Emanuele Ghedini University of Bologna (IT) email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
Gerhard Goldbeck Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
This ontology is generated with EMMOntoPy using data from the ASE Python package.
You can contact EMMO Authors via emmo@emmc.eu
Defines physical quantities in the International System of Quantities (ISQ). ISQ was made an official ISO standard in 2009 and is defined in the ISO/IEC 80000 standard. ISQ underlines the SI system and defines physical quanties that are measured with SI units. ISQ has 7 base quantities and many derived quantities defined in terms of the 7 base quantities. The number of derived quantities not closed and may increase based on the need by domain ontologies.
Defines properties as the result of an observation process. Observation is a semiotic process that stimulate an interpretant within the interpreter who communicates the perception result to other interpreters through a sign, which is the property. Hence, properties creates a link between the holistic and the perceptual perspectives. Subclasses of property are subclasses that spesialise the type of observation process.
Defines the formal language of metrology, including theoretical and practical aspects of measurements. This module is based on the International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) as well as the ISO/IEC 80000 standard.
Defines the holistic perspective which include process and the role of its participants. Processes are 4D object's that unfolds in time in a way that has a meaning to the ontologist with participants who's role is assigned by the ontologist.
Defines the perceptual perspective, which categorises real world objects according to how they are percieved by an user as a recognisable pattern in space or time. The perceptual module includes formal languages, pictures, geometry, mathematics and sounds. Phenomenic objects can be used in a semiotic process as signs.
Defines the perceptual perspective, which which categorises real world objects according to how they are percieved by an user as a recognisable pattern in space or time. The perceptual module includes formal languages, pictures, geometry, mathematics and sounds. Phenomenic objects can be used in a semiotic process as signs.
Defines the reductionistic perspective, which uses the fundamental non-transitive parthood relation, called direct parthood, to provide a powerful granularity description of multiscale real world objects. EMMO can in principle represents the Universe with direct parthood relations as a direct rooted tree up to its elementary constituents. In addition to direct parthood, the reductionistic module defines 'State' as a tesselation of spatial direct parts with no change of granularity or cardinality and 'Existent' as a tesselation of temporal direct parts.
Defines the root of the physicalistic perspective that introduces the concept of real world objects that have a meaning for the ontologist under an applied physics perspective.
Describes manufacturing processes with engineered participants. The module also provides a root for engineered materials.
Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology (EMMO) EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
Introduces the fundamental mereocausal (and mereotopological) concepts of EMMO and their relations with the real world entities that they represent. EMMO uses mereocausality as the ground for all the subsequent ontology modules. The concept of causal connection is used to define the first distinction between ontology entities namely the item and collections. Items are causally self-connected objects, while collections are causally disconnected. Quantum mereology is based on the concept of quantum entity. This module introduces also the fundamental mereotopological relations used to distinguish between space and time dimensions, making spacetime emerge from underlying network of causal relations between quantum entities.
The EMMO perspectives level ontology is a container for the EMMO perspectives level ontologies. The perspectives level ontologies act as roots for extending the EMMO towards specific application domains. They describe the world from different perspectives, including - physicalistic - holistic - reductionistic - perceptual - data - semiotic - persistence
The chemistry module populates the physicalistic perspective with materials subclasses categorised according to modern applied chemistry.
The domain module is a container that imports some common domain extensions of EMMO perspectives. The intension is to provide examples for developers of EMMO-based domain ontologies.
The materials module populates the physicalistic perspective with materials subclasses categorised according to modern applied physical sciences.
The math module defines the formal language of mathematics. Mathematical objects represents graphical objects based on graphical symbols arranged according the rules of math.
The models module defines models as semiotic signs that stands for an object by resembling or imitating it, in shape or by sharing a similar logical structure.
The module 'siunits' defines the 7 base units and 22 derived units as well as the metric prefixes specified in the SI system. All additional derived units, SI-based or not, goes into the 'units-extension' module.
The module 'unitsextension' defines all units in EMMO perspectives that are not included in the 'siumits' module.
The periodic table domain ontology provide a simple reference implementation of all atoms in the periodic table with a few selected conventional properties. It is ment as both an example for other domain ontologies as well as a useful assert by itself. Periodic table is released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0).
The perspective module provides the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which the only objective categorization is provided by the Universe individual and all the Quantum individuals. Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a 'Perspective' subclass.
The semiotics module is based on the semiotic theory by Charles S. Peirce. It introduces the triadic semiotic process, called semiosis, with its participants an 'object' that is represented by a 'sign' producing another sign, the 'interpretant' and finally the 'interpreter' who connects the 'object', 'sign' and 'interpretant'. The role of abstract objects are in EMMO fulfilled by semiotic objects, i.e. real world objects (e.g. symbol or sign) that stand for other real world objects that are to be interpreted by an agent. These symbols appear in actions (semiotic processes) meant to communicate meaning by establishing relationships between symbols (signs).
Adham Hashibon, University College of London, UK
Anne de Baas, Goldbeck Consulting Ltd, UK
Francesca Lønstad Bleken, SINTEF, NO
Francesco Zaccarini, University of Bologna, IT
Georg Schmitz, Access, DE
Gerhard Goldbeck, Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
Gerhard Goldbeck, Goldbeck Consulting Ltd, UK
Jesper Friis, SINTEF, NO
Michael Noeske, FRAUNHOFER IFAM, DE
Sebastiano Moruzzi, University of Bologna, IT
Emanuele Ghedini, University of Bologna (IT)
Emanuele Ghedini, University of Bologna, IT
EMMC ASBL
EMMC ASBL European Materials Modelling Council Silversquare Stéphanie Avenue Louise 54 1050 Brussels CBE no: 0731 621 312 contact@emmc.eu
Chemistry
Distinctional
Domain
EMMO perspectives-level ontology
Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology
Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology (EMMO)
Holistic
Information
International System of Quantities (ISQ)
Manufacturing
Materials
Math
Mereocausality
Metrology
Models
Perceptual
Periodic table
Persholistic
Persistence
Perspective
Physicalistic
Properties
Reductionistic
SI units
Semiotics
Symbolic
Units extension
Contacts: Gerhard Goldbeck Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com Emanuele Ghedini University of Bologna (IT) email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
The EMMO should be reasoned in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy in Protege (ctrl+R hotkey). It is tested with both the HermiT (preferred) and FacT++ reasoners.
1.0.0-beta4
A person or organisation acting as a contact point for enquiries about the ontology resource
The annotation should include an email address.
contact
URL to corresponing entity in QUDT.
qudtReference
IRI to corresponding concept in the Ontology of units of Measure.
omReference
The conceptualisation annotation is a comment that helps the reader to understand how the world has been conceptualised by the ontology authors.
A conceptualisation is the preliminary step behind each theory, preceding each logical formalisation. The readers approaching an ontology entity should first read the conceptualisation annotation to clearly understand "what we are talking about" and the accompanying terminology, and then read the elucidation.
An elucidation can provide references to external knowledge sources (i.e. ISO, Goldbook, RoMM).
conceptualisation
ISO9000Reference
URL to corresponding dpbedia entry.
dbpediaReference
The etymology annotation explains the origin of a word and the historical development of its meaning.
Definitions are usually taken from Wiktionary.
The etymology annotation is usually applied to rdfs:label entities, to better understand the connection between a label and the concept it concisely represents.
etymology
Precise and univocal description of an ontological entity in the framework of an axiomatic system.
A definition univocally determines a OWL entity using necessary and sufficient conditions referring to other OWL entities.
definition
Corresponding item number in ISO 80 000.
3-1.1 (ISO80000 reference to length)
ISO80000Reference
ISO14040Reference
Short enlightening explanation aimed to facilitate the user in drawing the connection (interpretation) between a OWL entity and the real world object(s) for which it stands.
An elucidation should address the real world entities using the concepts introduced by the conceptualisation annotation.
elucidation
Illustrative example of how the entity is used.
example
quantity value (term in VIM that corresponds to Quantity in EMMO)
The term in the International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) (JCGM 200:2008) that corresponds to the annotated term in EMMO.
VIMTerm
Axiom not included in the theory because of OWL 2 DL global restrictions for decidability.
OWLDLRestrictedAxiom
A text that add some information about the entity.
A comment can be addressed to facilitate interpretation, to suggest possible usage, to clarify the concepts behind each entity with respect to other ontological apporaches.
comment
URL to corresponding Wikipedia entry.
wikipediaReference
DOI to corresponding concept in IUPAC
iupacReference
A link to a graphical representation aimed to facilitate understanding of the concept, or of an annotation.
figure
EMMO applies the naming convension to its sub-properties of rdfs:seeAlso that their label must end with one of the following terms: - 'Match': resolvable URLs to corresponding entity in another ontology - 'Entry': resolvable URLs to a human readable resource describing the subject - 'Ref': non-resolvable reference to a human readable resource describing the subject
Indicate a resource that might provide additional information about the subject resource.
x isNotCauseOf y iff not(x isCauseOf y)
isNotCauseOf
hasDeducer
hasQuantitativeProperty
The relation between a process and the entity that represents how things have turned out.
hasOutcome
hasDeclared
hasManufacturedOutput
hasProductOutput
hasStatus
Assigns a quantity to an object by convention.
An Hydrogen atom has the quantity atomic number Z = 1 as its conventional property.
An object can be represented by a quantity for the fact that it has been recognized to belong to a specific class. The quantity is selected without an observation aimed to measure its actual value, but by convention.
hasConventionalQuantity
The primitive relation that express the concept of an entity being part of another one.
All other mereology relations can be defined in FOL using hasPart as primitive.
hasPart
The generic EMMO semiotical relation.
semiotical
hasModel
hasIndex
A temporal part that capture the overall spatial extension of the causal object.
hasTemporalSlice
The relation between a process whole and a temporal part of the same type.
hasInterval
hasVariable
The relation between a process P and an object whole O that overcrosses it. The intersection between P and O is a participant of P.
hasTemporaryParticipant
A causal relation between the y effected and the x causing entities with intermediaries, where x isCauseOf y and not(y isCauseOf x).
isAntecedentOf
isPredecessorOf
From Latin prae ("beforehand") and decedere ("depart").
hasIcon
hasComponent
The superclass of all mereological EMMO relations.
The EMMO adheres to Atomistic General Extensional Mereology (AGEM).
mereological
Coined by Stanisław Leśniewski in 1927, from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”) +‎ -logy (“study, discussion, science”). https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mereology
The part is connected with the rest item or members with hasNext (or its inverse) and hasContact relations only.
hasSpatioTemporalPart
hasJunctionPart
hasServiceOutput
hasInterpreter
A temporal relation between two entities occurs when the two entities are in a one directional causality relation. The idea is that a temporal relation always implies a one-directional causality between two entities, leading to a asymmetric relation. This means that the causing entity can be in direct and optionally indirect causality relation with the effect entity. On the contrary, the effect entity cannot be in any causal relation (direct or indirect) with the causing entity.
A time contact occurs when x isDirectCause y and not(y isCauseOf x).
Each pair of entities in direct causality relation is either in hasNext or hasTwoWayCauseWith relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
This relation is asymmetric and irreflexive.
isBefore
hasNext
hasBeginTask
hasCognised
hasCogniser
A relation between two holistic wholes that properly overlap, sharing one of their holistic parts.
A man and the process of building a house. The man is a whole that possesses an holistic temporal part which is an interval of six monts and represents a working period in his lifetime. The process of building a house is a whole that possesses an holistic spatial part which is a builder. The working period of the man and the builder participating the building process are the same individual, belonging both to a man lifetime and to a building holistic views. In this sense, the man and the building process overcrosses. and the overlapping individual is represented differently in both holistic views.
This relation is about two wholes that overlap, and whose intersection is an holistic part of both.
hasHolisticOverlap
A proper part relation with domain restricted to items.
hasPortionPart
Direct causality is a concept that capture the idea of contact between two entities, given the fact that there are no causal intermediaries between them. It requires that at least a quantum of the causing entity is direct cause of a quantum of the caused entity. It does not exclude the possibility of indirect causal routes between proper parts of the two entities.
A causal relation between the causing and the effected entities occurring without intermediaries.
Direct cause is irreflexive.
Direct cause provides the edges for the transitive restriction of the direct acyclic causal graph whose nodes are the quantum entities.
isDirectCauseOf
isProperPartOf
hasHolisticNonTemporalPart
The relation between a whole and its holistic quantity parts.
hasQuantity
hasSign
The relation between a holistic whole and its related entities, being them parts or other overlapping entities.
hasHolisticRelation
A relation that establishes for the whole a univocal tessellation in temporal parts.
hasTemporalDirectPart
hasTemporalTile
The relation between a measurement result and the measurement uncertainty.
hasMeasurementUncertainty
A relation that establishes for the whole a univocal tessellation in spatio temporal parts.
hasJunctionTile
hasURI
The superproperty of the relations between a whole and its mereological parts that are still holistic wholes of the same type.
A volume of water has redundand parts other volumes of water. All this volumes have holistic parts some water molecules.
The purpose of this relation is to provide a parhood relation that does not go deep enough, in terms of decomposition, to break the holistic definition of the whole. On the contrary, the holistic parthood, is expected to go that deep.
hasRedundantPart
Relates the physical quantity to its unit through spatial direct parthood.
In EMMO version 1.0.0-beta4, physical quantities used the hasReferenceUnit object property to relate them to their units via physical dimensionality. This was simplified in 1.0.0-alpha3 in order to make reasoning faster. The restriction (e.g. for the physical quantity Length) Length hasReferenceUnit only (hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension) was in 1.0.0-alpha3 changed to Length hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension Likewise were the universal restrictions on the corresponding unit changed to excistential. E.g. Metre hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension was changed to Metre hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension The label of this class was also changed from PhysicsDimension to PhysicalDimension.
hasReferenceUnit
The relation between two entities that stands for the same individuals.
Equality is here defined following a mereological approach.
equalsTo
The relation between a collection and one of its item members.
hasMember
A proper part of the whole that is not Spatial or Temporal.
This relation identifies parts of a 4D object that do not fully cover the lifetime extent of the whole (spatial) nor the full spatial extent (temporal).
This relation is a filler, to categorise the parts of an entity that are not covered by the other parthood relations. A proper part is then the disjoint union of: spatial part, temporal part and spatio temporal part relations.
hasSpatialPartialPart
hasSpatialSection
hasTask
hasSubObject
Direct parthood is the non transitive version of parthood enabling the establishment of hierarchy of granularities, starting with an entity and providing several tesselation levels according to specific criteria. The criteria are implemented in specialised versions of the direct parthood relation (e.g., metrological direct part, XML format direct part). The direct parts (tiles) and the tessellated entity (tessellation) are causally self connected (i.e., items), coherently with the concept behind the definition of the reductionistic perspective.
The relation grouping all direct parthood relations used in the reductionistic perspective.
This relation is not antitransitive, to enable partitioning of a causal object with more than one tiling scheme (e.g. time and space partitioning).
hasDirectPart
A relation that identify a proper item part of the whole, whose parts always cover the full spatial extension of the whole within a time interval.
A temporal part of an item cannot both cause and be caused by any other proper part of the item. A temporal part is not constraint to be causally self-connected, i.e. it can be either an item or a collection. We therefore introduce two subproperties in order to distinguish between both cases.
In EMMO FOL this is a defined property. In OWL temporal relations are primitive.
hasTemporalPart
A tile that is connected with other tiles with bi-directional causal relations that fall under hasNext (or its inverse) or hasContact.
hasWellFormedTile
hasInterpretant
A spatial contact between two entities occurs when the two entities are in an interaction relation whose causal structure is a representation of the fundamental interactions between elementary particles (Feynman diagrams). It means that if two entities are in contact, then there is at least a couple of elementary particles, one part of the first and one part of the second, interacting according to one of the fundamental interactions through virtual particles. This kind of connection is space-like (i.e. interconnecting force carrier particle is offshelf). Contacts between two entities exclude the possibility of other causal relations that are not included in a fundamental space-like interaction.
An interaction that is the sum of direct causality relations between two entities that are interpretable as fundamental physical interactions.
Spatial contact is symmetric and irreflexive.
The contact relation is not an ordering relation since is symmetric.
hasSpatiialnteractionWith
contacts
The relation between the whole and a proper part of the whole that scale down to the point which it lose the characteristics of the whole and become something else.
An holistic part of water fluid is a water molecule.
hasHolisticPart
Relates a quantity to its reference unit through spatial direct parthood.
hasQuantityValue
hasEndTask
The relation between an entity and one of its parts, when both entities are distinct.
hasProperPart
The part is not connected with the rest item or members with hasNext relation (or its inverse).
hasNonTemporalPart
The relation between an entity that overlaps another without being its part.
overcrosses
hasHolisticTemporalPart
hasDeduced
notOverlaps
Causality is the fundamental concept describing how entities affect each other, and occurs before time and space relations. Embracing a strong reductionistic view, causality originates at quantum entities level.
The superclass of all causal EMMO relations.
Each pair of entities is either in isCauseOf or isNotCauseOf relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
causal
The relation between a process and an object participating to it, i.e. that is relevant to the process itself.
Participation is a parthood relation: you must be part of the process to contribute to it. A participant whose 4D extension is totally contained within the process. Participation is not under direct parthood since a process is not strictly related to reductionism, but it's a way to categorize temporal regions by the interpreters.
hasParticipant
A temporal part that is not a slice.
hasTemporalSection
The relation between a object whole and its spatial part of the same type.
A volume of 1 cc of milk within a 1 litre can be considered still milk as a whole. If you scale down to a cluster of molecules, than the milk cannot be considered a fluid no more (and then no more a milk).
hasPortion
A relation that establishes for the whole a univocal tessellation in spatial parts.
hasSpatialDirectPart
hasSpatialTile
The relation between two entities that overlaps and neither of both is part of the other.
properOverlaps
An indirect cause is a relation between two entities that is mediated by a intermediate entity. In other words, there are no quantum parts of the causing entity that are direct cause of quantum parts of the caused entity.
A causal relation between the effected and the causing entities with intermediaries.
isIndirectCauseOf
hasModelledQuantity
hasPhysicalDimension
The relation between the whole and the last direct temporal part of a sequence.
hasTemporalLast
hasEndTile
A proper part relation with domain restricted to collections.
hasGatheredPart
The outcome of a process.
The partial overlapping is required since the creating process is distinct with the process in which the output is used or consumed.
hasOutput
hasDeclarer
The relation within a process and an agengt participant.
hasAgent
The relation between two causally reachable entities through a path of contacts relations (i.e. representing physical interactions).
isConcomitantWith
hasCharacterised
The relation between a process and one of its process parts.
hasSubProcess
We say that an entity causes another if there is a quantum part of the first that is in causal relation with a quantum parts of the second. An entity cannot cause itself (causal loops are forbidden) or a part of itself. For this reasons causality between entities excludes reflexivity and prevents them to overlap.
