Chemistry
type: Ontology
version IRI: 1.0.0-beta4
contact: Emanuele Ghedini University of Bologna (IT) email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
contact: Gerhard Goldbeck Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
comment: The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
comment: This ontology is generated with EMMOntoPy using data from the ASE Python package.
comment: You can contact EMMO Authors via emmo@emmc.eu
abstract: Defines physical quantities in the International System of Quantities (ISQ). ISQ was made an official ISO standard in 2009 and is defined in the ISO/IEC 80000 standard. ISQ underlines the SI system and defines physical quanties that are measured with SI units. ISQ has 7 base quantities and many derived quantities defined in terms of the 7 base quantities. The number of derived quantities not closed and may increase based on the need by domain ontologies.
abstract: Defines properties as the result of an observation process. Observation is a semiotic process that stimulate an interpretant within the interpreter who communicates the perception result to other interpreters through a sign, which is the property. Hence, properties creates a link between the holistic and the perceptual perspectives. Subclasses of property are subclasses that spesialise the type of observation process.
abstract: Defines the formal language of metrology, including theoretical and practical aspects of measurements. This module is based on the International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) as well as the ISO/IEC 80000 standard.
abstract: Defines the holistic perspective which include process and the role of its participants. Processes are 4D object's that unfolds in time in a way that has a meaning to the ontologist with participants who's role is assigned by the ontologist.
abstract: Defines the perceptual perspective, which categorises real world objects according to how they are percieved by an user as a recognisable pattern in space or time. The perceptual module includes formal languages, pictures, geometry, mathematics and sounds. Phenomenic objects can be used in a semiotic process as signs.
abstract: Defines the perceptual perspective, which which categorises real world objects according to how they are percieved by an user as a recognisable pattern in space or time. The perceptual module includes formal languages, pictures, geometry, mathematics and sounds. Phenomenic objects can be used in a semiotic process as signs.
abstract: Defines the reductionistic perspective, which uses the fundamental non-transitive parthood relation, called direct parthood, to provide a powerful granularity description of multiscale real world objects. EMMO can in principle represents the Universe with direct parthood relations as a direct rooted tree up to its elementary constituents. In addition to direct parthood, the reductionistic module defines 'State' as a tesselation of spatial direct parts with no change of granularity or cardinality and 'Existent' as a tesselation of temporal direct parts.
abstract: Defines the root of the physicalistic perspective that introduces the concept of real world objects that have a meaning for the ontologist under an applied physics perspective.
abstract: Describes manufacturing processes with engineered participants. The module also provides a root for engineered materials.
abstract: Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology (EMMO) EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
abstract: Introduces the fundamental mereocausal (and mereotopological) concepts of EMMO and their relations with the real world entities that they represent. EMMO uses mereocausality as the ground for all the subsequent ontology modules. The concept of causal connection is used to define the first distinction between ontology entities namely the item and collections. Items are causally self-connected objects, while collections are causally disconnected. Quantum mereology is based on the concept of quantum entity. This module introduces also the fundamental mereotopological relations used to distinguish between space and time dimensions, making spacetime emerge from underlying network of causal relations between quantum entities.
abstract: The EMMO perspectives level ontology is a container for the EMMO perspectives level ontologies. The perspectives level ontologies act as roots for extending the EMMO towards specific application domains. They describe the world from different perspectives, including - physicalistic - holistic - reductionistic - perceptual - data - semiotic - persistence
abstract: The chemistry module populates the physicalistic perspective with materials subclasses categorised according to modern applied chemistry.
abstract: The domain module is a container that imports some common domain extensions of EMMO perspectives. The intension is to provide examples for developers of EMMO-based domain ontologies.
abstract: The materials module populates the physicalistic perspective with materials subclasses categorised according to modern applied physical sciences.
abstract: The math module defines the formal language of mathematics. Mathematical objects represents graphical objects based on graphical symbols arranged according the rules of math.
