that can be chronic or intermittent. C3001 Disease or Syndrome Eczema C0013595 MedDRA NICHD A form of dermatitis characterized by red, itchy, scaly, or crusty patches that can be chronic or intermittent. A group of conditions in which the skin becomes inflamed, forms blisters, and becomes crusty, thick, and scaly. Eczema causes burning and itching, and may occur over a long period of time. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of eczema. Eczema Eczema Atopic Dermatitis Eczema Eczematous Dermatitis eczema 湿疹 Non-neoplastic overgrowth of bone. C3029 Disease or Syndrome Exostosis C1442903 A disorder characterized by non-neoplastic overgrowth of bone. Exostosis Exostosis Exostosis The formation of fibrous tissue. C3044 Finding Fibrosis C0016059 Patient Code (Appendix B) CDISC FDA Increase in collagen and low numbers of fibrocytes. The formation of fibrous tissue; fibroid or fibrous degeneration. The growth of fibrous tissue. Fibrosis FIBROSIS Fibrosis fibrosis Fibrosis Abnormal epithelial-lined communication between two anatomical structures. C3045 Anatomical Abnormality Disease or Syndrome Fistula Fistula C0016169 Patient Code (Appendix B) CDISC CTRP FDA MedDRA NICHD Abnormal epithelial-lined communication between two structures. Abnormal passage or communication between two normally unconnected structures, body cavities, or the surface of the body. (Makris S, Solomon HM, Clark R, Shiota K, Barbellion S, Buschmann J, Ema M, Fujiwara M, Grote K, Hazelden KP, Hew KW, Horimoto M, Ooshima Y, Parkinson M, Wise LD. Terminology of developmental abnormalities in common laboratory mammals (Version 2). Part B. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2009 Aug;86(4):227-327.) An abnormal opening or passage between two organs or between an organ and the surface of the body. Fistulas may be caused by injury, infection, or inflammation, or may be created during surgery. Fistula Fistula FISTULA Fistula Pathologic Fistula fistula 瘘 An inflammatory reaction usually caused by infectious organisms, foreign bodies, or cholesterol deposits. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid histiocytes and chronic inflammation. C3064 Finding Granuloma C0018188 Patient Code (Appendix B) CDISC FDA MedDRA NICHD A lesion characterized by the presence of epithelioid histiocytes and chronic inflammation. An organized chronic inflammatory reaction characterized by the presence of epithelioid macrophages. Giant cells and/or necrosis can be observed. Granuloma Granuloma GRANULOMA Granuloma Granulomatous Lesion Granuloma A localized protective response resulting from injury or destruction of tissues. Inflammation serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissue. In the acute phase, inflammation is characterized by the signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Histologically, inflammation involves a complex series of events, including dilatation of arterioles, capillaries, and venules, with increased permeability and blood flow; exudation of fluids, including plasma proteins; and leukocyte migration into the site of inflammation. C3137 Finding Inflammation C0021368 Patient Code (Appendix B) CDISC FDA A response to an injury or abnormal stimuli characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and varying degrees of vascular and tissue reactions (hyperemia, edema, fibrin, and/or fibrosis). Redness, swelling, pain, and/or a feeling of heat in an area of the body. This is a protective reaction to injury, disease, or irritation of the tissues. Inflammation INFLAMMATION Inflammation inflammation Inflammation A soft yellow wax secreted by glands in the ear canal. C32293 Body Substance Cerumen C0740486 CDISC A wax secreted by glands in the ear canal. Cerumen CERUMEN Cerumen Earwax Cerumen A benign or malignant tissue growth resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation. Benign neoplastic cells resemble normal cells without exhibiting significant cytologic atypia, while malignant cells exhibit overt signs such as dysplastic features, atypical mitotic figures, necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, and anaplasia. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include papillomas, cystadenomas, and lipomas; malignant neoplasms include carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemias. C3262 Neoplastic Process Neoplasm C0375111 CTRP NICHD An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Neoplasms may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Undetermined Neoplasm Neoplasm Yes Neoplasia Neoplasm Neoplastic Disease Neoplastic Growth Other Neoplasm neoplasia neoplasm tumor Neoplasm Hair Clinical, laboratory or molecular evidence, or absence of evidence of disease. C3367 Finding Finding C1285578 CDISC-GLOSS NICHD A meaningful interpretation of data or observations resulting from planned evaluations. Compare to conclusion, hypothesis. Finding Finding Finding Observable Entity finding Finding Any deviation from the normal structure or function of the skin or subcutaneous tissue that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs. C3371 Disease or Syndrome Skin Disorder C0037274 NICHD Skin_Disorder Skin Disorder Cutaneous Disorder Disorder of Skin Skin Diseases and Manifestations Skin Disorder Skin Disorder Enlargement; expansion in size; sign of inflammation C3399 Sign or Symptom Swelling C0038999 Patient Code (Appendix B) FDA Swelling Swelling Swelling C34062 Body Substance Exocrine Gland Fluid or Secretion C1516992 Exocrine_Gland_Fluid_or_Secretion Exocrine Gland Fluid or Secretion Exocrine Gland Fluid or Secretion A permanent mark left on the skin in the process of wound healing. C34483 Finding Scar C2004491 Patient Code (Appendix B) CDISC FDA MedDRA NICHD A mark left (usually on the skin) by the healing of injured tissue. A permanent mark left on the skin in the process of wound healing. Scar Scar SCAR Scar Scarring Scar A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder involving the hair. Representative examples include folliculitis, alopecia, tricholemmoma, and pilomatrical carcinoma. C34656 Disease or Syndrome Hair Disorder C0018500 Hair_Disorder Hair Disorder Hair Disorder The protrusion of part of an organ or fibroadipose tissue through an abnormal opening. C34685 Anatomical Abnormality Disease or Syndrome Hernia Hernia C0019270 Patient Code (Appendix B) CDISC CTRP FDA NICHD The bulging of an internal organ through a weak area or tear in the muscle or other tissue that holds it in place. Most hernias occur in the abdomen. The protrusion of part of an organ or fibroadipose tissue through an abnormal opening. (NCI) Hernia Hernia HERNIA Hernia hernia 疝 Excessive growth of keratin on the skin. C34747 Finding Keratosis C0022593 Keratosis Keratosis Keratosis infection by Staphylococcus. C35038 Disease or Syndrome Staphylococcal Infection C0038160 Staphylococcal_Infection Staphylococcal Infection Staphylococcal Infection A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the hair. Representative examples may include alopecia, male pattern baldness, hirsutism, and hair shaft disorders. C35784 Disease or Syndrome Non-Neoplastic Hair Disorder C1335013 Non-Neoplastic_Hair_Disorder Non-Neoplastic Hair Disorder Non-Neoplastic Hair Disorder A light microscopic finding that describes the cellular characteristics and architectural patterns of cell populations in a tissue sample. C35867 Finding Morphologic Finding C0700329 Morphologic_Finding Morphologic Finding Morphologic Finding A term that refers to the classification of a clinical or laboratory finding according to the anatomic site or system that is involved. C36278 Finding Finding by Site or System C1333618 Header_Concept Finding_by_Site_or_System Finding by Site or System Finding by Site or System Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the integumentary system. C36281 Finding Integumentary System Finding C1291044 CDISC NICHD Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the integumentary system. (NCI) Integumentary_System_Finding Integumentary System Finding INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Integumentary System Finding Skin Finding Integumentary System Finding An anatomic abnormality that is either present at birth or appears later in life. C36287 Anatomical Abnormality Disease or Syndrome Congenital or Acquired Anatomic Abnormality C0302142 CDISC NICHD A permanent structural change that is likely to adversely affect the form, survival or health of the species under