The relation between an individuals x and y, that holds if and only if: a) y having a part that is causing an effect on a part of x b) y and x non-overlapping
:isCauseOf owl:propertyDisjointWith :overlaps
Each pair of causally connected entities is either in isDirectCauseOf or isIndirectCauseOf relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
It applies to both quantums and macro-entities (entities made of more than one quantum). It is admissible for two entities to be one the cause of the other, excepts when they are both quantums.
The OWL 2 DL version of the EMMO introduces this object property as primitive causal relation. It refers to the macro causality relation mC(x,y), defined in the EMMO FOL version. While the EMMO FOL introduces the quantum causality relation C(x,y) as primitive, the OWL 2 DL version substantially simplifies the theory, neglecting these lower level relations that are well above DL expressivity.
isCauseOf
Due to the transitivity characteristic of :overlaps subclasses, that makes it a composite property.
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”).
The relation between two entities that share at least one of their parts.
overlaps
The relation between an object and one of its holistic part that contributes to the object under some spatial-based criteria.
hasConstituent
hasCollaborationWith
A proper part of a whole, whose parts always cover the full temporal extension of the whole within a spatial interval.
hasSpatialPart
hasProperty
hasFractionalCollection
hasConstitutiveProcess
hasConvention
hasBehaviour
The class for all relations used by the EMMO.
EMMORelation
hasCharacteriser
hasStage
hasSemioticObject
hasReferent
A relation that identify a proper part of the whole that extends itself in time along the overall lifetime of the whole, and whose parts never cover the full spatial extension of the 4D whole.
In EMMO FOL this is a defined property. In OWL spatial relations are primitive.
hasSpatialIntegralPart
hasSpatialSlice
hasMeasuredQuantity
The relation between the whole and the first direct temporal part of a sequence.
hasTemporalFirst
hasBeginTile
hasConnectedPortion
isPartOf
isPortionPartOf
isOvercrossedBy
hasMaximalCollection
hasFractionalMember
isGatheredPartOf
hasScatteredPortion
The chemical symbol of an atomic element.
hasChemicalSymbol
The input of a process.
hasInput
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO string data entity.
hasStringValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO symbol data entity.
hasSymbolValue
hasURLValue
hasURIValue
hasURNValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO numerical data entity.
hasNumericalValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO data entity.
This is the superproperty of all data properties used to serialise a fundamental data type in the EMMO Data perspective. An entity can have only one data value expressing its serialisation (e.g. a Real entity cannot have two different real values).
hasDataValue
The mass of an atomic element according to IUPAC 2016.
This is a convenient shortcut for the measurement process process of the atomic mass reported by IUPAC2016.
hasIUPAC2016AtomicMass
The atomic number of an atomic element.
This is a convenient shortcut for the conventional declaration process of assigning an atomic number to an atom subclass.
hasAtomicNumber
Measurement unit for absorbed dose.
Gray
A 'Process', that has participant an 'Interpreter', that is aimed to produce a 'Sign' representing another participant, the 'Object'.
Me looking a cat and saying loud: "Cat!" -> the semiosis process me -> interpreter cat -> object (in Peirce semiotics) the cat perceived by my mind -> interpretant "Cat!" -> sign, the produced sign
Semiosis
An product that is ready for commercialization.
Product
CommercialProduct
One dalton is defined as one twelfth of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state.
Dalton
PhotochemicalProcesses
A chain of linked physics based model simulations solved iteratively, where equations are segregated.
IterativeCoupledModelsSimulation
A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled.
IndustrialPlant
Factory
From Latin factor, from fact- ‘done’, from the verb facere (to do).
An holistic perspective considers each part of the whole as equally important, without the need to position the parts within a hierarchy (in time or space). The interest is on the whole object and on its parts (how they contribute to the whole, i.e. their roles), without going further into specifying the spatial hierarchy or the temporal position of each part. This class allows the picking of parts without necessarily going trough a rigid hierarchy of spatial compositions (e.g. body -> organ -> cell -> molecule) or temporal composition. This is inline with the transitive nature of parthood, as it is usually defined in literature. The holistic perspective is not excluding the reductionistic perspective, on the contrary it can be considered its complement.
The union of classes whole and part.
A perspective characterized by the belief that some mereological parts of a whole (holistic parts) are intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole and vice versa.
A molecule of a body can have role in the body evolution, without caring if its part of a specific organ and without specifying the time interval in which this role occurred.
A product is a role that can be fulfilled by many objects, but always requires a process to which the product participates and from which it is generated.
Wholistic
From the word 'holistic' with the 'w-' prefix, due to the affinity with the existing word 'whole', that share the same meaning of 'holos'.
Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire").
A 'Mathematical' entity that is made of a 'Numeral' and a 'MeasurementUnit' defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective. Measurement is done according to the same model.
In the same system of quantities, dim ρB = ML−3 is the quantity dimension of mass concentration of component B, and ML−3 is also the quantity dimension of mass density, ρ. ISO 80000-1
Measured or simulated 'physical propertiy'-s are always defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective and measurement is done according to the same model. Systems of units suggests that this is the correct approach, since except for the fundamental units (length, time, charge) every other unit is derived by mathematical relations between these fundamental units, implying a physical laws or definitions.
Measurement units of quantities of the same quantity dimension may be designated by the same name and symbol even when the quantities are not of the same kind. For example, joule per kelvin and J/K are respectively the name and symbol of both a measurement unit of heat capacity and a measurement unit of entropy, which are generally not considered to be quantities of the same kind. However, in some cases special measurement unit names are restricted to be used with quantities of specific kind only. For example, the measurement unit ‘second to the power minus one’ (1/s) is called hertz (Hz) when used for frequencies and becquerel (Bq) when used for activities of radionuclides. As another example, the joule (J) is used as a unit of energy, but never as a unit of moment of force, i.e. the newton metre (N · m).
— quantities of the same kind have the same quantity dimension, — quantities of different quantity dimensions are always of different kinds, and — quantities having the same quantity dimension are not necessarily of the same kind. ISO 80000-1
PhysicalQuantity
Coupled
TimeDimension
Vector quantity giving the rate of change of a position vector. -- ISO 80000-3
The velocity depends on the choice of the reference frame. Proper transformation between frames must be used: Galilean for non-relativistic description, Lorentzian for relativistic description. -- IEC, note 2
The velocity is related to a point described by its position vector. The point may localize a particle, or be attached to any other object such as a body or a wave. -- IEC, note 1
Velocity
MicrowaveSintering
Sintering is the process of forming a solid mass of material through heat and pressure without melting to the point of liquefaction. This process involves the atoms in materials diffusing across the particle boundaries and fusing together into one piece.
Sintering occurs naturally in mineral deposits, and is used as a manufacturing process for materials including ceramics, metals and plastics. Because the sintering temperature doesn’t reach the materials’ melting point, it is often used for materials with high melting points, such as molybdenum and tungsten.
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy sintering: thermal treatment of a powder or compact, at a temperature below the melting point of the main constituent, for the purpose of increasing its strength by the metallurgical bonding of its particles
ISO/ASTM TR 52906:2022 Additive manufacturing sintering: process of heating a powder metal compact to increase density and/or improve mechanical properties via solid state diffusion
Sintering
GenerativeManufacturing
AdditiveManufacturing
Laplacian
The amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture.
MoleFraction
AmountFraction
A property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.
Inductance
ElectricInductance
Force of gravity acting on a body.
Weight
Gas is a compressible fluid, a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.
Gas
The entity (or agent, or observer, or cognitive entity) who connects 'Sign', 'Interpretant' and 'Object'.
For example, the ontologist may be interest in cataloguing in the EMMO how the same object (e.g. a cat) is addressed using different signs (e.g. cat, gatto, chat) by different interpreters (e.g. english, italian or french people). The same applies for the results of measurements: the ontologist may be interest to represent in the EMMO how different measurement processes (i.e. semiosis) lead to different quantitative results (i.e. signs) according to different measurement devices (i.e. interpreters).
The interpreter is not the ontologist, being the ontologist acting outside the ontology at the meta-ontology level. On the contrary, the interpreter is an agent recognized by the ontologist. The semiotic branch of the EMMO is the tool used by the ontologist to represent an interpreter's semiotic activity.
Interpreter
One astronomical unit is defined as exactly 149597870700 m, which is roughly the distance from earth to sun.
AstronomicalUnit
The interpreter's internal representation of the object in a semiosis process.
Interpretant
A discrete data whose elements can be decoded as tokens from one or more alphabets, without necessarily respecting syntactic rules.
fe780 emmo !5*a cat for(i=0;i<N;++i)
A symbolic entity is not necessarily graphical (e.g. it doesn't necessarily have the physical shape of a letter), but its elements can be decoded and put in relation with an alphabet. In other words, a sequence of bit "1000010" in a RAM (a non-graphical entity) is a valid symbol since it can be decoded through ASCII rules as the letter "B". The same holds for an entity standing for the sound of a voice saying: "Hello", since it can be decomposed in discrete parts, each of them being associated to a letter of an alphabet.
A symbolic object possesses a reductionistic oriented structure. For example, text is made of words, spaces and punctuations. Words are made of characters (i.e. atomic symbols).
From Ancient Greek σύμβολον (súmbolon, “a sign by which one infers something; a mark, token, badge, ticket, tally, check, a signal, watchword, outward sign”), from συμβάλλω (sumbállō, “I throw together, dash together, compare, correspond, tally, come to a conclusion”), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw, put”).
Mass per volume.
Quantity representing the spatial distribution of mass in a continuous material.
MassConcentration
MassDensity
Density
1-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are numbers.
1DArray
Vector
Pico
Welding
RightHandedParticle
Number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
AtomicNumber
Measurement unit for power.
Watt
MaterialRelationComputation
Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units corresponding to the relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities.
derived unit
A measurement unit for a derived quantity. -- VIM
DerivedUnit
PlasticSintering
Java
Filling
Measure for how the magnetization of material is affected by the application of an external magnetic field .
Permeability
EnergyPerAmountDimension
Rate of transfer of energy per unit time.
Power
A causally bonded system is a system in which there are at least thwo causal paths that are interacting.
PhysicallyInteracting
UpQuark
Probability is a dimensionless quantity that can attain values between 0 and 1; zero denotes the impossible event and 1 denotes a certain event.
The propability for a certain outcome, is the ratio between the number of events leading to the given outcome and the total number of events.
Probability
0-manifold
ZeroManifold
NonCrystallineMaterial
AmorphousMaterial
A material in which distributed particles of one phase are dispersed in a different continuous phase.
Dispersion
A relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions.
f(x) > 0
Inequality
A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)
Crystal
From Ancient Greek κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “clear ice”), from κρύος (krúos, “frost”).
1-manifold
OneManifold
A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.
SupplyChain
A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' due to causal continguity.
Smoke stands for a combustion process (a fire). My facial expression stands for my emotional status.
Signal
Index
From Latin index (“a discoverer, informer, spy; of things, an indicator, the forefinger, a title, superscription”), from indicō (“point out, show”).
Data that are decoded retaining its continuous variations characteristic.
A vynil contain continuous information about the recorded sound.
The fact that there may be a finite granularity in the variations of the material basis (e.g. the smallest peak in a vynil that can be recognized by the piezo-electric transducer) does not prevent a data to be analog. It means only that the focus on such data encoding is on a scale that makes such variations negligible, making them practically a continuum.
AnalogData
A mixture in which more than one phases of matter cohexists.
Phase heterogenous mixture may share the same state of matter. For example, immiscibile liquid phases (e.g. oil and water) constitute a mixture whose phases are clearly separated but share the same state of matter.
PhaseHeterogeneousMixture
An holistic temporal part of a whole.
HolisticTemporalPart
TemporalRole
A single phase mixture.
PhaseHomogeneousMixture
TotalComposition
Measure for how the polarization of a material is affected by the application of an external electric field.
Permittivity
Curve
A causal multipath system is a system made of causal paths that are not interacting between each others, or possibly merge and fork.
A physically unbounded system is a combination of decays and/or annihilations, without any space-like interaction between elementary particles.
PhysicallyNonInteracting
Result of a measurement. A set of quantites being attributed to a measurand (measured quantitative property) together with any other available relevant information, like measurement uncertainty. -- VIM
measurement result
A measurement result has the measured quantity, measurement uncertainty and other relevant attributes as holistic parts.
A measurement result generally contains “relevant information” about the set of measured quantity properties, such that some may be more representative of the measured quantity than others. This may be expressed in the form of a probability density function (pdf).
MeasurementResult
A causal chain is an ordered causal sequence of entities that does not host any bifurcation within itself (a chain). A chain can only be partitioned in time.
The class of entities that possess a temporal structure but no spatial structure.
An electron with at least one causal interaction with another particle.
hasTemporalPart min 2 (Elementary or Quantum)
CausalChain
Elementary
CausalPath
From Old French chaine, chaene (“chain”), from Latin catēna (“chain”).
From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”).
From Ancient Greek πάτος (pátos, “path”).
A 'Semiosis' that involves an 'Observer' that perceives another 'Physical' (the 'Object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'Property' (the 'Sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception according to a well defined conventional procedure.
Assigning the word "red" as sign for an object provides an information to all other interpreters about the outcome of a specific observation procedure according to the determiner.
Characterisation
Determination
Deci
ElectricCurrentDensityDimension
PaperManufacturing
SecondGenerationFermion
A SI derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of SI base units is one.
This class collects all units that are products or powers of SI base or SI special units only.
SICoherentDerivedUnit
IntangibleProduct
Service
BottomAntiQuark
GasMixture
A meson with spin zero and odd parity.
PseudoscalarMeson
Heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter.
Heat
An object which is an holistic spatial part of a process.
A student during an examination.
Participant
A process occurring by natural (non-intentional) laws.
NonIntentionalProcess
NaturalProcess
CompiledLanguage
LuminousIntensityDimension
Unit for dimensionless units that cannot be expressed as a 'FractionUnit'.
Unit of AtomicNumber
PureNumberUnit
A class devoted to categorize causal objects by specifying their granularity levels.
A granularity level is specified by a tiling decomposition of the whole y. A tiling is identified as a set of items {x1, x2, ... xn} called tiles that: - are proper parts of y - covers the entire whole (y = x1 +x2 + ... + xn) - do not overlap - are part of one, and one only, whole (inverse functional)
Direct parthood is the antitransitive parthood relation used to build the class hierarchy (and the granularity hierarchy) for this perspective.
The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
Charge
ElectricCharge
JavaScript
IUPACName
ThermalSprayingForming
A system arranged to setup a specific manufacturing process.
ManufacturingSystem
Galvanizing
Mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
SingleComponentComposition
The number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole. It defines the base unit mole in the SI system.
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
AvogadroConstant
The difference in electric potential between two points.
Correspond to the work needed per unit of charge to move a test charge between two points in a static electric field.
ElectricPotentialDifference
ElectricTension
Voltage
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two masses.
Unit for mass fraction.
MassFractionUnit
A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such. International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
A symbolic is recognized as reference unit also if it is not part of a quatity (e.g. as in the sentence "the Bq is the reference unit of Becquerel"). For this reason we can't declare the axiom: ReferenceUnit SubClassOf: inverse(hasReferenceUnit) some Quantity because there exist reference units without being part of a quantity. This is peculiar to EMMO, where quantities (symbolic) are distinct with properties (semiotics).
ReferenceUnit
A real number.
Real
A quantity whose magnitude is additive for subsystems.
Mass Volume Entropy
Note that not all physical quantities can be categorised as being either intensive or extensive. For example the square root of the mass.
Extensive
Encoded data made of more than one datum.
DataSet
An interpreter who establish the connection between an icon an an object recognizing their resemblance (e.g. logical, pictorial)
The scientist that connects an equation to a physical phenomenon.
Cogniser
From Latin cognitio (“knowledge, perception, a judicial examination, trial”), from cognitus, past participle of cognoscere (“to know”), from co- (“together”) + *gnoscere, older form of noscere (“to know”
An electric dipole, vector quantity of magnitude equal to the product of the positive charge and the distance between the charges and directed from the negative charge to the positive charge.
ElectricDipoleMoment
Ablation
Base quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
ISQBaseQuantity
MetallicPowderSintering
PermanentLiquidPhaseSintering
An expression that has parts only integer constants, variables, and the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation by an exponent that is a rational number)
AlgebricExpression
ElectroSinterForging
A meson with total spin 1 and odd parit.
VectorMeson
An 'interpreter' that perceives another 'entity' (the 'object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'property' (the 'sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception.
Determiner
The biography of a person met by the author.
Observed
A determination of an object without any actual interaction.
Estimation
From Latin aestimatus (“to value, rate, esteem”).
Matter composed of both matter and antimatter fundamental particles.
HybridMatter
MagneticDipoleMomentDimension
DensityDimension
2-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are vectors.
2DArray
Matrix
A tessellation in wich a tile has next two or more non spatially connected tiles.
Fork
BlueCharmQuark
A neutrino belonging to the first generation of leptons.
ElectronNeutrino
ShearCutting
Deka
A 'Graphical' that stands for a real world object that shows a recognizable pictorial pattern without being necessarily associated to a symbolic language.
A drawing of a cat. A circle on a paper sheet. The Mona Lisa.
Pictorial
WeakBoson
Measure of plane angle defined as 1/60 or a degree.
MinuteOfArc
ArcMinute
In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts.
Vergence
A perspective in which entities are represented according to the variation of their properties.
A data is a causal object whose variations (non-uniformity) can be recognised and eventually interpreted. A data can be of different physical types (e.g., matter, wave, atomic excited states). How the variations are recognised and eventually decoded depends on the interpreting rules that characterise that type of data. Variations are pure physical variations and do not necessarily possess semantic meaning.
The covering axiom that defines the data class discriminates within all the possible causal objects between encoded or non encoded.
Luciano Floridi, "Information - A very Short Introduction", Oxford University Press., (2010) ISBN 978-0199551378
Contrast
Dedomena
Pattern
Data
From Greek, nominative plural form of δεδομένο (dedoméno) (data, information)
From Latin data, nominative plural of datum (“that is given”), neuter past participle of dō (“I give”).
CharmQuark
A variable is a symbolic object that stands for any other mathematical object, such as number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, an element of a set.
x k
Variable
Fom Latin variabilis ("changeable").
The superclass of entities which are defined by requiring the existence of some parts (at least one) of specifically given types, where the specified types are different with respect to the type of the whole.
A whole is always defined using a criterion expressed through the classical transitive parthood relation. This class is expected to host the definition of world objects as they appear in its wholeness, dependently on some of their parts and independently on the surroundings.
A whole is categorized as fundamental (or maximal) or redundant (non-maximal).
Whole
From Middle English hole (“healthy, unhurt, whole”).
Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object
Force
Examples of composite particles with integer spin: spin 0: H1 and He4 in ground state, pion spin 1: H1 and He4 in first excited state, meson spin 2: O15 in ground state.
CompositeBoson
A causal collapse is a fundamental interaction that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n), when m>n.
CausalCollapse
A colloid formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.
Foam
RedBottomAntiQuark
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
Solutions are characterized by the occurrence of Rayleigh scattering on light,
Solution
3-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are matrices.
3DArray
Array3D
A process which is an holistic temporal part of an object.
Accelerating is a behaviour of a car.
Behaviour
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity that can undergo a chemical reaction.
Hydrogen molecule is an adequate definition of a certain molecular entity for some purposes, whereas for others it is necessary to distinguish the electronic state and/or vibrational state and/or nuclear spin, etc. of the hydrogen molecule.
Methane, may mean a single molecule of CH4 (molecular entity) or a molar amount, specified or not (chemical species), participating in a reaction. The degree of precision necessary to describe a molecular entity depends on the context.
Molecular entity is used as a general term for singular entities, irrespective of their nature, while chemical species stands for sets or ensembles of molecular entities. Note that the name of a compound may refer to the respective molecular entity or to the chemical species,
This concept is strictly related to chemistry. For this reason an atom can be considered the smallest entity that can be considered "molecular", including nucleus when they are seen as ions (e.g. H⁺, He⁺⁺).
ChemicalEntity
MolecularEntity
Grinding
A symbol that stands for a single unit.
Some examples are "Pa", "m" and "J".
UnitSymbol
A charged vector boson that mediate the weak interaction.
ChargedWeakBoson
IntermediateVectorBoson
WBoson
Hecto
Measure of time defined as 3600 seconds.
Hour
A numerical data value.
A number individual provides the link between the ontology and the actual data, through the data property hasNumericalValue.
A number is actually a string (e.g. 1.4, 1e-8) of numerical digits and other symbols. However, in order not to increase complexity of the taxonomy and relations, here we take a number as an "atomic" object, without decomposit it in digits (i.e. we do not include digits in the EMMO as alphabet for numbers).
In math usually number and numeral are distinct concepts, the numeral being the symbol or a composition of symbols (e.g. 3.14, 010010, three) and the number is the idea behind it. More than one numeral stands for the same number. In the EMMO abstract entities do not exists, and numbers are simply defined by other numerals, so that a number is the class of all the numerals that are equivalent (e.g. 3 and 0011 are numerals that stands for the same number). Or alternatively, an integer numeral may also stands for a set of a specific cardinality (e.g. 3 stands for a set of three apples). Rational and real numbers are simply a syntactic arrangment of integers (digits, in decimal system). The fact that you can't give a name to a number without using a numeral or, in case of positive integers, without referring to a real world objects set with specific cardinality, suggests that the abstract concept of number is not a concept that can be practically used. For these reasons, the EMMO will consider numerals and numbers as the same concept.
Numeral
Number
The subject of condensed matter physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases which arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms. More generally, the subject deals with "condensed" phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions between them.
CondensedMatter
Exponent
Archetype join attaches two workpiece with geometrically defined shape together, using supplementary workpiece made of amorphous material (e.g. powder).
ArchetypeJoin
An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment.
Experiment
RedCharmQuark
StrangeQuark
Femto
A whole with spatial parts of its same type.
SpatiallyRedundant
UndefinedEdgeCutting
A participant that is the driver of the process.
A catalyst. A bus driver. A substance that is initiating a reaction that would not occur without its presence.
An agent is not necessarily human. An agent plays an active role within the process. An agent is a participant of a process that would not occur without it.
Agent
A real matrix with shape 4x3.
Shape4x3Matrix
Subatomic particle which contains an odd number of valence quarks, at least 3.
Baryon
A coded conventional that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community) acting as black-box.
The beauty of that girl. The style of your clothing.
The word subjective applies to property intrisically subjective or non-well defined. In general, when an black-box-like procedure is used for the definition of the property. This happens due to e.g. the complexity of the object, the lack of a underlying model for the representation of the object, the non-well specified meaning of the property symbols. A 'SubjectiveProperty' cannot be used to univocally compare 'Object'-s. e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis.
Subjective
The class of individuals that stand for muon elementary particles belonging to the second generation of leptons.
Muon
Fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer technology.
This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including personal use.
3DPrinting
Zepto
An object which is an holistic temporal part of another object.
If an inhabited house is considered as an house that is occupied by some people in its majority of time, then an interval of inhabited house in which occasionally nobody is in there is no more an inhabited house, but an unhinabited house, since this temporal part does not satisfy the criteria of the whole.
Here we consider a temporal interval that is lower than the characteristic time of the physical process that provides the causality connection between the object parts.
SubObject
HandlingDevice
A network of objects that implements a production process through a series of interconnected elements.
ProductionSystem
Plane
The class of individuals that stand for photons elementary particles.
Photon
ThermochemicalTreatment
ChemicalName
SerialStep
CSharp
Positron
InterferenceFitting
The mass of an atom in the ground state.
Since the nucleus account for nearly all of the total mass of atoms (with the electrons and nuclear binding energy making minor contributions), the atomic mass measured in Da has nearly the same value as the mass number.
The atomic mass is often expressed as an average of the commonly found isotopes.
AtomicMass
Measure of length defined as 1e-10 metres.
Ångström is not mentioned in the SI system and deprecated by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). Dispite of that, it is often used in the natural sciences and technology.
Angstrom
Ångström
An 'equation' that stands for a 'physical_law' by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities.
The Newton's equation of motion. The Schrödinger equation. The Navier-Stokes equation.
PhysicsEquation
A manufacturing process that comprises all intermediate manufacturing steps, from raw materials to final product, ready for commercialisation as commercial product for some markets.
ISO/TS 16791:2020 manufacturing, manufacture: process of production from the acquisition of all materials through all processing stages, including final packaging
CompleteManufacturing
A measure of time defined as 86 400 seconds.
Day
Arrays are ordered mathematical objects who's elementary spatial parts are numbers. Their dimensionality is constructed with spatial direct parthood, where 1-dimensional arrays have spatial direct parts Number and n-dimensional array have spatial direct parts (n-1)-dimensional arrays.
A Vector is a 1-dimensional Array with Number as spatial direct parts, a Matrix is a 2-dimensional Array with Vector as spatial direct parts, an Array3D is a 3-dimensional Array with Matrix as spatial direct parts, and so forth...
Array subclasses with a specific shape can be constructed with cardinality restrictions. See Shape4x3Matrix as an example.
Arrays are ordered objects, since they are a subclasses of Arrangement.
Array
Examples of composite particles with half-integer spin: spin 1/2: He3 in ground state, proton, neutron spin 3/2: He5 in ground state, Delta baryons (excitations of the proton and neutron)
CompositeFermion
Derived quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
ISQDerivedQuantity
GreenTopAntiQuark
GluonType8
An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities.
The definition of velocity as v = dx/dt. The definition of density as mass/volume. y = f(x)
DefiningEquation
AntiMuon
BlueBottomAntiQuark
MuonAntiNeutrino
A coded conventional that is determined by each interpeter following a well defined determination procedure through a specific perception channel.
The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure. This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not.
Objective
Multiplication
A well formed tessellation with at least a junction tile.
MixedTiling
A manufacturing in which workpieces are produced from solid raw parts through permanent deformation, provided that neither material is added nor removed.
The mass of the raw part is equal to the mass of the finished part.
Forming
Umformen
ReshapeManufacturing
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy reaction sintering: process wherein at least two constituents of a powder mixture react during sintering
ReactionSintering
This class represents processes that are related to industrial approach, as appeared after XIX century.
ProductionEngineeringProcess
IndustrialTechnologyProcess
SandMolds
A collection is the concept that complements the item concept, being an entity that possesses at least one part non directly causally connected with the rest. A collection can be partitioned in maximally connected items called members. The members are self-connected entities and there is no direct causality relation between them. The combination of collection and item concepts is the EMMO mereocausality alternative to set theory. However, two items can be members only if they are non direct causally connected, giving some constraints to a collection definition. For example, two entities which are directly connected cannot be two distinct members, while their interiors (i.e. the entities obtained by removing the layer of parts that provides the causal contact between them) can be.
The class of not direct causally self-connected world entities.
The collection of users of a particular software, the collection of atoms that have been part of that just dissociated molecule.
Collection
Every collection has at least two item members, since a collection of one item is a self-connected entity (and then an item).
From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’.
An interpreter who establish the connection between an conventional sign and an object according to a specific convention.
A scientist that assigns a quantity to a physical objects without actually measuring it but taking it for granted due to its previous experience (e.g. considering an electron charge as 1.6027663e-19 C, assigning a molecular mass to a gas only by the fact of a name on the bottle).
Someone who assigns a name to an object.
Declarer
AccelerationDimension
A coarse dispersion of solid in a solid continuum phase.
Granite, sand, dried concrete.
SolidSolidSuspension
WellFormedTile
The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380649×10−23 when expressed in the unit J K−1, which is equal to kg m2 s−2 K−1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
Kelvin
ElectricPotentialDimension
An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms.
A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing.
StandaloneAtom
A real vector with 3 elements.
The quantity value of physical quantities if real space is a Shape3Vector.
Shape3Vector
Flanging
Electroplating
GluonType1
The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆νCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.
Second
A 'process' that is recognized by physical sciences and is categorized accordingly.
While every 'process' in the EMMO involves physical objects, this class is devoted to represent real world objects that express a phenomenon relevant for the ontologist
PhysicalPhenomenon
A colloid in which small particles (1 nm to 100 nm) are suspended in a continuum phase.
Sol
NewtonianConstantOfGravityDimension
A property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms.
Energy is often defined as "ability of a system to perform work", but it might be misleading since is not necessarily available to do work.
Energy
SIUnitSymbol
ElectricConductanceDimension
"The unit one is the neutral element of any system of units – necessary and present automatically." SI Brochure
DimensionOne
A generic step in a workflow, that is not the begin or the end.
InternalStep
FormingFromIonised
A meson with spin zero and even parity.
ScalarMeson
ParticulateMatter
AreaDimension
An atom_based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons.
H₂0, C₆H₁₂O₆, CH₄
An entity is called essential if removing one direct part will lead to a change in entity class. An entity is called redundand if removing one direct part will not lead to a change in entity class.
This definition states that this object is a non-periodic set of atoms or a set with a finite periodicity. Removing an atom from the state will result in another type of atom_based state. e.g. you cannot remove H from H₂0 without changing the molecule type (essential). However, you can remove a C from a nanotube (redundant). C60 fullerene is a molecule, since it has a finite periodicity and is made of a well defined number of atoms (essential). A C nanotube is not a molecule, since it has an infinite periodicity (redundant).
ChemicalSubstance
Molecule
Measurement unit for catalytic activity.
Katal
A coarse dispersion of liquid in a solid continuum phase.
SolidLiquidSuspension
A programming language entity expressing a formal detailed plan of what a software is intended to do.
A source code is the companion of an application, being it the entity used to generate the application list of CPU executable instructions.
Source code (also referred to as source or code) is the version of software as it is originally written (i.e., typed into a computer) by a human in plain text (i.e., human readable alphanumeric characters).
SourceCode
ThermomechanicalTreatment
ElectricResistivityDimension
A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' through convention, norm or habit, without any resemblance to it.
In Peirce semiotics this kind of sign category is called symbol. However, since symbol is also used in formal languages, the name is changed in conventional.
Conventional
A coded that is not atomic with respect to a code of description.
A biography.
A sentence about some object, depticting its properties.
A description is a collection of properties that depicts an object. It is not atomic since it is made of several properties collected together.
Description
An interpreter who establish the connection between an index sign and an object according to a causal contiguity.
Someone who deduces an emotional status of a persona according to facial expression.
Someone who deduces the occurring of a physical phenomenon through other phenomena.
Deducer
A causal object which is tessellated with only spatial direct parts.
e.g. the existent in my glass is declared at t = t_start as made of two direct parts: the ice and the water. It will continue to exists as state as long as the ice is completely melt at t = t_end. The new state will be completely made of water. Between t_start and t_end there is an exchange of molecules between the ice and the water, but this does not affect the existence of the two states. If we partition the existent in my glass as ice surrounded by several molecules (we do not use the object water as direct part) then the appearance of a molecule coming from the ice will cause a state to end and another state to begin.
The definition of an arrangement implies that its spatial direct parts are not gained or lost during its temporal extension (they exist from the left to the right side of the time interval), so that the cardinality of spatial direct parts in an arrangement is constant. This does not mean that there cannot be a change in the internal structure of the arrangement direct parts. It means only that this change must not affect the existence of the direct part itself.
The use of spatial direct parthood in state definition means that an arrangement cannot overlap in space another arrangement that is direct part of the same whole.
MereologicalState
Arrangement
ChipboardManufacturing
BlowMolding
RedBottomQuark
A CausalSystem whose quantum parts are all bonded to the rest of the system.
It is natural to define entities made or more than one smaller parts according to some unity criteria. One of the most general one applicable to causal systems is to ask that all the quantum parts of the system are bonded to the rest. In other words, causal convexity excludes all quantums that leave the system (no more interacting), or that are not yet part of it (not yet interacting). So, a photon leaving a body is not part of the body as convex system, while a photon the is carrier of electromagnetic interaction between two molecular parts of the body, is part of the convex body.
PhysicalObject
From Latin physica "study of nature" (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”), and Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”).
A meson with total spin 1 and even parit.
PseudovectorMeson
Point
InspectionDevice
A soft, solid or solid-like colloid consisting of two or more components, one of which is a liquid, present in substantial quantity.
Gel
IndexSemiosis
Deduction
The base units in the SI system.
SIBaseUnit
Tera
The class of individuals that stand for tau elementary particles belonging to the third generation of leptons.
Tau
BlueTopQuark
A program aimed to provide a specific high level function to the user, usually hiding lower level procedures.
Word processors, graphic image processing programs, database management systems, numerical simulation software and games.
App
Application
ApplicationProgram
A characterisation of an object with an actual interaction.
Observation
From Latin observare (“to watch, note, mark, heed, guard, keep, pay attention to, regard, comply with, etc.”), from ob (“before”) + servare (“to keep”),
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-10.
AtomicAndNuclearPhysicsQuantity
Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field.
MagneticFlux
AlgebricOperator
PrecipitationHardening
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy liquid-phase sintering: sintering of a powder or compact containing at least two constituents, under conditions such that a liquid phase is formed
LiquidPhaseSintering
A dose quantity used in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection.
DoseEquivalent
Line
A causal object whose properties variation are encoded by an agent and that can be decoded by another agent according to a specific rule.
A Radio Morse Code transmission can be addressed by combination of perspectives. Physicalistic: the electromagnetic pulses can be defined as individual A (of type Field) and the strip of paper coming out a printer receiver can be defined as individual B (of type Matter). Data: both A and B are also DiscreteData class individuals. In particular they may belong to a MorseData class, subclass of DiscreteData. Perceptual: B is an individual belonging to the graphical entities expressing symbols. In particular is a formula under the MorseLanguage class, made of a combination of . and - symbols. Semiotics: A and B can be signs if they refers to something else (e.g. a report about a fact, names).
A signal through a cable. A sound wave. Words on a page. The pattern of excited states within a computer RAM.
We call "decoding" the act of recognise the variation according to a particular rule and generate another equivalent schema (e.g. in the agent's cognitive apparatus, as another form of data). We call "interpreting" the act of providing semantic meaning to data, which is covered by the semiotic perspective.
Variations in data are generated by an agent (not necessarily human) and are intended to be decoded by the same or another agent using the same encoding rules. Data are always generated by an agent but not necessarily possess a semantic meaninig, either because it's lost or unknown or because simply they possess none (e.g. a random generation of symbols). A data object may be used as the physical basis for a sign, under Semiotics perspective.
EncodedVariation
EncodedData
The electronical state of the RAM of my laptop is decoded by it as ASCII characters and printed on the screen.
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy loose-powder sintering, gravity sintering: sintering of uncompacted powder
Loose-powderSintering
PressurelessSintering
GravitySintering
EntropyDimension
A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit.
Pa stands for N/m2 J stands for N m
Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects.
SpecialUnit
For a given unit system, measured constants are physical constants that are not used to define the unit system. Hence, these constants have to be measured and will therefore be associated with an uncertainty.
MeasuredConstant
A quantum is the most fundamental item (both mereologically and causally) and is considered causally self-connected by definition. The quantum concept recalls the fact that there is lower epistemological limit to our knowledge of the universe, related to the uncertainity principle. Space and time emerge following the network of causal connections between quantum objects. So quantum objects are adimensional objects, that precede space and time dimensions: they are simple beings (in greek οντα). Using physics concepts, we can think the quantum as an elementary particle (e.g. an electron) in a specific state between two causal interactions.
The class of entities without proper parts.
The class of the mereological and causal fundamental entities.
From a physics perspective a quantum can be related to smallest identifiable entities, according to the limits imposed by the uncertainty principle in space and time measurements. However, the quantum mereotopology approach is not restricted only to physics. For example, in a manpower management ontology, a quantum can stand for an hour (time) of a worker (space) activity.
A quantum is the EMMO mereological atomistic and causal reductionistic entity. To avoid confusion with the concept of atom coming from physics and to underline the causal reductionistic approach, we will use the expression quantum mereology, instead of atomistic mereology.
Quantum
From Latin quantum (plural quanta) "as much as, so much as".
LuminanceDimension
Measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system.
Enthalpy
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (a liquid-liquid heterogeneous mixture).
Mayonnaise, milk.
Emulsion
Screwing
A matter individual that stands for a real world object representing an amount of a physical substance (or mixture of substances) in different states of matter or phases.
A instance of a material (e.g. nitrogen) can represent different states of matter. The fact that the individual also belongs to other classes (e.g. Gas) would reveal the actual form in which the material is found.
Material usually means some definite kind, quality, or quantity of matter, especially as intended for use.
Material
An expression that provides information about the element types that constiture a molecule or a molecular substance and their number.
MolecularFormula
An interpreter who assigns a name to an object without any motivations related to the object characters.
Namer
A coarse dispersion of gas in a liquid continuum phase.