study. (Gupta, R. C. ed. (2011) Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. London, UK: Elsevier, Inc.) Congenital_or_Acquired_Anatomic_Abnormality Congenital or Acquired Anatomic Abnormality Anatomic Abnormality Anatomical Abnormality Congenital or Acquired Anatomic Abnormality Congenital or Acquired Anatomical Abnormality Deformity MALFORMATION Congenital or Acquired Anatomic Abnormality C36291 Finding Finding by Cause C1333617 Header_Concept Finding_by_Cause Finding by Cause Finding by Cause C36295 Finding Other Finding C1335151 Header_Concept Other_Finding Other Finding Other Finding Cutaneous Involvement Any unfavorable or unintended disease, sign, or symptom (including an abnormal laboratory finding) that is temporally associated with the use of a medical treatment or procedure, and that may or may not be considered related to the medical treatment or procedure. Such events can be related to the intervention, dose, route of administration, patient, or caused by an interaction with another drug(s) or procedure(s). C41331 Finding Adverse Event C0877248 BRIDG CDISC CDISC-GLOSS FDA An unexpected medical problem that happens during treatment with a drug or other therapy. Adverse effects do not have to be caused by the drug or therapy, and they may be mild, moderate, or severe. Any unfavorable and unintended sign, symptom, disease, or other medical occurrence with a temporal association with the use of a medical product, procedure or other therapy, or in conjunction with a research study, regardless of causal relationship. EXAMPLE(S): death, back pain, headache, pulmonary embolism, heart attack Any unfavorable or unintended disease, sign, or symptom (including an abnormal laboratory finding) that is temporally associated with the use of a medical treatment or procedure, and that may or may not be considered related to the medical treatment or procedure. Such events can be related to the intervention, dose, route of administration, patient, or caused by an interaction with another drug(s) or procedure(s). Any untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation subject administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. An adverse event (AE) can therefore be any unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal (investigational) product, whether or not related to the medicinal (investigational) product. NOTE: For further information, see the ICH Guideline for Clinical Safety Data Management: Definitions and Standards for Expedited Reporting. [Modified from ICH E2A] Synonyms: side effect, adverse experience. See also serious adverse event, serious adverse experience. (CDISC glossary) Any untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation subject administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. an adverse event (AE) can therefore be any unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal (investigational) product, whether or not related to the medicinal (investigational) product. NOTE: For further information, see the ICH Guideline for Clinical safety Data Management: Definitions and standards for expedited Reporting. [After ICH E2A] See also serious adverse event, serious adverse experience. Adverse_Event ADVERSE EVENT AE Adverse Event Adverse Experience AdverseEvent adverse event adverse event (AE) adverse experience side effects Adverse Event Substance A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. C50579 Finding Hematoma C0018944 Patient Code (Appendix B) CTCAE FDA MedDRA NICHD A disorder characterized by a localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. A localized collection of extra vascular blood. A pool of clotted or partially clotted blood in an organ, tissue, or body space, usually caused by a broken blood vessel. Hematoma Hematoma Hematoma hematoma Hematoma Narrowing or stricture of a vessel, duct or canal. C50754 Finding Stenosis C1261287 Patient Code (Appendix B) FDA MedDRA NICHD Narrowing of the luminal diameter in a tubular organ or structure. Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. Stenosis Stenosis Stenosis Stricture Stenosis Objective evidence of disease perceptible to the examining healthcare provider. C53458 Finding Sign C0311392 Sign Sign Sign Any disorder other than abnormal tissue growth resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation. C53529 Disease or Syndrome Non-Neoplastic Disorder C1709246 CDISC CTEP Any disorder other than abnormal tissue growth resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation. (NCI) Non-Neoplastic_Disorder NON-NEOPLASTIC Non-Neoplastic Disease Non-Neoplastic Disorder Non-neoplastic Disorder Non-neoplastic condition, NOS Non-neoplastic disorder, NOS Non-Neoplastic Disorder C53531 Disease or Syndrome Non-Neoplastic Disorder by Site C1709247 Non-Neoplastic_Disorder_by_Site Non-Neoplastic Disease by Site Non-Neoplastic Disorder by Site Non-Neoplastic Disorder by Site C53547 Disease or Syndrome Non-Neoplastic Disorder by Special Category C1709248 Non-Neoplastic_Disorder_by_Special_Category Non-Neoplastic Disease by Special Category Non-Neoplastic Disorder by Special Category Non-Neoplastic Disorder by Special Category FDA Patient Problem Code Hierarchy A condition that is relevant to human neoplasms and non-neoplastic disorders. This includes observations, test results, history and other concepts relevant to the characterization of human pathologic conditions. C7057 Conceptual Entity Disease, Disorder or Finding C1511989 Diseases_Disorders_and_Findings Disease, Disorder or Finding Disease, Disorder or Finding A bacterial infectious process affecting the soft tissues. A severe form caused by anaerobic or aerobic bacteria is associated with soft tissues necrosis and affects the subcutaneous adipose tissue, muscles, fascia, and the skin. C79745 Disease or Syndrome Soft Tissue Infection C0149778 A disorder characterized by an infectious process involving soft tissues. Soft_Tissue_Infection Soft Tissue Infection Soft tissue infection 软组织感染 A finding resulting from the examination of a tissue sample under light or electron microscopy. C83490 Finding Microscopic Finding C2827068 Microscopic_Finding Microscopic Finding Microscopic Finding Pediatric Disorder Pediatric Terminology An infectious or non infectious disorder characterized by signs and symptoms derived from focal or extensive tissue infiltration by acute (e.g., polymorphonuclear) or chronic (e.g., lymphocytic-plasmacytic) inflammatory cells. Representative examples of infectious disorders include viral infections, bacterial infections, and parasitic infections. Representative examples of non-infectious inflammatory disorders include inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory polyps. C93210 Disease or Syndrome Inflammatory Disorder C1290884 Inflammatory Disease Inflammatory Disorder Inflammatory Disorder Inflammation of the hair follicles. Causes include excessive perspiration, skin infections, and skin wounds. C94408 Disease or Syndrome Folliculitis C0016436 NICHD Inflammation of a follicle (a sac or pouch-like cavity), usually a hair follicle. Inflammation of the hair follicles. Folliculitis Folliculitis folliculitis Folliculitis A cyst-like structure that lacks an epithelial lining. C97117 Finding Pseudocyst C0333161 Pseudocyst Pseudocyst Bacterial infection of the hair follicle and the surrounding skin. It is caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It presents as a painful, erythematous and swollen skin lesion. C99087 Disease or Syndrome Furuncle C0242301 Boil Furuncle 疖 FMA:54832 颞下颌关节 特征 PATO:0002097 quality 恶性 quality 良性 quality 后天性 quality 先天性 quality 光化性 quality 化学性 PATO:0001513 quality 弥漫性 quality 阻塞性 PATO:0002105 quality 出血性 quality 感染性 PATO:0002125 quality 结节性 quality 非感染性 PATO:0001448 quality 骨化 H60.000 外耳脓肿 H60.001 外耳疖 H60.002 外耳痈 H60.100 外耳蜂窝组织炎 H60.200 恶性外耳炎 H60.300 感染性外耳炎，其他的 H60.301 出血性外耳炎 H60.302 弥漫性外耳炎 H60.303 游泳者耳病 H60.400 外耳胆脂瘤 H60.401 外耳肉芽肿 H60.402 外耳阻塞性角化病 H60.403 外耳道肉芽肿 H60.500 急性外耳炎，非感染性 H60.501 外耳湿疹 H60.502 急性光化性外耳炎 H60.503 急性化学性外耳炎 H60.800 外耳炎，其他特指的 H60.801 慢性外耳炎 H60.900 外耳炎 H60.901 外耳道炎 H61.000 外耳软骨膜炎 H61.001 慢性结节性耳轮软骨皮炎 H61.002 耳廓瘢痕 H61.100 耳廓非感染性疾患 H61.101 后天性外耳畸形 H61.102 耳廓瘘 H61.103 耳廓假性囊肿 H61.104 耳后血肿骨化 H61.105 耳廓肿物 H61.200 耵聍栓塞 H61.300 后天性外耳道狭窄 H61.800 外耳其他特指的疾患 H61.801 颞下颌关节外耳道疝 H61.802 外耳道外生骨疣 H61.803 外耳瘘 H61.804 外耳道角化症 H61.805 外耳道坏死 H61.806 外耳道囊肿 H61.900 外耳异常 H61.901 外耳道肿物 H61.902 后天性外耳道闭锁 disease quality 疾病特性 栓塞性 修饰 其他的 其他特指的 空间位置 在 的后面 在 的前面 在 的上面 在 的下面 外耳疾患 外耳道疾患 病理 carbuncle