Sparkling water
LiquidGasSuspension
Atto
A procedure that is an hoilistic part of a workflow.
A task is a generic part of a workflow, without taking care of the task granularities. It means that you can declare that e.g. tightening a bolt is a task of building an airplane, without caring of the coarser tasks to which this tightening belongs.
Job
Task
Spacing
A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in liquid.
LiquidSol
A chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.
PureSubstance
Product of mass and velocity.
Momentum
A fundamental physical process is made of one or more standard particles as input, and one or more standard particles as output, where each input is direct cause of each output. Each fundamental physical phenomena refers to a Feynman diagram, hence is made at least of three standard model particles. This requirement implies that a physical phenomena is either a decay, annihilation, interaction, collapse or creation phenomena (fundamental) or a composition of them (non-fundamental).
A causal system that is the representation of a Feynman diagram, where quantum represents the real particles entering and exiting the system.
A fundamental system is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n) of quantums, m being the number of originating quantums, and n being the receiving quantums.
FundamentalInteraction
Peta
A whole that is identified according to a criteria based on its temporal evolution that is satisfied throughout its time extension.
A process can be defined only according to an entity type. The minimum process is an entity made of two entities of the same type that are temporally related.
Following the common definition of process, the reader may think that every whole should be a process, since every 4D object always has a time dimension. However, in the EMMO we restrict the meaning of the word process to items whose evolution in time have a particular meaning for the ontologist (i.e. every 4D object unfolds in time, but not every 4D time unfolding may be of interest for the ontologist and categorized as a process). For this reason, the definition of every specific process subclass requires the introduction of a primitive concept.
Occurrent
Perdurant
Process
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of continuum volume.
ContinuumModel
Vector r characterizing a point P in a point space with a given origin point O.
In the usual geometrical three-dimensional space, position vectors are quantities of the dimension length. -- IEC
Position vectors are so-called bounded vectors, i.e. their magnitude and direction depend on the particular coordinate system used. -- ISO 80000-3
Position
PositionVector
Milling
The rest mass of an electron.
ElectronMass
A standalone atom that has no net charge.
NeutralAtom
An 'observation' that results in a quantitative comparison of a 'property' of an 'object' with a standard reference based on a well defined mesurement procedure.
measurement
A measurement always implies a causal interaction between the object and the observer.
A measurement is the process of experimentally obtaining one or more measurement results that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.
Measurement
Minus
HardeningByForming
3-manifold
ThreeManifold
GreenStrangeQuark
SIMetricPrefix
The set of established forms or methods of an organized body for accomplishing a certain task or tasks (Wiktionary).
The process in which an agent works with some entities according to some existing formalised operative rules.
The process in which a control unit of a CPU (the agent) orchestrates some cached binary data according to a list of instructions (e.g. a program). The process in which a librarian order books alphabetically on a shelf. The execution of an algorithm.
A procedure can be considered as an intentional process with a plan.
Elaboration
Work
Procedure
From Latin pro-cedere (“to go forward, to proceed”).
A chemical entity comprises the two different ways to represents matter: as single recognizable particle entity (molecular entity) and as a composition of particle entities (substance). This distinction is not well assessed in actual chemical nomenclature, in which an element name refers to both the pure elemental substance or the atom. In the EMMO we force the adoption of a more strict categorization based on mereotopology. The class Material hosts the subclasses for which a substance can be identified without necessarily considering its nature of molecule/atom or substance (e.g. hydrocarbon is the class of both hydrocarbon molecules or gases).
ConventionalSemiosis
Declaration
Hot-dipGalvanizing
HotDipGalvanizing
A coarse dispersion of liquid in a liquid continuum phase.
LiquidLiquidSuspension
The class of causal objects that stand for world objects according to a specific representational perspective.
This class is the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which the only objective categorization is provided by the Universe individual and all the Quantum individuals. Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a 'Perspective' subclass.
From medieval Latin perspectiva ‘(science of) optics’, from perspect- ‘looked at closely’, from the verb perspicere, from per- ‘through’ + specere ‘to look’.
An object which is instrumental for reaching a particular purpose through its characteristic functioning process, with particular reference to mechanical or electronic equipment.
Equipment
Machine
Device
From French équipement, from équiper ‘equip’.
From Latin māchina (“a machine, engine, contrivance, device, stratagem, trick”), from Doric Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhanā́), cognate with Attic Greek μηχᾰνή (mēkhanḗ, “a machine, engine, contrivance, device”), from which comes mechanical.
From Old French "deviser", meaning: arrange, plan, contrive. Literally "dispose in portions," from Vulgar Latin "divisare", frequentative of Latin dividere, meaning "to divide".
A process which is an holistic spatial part of a process.
Breathing is a subprocess of living for a human being.
In the EMMO the relation of participation to a process falls under mereotopology. Since topological connection means causality, then the only way for a real world object to participate to a process is to be a part of it.
SubProcess
A suspension of liquid droplets dispersed in a gas through an atomization process.
Spray
A characteriser that declares a property for an object without actually interact with it with the specific interaction required by the property definition (i.e. infer a property from other properties).
Estimator
SI coherent measurement unit for speed.
MetrePerSecond
An heterogeneous mixture that contains coarsly dispersed particles (no Tyndall effect), that generally tend to separate in time to the dispersion medium phase.
Suspensions show no significant effect on light.
Suspension
GreenUpAntiQuark
The class of individuals that satisfy a whole defining criteria (i.e. belongs to a subclass of whole) and have no proper parts that satisfy that same criteria (no parts that are of the same type of the whole).
StrictFundamental
A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sound.
When we use the term 'sound' what are we referring to? The EMMO identifis a sound as the physical object that can be heard by the observer (more exactly, by the sensor of the observer). In this sense, a sound (which is an acoustical object) is to be identified as the air region that manifests the sound wave and is able to be perceived by an observer. In case the wave is travelling through water or steel, then these other media regions are the sounds. If the waveform is travelling through a cable as electronic signal (analog or digital) it is no more a sound, since it cannot be perceived by an observer as an acoustical object. This electrical waveform (or digital packet) is another physical that may stand for a sound if interpreted by a device (e.g. an amplifier, a DA converter).
'acoustical' refers to the perception mechanism of the observer that can occur through a microphone, a ear.
Sound
Auditory
A liquid solution made of two or more component substances.
LiquidSolution
ContinuousCasting
A function defined using functional notation.
y = f(x)
A mathematical relation that relates each element in the domain (X) to exactly one element in the range (Y).
FunctionDefinition
MathematicalFunction
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or orientation in a potential field.
PotentialEnergy
MetallicMaterial
A fluid in which a gas is ionized to a level where its electrical conductivity allows long-range electric and magnetic fields to dominate its behaviour.
Plasma
MagneticFluxDimension
BlueUpAntiQuark
A 'Mathematical' that has no unknown value, i.e. all its 'Variable"-s parts refers to a 'Number' (for scalars that have a built-in datatype) or to another 'Numerical' (for complex numerical data structures that should rely on external implementations).
Numerical
A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole purely in spatial parts.
SpatialTile
A group of machineries used to process a group of similar parts.
Is not simply a collection of machineries, since the connection between them is due to the parallel flow of processed parts that comes from a unique source and ends into a common repository.
MachineCell
InjectionMolding
A liquid aerosol composed of water droplets in air or another gas.
Vapor
WNegativeBoson
Discrete data that are decoded as a sequence of 1/0, or true/false, or on/off.
BinaryData
DigitalData
DropForging
AntiElectronType
InorganicCompound
FormingFromGas
GluonType4
An entity that is categorized according to its relation with a whole through a parthood relation and that contributes to it according to an holistic criterion, where the type of the whole is not the type of the part.
In this class the concept of role and part are superimposed (the term part is also used to define the role played by an actor). Here entities are categorized according to their relation with the whole, i.e. how they contribute to make a specific whole, and not what they are as separate entities. This class is expected to host the definition of world objects as they appear in its relation with the surrounding whole (being a part implies being surrounded by something bigger to which it contributes).
HolisticPart
Part
Role
From Latin partire, partiri ‘divide, share’.
From French rôle, from obsolete French roule ‘roll’, referring originally to the roll of paper on which the actor's part was written.
An icon that represents the internal logical structure of the object.
A physics equation is replicating the mechanisms internal to the object.
Electrical diagram is diagrammatic and resemblance
MODA and CHADA are diagrammatic representation of a simulation or a characterisation workflow.
An icon that focus on HOW the object works.
The subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy (with the same logic) the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart).
AnalogicalIcon
From Ancient Greek ἀναλογία (analogía), from ἀνά (aná) + λόγος (lógos, “speech, reckoning”).
Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point.
The electric potential is not unique, since any constant scalar field quantity can be added to it without changing its gradient.
ElectroStaticPotential
ElectricPotential
The symbol for a specific chemical element, that can stand both for an atom or a substance.
The IUPAC Gold Book defines the a chemical element both as: - a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus - a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus This qualifies a chemical element as a name and not a matter obejct that can stand for an atom or a substance.
ChemicalElement
Nailing
SpeedDimension
AngularMomentumDimension
A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole purely in temporal parts.
TemporalTile
RedUpQuark
The luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, K cd , is a technical constant that gives an exact numerical relationship between the purely physical characteristics of the radiant power stimulating the human eye (W) and its photobiological response defined by the luminous flux due to the spectral responsivity of a standard observer (lm) at a frequency of 540 × 10 12 hertz.
Defines the Candela base unit in the SI system.
LuminousEfficacyOf540THzRadiation
Either a proton or a neutron.
Nucleon
A molecule composed of more than one element type.
Nitric oxide (NO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂).
Heteronuclear
A symbol that stands for a concept in the language of the meterological domain of ISO 80000.
MetrologicalSymbol
The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
Pressure
A causal interaction is a fundamental causal system that is expressed as a complete bupartite directed graph K(m,n), when m=n.
CausalInteraction
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-8.
AcousticQuantity
A measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. It is based on the luminosity function, which is a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye.
LuminousIntensity
A self-consistent encoded data entity.
A character, a bit, a song in a CD.
Datum
A physical made of more than one symbol sequentially arranged.
The word "cat" considered as a collection of 'symbol'-s respecting the rules of english language. In this example the 'symbolic' entity "cat" is not related to the real cat, but it is only a word (like it would be to an italian person that ignores the meaning of this english word). If an 'interpreter' skilled in english language is involved in a 'semiotic' process with this word, that "cat" became also a 'sign' i.e. it became for the 'interpreter' a representation for a real cat.
A string is made of concatenated symbols whose arrangement is one-dimensional. Each symbol can have only one previous and one next neighborhood (bidirectional list).
A string is not requested to respect any syntactic rule: it's simply directly made of symbols.
String
FrequencyDimension
A 'Physical' which is a tessellation of 'State' temporal direct parts.
'Existent' is the EMMO class to be used for representing real world physical objects under a reductionistic perspective (i.e. objects come from the composition of sub-part objects, both in time and space). 'Existent' class collects all individuals that stand for physical objects that can be structured in well defined temporal sub-parts called states, through the temporal direct parthood relation. This class provides a first granularity hierarchy in time, and a way to axiomatize tessellation principles for a specific whole with a non-transitivity relation (direct parthood) that helps to retain the granularity levels. e.g. a car, a supersaturated gas with nucleating nanoparticles, an atom that becomes ionized and then recombines with an electron.
An 'Existent' individual stands for a real world object for which the ontologist wants to provide univocal tessellation in time. By definition, the tiles are represented by 'State'-s individual. Tiles are related to the 'Existent' through temporal direct parthood, enforcing non-transitivity and inverse-functionality.
Being hasTemporalDirectPart a proper parthood relation, there cannot be 'Existent' made of a single 'State'. Moreover, due to inverse functionality, a 'State' can be part of only one 'Existent', preventing overlapping between 'Existent'-s.
Existent
ex-sistere (latin): to stay (to persist through time) outside others of the same type (to be distinct from the rest).
A quantum annihilation is a fundamental causal system that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,1).
QuantumAnnihilation
UpAntiQuark
A system of independent elements that are assembled together to perform a function.
Assembled
The centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units.
CGS is a variant of the metric system.
CGSUnit
The equals symbol.
Equals
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of mesoscopic entities, i.e. a set of bounded atoms like a molecule, bead or nanoparticle.
MesoscopicModel
PressureDimension
A physical particle with half odd integer spin (1/2, 3/2, etc...) that follows Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Fermion
Ruby
ForceDimension
A boolean number.
Boolean
The class of general mathematical symbolic objects respecting mathematical syntactic rules.
A mathematical object in this branch is not representing a concept but an actual graphical object built using mathematcal symbols arranged in some way, according to math conventions.
Mathematical
A colloid composed of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.
Aerosol
A guess is a theory, estimated and subjective, since its premises are subjective.
Guess
A workflow whose tasks are tiles of a sequence.
SerialWorkflow
A whole that represent the overall lifetime of the world object that represents according to some holistic criteria.
A marathon is an example of class whose individuals are always maximal since the criteria satisfied by a marathon 4D entity poses some constraints on its temporal and spatial extent. On the contrary, the class for a generic running process does not necessarily impose maximality to its individuals. A running individual is maximal only when it extends in time for the minimum amount required to identify a running act, so every possible temporal part is always a non-running. Following the two examples, a marathon individual is a maximal that can be decomposed into running intervals. The marathon class is a subclass of running.
Lifetime
Maximal
Fundamental
From Middle English liftime, equivalent to life +‎ time.
From Latin fundamentum (“foundation”), from fundō (“to lay the foundation (of something), to found”), from fundus (“bottom”).
ParallelWorkflow
InductanceDimension
The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron. It defines the base unit Ampere in the SI system.
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
ElementaryCharge
System program refers to operating systems and utility programs that manage computer resources at a low level enabling a computer to function.
An operating system. A graphic driver.
SystemProgram
A measurement unit that does not belong to any system of units.
eV barn
off-system measurement unit
off-system unit
OffSystemUnit
Deals with entities that have a undefined shape. Undefined means that the actual shape of the entity that is produced is not relevant for the definition of the process. In fact, everything has a shape, but in process engineering this is not relevant. e.g. the fact that steel comes in sheets is not relevant for the definition of steel material generated in a steel-making process.
ProcessEngineeringProcess
Measurement unit for resistance.
Ohm
Data that occurs naturally without an encoding agent producing it.
A cloud in the sky. The radiative spectrum of a star.
This is a really broad class that gathers all physical phenomena in which a variation occurs naturally.
EnvironmentalData
NonEncodedData
Smoke is a solid aerosol made of particles emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis.
Smoke
ElectricCurrentAssistedSintering
BlueCharmAntiQuark
A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in another continuous solid.
SolidSol
The interpretation of the term "matter" is not univocal. Several concepts are labelled with this term, depending on the field of science. The concept mass is sometimes related to the term "matter", even if the former refers to a physical quantity (precisely defined by modern physics) while the latter is a type that qualifies a physical entity. It is possible to identify more than one concept that can be reasonably labelled with the term "matter". For example, it is possible to label as matter only the entities that are made up of atoms. Or more generally, we can be more fine-grained and call "matter" the entities that are made up of protons, neutrons or electrons, so that we can call matter also a neutron radiation or a cathode ray. A more fundamental approach, that we embrace for the EMMO, considers matter as entities that are made of fermions (i.e. quarks and leptons). This would exclude particles like the W and Z bosons that possess some mass, but are not fermions. Antimatter is a subclass of matter.
A physical system that possesses some fundamental fermionic parts in each of its parts.
A matter entity exclude the presence of (real) fundamental bosons parts. However, it implies the presence of virtual bosons that are responsible of the interactions between the (real) fundamental fermions.
Matter includes ordinary- and anti-matter. It is possible to have entities that are made of particle and anti-particles (e.g. mesons made of a quark and an anti-quark pair) so that it is possible to have entities that are somewhat heterogeneous with regards to this distinction.
PhysicalSubstance
Matter
From Latin materia (“matter, stuff, material”), from mater (“mother”).
MathematicalSymbol
A gaseous solution made of more than one component type.
GasSolution
LuminousEfficacyDimension
An object that enables or facilitate an agent in the execution of a process that modifies the surrounding environment.
Tool
Old English tōl, from a Germanic base meaning ‘prepare’.
A liquid solution in which the solvent is water.
AqueousSolution
A CausalSystem that includes quantum parts that are not bonded with the rest.
PhysicalPhenomena
Exa
Nanomaterials are Materials possessing, at minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm
NanoMaterial
A functional icon that imitates the behaviour of the object through mathematical evaluations of some mathematical construct.
The equation that describes the velocity of a uniform accelerated body v = v0 + a*t is a functional icon. In general every analitical solution of a mathematical model can be considered an icon. A functional icon expresses its similarity with the object when is part of a process the makes it imitate the behavior of the object. In the case of v = v0 + a*t, plotting the velocity over time or listing their values at certain instants is when the icon expresses it functionality.
PhysicsMathematicalComputation
FormingFromChip
A solid solution made of two or more component substances.
SolidSolution
Mega
Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units.
Refractive index or volume fraction.
Typically used for ratios of two units whos dimensions cancels out.
UnitOne
Factor by which the phase velocity of light is reduced in a medium.
RefractiveIndex
EuclideanSpace
PermittivityDimension
A quantity whose magnitude is independent of the size of the system.
Temperature Density Pressure ChemicalPotential
Intensive
HardeningByRolling
ReciprocalLengthDimension
A derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of base units is NOT equal to one.
SINonCoherentDerivedUnit
ElectronAntiNeutrino
DeepFreezing
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permittivity) is outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
The value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.
PermittivityOfVacuum
VacuumElectricPermittivity
Product of force and displacement.
Measurement unit obtained by multiplying a given measurement unit by an integer greater than one.
multiple of a unit
MultipleUnit
A language object following a specific nomenclature rules for defining univocal names of chemical compounds.
A chemical numenclature should not be confused with the chemical formula.
ChemicalNomenclature
A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource.
URI = scheme ":" ["//" authority] path ["?" query] ["#" fragment]
URI
A procedure that has at least two procedures (tasks) as proper parts.
Workflow
The class of 'Physical' individuals which stand for real world objects that can stimulate a perception (e.g. a retina impression) into the ontologist and that are categorized accordingly to human perception mechanisms.
A line scratched on a surface. A sound. A smell. The word 'cat' and the sound of the word 'cat' (the first one is graphical and the second acoustical).
The meta-semiotic process: I see a cloud in the sky. Since I'm an EMMO ontologist, I create an individual named Cloud under the 'Perceptual' class, meaning that I recognize the cloud as an object thanks to a specific perceptual channel (e.g. through my eyes). This semiotic process occurs at meta-level: it's how I use the EMMO as tool for a direct representation of the world, understandable by others ontologists. The semiotic process within EMMO: My friend looks at the same cloud and says: "It is an elephant". I use the EMMO to record this experience by declaring: - my friend as MyFriend individual, belonging to 'Interpreter' classes - the sound of the word "elephant" as an acoustical perception individual named ElephantWord, belonging to 'Perceptual' - a relation hasSign between Cloud and ElephantWord, that makes ElephantWord also belonging to 'Sign' class and Cloud belonging also to 'Object' class - a 'Semiosis' individual called MyFriendElephantCloud that hasParticipant: Cloud, ElephantWord and MyFriend, respectively as object, sign and interpreter. So, the Perceptual class is here to categorized real-world objects at meta-level using common perceptual channels, for practical ontology usage. We could have represented the word "elephant" within a physicalistic approach, by identifying it as a pressure wave in the air.
This class is the most general superclass for the categorization of real world objects that are recognizable by the ontologist through a specific perception mechanism. This perspective is based on human characterization of perceptions. In other words, a 'Perceptual' is a meta-object, meaning that is addressed by the ontologist (the meta-interpreter) in a semiotic process occurring outside the EMMO. The 'Perceptual' branch is here to facilitate the connection between an individual and the real-world object for which it stands for. A 'Perceptual' can stand for another object in an EMMO described semiotic process (acting as sign or as object), just like a word on a paper (the perceptual object) may refer semiotically to another object. However, a perceptual is not necessarily a 'Sign' (e.g. a line sketched on a blackboard is a recognizable 'Perceptual' but it may stand for nothing). A 'Perceptual' becomes an 'Object', when it is part of a 'Semiotic' process described by the ontologist within the EMMO, and it's done always specifying for which interpreter this relation occurs.
From Latin percipiō, past participle perceptus (“take hold of, obtain, receive, observe”), from per (“by, through”) + capiō (“to take”).
A language object respecting the syntactic rules of C++.
C++
CPlusPlus
Information is encoded data with a meaning (semiotic sign).
FormingFromPlastic
A set of instructions that tell a computer what to do.
A program is a sequence of instructions understandable by a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that indicates which operations the computer should perform on a set of data.
Executable
Program
PowderCoating
An object that is made of a set of sub objects working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network (natural or artificial); a complex whole.
A system is conceived as an aggregate of things that 'work' (or interact) together. While a system extends in time through distinct temporal parts (like every other 4D object), this elucdation focuses on a timescale in which the obejct shows a persistence in time.
HolisticSystem
MesoscopicMaterial
GrowingCrystal
A matter object throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.
Phase
PhaseOfMatter
Deduced
An objective comparative measure of hot or cold. Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature differences. Unlike ThermodynamicTemperature, it cannot express absolute temperatures.
CelsiusTemperature
Measure of the extent and direction an object rotates about a reference point.
AngularMomentum
An elementary bosonic particle with zero spin produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field.
HiggsBoson
Non-SI units mentioned in the SI.
This is a list of units that are not defined as part of the International System of Units (SI), but are otherwise mentioned in the SI brouchure, because either the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) accepts their use as being multiples or submultiples of SI-units, they have important contemporary application worldwide, or are otherwise commonly encountered worldwide.
SIAcceptedSpecialUnit
A computational application that uses an empiric equation to predict the behaviour of a system without relying on the knowledge of the actual physical phenomena occurring in the object.
EmpiricalSimulationSoftware
A material that takes active part in a chemical reaction.
ReactiveMaterial
CharmAntiQuark
VaporDeposition
Bending
Measurement unit for electric charge.
Coulomb
Measure of plane angle defined as 1/3600 or a degree.
SecondOfArc
ArcSecond
A manufacturing involving the creation of long-term connection of several workpieces.
Fügen
JoinManufacturing
An expression that provide information about the element type of a compound and their relative ratio.
EmpiricalFormula
JosephsonConstantDimension
The concept is based on the common usage of the word "particle", that is used to identify both a specific state of an elementary particle (a quantum) and both the chain of quantums that expresses the evolution of the particle in time.
The union of Elementary and Quantum classes.
The class of entities that have no spatial structure.
CausalParticle
From Latin particula (“small part, particle”), diminutive of pars (“part, piece”).
IsothermalConversion
A mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles (from 1 nm to 1 μm) is suspended throughout another substance and that does not settle, or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.
Colloids are characterized by the occurring of the Tyndall effect on light.
Colloid
One bel is defined as `1⁄2 ln(10) neper`.
Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference.
Today decibel (one tenth of a bel) is commonly used instead of bel.
bel is used to express the ratio of one value of a power or field quantity to another, on a logarithmic scale, the logarithmic quantity being called the power level or field level, respectively.
Bel
The 'semiosis' process of interpreting a 'physical' and provide a complec sign, 'theory' that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter.
Theorization
Theorisation
A function solution of a physics equation that provides a methods for the prediction of some quantitiative properties of an object.
A parabolic function is a prediction of the trajectory of a falling object in a gravitational field. While it has predictive capabilities it lacks of an analogical character, since it does not show the law behind that trajectory.
This must be a mathematical function v(t), x(t). A dataset as solution is a conventional sign.
PhysicsEquationSolution
A conventional that provides no possibility to infer the characteristics of the object to which it refers.
A random generated id for a product.
Uncoded
Matter composed of only matter particles, excluding anti-matter particles.
OrdinaryMatter
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of electrons.
Density functional theory. Hartree-Fock.
ElectronicModel
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two areas.
Unit for solid angle.
AreaFractionUnit
The object, in Peirce semiotics, as participant to a semiotic process.
Here is assumed that the concept of 'object' is always relative to a 'semiotic' process. An 'object' does not exists per se, but it's always part of an interpretation. The EMMO relies on strong reductionism, i.e. everything real is a formless collection of elementary particles: we give a meaning to real world entities only by giving them boundaries and defining them using 'sign'-s. In this way the 'sign'-ed entity becomes an 'object', and the 'object' is the basic entity needed in order to apply a logical formalism to the real world entities (i.e. we can speak of it through its sign, and use logics on it through its sign).
Object
SemioticObject
Data that are expressed through quantum mechanical principles, and that can have several values ​​/ be in several states in the same place at the same time (quantum superposition), each of them with a certain probability.
QuantumData
Tempering
A quantum decay is a fundamental causal system that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(1,n).
QuantumDecay
OrganicCompound
Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units. When the numerical factor of this product is one, the derived units are called coherent derived units. The base and coherent derived units of the SI form a coherent set, designated the set of coherent SI units.
SICoherentUnit
ArithmeticOperator
GluonType2
AntiLepton
ProductionEngineering
A manufacturing process aimed to modify the precursor objects through a physical process (involving other materials, energy, manipulation) to change its material properties.
Synthesis of materials, quenching, the preparation of a cake, tempering of a steel beam.
A material process requires the output to be classified as an individual of a material subclass.
ContinuumManufacturing
MaterialsProcessing
"Quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in terms of the base quantities of that system".
derived quantity
DerivedQuantity
A conventional that stands for an object according to a code of interpretation to which the interpreter refers.
A biography that makes use of a code that is provided by the meaning of the element of the language used by the author.
The name "red" that stands for the color of an object.
A conventional referring to an object according to a specific code that reflects the results of a specific interaction mechanism and is shared between other interpreters. A coded is always a partial representation of an object since it reflects the object capability to be part of a specific determination. A coded is a sort of name or label that we put upon objects that interact with an determiner in the same specific way. For example, "hot" objects are objects that interact with an observer through a perception mechanism aimed to perceive an heat source. The code is made of terms such as "hot", "warm", "cold", that commonly refer to the perception of heat.
Let's define the class Colour as the subclass of the coded signs that involve photon emission and electromagnetic radiation sensible observers. An individual C of this class Colour can be defined be declaring the process individual (e.g. daylight illumination) and the observer (e.g. my eyes) Stating that an entity E hasCoded C, we mean that it can be observed by such setup of process + observer (i.e. observed by my eyes under daylight). This definition can be specialised for human eye perception, so that the observer can be a generic human, or to camera perception so that the observer can be a device. This can be used in material characterization, to define exactly the type of measurement done, including the instrument type.
Coded
The class of individuals that stand for quarks elementary particles.
Quark
RedStrangeAntiQuark
Kilo
RedAntiQuark
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.
Liquid
Application of additive manufacturing intended for reducing the time needed for producing prototypes.
RapidPrototyping
A Material occurring in nature, without the need of human intervention.
NaturalMaterial
ElectricResistanceDimension
GreenTopQuark
The quantum of action. It defines the kg base unit in the SI system.
PlanckConstant
FirstGenerationFermion
SolidMixture
MassDimension
FormingJoin
TransferMolding
The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to some domain of interests (e.g. metallurgy, chemistry), property (intensive/extensive) or application.
CategorizedPhysicalQuantity
Measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied.
ElectricImpedance
Particles composed of two or more quarks.
Hadron
An elementary particle is a causal chain of quantum entities of the same type. For example, an elementary electron is a sequence of fundamental electrons only.
A chausal chain whose quantum parts are of the same standard model fundamental type.
SingleParticleChain
ElementaryParticle
Mass of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture.
MassFraction
Electric current divided by the cross-sectional area it is passing through.
CurrentDensity
ElectricCurrentDensity
Hardening
IconSemiosis
Cognition
Dimensionless multiplicative unit prefix.
MetricPrefix
A physics based simulation with multiple physics based models.
MultiSimulation
The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299792458 when expressed in the unit m s−1, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
Metre
The class of individuals that stand for gluons elementary particles.
Gluon
A set of one or more 'MeasuringInstruments' and often other devices, including any reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate 'MeasuredQuantityProperty' within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds. -- VIM
measuring system
MeasuringSystem
A language construct that provides information about the consitutents of a substance and their fractions or amounts.
ChemicalComposition
GreenBottomQuark
The EMMO conceptualises the world using the primitive concepts of causality and parthood. Parthood is about the composition of world entities starting from other more fundamental entities. Causality is about the interactions between world entities. The quantum is the smallest indivisible part of any world entity. Quantum individuals are the fundamental causal constituents of the universe, since it is implied that causality originates from quantum-to-quantum interactions. Quantums are no-dimensional, and their aggregation makes spacetime emerge from their causal structure. Causality between macro entities (i.e. entities made of more than one quantum) is explained as the sum of the causality relations between their quantum constituents. The fundamental distinction between world entities is direct causality self-connectedness: a world entity can be self-connected xor not self-connected depending on the causality network of its fundamental components. Void regions do not exist in the EMMO, or in other words there is no spacetime without entities, since space and time are measured quantities following a causality relation between entities (spacetime emerges as relational property not as a self-standing entity). Entities are not placed in space or time: space and time are always relative between entities and are measured. In other words, space and time relations originates from causality interactions.
The disjoint union of the Item and Collection classes.
The class of all the OWL individuals declared by EMMO as standing for world entities.
EMMO entities dimensionality is related to their mereocausal structures. From the no-dimensional quantum entity, we introduce time dimension with the elementary concept, and the spacetime with the causal system concept. The EMMO conceptualisation does not allow the existence of space without a temporal dimension, the latter coming from a causal relation between entities. For this reason, the EMMO entities that are not quantum or elementaries, may be considered to be always spatiotemporal. The EMMO poses no constraints to the number of spatial dimensions for a causal system (except being higher than one).
EMMO
Every entity is made of quantum parts. This axiomatisation is the expression of the radical reductionistic approach of the EMMO.
All EMMO individuals are part of the most comprehensive entity which is the universe.
While EMMO mereocausality conceptualisation can be used on any possibile domain, so that a quantum can be a Lego brick or an furniture component, it can be better understood when a quantum is elucidated as the smallest measured time interval of existence of an elementary particle (e.g. quark, photon).
The union implies that world entities can only be items or collections (standing for a collection of causally disconnected items). Disjointness means that a collection cannot be an item and viceversa, representing the fact that a world entity cannot be causally self-connected and non-self connected at the same time.
EMMO is the acronym of Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology.
The class of individuals that stand for electrons elementary particles belonging to the first generation of leptons.
Electron
A whole with temporal parts of its same type.
TemporallyRedundant
Length per unit time. Speed in the absolute value of the velocity.
Speed
The number of elementary entities present.
"In the name “amount of substance”, the word “substance” will typically be replaced by words to specify the substance concerned in any particular application, for example “amount of hydrogen chloride, HCl”, or “amount of benzene, C6H6 ”. It is important to give a precise definition of the entity involved (as emphasized in the definition of the mole); this should preferably be done by specifying the molecular chemical formula of the material involved. Although the word “amount” has a more general dictionary definition, the abbreviation of the full name “amount of substance” to “amount” may be used for brevity." -- SI Brochure
AmountOfSubstance
Vector quantity μ causing a change to its energy ΔW in an external magnetic field of field flux density B: ΔW = −μ · B
For an atom or nucleus, this energy is quantized and can be written as: W = g μ M B where g is the appropriate g factor, μ is mostly the Bohr magneton or nuclear magneton, M is magnetic quantum number, and B is magnitude of the magnetic flux density. -- ISO 80000
MagneticDipoleMoment
ElementaryFermion
SINonCoherentUnit
ThirdGenerationFermion
The overall lifetime of an holistic that has been the output of an intentional process.
This concepts encompass the overall lifetime of a product. Is temporaly fundamental, meaning that it can have other products as holistic spatial parts, but its holistic temporal parts are not products. In other words, the individual must encompass the whole lifetime from creation to disposal. A product can be a tangible object (e.g. a manufactured object), a process (e.g. service). It can be the outcome of a natural or an artificially driven process. It must have and initial stage of its life that is also an outcome of a intentional process.
Output
From Latin productum ‘something produced’, derived from Latin producere, from pro- ‘forward’ + ducere ‘to lead’.
An bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of.
A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic. In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons.
The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electonic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic.
This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule.
BondedAtom
A state quantity equal to the difference between the total energy of a system and the sum of the macroscopic kinetic and potential energies of the system.
ThermodynamicEnergy
InternalEnergy
A neutrino belonging to the second generation of leptons.
MuonNeutrino
A workflow that is the concurrent evolution of two or more tasks, not communicacting between themselves.
EmbarassinglyParallelWorkflow
PureParallelWorkflow
A non-negative parameter characterising the dispersion of the quantity being measured.
- Standard deviation - Half-width of an interval with a stated coverage probability
measurement uncertainty
In general, for a given set of information, it is understood that the measurement uncertainty is associated with a stated quantity value. A modification of this value results in a modification of the associated uncertainty.
Measurement uncertainty includes components arising from systematic effects, such as components associated with corrections and the assigned quantity values of measurement standards, as well as the definitional uncertainty. Sometimes estimated systematic effects are not corrected for but, instead, associated measurement uncertainty components are incorporated.
MeasurementUncertainty
AbsorbedDoseDimension
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of atoms.
AtomisticModel
Number of periods per time interval.
Frequency
An icon that not only resembles the object, but also can express some of the object's functions.
A small scale replica of a plane tested in a wind gallery shares the same functionality in terms of aerodynamic behaviour of the bigger one.
Pinocchio is a functional icon of a boy since it imitates the external behaviour without having the internal biological structure of a human being (it is made of magic wood...).
Replica
Torus
Foaming
DefinedEdgeCutting
All or part of the programs, procedures, rules, and associated documentation of an information processing system.
Software is usually used as a generic term for programs. However, in its broadest sense it can refer to all information (i.e., both programs and data) in electronic form and can provide a distinction from hardware, which refers to computers or other electronic systems on which software can exist and be use. Here we explicitly include in the definition also all the data (e.g. source code, script files) that takes part to the building of the executable, are necessary to the execution of a program or that document it for the users.
Software
From soft +‎ -ware, by contrast with hardware (“the computer itself”). Coined by Paul Niquette in 1953.
A measurement unit symbol that do not have a metric prefix as a direct spatial part.
NonPrefixedUnit
A device that is designed to participate to a manufacturing process.
ManufacturingDevice
An object that has been designed and manufactured for a particular purpose.
Car, tire, composite material.
Artifact
Engineered
TangibleProduct
ManufacturedProduct
From Latin arte ‘by or using art’ + factum ‘something made’.
From Latin ingenium "innate qualities, ability; inborn character," in Late Latin "a war engine, battering ram"; literally "that which is inborn," from in- ("in") + gignere ("give birth, beget").
From late Latin tangibilis, from tangere ‘to touch’.
From Latin manufacture: "made by hand".
ElectricConductivityDimension
Quantitative property intended to be measured. -- VIM
measurand
The specification of a measurand requires knowledge of the kind of quantity, description of the state of the phenomenon, body, or substance carrying the quantity, including any relevant component, and the chemical entities involved. -- VIM
Measurand
MeasuredQuantitativeProperty
A manufacturing with an output that is an object with a specific function, shape, or intended use, not simply a material.
ISO 15531-1:2004 discrete manufacturing: production of discrete items.
ISO 8887-1:2017 manufacturing: production of components
DiscreteManufacturing
Werkstücke
WorkpieceManufacturing
A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure.
Gas, liquid, plasma,
Fluid
Cognised
A mathematical string that express a relation between the elements in one set X to elements in another set Y.
The set X is called domain and the set Y range or codomain.
MathematicalFormula
Data that can be decoded under a quantitative schema and also associated with a graphical number symbols.
NumericalData
GreenBottomAntiQuark
Energy per unit change in amount of substance.
ChemicalPotential
ArithmeticExpression
GreenCharmQuark
A well formed tessellation with tiles that all spatial.
SpatialTiling
Physical constant used to define a unit system. Hence, when expressed in that unit system they have an exact value with no associated uncertainty.
ExactConstant
A symbolic entity made of other symbolic entities according to a specific spatial configuration.
This class collects individuals that represents arrangements of strings, or other symbolic compositions, without any particular predifined arrangement schema.
SymbolicConstruct
The final step of a workflow.
There may be more than one end task, if they run in parallel leading to more than one output.
EndStep
ChemicalMaterial
Measurement unit for energy.
Joule
GluonType5
The term "Uniform Resource Locator" (URL) refers to the subset of URIs that, in addition to identifying a resource, provide a means of locating the resource by describing its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location").
URL
LeftHandedParticle
A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that: - it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts - the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1
A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant.
A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition). A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity.
ContinuumMaterial
A composite particle is a bound state of elementary particles.
CompositeParticle
LowPressureCasting
An application aimed to functionally reproduce an object.