carbuncle An infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that consists of a cluster of boils. Commonly, the causative agent is staphylococcus aureus. Carbuncles produce fever, leukocytosis, extreme pain, and prostration. [database_cross_reference: MESH:D002270] DOID:2176; ICD9:680.9; ICD9:680.8; EFO:1000674; UMLS:C0007078; SCTID:416893007; MESH:D002270 carbuncle and furuncle of leg except foot; carbuncle and furuncle of gluteal region; carbuncle and furuncle of neck; carbuncle and furuncle of hand; carbuncle and furuncle of face; carbuncle and furuncle of buttock; carbuncle and furuncle of trunk; carbuncle and furuncle of upper arm and forearm; carbuncle and furuncle of foot; carbuncle and furuncle of any part of face except eye 痈 planned process planned process Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification. 'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.) We are only considering successfully completed planned processes. A plan may be modified, and details added during execution. For a given planned process, the associated realized plan specification is the one encompassing all changes made during execution. This means that all processes in which an agent acts towards achieving some objectives is a planned process. Bjoern Peters branch derived 6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call) 计划性过程 evaluant role When a specimen of blood is assayed for glucose concentration, the blood has the evaluant role. When measuring the mass of a mouse, the evaluant is the mouse. When measuring the time of DNA replication, the evaluant is the DNA. When measuring the intensity of light on a surface, the evaluant is the light source. a role that inheres in a material entity that is realized in an assay in which data is generated about the bearer of the evaluant role Role call - 17nov-08: JF and MC think an evaluant role is always specified input of a process. Even in the case where we have an assay taking blood as evaluant and outputting blood, the blood is not the specified output at the end of the assay (the concentration of glucose in the blood is) examples of features that could be described in an evaluant: quality.... e.g. "contains 10 pg/ml IL2", or "no glucose detected") GROUP: Role Branch OBI Feb 10, 2009. changes after discussion at OBI Consortium Workshop Feb 2-6, 2009. accepted as core term. 评估性角色 assay Assay the wavelength of light emitted by excited Neon atoms. Count of geese flying over a house. A planned process with the objective to produce information about the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies. 12/3/12: BP: the reference to the 'physical examination' is included to point out that a prediction is not an assay, as that does not require physical examiniation. PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch measuring scientific observation OBI branch derived study assay any method 企图 assay objective the objective to determine the weight of a mouse. an objective specification to determine a specified type of information about an evaluated entity (the material entity bearing evaluant role) PPPB branch PPPB branch assay objective A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities PATO:0000072 trait quality PATO:0000001 特性 A quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sudden onset, sharp rise, and short course. quality PATO:0000389 急性 A quality which inheres in an process. PATO:0001239 PATO:0001240 quality of a process quality of occurrent quality of process relational quality of occurrent quality PATO:0001236 See comments of relational quality of a physical entity. 过程特性 A quality which inheres in a continuant. PATO:0001237 PATO:0001238 snap:Quality monadic quality of a continuant multiply inhering quality of a physical entity quality of a continuant quality of a single physical entity quality of an object quality of continuant monadic quality of an object monadic quality of continuant quality PATO:0001241 Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles. 对象的物理特性 A process quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's magnitude of the temporal extent between the starting and ending point. PATO:0000081 period quality time PATO:0001309 时限 A duration quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having slow progressive course of indefinite duration. quality PATO:0001863 慢性 george 2009-06-05T09:16:46Z quality PATO:0002062 物理的过程特性 A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an onset and time course between acute and chronic. george 2009-10-05T11:31:35Z quality PATO:0002091 亚急性 疾病 example to be eventually removed Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete. metadata complete term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg organizational term Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release." ready for release Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors. metadata incomplete Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term. uncurated All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor. pending final vetting Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology. Alan Ruttenberg group:OBI to be replaced with external ontology term A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues. Alan Ruttenberg group:OBI requires discussion ## Elucidation This is used when the statement/axiom is assumed to hold true 'eternally' ## How to interpret (informal) First the "atemporal" FOL is derived from the OWL using the standard interpretation. This axiom is temporalized by embedding the axiom within a for-all-times quantified sentence. The t argument is added to all instantiation predicates and predicates that use this relation. ## Example Class: nucleus SubClassOf: part_of some cell forall t : forall n : instance_of(n,Nucleus,t) implies exists c : instance_of(c,Cell,t) part_of(n,c,t) ## Notes This interpretation is *not* the same as an at-all-times relation axiom holds for all times en Ontology for Biomedical Investigations Advisors for this project come from the IFOMIS group, Saarbruecken and from the Co-ODE group in Manchester Alan Ruttenberg Allyson Lister Barry Smith Bill Bug Bjoern Peters Carlo Torniai Chris Mungall Chris Stoeckert Chris Taylor Christian Bolling Cristian Cocos Daniel Rubin Daniel Schober Dawn Field Dirk Derom Elisabetta Manduchi Eric Deutsch Frank Gibson Gilberto Fragoso Helen C. Causton Helen Parkinson Holger Stenzhorn James A. Overton James Malone Jay Greenbaum Jeffrey Grethe Jennifer Fostel Jessica Turner Jie Zheng Joe White John Westbrook Kevin Clancy Larisa Soldatova Lawrence Hunter Liju Fan Luisa Montecchi Matthew Brush Matthew Pocock Melanie Courtot Melissa Haendel Mervi Heiskanen Monnie McGee Norman Morrison Philip Lord Philippe Rocca-Serra Pierre Grenon Richard Bruskiewich Richard Scheuermann Robert Stevens Ryan R. Brinkman Stefan Wiemann Susanna-Assunta Sansone Tanya Gray Tina Hernandez-Boussard Trish Whetzel Yongqun He 2009-07-31 The Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI) is build in a collaborative, international effort and will serve as a resource for annotating biomedical investigations, including the study design, protocols and instrumentation used, the data generated and the types of analysis performed on the data. This ontology arose from the Functional Genomics Investigation Ontology (FuGO) and will contain both terms that are common to all biomedical investigations, including functional genomics investigations and those that are more domain specific. OWL-DL An ontology for the annotation of biomedical and functional genomics experiments. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Please cite the OBI consortium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi where traditional citation is called for. However it is adequate that individual terms be attributed simply by use of the identifying PURL for the term, in projects that refer to them. 2018-08-27 24:07:2008 15:29 fma 1.2 this is an ALPHA version of the FMA2.0 in obo. Conversion based on http://www.bioontology.org/wiki/index.php/FMAInOwl 07:02:2018 10:27 quality 1.2 segerdel OBO-Edit 2.3.1 OBO Relations Ontology The OBO Relations Ontology (RO) is a collection of OWL relations (ObjectProperties) intended for use across a wide variety of biological ontologies. Includes Ontology(OntologyID(Anonymous-21)) [Axioms: 26 Logical Axioms: 0] https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/ Includes Ontology(OntologyID(Anonymous-21)) [Axioms: 32 Logical Axioms: 0]