An application that predicts the pressure drop of a fluid in a pipe segment is aimed to functionally reproduce the outcome of a measurement of pressure before and after the segment.
SimulationApplication
An icon that mimics the spatial or temporal shape of the object.
A geographical map that imitates the shape of the landscape and its properties at a specific historical time.
An icon that focus on WHERE/WHEN the object is, in the sense of spatial or temporal shape.
The subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture).
ResemblanceIcon
From Old French sambler, sembler, from Late Latin similāre, present active infinitive of similō, from Latin similis, from Proto-Italic *semalis, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).
A variable that stand for a numerical constant, even if it is unknown.
Constant
The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 Hz, Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W−1, which is equal to cd sr W−1, or cd sr kg−1 m−2 s3, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
Candela
A 'conventional' that stand for a 'physical'.
The 'theory' is e.g. a proposition, a book or a paper whose sub-symbols suggest in the mind of the interpreter an interpretant structure that can represent a 'physical'. It is not an 'icon' (like a math equation), because it has no common resemblance or logical structure with the 'physical'. In Peirce semiotics: legisign-symbol-argument
Theory
Decays per unit time.
RadioactiveActivity
Radioactivity
A computational application that uses a physical model to predict the behaviour of a system, providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.
PhysicalBasedSimulationSoftware
The rest mass of a proton.
ProtonMass
A particle with half odd integer spin (1/2, 3/2, etc...) that follows Fermi-Dirac statistics.
FundamentalFermion
Plus
Energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation in a suitable small element of volume divided by the mass of that element of volume.
AbsorbedDose
Somatosensory
Molds
A positive charged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.
Proton
A manufacturing process in which the shape of a workpiece is changed by breaking the material cohesion at the processing point and thus the material cohesion is reduced overall.
CuttingManufacturing
Trennen
SeparateManufacturing
AreaDensityDimension
An 'ObjectiveProperty' that cannot be quantified.
CFC is a 'sign' that stands for the fact that the morphology of atoms composing the microstructure of an entity is predominantly Cubic Face Centered A color is a nominal property. Sex of a human being.
nominal property
"Property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has no magnitude." "A nominal property has a value, which can be expressed in words, by alphanumerical codes, or by other means." International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
NominalProperty
PartialComposition
A whole that is identified according to a criteria based on its spatial configuration that is satisfied throughout its time extension.
A continuant (here called object) is usually defined as a whole whose all possible temporal parts are always satisfying a specific criterion (wich is the classical definition of continuants). However that's not possible in general, since we will finally end to temporal parts whose temporal extension is so small that the connectivity relations that define the object will no longer hold. That's the case when the temporal interval is lower than the interval that characterize the causality interactions between the object parts. In other terms, if the time span of a temporal part is lower than the inverse of the frequency of interactions between the constituents, then the constituents in such temporal part are not connected. The object is no more an object, neither an item, but simply a collection of fundamental parts. To overcome this issue, we can identify an minimum holistic temporal part (a lower time interval value), below which a specific definition for an object type does not hold anymore, that is called a fundamental.
Continuant
Endurant
A solvable set of one Physics Equation and one or more Materials Relations.
MaterialsModel
The act of connecting together the parts of something
No loss or adds of parts by the components, nor merging. In assemblying parts are losing some of theirs movement degrees of freedom.
Assemblying
From Old French asembler, based on Latin ad- ‘to’ + simul ‘together’.
VolumeDimension
Polynomial
IUPACNomencalture
Metal forming process in which a metal is passed between several rolls (cylinders) to obtain a specific thickness and mechanical properties.
Rolling
A manufacturing in which an adherent layer of amorphous material is applied to a workpiece.
Beschichten
CoatingManufacturing
FundamentalAntiMatterParticle
A symbolic construct that provides informations about the chemical proportions of the elements that constitute a chemical compound or a specific molecule.
A chemical formula may also include other symbols such as parentheses, plus and minus signs, brackets
ChemicalFormula
2-manifold
TwoManifold
A tessellation of temporal slices.
Sequence
The opposition of a circuit element to a change in current or voltage, due to that element's inductance or capacitance.
ElectricReactance
Cleaning
A estimation of a property using a functional icon.
I calculate the electrical conductivity of an Ar-He plasma with the Chapman-Enskog method and use the value as property for it.
Modelling
Simulation
A scientific theory is a description, objective and observed, produced with scientific methodology.
ScientificTheory
An aerosol composed of liquid droplets in air or another gas.
LiquidAerosol
BlueDownQuark
TransportationDevice
Strength of the magnetic field.
Often denoted B.
MagneticFluxDensity
GluonType7
Painting
An aerosol composed of fine solid particles in air or another gas.
SolidAerosol
Extent of a surface.
Area
A logarithmic unit is a unit that can be used to express a quantity (physical or mathematical) on a logarithmic scale, that is, as being proportional to the value of a logarithm function applied to the ratio of the quantity and a reference quantity of the same type.
Decibel
LogarithmicUnit
Measured in cd/m². Not to confuse with Illuminance, which is measured in lux (cd sr/m²).
a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction.
Luminance
BlueStrangeAntiQuark
A language object used in metrology.
Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, whatever the measurement uncertainty and field of application. -- International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
This language domain makes use of ISO 80000 concepts.
Metrological
A symbol that, following SI specifications, describe the physical dimensionality of a physical quantity and the exponents of the base units in a measurement unit.
quantity dimension
All physical quantities, with the exception of counts, are derived quantities, which may be written in terms of base quantities according to the equations of physics. The dimensions of the derived quantities are written as products of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities using the equations that relate the derived quantities to the base quantities. In general the dimension of any quantity Q is written in the form of a dimensional product, dim Q = T^α L^β M^γ I^δ Θ^ε N^ζ J^η where the exponents α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η, which are generally small integers, which can be positive, negative, or zero, are called the dimensional exponents. (SI brochure)
The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a base quantity is a single upper case letter in roman (upright) type. The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a derived quantity is the product of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities according to the definition of the derived quantity. The dimension of a quantity Q is denoted by dim Q. ISO 80000-1
The expression used by the EMMO for physical dimensions is a metrological symbol (but a string at meta level, i.e. the ontologist level) like this: Ta Lb Mc Id Θe Nf Jg where a, b, c, d, e, f and g are 0 or signed integers. Regex for the physical dimension symbol for the EMMO is: ^T([+-][1-9]|0) L([+-][1-9]|0) M([+-][1-9]|0) I([+-][1-9]|0) Θ([+-][1-9]|0) N([+-][1-9]|0) J([+-][1-9]|0)$ Examples of correspondance between base units and physical dimensions are: mol -> T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0 s -> T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 A/m2 -> T0 L0 M-2 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
QuantityDimension
PhysicalDimension
The perspective for which physical objects are categorized only by concepts coming from applied physical sciences.
This perspective specify elementary objects as from the Standard Model of Particles.
2 * a - b = c
An 'equation' that has parts two 'polynomial'-s
AlgebricEquation
Annealing
The speed of light in vacuum. Defines the base unit metre in the SI system.
SpeedOfLightInVacuum
A causal object that is direct part of a tessellation.
Tile
The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the electric potential.
ElectricCapacitance
Capacitance
A workflow whose output ca be used as input for another workflow of the same type, iteratively, within the framework of a larger workflow.
Jacobi method numerical step, involving the multiplication between a matrix A and a vector x, whose result is used to update the vector x.
IterativeStep
The biography of a person that the author have not met.
Estimated
RedTopAntiQuark
Logarithmic measure of the number of available states of a system.
May also be referred to as a measure of order of a system.
Entropy
An observer that makes use of a measurement tool and provides a quantitative property.
Measurer
A foam of trapped gas in a solid.
Aerogel
SolidFoam
The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10−34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆νCs.
Kilogram
A law that provides a connection between a property of the object and other properties, capturing a fundamental physical phenomena.
PhysicalLaw
The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to a standard (e.g. ISQ).
StandardizedPhysicalQuantity
BlueDownAntiQuark
Presses
The unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass of an Item sums to zero. Equivalently, it is the point where if a force is applied to the Item, causes the Item to move in direction of force without rotation.
In non-relativistic physics, the centre of mass doesn’t depend on the chosen reference frame.
CentreOfMass
MagneticFieldStrengthDimension
A variable standing for a numerical defined mathematical object like e.g. a number, a vector of numbers, a matrix of numbers.
NumericalVariable
ConcreteOrPlasterPouring
RedStrangeQuark
A task that is a well formed tile of a workflow, according to a reductionistic description.
A step is part of a specific granularity level for the workflow description, as composition of tasks.
Step
PolyatomicEntity
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two volumes.
Unit for volume fraction.
VolumeFractionUnit
Micro
A language object that follows syntactic rules of a programming language.
A programming language object can also be a fragment (e.g. a C function) not suitable for exectution.
Entities are not necessarily digital data, but can be code fragments printed on paper.
Code
SoftwareCode
ProgrammingLanguage
SI coherent measurement unit for volume.
CubicMetre
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-9.
PhysioChememicalQuantity
ElementalMaterial
DippingForms
The class of individuals that stand for an elementary mark of a specific symbolic code (alphabet).
The class of letter "A" is the symbol as idea and the letter A that you see on the screen is the mark that can be represented by an individual belonging to "A".
Subclasses of 'Symbol' are alphabets, in formal languages terminology. A 'Symbol' is atomic for that alphabet, i.e. it has no parts that are symbols for the same alphabet. e.g. a math symbol is not made of other math symbols A Symbol may be a String in another language. e.g. "Bq" is the symbol for Becquerel units when dealing with metrology, or a string of "B" and "q" symbols when dealing with characters.
Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols of anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g. parentheses). Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any reference to any interpretation of them. (Wikipedia)
The class is the idea of the symbol, while the individual of that class stands for a specific mark (or token) of that idea.
AlphabeticEntity
Symbol
Measure of plane angle.
Dimensionless measurement unit for plane angle.
Radian
ElectrolyticDeposition
Macromolecule
A non-SI unit of volume defined as 1 cubic decimetre (dm3),
Litre
The union of hadron and lepton, or fermion and bosons.
A well defined physical entity, elementary or composite, usually treated as a singular unit, that is found at scales spanning from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of larger scale substances (as the etymology of "particle" suggests).
The scope of the physical particle definition goes from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of substances.
Particle
PhysicalParticle
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-3.
SpaceAndTimeQuantity
DownAntiQuarkType
ChemicalCompositionQuantity
A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined.
Solid
Measurement unit obtained by dividing a given measurement unit by an integer greater than one.
submultiple of a unit
SubMultipleUnit
Division
Milli
The Rydberg constant represents the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (the inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing the hydrogen atom from its ground state.
RybergConstant
RedTopQuark
A graphical representation of a molecular structure showing the relative position in space of the atomic constituents and their bonds.
StructuralFormula
FormingFromPulp
A computational application that uses existing data to predict the behaviour of a system without providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.
DataBasedSimulationSoftware
The process of transforming precursor objects (e.g. raw materials) into a product by the use of manual labor, machinery or chemical/biological processes.
Deals with entities that have a defined shape.
ISO 15531-1:2004 manufacturing: function or act of converting or transforming material from raw material or semi-finished state to a state of further completion
ISO 18435-1:2009 manufacturing process: set of processes in manufacturing involving a flow and/or transformation of material, information, energy, control, or any other element in a manufacturing area
From Latin manu factum ("made by hand").
DownQuark
TopQuark
ArithmeticEquation
A process which is an holistic temporal part of a process.
Moving a leg is a stage of the process of running.
Stage
A quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned and with a corresponding unit of measurement in the SI of the unit one.
ISQDimensionlessQuantity
CausalConvexSystem
TemperatureDimension
Measurement unit for pressure.
Pascal
Punctuation
DieCasting
Giga
Volume of a constituent of a mixture divided by the sum of volumes of all constituents prior to mixing.
VolumeFraction
Measurement unit for electric capacitance.
Farad
Measurement unit for force.
Newton
A causal expansion is a fundamental causal system that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n), when m<n.
CausalExpansion
Folding
The class of individuals that satisfy a whole defining criteria (i.e. belongs to a subclass of whole) and have no temporal parts that satisfy that same criteria (no parts that are of the same type of the whole).
TemporallyFundamental
FORTRAN
The effectiveness of a force to produce rotation about an axis, measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis.
Even though torque has the same physical dimension as energy, it is not of the same kind and can not be measured with energy units like joule or electron volt.
Torque
GreenDownAntiQuark
ElectricChargeDimension
GreenStrangeAntiQuark
A language object that follows the syntactic rules used in the chemical field.
Chemical
Data that are non-quantitatively interpreted (e.g., qualitative data, types).
NonNumericalData
The energy of an object due to its motion.
KineticEnergy
"Quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a given system of quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the other quantities within that subset" ISO 80000-1
base quantity
BaseQuantity
Measurement unit for magnetic flux density or induction.
Tesla
A reference unit provided by a reference material. International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
Arbitrary amount-of-substance concentration of lutropin in a given sample of plasma (WHO international standard 80/552): 5.0 International Unit/l
StandardUnit
Change of the relative positions of parts of a body, excluding a displacement of the body as a whole.
Strain
BlueTopAntiQuark
Equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole (rather than energy per temperature increment per particle).
MolarGasConstant
Python
A variable that stand for a well known numerical constant (a known number).
π refers to the constant number ~3.14
KnownConstant
Casting
RedCharmAntiQuark
PerAmountDimension
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-6.
ElectromagneticQuantity
Mass per unit area.
AreaDensity
Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature. It is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point.
ThermodynamicTemperature
A 'Quantity' that stands for the standard reference magnitude of a specific class of measurement processes, defined and adopted by convention or by law. The numerical quantity value of the 'MeasurementUnit' is conventionally 1 and does not appear. Quantitative measurement results are expressed as a multiple of the 'MeasurementUnit'.
measurement unit
"Real scalar quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which any other quantity of the same kind can be compared to express the ratio of the second quantity to the first one as a number" ISO 80000-1
"Unit symbols are mathematical entities and not abbreviations." "Symbols for units are treated as mathematical entities. In expressing the value of a quantity as the product of a numerical value and a unit, both the numerical value and the unit may be treated by the ordinary rules of algebra." https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf
While the SI brochure treats 'MeasurementUnit' as a 'PhysicalQuantity', in the EMMO this is not possible since the latter always has two direct parts, a 'Numerical' and a 'MeasurementUnit', while the former a single 'Symbol'. SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference). The EMMO, following strict nominalism, considers a SI quantity as a SI quantity value, collapsing the two concepts into one: the 'Quantity'. So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but a 'MeasurementUnit', while the string "1 kg" is 'Physical Quantity'.
MeasurementUnit
SI coherent measurement unit for area.
SquareMetre
TopAntiQuark
CapacitanceDimension
Measurement unit for Celsius temperature. This unit can only be used for expressing temperature differences.
DegreeCelsius
An 'Physical' that is used as sign ("semeion" in greek) that stands for another 'Physical' through an semiotic process.
A novel is made of chapters, paragraphs, sentences, words and characters (in a direct parthood mereological hierarchy). Each of them are 'sign'-s. A character can be the a-tomistic 'sign' for the class of texts. The horizontal segment in the character "A" is direct part of "A" but it is not a 'sign' itself. For plain text we can propose the ASCII symbols, for math the fundamental math symbols.
A 'Sign' can have temporal-direct-parts which are 'Sign' themselves. A 'Sign' usually havs 'sign' spatial direct parts only up to a certain elementary semiotic level, in which the part is only a 'Physical' and no more a 'Sign' (i.e. it stands for nothing). This elementary semiotic level is peculiar to each particular system of signs (e.g. text, painting). Just like an 'Elementary' in the 'Physical' branch, each 'Sign' branch should have an a-tomistic mereological part.
According to Peirce, 'Sign' includes three subcategories: - symbols: that stand for an object through convention - indeces: that stand for an object due to causal continguity - icons: that stand for an object due to similitudes e.g. in shape or composition
Sign
A mathematical entity based on a fundamental physics theory which defines the relations between physics quantities of an entity.
CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”
PhysicsBasedModel
Circle
LengthDimension
Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference, which are defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of power- or field-type quantities. The value of a ratio in nepers is given by `ln(x1/x2)` where `x1` and `x2` are the values of interest (amplitudes), and ln is the natural logarithm. When the values are quadratic in the amplitude (e.g. power), they are first linearised by taking the square root before the logarithm is taken, or equivalently the result is halved. Wikipedia
Neper
Strength of a magnetic field. Commonly denoted H.
MagneticFieldStrength
AntiTau
The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.
Illuminance
Centi
GreenUpQuark
A 'graphical' aimed to represent a geometrical concept.
A geometrical object can be expressed in many different forms. For example, a line can be expressed by: a) an equation like y=mx+q, which is both an 'equation' and a 'geometrical' b) a line drawn with a pencil on a paper, which is simply a 'graphical' object c) a set of axioms, when the properties of a line are inferred by the interpreter reading them, that are both 'graphical' and also 'formula' The case a) is a geometrical and mathematical, b) is geometrical and pictorial, while c) is geometrical and a composition of idiomatic strings.
Geometrical
A physical particle with integer spin that follows Bose–Einstein statistics.
Boson
1940s: named after S.N. Bose.
Gradient
PlasticModeling
Radioactive decays per second.
Unit for radioactive activity.
Becquerel
A coded that makes use of an atomic symbol with respect to the code used to refer to the interaction.
Hardness is a subclass of properties. Vickers hardness is a subclass of hardness that involves the procedures and instruments defined by the standard hardness test.
The name "red" which is atomic in the code made of the list of colors.
A property is atomic in the sense that is aimed to deliver one and one only aspect of the object according to one code, such as the color with one sign (e.g., black) or a quantitiative property (e.g., 1.4 kg).
Property
From Latin proprietas (“a peculiarity, one's peculiar nature or quality, right or fact of possession, property”), from proprius (“special, particular, one's own”).
The class of individuals that stands for semiotic objects, i.e. objects that take part on a semiotic process.
Semiotic subclasse are defined using Peirce's semiotic theory. "Namely, a sign is something, A, which brings something, B, its interpretant sign determined or created by it, into the same sort of correspondence with something, C, its object, as that in which itself stands to C." (Peirce 1902, NEM 4, 20–21). The triadic elements: - 'sign': the sign A (e.g. a name) - 'interpretant': the sign B as the effects of the sign A on the interpreter (e.g. the mental concept of what a name means) - 'object': the object C (e.g. the entity to which the sign A and B refer to) This class includes also the 'interpeter' i.e. the entity that connects the 'sign' to the 'object'
SemioticEntity
Degree is a measurement of plane angle, defined by representing a full rotation as 360 degrees.
Degree
SparkErosion
BlueStrangeQuark
RedDownAntiQuark
An initial step of a workflow.
There may be more than one begin task, if they run in parallel.
BeginStep
A system which is mainly characterised by the spatial configuration of its elements.
HolisticArrangement
Physical constants are categorised into "exact" and measured constants. With "exact" constants, we refer to physical constants that have an exact numerical value after the revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019.
PhysicalConstant
A superclass made as the disjoint union of all the form under which matter can exist.
In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
StateOfMatter
Inverse of the magnetic flux quantum.
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux_quantum) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
JosephsonConstant
A pure number, typically the number of something.
1, i, π, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
According to the SI brochure counting does not automatically qualify a quantity as an amount of substance. This quantity is used only to describe the outcome of a counting process, without regard of the type of entities. There are also some quantities that cannot be described in terms of the seven base quantities of the SI, but have the nature of a count. Examples are a number of molecules, a number of cellular or biomolecular entities (for example copies of a particular nucleic acid sequence), or degeneracy in quantum mechanics. Counting quantities are also quantities with the associated unit one.
PureNumberQuantity
A process occurring with the active participation of an agent that drives the process according to a specific objective (intention).
Project
IntentionalProcess
From Latin intentionem, derived from intendere ("stretching out")
A whole possessing some proper parts of its same type.
An object A which is classified as water-fluid possesses a proper part B which is water itself if the lenght scale of the B is larger than the water intermolecular distance keeping it in the continuum range. In this sense, A is redundant. If A is a water-fluid so small that its every proper part is no more a continuum object (i.e. no more a fluid), then A is fundamental.
NonMaximal
Redundant
Pressing
Increase in the rate of reaction of a specified chemical reaction that an enzyme produces in a specific assay system.
CatalyticActivity
ChemicalSymbolicConstruct
Hadronic subatomic particles composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks bound together by strong interactions.
Most mesons are composed of one quark and one antiquark.
Meson
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-4.
MechanicalQuantity
Data whose variations are decoded according to a discrete schema.
A text is a collection of discrete symbols. A compact disc is designed to host discrete states in the form of pits and lands.
A discrete schema may be based on a continuum material basis that is filtered according to its variations. For example, a continuous voltage based signal can be considered 1 or 0 according to some threshold. Discrete does not mean tha the material basis is discrete, but that the data are encoded according to such step-based rules.
DiscreteData
Letter
An expression that provides information about the element types that constiture a molecule or a molecular substance and their number, together with simple information about the connectivity of its groups by using parenthesis or by goruping element names according to its molecular structure.
CondensedFormula
A manufacturing in which material is removed from the workpiece in the form of chips.
Machining
A strict fundamental object overcrossing a manufacturing process, the intersection being the agent that participates and drives the manufacturing process.
Manufacturer
CeramicSintering
An holistic system of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives.
ISO 55000:2014 organization: person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives
Organisation
SI coherent measurement unit for torque.
Note that the physical dimension is the same as for Joule.
NewtonMetre
An agent that is driven by the intention to reach a defined objective in driving a process.
Intentionality is not limited to human agents, but in general to all agents that have the capacity to decide to act in driving a process according to a motivation.
IntentionalAgent
Drilling
The union of all classes categorising elementary particles according to the Standard Model.
Disjointness comes from the fact that standard model elementary particles are entities that possess objectively distinct and singular characters.
Graviton is included, even if it is an hypothetical particle, to enable causality for gravitational interactions.
This class represents only real particles that are the input and output of a Feynman diagram, and hence respect the E²-p²c²=m²c⁴ energy-momentum equality (on the mass shell). In the EMMO the virtual particles (off the mass shell), the internal propagators of the interaction within a Feynman diagram, are not represented as mereological entities but as object relations (binary predicates).
StandardModelParticle
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-12.
CondensedMatterPhysicsQuantity
FiberReinforcePlasticManufacturing
Unit for fractions of quantities of the same kind, to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed.
Quantities that are ratios of quantities of the same kind (for example length ratios and amount fractions) have the option of being expressed with units (m/m, mol/mol to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed and also allow the use of SI prefixes, if this is desirable (μm/m, nmol/mol). -- SI Brochure
FractionUnit
Magnetizing
A coarse dispersion of gas in a solid continuum phase.
SolidGasSuspension
"Quantity, defined by a conventional measurement procedure, for which a total ordering relation can be established, according to magnitude, with other quantities of the same kind, but for which no algebraic operations among those quantities exist" International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
Hardness Resilience
ordinal quantity
"Ordinal quantities, such as Rockwell C hardness, are usually not considered to be part of a system of quantities because they are related to other quantities through empirical relations only." International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
OrdinalQuantity
Irradiate
HardeningByDrawing
LaserCutting
A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer through an optical perception employing the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
A cloud. A picture. A colour gradient on a wall. A stain. A mail.
Visual
The most fundamental unity criterion for the definition of an structure is that: - is made of at least two quantums (a structure is not a simple entity) - all quantum parts form a causally connected graph
The union of CausalPath and CausalSystem classes.
A self-connected composition of more than one quantum entities.
A causal structure expresses itself in time and space thanks to the underlying causality relations between its constituent quantum entities. It must at least provide two temporal parts. The unity criterion beyond the definition of a causal structure (the most general concept of structure) is the existence of an undirected causal path between each of its parts.
CausalObject
CausalStructure
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”).
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and from Latin struere (“arrange, assemble, build”).
CeramicMaterial
HardeningByForging
A measurement unit that is made of a metric prefix and a unit symbol.
PrefixedUnit
An icon that imitates one representative character of the object. It share external similarities with the object, but not necessarily the same internal logical structure.
A data based model is only a functional icon, since it provide the same relations between the properties of the object (e.g., it can predict some properties as function of others) but is not considering the internal mechanisms (i.e., it can ignore the physics).
A guinea pig.
An icon that focusing WHAT the object does.
This subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else.
FunctionalIcon
From Latin functiō (“performance, execution”), from functus, perfect participle of fungor (“to perform, execute, discharge”).
Dismantling
A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatial configuration is due to an explicit graphical procedure and shows an identifiable pattern.
'Graphical' objects include writings, pictures, sketches ...
This concept includes only things that are purposely created by an agent.
Graphical
From the Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ) which means drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, and from γράφω (gráphō) which means scratch, carve.
The term graphical is used in etymological sense, comprising both writings and visual arts.
Soldering
Process of cutting a workpiece into smaller parts that are either doughter parts, samples (e.g. for testing) or scrap.
Sawing
A tessellation in wich a tile is next for two or more non spatially connected tiles.
Join
Calendering
BlueAntiQuark
PowerDimension
Declared
A flow of electric charge.
ElectricCurrent
Extrusion
A reference unit provided by a measurement procedure.
Rockwell C hardness of a given sample (150 kg load): 43.5HRC(150 kg)
ProcedureUnit
ThermalCutting
A tile that has next and is next of other tiles within the same tessellation.
ThroughTile
ElectricDipoleMomentDimension
Non-SI time unit defined as 60 seconds.
Minute
ElementaryBoson
Specific form of an element defined as to isotopic composition, electronic or oxidation state, and/or complex or molecular structure. Chemical species is the macroscopic equivalent of molecular entity and refers to sets or ensembles of molecular entities.
Following nominalistic approach a species is simply a name that can point to an element name, a chemical formula or a chemical compound. So everything addressed by these classes of names can be calleded a chemical species.
ChemicalSpecies
The charge of an electron.
The negative of ElementaryCharge.
ElectronCharge
AntiQuark
An heterogenous object made of different graphical object parts.
Document
From Latin documentum, from the verb doceō (“teach”) +‎ -mentum.
Extend of a spatial dimension.
Length is a non-negative additive quantity attributed to a one-dimensional object in space.
Length
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two lengths.
Unit for plane angle.
LengthFractionUnit
Measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current. Conductivity is equeal to the resiprocal of resistivity.
ElectricConductivity
CatalyticActivityDimension
An object which is an holistic spatial part of a object.
A tire is a constituent of a car.
ObjectPart
Constituent
Dimensionless measurement unit for solid angle.
Steradian
RedQuark
ModelledQuantitativeProperty
DrawForms
A standalone simulation, where a single physics equation is solved.
StandaloneModelSimulation
RedDownQuark
Force per unit oriented surface area .
Measure of the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.
Stress
Viscosity in the Navier-Stokes equation
A variable whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation.
Parameter
Chemical Abstact Service registry number for a chemical substance from the American Chemical Society
CASRN
ElectronType
PorcelainOrCeramicCasting
An elementary particle of half-integer spin (spin 1⁄2) that does not undergo strong interactions.
Lepton
ChemicalSymbol
BottomQuark
Riveting
A SI base or special unit with a metric prefix.
The presence of the prefix makes this units non-coherent with SI system.
SIPrefixedUnit
A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole hybridly in spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal parts.
JunctionTile
A coarse dispersion of solid in a gas continuum phase.
Dust, sand storm.
GasSolidSuspension
One-dimensional subspace of space-time, which is locally orthogonal to space.
The indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
Time can be seen as the duration of an event or, more operationally, as "what clocks read".
Time
A estimation of a property by a criteria based on the pre-existing knowledge of the estimator.
The Argon gas in my bottle has ionisation energy of 15.7596 eV. This is not measured but assigned to this material by previous knowledge.
Assignment
The amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
Concentration
MolarConcentration
Molarity
AmountConcentration
GreenDownQuark
ElectricCurrentDimension
Cutting
A manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product.
Is not collection, since the connection between the elements of an assembly line occurs through the flow of objects that are processed.
AssemblyLine
A foam of trapped gas in a liquid.
LiquidFoam
A non-SI metric unit of area defined as the square with 100-metre sides.
Hectare
FiberboardManufacturing
FormingFromLiquid
The International Chemical Identifier (InChI) textual identifier proposed by IUPAC to provide a standard encoding for databases of molecular information.
InChI
A sign that stands for an object by resembling or imitating it, in shape, function or by sharing a similar logical structure.
A picture that reproduces the aspect of a person.
An equation that reproduces the logical connection of the properties of a physical entity.
If object and sign belongs to the same class, then the sign is fuctional, diagrammatic and resemblance. For example, when a Boeing 747 is used as a sign for another Boeing 747.
In Peirce semiotics three subtypes of icon are possible: (a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture) (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart) (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else [Wikipedia]
Model
Simulacrum
Icon
From Latin modus (“measure”).
From Latin simulacrum ("likeness, semblance")
From Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn, “likeness, image, portrait”).
Measurement unit for luminous flux.
Lumen
Sphere
A fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.
FineStructureConstant
Measurement unit for magnetic flux.
Weber
The number of waves per unit length along the direction of propagation.
Wavenumber
A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose.
The thermal conductivity of a copper sample in my laboratory can be assumed to be the conductivity that appears in the vendor specification. This value has been obtained by measurement of a sample which is not the one I have in my laboratory. This conductivity value is then a conventional quantitiative property assigned to my sample through a semiotic process in which no actual measurement is done by my laboratory. If I don't believe the vendor, then I can measure the actual thermal conductivity. I then perform a measurement process that semiotically assign another value for the conductivity, which is a measured property, since is part of a measurement process. Then I have two different physical quantities that are properties thanks to two different semiotic processes.
A property that is associated to an object by convention, or assumption.
ConventionalQuantitativeProperty
A language object is a discrete data entity respecting a specific language syntactic rules (a well-formed formula).
Language
From Latin lingua (“tongue, speech, language”), from Old Latin dingua (“tongue”).
An object which is an holistic temporal part of a process.
A semi-naked man is a status in the process of a man's dressing.
State
Status
Measurement unit for illuminance.
Lux
Physical constant in Newton's law of gravitation and in Einstein's general theory of relativity.
NewtonianConstantOfGravity
RedUpAntiQuark
Zetta
Assigned
HeatTreatment
FundamentalMatterParticle
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-5.
ThermodynamicalQuantity
A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number.
The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing,
IonAtom
The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634×10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
Ampere
A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units.
base unit
BaseUnit
The term "Uniform Resource Name" (URN) has been used historically to refer to both URIs under the "urn" scheme [RFC2141], which are required to remain globally unique and persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable, and to any other URI with the properties of a name.
URN
A scientific theory that focuses on a specific phenomena, for which a single statement (not necessariliy in mathematical form) can be expressed.
NaturalLaw
An elementary particle with spin 1/2 that interacts only via the weak interaction and gravity.
NeutrinoType
Peening
Measurement unit for equivalent doseof ionizing radiation. Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological effectiveness of the radiation, which is dependent on the radiation type and energy.
Sievert
Cementing
Determined
Number of nucleons in an atomic nucleus.
MassNumber
GreenQuark
BlueQuark
Gustatory
A property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed by means of a number and a reference. -- ISO 80000-1 A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such. -- International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
A quantity that can be quantified with respect to a standardized reference physical instance (e.g. the prototype meter bar, the kg prototype) or method (e.g. resilience) through a measurement process.
quantity
A quantitative property is always expresssed as a quantity (i.e. a number and a reference unit). For the EMMO, a nominalistic ontology, there is no property as abstract object. A property is a sign that stands for an object according to a specific code shared by some observers. For quantititative properties, one possible code that is shared between the scientific community (the observers) is the SI system of units.
Subclasses of 'QuantitativeProperty' classify objects according to the type semiosis that is used to connect the property to the object (e.g. by measurement, by convention, by modelling).
QuantitativeProperty
UpAntiQuarkType
A workflow whose steps (iterative steps) are the repetition of the same workflow type.
IterativeWorkflow
The DBpedia and UIPAC Gold Book definitions (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permeability, https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04504) are outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
The value of magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum.
VacuumMagneticPermeability
TauAntiNeutrino
The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles.
Mole
An uncharged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.
Neutron
Matter of constant composition best characterized by the entities (molecules, formula units, atoms) it is composed of.
A substance is always composed of more than one molecular entity. It lays in the continuum or mesoscopic domain.
A molecule composed of only one element type.
Hydrogen molecule (H₂).
ElementalMolecule
Homonuclear
The union of the object or process classes.
The interest is on the 4D object as it extends in time (process) or as it persists in time (object): - object (focus on spatial configuration) - process (focus on temporal evolution) The concepts of endurant and perdurant implicitly rely on the concept of instantaneous 3D snapshot of the world object, that in the EMMO is not allowed since everything extends in 4D and there are no abstract objects. Moreover, time is a measured property in the EMMO and not an objective characteristic of an object, and cannot be used as temporal index to identify endurant position in time. For this reason an individual in the EMMO can always be classified both endurant and perdurant, due to its nature of 4D entity (e.g. an individual may belong both to the class of runners and the class of running process), and the distinction is purely semantic. In fact, the object/process distinction is simply a matter of convenience in a 4D approach since a temporal extension is always the case, and stationarity depends upon observer time scale. For this reason, the same individual (4D object) may play the role of a process or of an object class depending on the object to which it relates. Nevertheless, it is useful to introduce categorizations that characterize persistency through continuant and occurrent concepts, even if not ontologically but only cognitively defined. This is also due to the fact that our language distinguish between nouns and verbs to address things, forcing the separation between things that happens and things that persist. This perspective provides classes conceptually similar to the concepts of endurant and perdurant (a.k.a. continuant and occurrent). We claim that this distinction is motivated by our cognitive bias, and we do not commit to the fact that both these kinds of entity “do really exist”. For this reason, a whole instance can be both process and object, according to different cognitive approaches (see Wonderweb D17). The distinction between endurant and perdurant as usually introduced in literature (see BFO SPAN/SNAP approach) is then no more ontological, but can still be expressed through the introduction of ad hoc primitive definitions that follow the interpreter endurantist or perdurantist attitude.
A coarse dispersion of liquid in a gas continuum phase.
Rain, spray.
GasLiquidSuspension
Olfactory
A tessellation in which all tiles are connected through spatiotemporal relations hasNext or contacts.
WellFormedTessellation
UTF8
Electric field strength divided by the current density.
ElectricResistivity
Nano
BlueBottomQuark
CentrifugalCasting
GluonType6
Measurement unit for voltage.
Volt
FlameCutting
The amount of energy gained (or lost) by the charge of a single electron moving across an electric potential difference of one volt.
ElectronVolt
PlasmaCutting
A chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.
ChemicalCompound
Perceived power of light.
LuminousFlux
Derivative of velocity with respect to time.
Acceleration
A suspension of fine particles in the atmosphere.
Dust
The radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time.
RadiantFlux
AmountDimension
An 'equation' that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a 'physics_quantity' (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables).
The Lennard-Jones potential. A force field. An Hamiltonian.
A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities.
MaterialRelation
The class of 'mathematical'-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions.
2+3 = 5 x^2 +3x = 5x dv/dt = a sin(x) = y
An equation with variables can always be represented as: f(v0, v1, ..., vn) = g(v0, v1, ..., vn) where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, ..., vn are the variables.
Equation
WPositiveBoson
Measurement unit for frequence.
Hertz
Yotta
A causal system provides the most general concept of system, being a union of causal structures interacting together. In its most simple form, a causal system is an interlacement of causal paths (the most simple structure type).
A non-path causal structure
A electron binded by a nucleus.
CausalSystem
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma, “musical scale; organized body; whole made of several parts or members”), from σῠν- (sun-, prefix meaning ‘with, together’) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “to stand”).
DownAntiQuark
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two speeds.
Unit for refractive index.
SpeedFractionUnit
Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared.
SolidAngle
A hypothesis is a theory, estimated and objective, since its estimated premises are objective.
Hypothesis
Measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through a material.
Inverse of 'ElectricalConductance'.
Resistance
ElectricResistance
A manufacturing in which the product is a solid body with a well defined geometrical shape made from shapeless original material parts, whose cohesion is created during the process.
PrimitiveForming
Urformen
ArchetypeManufacturing
AmountConcentrationDimension
A simulation that relies on physics based models, according to the Review of Materials Modelling and CWA 17284:2018.
PhysicsBasedSimulation
TransientLiquidPhaseSintering
A declaration that provides a sign for an object that is independent from any assignment rule.
A unique id attached to an entity.
Naming
A coarse dispersion of solids in a liquid continuum phase.
Mud
LiquidSolidSuspension
Measurement unit for electric dipole moment.
CoulombMetre
The 22 derived units that are given a special name in the SI system that stands for units derived by SI base units.
These units are SI coherent by definition.
SISpecialUnit
A characteriser that declares a property for an object through the specific interaction required by the property definition.
Observer
A world entity is direct causally self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are direct causally connected to each other. In the EMMO, topological connectivity is based on causality. All physical objects, i.e. entities whose behaviour is explained by physics laws, are represented only by items. In other words, a physical object part is embedded in a direct causal graph that provides always a path between two of its parts. Members of a collection lack such direct causality connection, i.e. they do not constitute a physical object. Following graph theory concepts, the quantums of an item are all connected together within a network of causal relations, forming a connected causal graph. A collection is then a set of disconnected graphs.
The disjoint union of Elementary, Quantum and CausalSystem classes.
The class of individuals standing for direct causally self-connected world entities.
Item
From Latin item, "likewise, just so, moreover".
The class of individuals that stand for gravitons elementary particles.
While this particle is only supposed to exist, the EMMO approach to classical and quantum systems represents fields as made of particles. For this reason graviton is an useful concept to homogenize the approach between different fields.
Graviton
The von Klitzing constant is defined as Planck constant divided by the square of the elementary charge.
Resistance quantum.
VonKlitzingConstant
A standalone atom has direct part one 'nucleus' and one 'electron_cloud'. An O 'atom' within an O₂ 'molecule' is an 'e-bonded_atom'. In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud. We cannot say that H₂ molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus.
An 'atom' is a 'nucleus' surrounded by an 'electron_cloud', i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons.
Atom
A graphical object aimed to represent schematically the conceptual, tempral or spatial structure of another object.
Representation
MergingManufacturing
A neutrino belonging to the third generation of leptons.
TauNeutrino
GluonType3
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-7.
LightAndRadiationQuantity
A Miixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically (not chemically) combined.
Mixture
A chain of linked physics based model simulations, where equations are solved sequentially.
LinkedModelsSimulation
A material that is obtained through a manufacturing process.
EngineeredMaterial
ProcessedMaterial
ManufacturedMaterial
MagneticFluxDensityDimension
MomentumDimension
Gluing
A representation of objects belonging to the chemistry field.
ChemicalRepresentation
The inverse of length.
ReciprocalLength
DeepDrawing
Data that are expressed through classical physics mechanisms, having one value and one state, and being in the same place at the same time.
ClassicalData
Property of a physical body that express its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a force is applied.
Mass
EndTile
AntiNeutrinoType
A tessellation (or tiling) is the covering of a surface, often a plane, using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps.
A causal object that is tessellated in direct parts.
Tiling
Tessellation
A procedure that deals with quantitative symbols (i.e. symbols associated with a quantitative oriented language).
A matematician that calculates 2+2. A computation machine that calculate the average value of a dataset.
Computation
From Latin con- +‎ putō (“I reckon”).
The class of individuals that satisfy a whole defining criteria (i.e. belongs to a subclass of whole) and have no spatial parts that satisfy that same criteria (no parts that are of the same type of the whole).
SpatiallyFundamental
SparkPlasmaSintering
CrystallineMaterial
Antimatter is matter that is composed only of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter.
This branch is not expanded due to the limited use of such entities.
AntiMatter
Number of direct parts of a Reductionistic.
Using direct parthood EMMO creates a well-defined broadcasting between granularity levels. This also make it possible to count the direct parts of each granularity level.
NumberOfElements
A law that provides a connection between a material property and other properties of the object.
MaterialLaw
Extent of an object in space.
Volume
GravityCasting
Measurement unit for electrical conductance.
Siemens
A estimator that uses its predefined knowledge to declare a property of an object.
I estimate the molecular mass of the gas in my bottle as 1.00784 u because it is tagged as H.
Assigner
Physical constant that by definition (after the latest revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019) has a known exact numerical value when expressed in SI units.
SIExactConstant
Device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. -- VIM
measuring instrument
A measuring instrument that can be used alone is a measuring system.
MeasuringInstrument
BlueUpQuark
StrangeAntiQuark
Quantities declared under the ISO 80000.
InternationalSystemOfQuantity
Ratio of circular arc length to radius.
PlaneAngle
Angle
Planing
Yocto
EnergyDimension
A symbolic that has parts a reference unit and a numerical object separated by a space expressing the value of a quantitative property (expressed as the product of the numerical and the unit).
6.8 m 0.9 km 8 K 6 MeV 43.5 HRC(150 kg)
quantity value
A quantity is not necessarily a property, since it is possible to write "10 kg", without assigning this quantity to a specific object. However, a quantitative property is always a quantity.
Referred as Quantity Value in International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference). The EMMO, following strict nominalism, denies the existence of abstract objects and then collapses the two concepts of SI quantity and SI quantity value into a single one: the 'Quantity'. So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but simply a 'Symbolic' object categorized as a 'MeasurementUnit'. While the string "1 kg" is a 'Physical Quantity'.
Quantity
CompositeMaterial
A process which is an holistic spatial part of an object.
Blood circulation in a human body.
A constitutive process is a process that is holistically relevant for the definition of the whole.
ConstitutiveProcess
A mapping that acts on elements of one space and produces elements of another space.
The algebraic operator '+' that acts on two real numbers and produces one real number.
The differential operator that acts on a C1 real function and produces another real function.
MathematicalOperator
A constituent of a system.
Component
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two amount of substance.
Unit for amount fraction.
AmountFractionUnit
An analogical icon expressed in mathematical language.
A mathematical model can be defined as a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language to facilitate proper explanation of a system or to study the effects of different components and to make predictions on patterns of behaviour. Abramowitz and Stegun, 1968
MathematicalModel
A well formed tessellation with tiles that are all temporal.
TemporalTiling
The small, dense region at the centre of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons.
Nucleus
A programming language that is executed through runtime interpretation.
ScriptingLanguage
A baryon containing one or more strange quarks, but no charm, bottom, or top quark.
This form of matter may exist in a stable form within the core of some neutron stars.
Hyperon
A meson with spin two.
TensorMeson
DifferentialOperator
FormingFromPowder
A non-SI unit defined as 1000 kg.
Tonne
An integer number.
Integer
An uncharged vector boson that mediate the weak interaction.
Z bosons are their own antiparticles.
NeutralWeakBoson
ZBoson
A system whose is mainly characterised by the way in which elements are interconnected.
Network
A estimator that uses modelling to declare a property of an object (i.e. infer a property from other properties).
Modeller
The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency. It defines the base unit second in the SI system.
HyperfineTransitionFrequencyOfCs
Gram is defined as one thousandth of the SI unit kilogram.
Gram
A well-formed finite combination of mathematical symbols according to some specific rules.
Expression
A particle with integer spin that follows Bose–Einstein statistics.
A boson that is a single elementary particle.
FundamentalBoson
BeginTile
PermeabilityDimension
The creation of a material entity starting from fundamental substances, involving chemical phenomena (e.g. reaction, bonding).
Deals with undefined shapes both input and output.
MaterialSynthesis
The class of quantities that are the ratio of two quantities with the same physical dimensionality.
refractive index, volume fraction, fine structure constant
Quantities defined as ratios `Q=A/B` having equal dimensions in numerator and denominator are dimensionless quantities but still have a physical dimension defined as dim(A)/dim(B). Johansson, Ingvar (2010). "Metrological thinking needs the notions of parametric quantities, units and dimensions". Metrologia. 47 (3): 219–230. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/012. ISSN 0026-1394.
RatioQuantity
Measurement unit for electrical inductance.
Henry
PolymericMaterial
A simulation in which more than one model are solved together with a coupled method.
Solving within the same linear system the discretised form of the pressure and momentum equation for a fluid, using the ideal gas law as material relation for connecting pressure to density.
TightlyCoupledModelsSimulation
GreenCharmAntiQuark
UpQuarkType
The processing of a material aimed to transform its structure by means of any type of treatment, without involving relevant synthesis phenomena.
Has shaped bodies as input and output.
MaterialTreatment
An holistic spatial part of a whole.
HolisticSpatialPart
NonTemporalRole
A bosonic elementary particle that mediates interactions among elementary fermions, and thus acts as a force carrier.
All known gauge bosons have a spin of 1 and are hence also vector bosons.
Gauge bosons can carry any of the four fundamental interactions of nature.
GaugeBoson
The dependent variable for which an equation has been written.
Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation.
Unknown
The set of units provided by the SI referring to the ISQ.
The complete set of SI units includes both the coherent set and the multiples and sub-multiples formed by using the SI prefixes.
The names, symbols and prefixes of SI units are defined by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures
SIUnit
DownQuarkType
Measure of the ease for electric current to pass through a material.
Inverse of 'ElectricalResistance'.
Conductance
ElectricConductance
A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant. It defines the Kelvin unit in the SI system.
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
BoltzmannConstant
GreenAntiQuark
MathematicalConstruct
MarkupLanguage
Gathering
ComputerScience
PhysicallyInteractingConvex
PhysicalyUnbonded
A computation that provides a data output following the elaboration of some input data, using a data processing application.
DataProcessing
A scripting language developed specifically for an application, so that it's usage and interpretation is limited in this context.
Scripting file for the execution of modelling software such as LAMMPS, OpenFOAM, or for general purpose platforms such as MATLAB or Mathematica.
ApplicationSpecificScript
CausallHairedSystem
MultiParticlePath
LanguageInterpretableFile
Substance
Broadcast
DataStructure
Atom subclass for carbon.
CarbonAtom
UraniumSymbol
Atom subclass for osmium.
OsmiumAtom
Atom subclass for gadolinium.
GadoliniumAtom
LithiumSymbol
Atom subclass for cadmium.
CadmiumAtom
BohriumSymbol
Atom subclass for curium.
CuriumAtom
Atom subclass for lutetium.
LutetiumAtom
TinSymbol
ArsenicSymbol
ZincSymbol
Atom subclass for gold.
GoldAtom
Atom subclass for molybdenum.
MolybdenumAtom
Atom subclass for bismuth.
BismuthAtom
RutheniumSymbol
Atom subclass for titanium.
TitaniumAtom
VanadiumSymbol
MercurySymbol
Atom subclass for platinum.
PlatinumAtom
Atom subclass for cerium.
CeriumAtom
Atom subclass for erbium.
ErbiumAtom
Atom subclass for neptunium.
NeptuniumAtom
PlutoniumSymbol
ManganeseSymbol
Atom subclass for astatine.
AstatineAtom
Atom subclass for praseodymium.
PraseodymiumAtom
DysprosiumSymbol
Atom subclass for hassium.
HassiumAtom
Atom subclass for barium.
BariumAtom
FleroviumSymbol
TitaniumSymbol
NickelSymbol
ProtactiniumSymbol
MendeleviumSymbol
Atom subclass for neon.
NeonAtom
Atom subclass for nitrogen.
NitrogenAtom
GadoliniumSymbol
NitrogenSymbol
Atom subclass for francium.
FranciumAtom
Atom subclass for protactinium.
ProtactiniumAtom
Atom subclass for chromium.
ChromiumAtom
Atom subclass for calcium.
CalciumAtom
Atom subclass for manganese.
ManganeseAtom
Atom subclass for helium.
HeliumAtom
ChlorineSymbol
Atom subclass for einsteinium.
EinsteiniumAtom
Atom subclass for neodymium.
NeodymiumAtom
NeonSymbol
LivermoriumSymbol
Atom subclass for meitnerium.
MeitneriumAtom
PraseodymiumSymbol
ErbiumSymbol
FluorineSymbol
Atom subclass for silver.
SilverAtom
Atom subclass for actinium.
ActiniumAtom
CalciumSymbol
Atom subclass for lithium.
LithiumAtom
Atom subclass for rhodium.
RhodiumAtom
ActiniumSymbol
Atom subclass for radium.
RadiumAtom
Atom subclass for roentgenium.
RoentgeniumAtom
ScandiumSymbol
SeaborgiumSymbol
Atom subclass for cobalt.
CobaltAtom
Atom subclass for arsenic.
ArsenicAtom
BromineSymbol
Atom subclass for lawrencium.
LawrenciumAtom
DubniumSymbol
CeriumSymbol
EuropiumSymbol
Atom subclass for oxygen.
OxygenAtom
TennessineSymbol
Atom subclass for nobelium.
NobeliumAtom
CobaltSymbol
AntimonySymbol
SiliconSymbol
ChromiumSymbol
Atom subclass for iodine.
IodineAtom
Atom subclass for darmastadtium.
DarmastadtiumAtom
Atom subclass for xenon.
XenonAtom
Atom subclass for copper.
CopperAtom
ThalliumSymbol
Atom subclass for thorium.
ThoriumAtom
Atom subclass for hydrogen.
HydrogenAtom
Atom subclass for iridium.
IridiumAtom
BerkeliumSymbol
Atom subclass for fermium.
FermiumAtom
Atom subclass for boron.
BoronAtom
TantalumSymbol
StrontiumSymbol
TerbiumSymbol
Atom subclass for samarium.
SamariumAtom
LutetiumSymbol
SulfurSymbol
IndiumSymbol
Atom subclass for bohrium.
BohriumAtom
Atom subclass for seaborgium.
SeaborgiumAtom
TungstenSymbol
Atom subclass for germanium.
GermaniumAtom
ArgonSymbol
EinsteiniumSymbol
GermaniumSymbol
PhosphorusSymbol
Atom subclass for plutonium.
PlutoniumAtom
Atom subclass for tennessine.
TennessineAtom
LeadSymbol
IronSymbol
Atom subclass for gallium.
GalliumAtom
DarmastadtiumSymbol
Atom subclass for krypton.
KryptonAtom
Atom subclass for yttrium.
YttriumAtom
Atom subclass for promethium.
PromethiumAtom
Atom subclass for lead.
LeadAtom
YttriumSymbol
Atom subclass for argon.
ArgonAtom
Atom subclass for nihonium.
NihoniumAtom
Atom subclass for polonium.
PoloniumAtom
Atom subclass for rutherfordium.
RutherfordiumAtom
Atom subclass for phosphorus.
PhosphorusAtom
Atom subclass for silicon.
SiliconAtom
Atom subclass for flerovium.
FleroviumAtom
ZirconiumSymbol
Atom subclass for tungsten.
TungstenAtom
KryptonSymbol
Atom subclass for aluminium.
AluminiumAtom
Atom subclass for selenium.
SeleniumAtom
GoldSymbol
Atom subclass for thulium.
ThuliumAtom
ThuliumSymbol
Atom subclass for caesium.
CaesiumAtom
Atom subclass for sulfur.
SulfurAtom
PalladiumSymbol
Atom subclass for europium.
EuropiumAtom
TechnetiumSymbol
RheniumSymbol
Atom subclass for ytterbium.
YtterbiumAtom
Atom subclass for rhenium.
RheniumAtom
Atom subclass for strontium.
StrontiumAtom
NihoniumSymbol
MagnesiumSymbol
CoperniciumSymbol
HydrogenSymbol
Atom subclass for ruthenium.
RutheniumAtom
SamariumSymbol
Atom subclass for indium.
IndiumAtom
OxygenSymbol
RadiumSymbol
Atom subclass for tin.
TinAtom
FermiumSymbol
Atom subclass for technetium.
TechnetiumAtom
BoronSymbol
LanthanumSymbol
Atom subclass for iron.
IronAtom
CarbonSymbol
PotassiumSymbol
Atom subclass for niobium.
NiobiumAtom
PoloniumSymbol
NeodymiumSymbol
Atom subclass for lanthanum.
LanthanumAtom
CadmiumSymbol
Atom subclass for uranium.
UraniumAtom
MeitneriumSymbol
Atom subclass for bromine.
BromineAtom
BerylliumSymbol
Atom subclass for californium.
CaliforniumAtom
GalliumSymbol
Atom subclass for moscovium.
MoscoviumAtom
Atom subclass for dubnium.
DubniumAtom
Atom subclass for beryllium.
BerylliumAtom
IridiumSymbol
Atom subclass for chlorine.
ChlorineAtom
Atom subclass for mercury.
MercuryAtom
Atom subclass for thallium.
ThalliumAtom
CopperSymbol
SodiumSymbol
Atom subclass for zirconium.
ZirconiumAtom
IodineSymbol
RoentgeniumSymbol
Atom subclass for tellurium.
TelluriumAtom
NobeliumSymbol
Atom subclass for antimony.
AntimonyAtom
FranciumSymbol
PromethiumSymbol
AstatineSymbol
Atom subclass for rubidium.
RubidiumAtom
CuriumSymbol
HafniumSymbol
Atom subclass for nickel.
NickelAtom
Atom subclass for palladium.
PalladiumAtom
RutherfordiumSymbol
MoscoviumSymbol
TelluriumSymbol
SeleniumSymbol
Atom subclass for oganesson.
OganessonAtom
RadonSymbol
Atom subclass for berkelium.
BerkeliumAtom
BariumSymbol
Atom subclass for potassium.
PotassiumAtom
Atom subclass for tantalum.
TantalumAtom
RhodiumSymbol
Atom subclass for sodium.
SodiumAtom
HolmiumSymbol
Atom subclass for dysprosium.
DysprosiumAtom
Atom subclass for hafnium.
HafniumAtom
Atom subclass for terbium.
TerbiumAtom
MolybdenumSymbol
PlatinumSymbol
OganessonSymbol
SilverSymbol
Atom subclass for mendelevium.
MendeleviumAtom
NeptuniumSymbol
ThoriumSymbol
BismuthSymbol
HassiumSymbol
Atom subclass for vanadium.
VanadiumAtom
NiobiumSymbol
AmericiumSymbol
LawrenciumSymbol
Atom subclass for livermorium.
LivermoriumAtom
Atom subclass for zinc.
ZincAtom
CaesiumSymbol
Atom subclass for americium.
AmericiumAtom
Atom subclass for copernicium.
CoperniciumAtom
RubidiumSymbol
HeliumSymbol
OsmiumSymbol
XenonSymbol
Atom subclass for scandium.
ScandiumAtom
AluminiumSymbol
Atom subclass for holmium.
HolmiumAtom
Atom subclass for radon.
RadonAtom
YtterbiumSymbol
CaliforniumSymbol
Atom subclass for fluorine.
FluorineAtom
Atom subclass for magnesium.
MagnesiumAtom
The universe is considered as a causally self-connected object, encompassing all other objects. For this reason is unique.
universe
test
Enforcing the fact that an entity cannot cause itself.
Enforcing parthood reflexivity.
Enforcing reflexivity of overlapping.
Implementation of equality based on mereology.
Transitivity for parthood.
Enforcing a strict one-way causality direction.
Ensure that the hasNext relation expresses a strictly one-way causality arrow between two entities.
Transitivity for proper parthood.
Enforcing exclusivity between overlapping and causality.