abstract: The models module defines models as semiotic signs that stands for an object by resembling or imitating it, in shape or by sharing a similar logical structure.
abstract: The module 'siunits' defines the 7 base units and 22 derived units as well as the metric prefixes specified in the SI system. All additional derived units, SI-based or not, goes into the 'units-extension' module.
abstract: The module 'unitsextension' defines all units in EMMO perspectives that are not included in the 'siumits' module.
abstract: The periodic table domain ontology provide a simple reference implementation of all atoms in the periodic table with a few selected conventional properties. It is ment as both an example for other domain ontologies as well as a useful assert by itself. Periodic table is released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0).
abstract: The perspective module provides the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which the only objective categorization is provided by the Universe individual and all the Quantum individuals. Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a 'Perspective' subclass.
abstract: The semiotics module is based on the semiotic theory by Charles S. Peirce. It introduces the triadic semiotic process, called semiosis, with its participants an 'object' that is represented by a 'sign' producing another sign, the 'interpretant' and finally the 'interpreter' who connects the 'object', 'sign' and 'interpretant'. The role of abstract objects are in EMMO fulfilled by semiotic objects, i.e. real world objects (e.g. symbol or sign) that stand for other real world objects that are to be interpreted by an agent. These symbols appear in actions (semiotic processes) meant to communicate meaning by establishing relationships between symbols (signs).
contributor: Access, DE
contributor: Adham Hashibon, Fraunhofer IWM, DE
contributor: Adham Hashibon, University College of London, UK
contributor: Anne de Baas, Goldbeck Consulting Ltd, UK
contributor: Francesca Lønstad Bleken, SINTEF, NO
contributor: Francesco Zaccarini, University of Bologna, IT
contributor: Fraunhofer IWM, DE
contributor: Georg Schmitz, Access, DE
contributor: Gerhard Goldbeck, Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
contributor: Gerhard Goldbeck, Goldbeck Consulting Ltd, UK
contributor: Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
contributor: Jesper Friis, SINTEF, NO
contributor: Michael Noeske, FRAUNHOFER IFAM, DE
contributor: SINTEF, NO
contributor: Sebastiano Moruzzi, University of Bologna, IT
contributor: University of Bologna, IT
creator: Adham Hashibon
creator: Emanuele Ghedini
creator: Emanuele Ghedini, University of Bologna (IT)
creator: Emanuele Ghedini, University of Bologna, IT
creator: Francesca Lønstad Bleken, SINTEF, NO
creator: Georg Schmitz
creator: Gerhard Goldbeck
creator: Gerhard Goldbeck, Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
creator: Jesper Friis
creator: Jesper Friis, SINTEF (NO)
creator: Jesper Friis, SINTEF, NO
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
publisher: EMMC ASBL
publisher: EMMC ASBL European Materials Modelling Council Silversquare Stéphanie Avenue Louise 54 1050 Brussels CBE no: 0731 621 312 contact@emmc.eu
title: Distinctional
title: Domain
title: EMMO perspectives-level ontology
title: Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology
title: Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology (EMMO)
title: Holistic
title: Information
title: International System of Quantities (ISQ)
title: Manufacturing
title: Materials
title: Math
title: Mereocausality
title: Metrology
title: Models
title: Perceptual
title: Periodic table
title: Persholistic
title: Persistence
title: Perspective
version info: 1.0.0-beta4

contact
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: A person or organisation acting as a contact point for enquiries about the ontology resource
comment: The annotation should include an email address.
sub property of: comment

qudtReference
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: URL to corresponing entity in QUDT.
sub property of: seeAlso

omReference
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: IRI to corresponding concept in the Ontology of units of Measure.
sub property of: seeAlso

conceptualisation
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: The conceptualisation annotation is a comment that helps the reader to understand how the world has been conceptualised by the ontology authors.
comment: A conceptualisation is the preliminary step behind each theory, preceding each logical formalisation. The readers approaching an ontology entity should first read the conceptualisation annotation to clearly understand "what we are talking about" and the accompanying terminology, and then read the elucidation.
comment: An elucidation can provide references to external knowledge sources (i.e. ISO, Goldbook, RoMM).
sub property of: comment

ISO9000Reference
type: AnnotationProperty
sub property of: isDefinedBy

dbpediaReference
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: URL to corresponding dpbedia entry.
sub property of: seeAlso
range: anyURI

etymology
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: The etymology annotation explains the origin of a word and the historical development of its meaning.
comment: Definitions are usually taken from Wiktionary.
comment: The etymology annotation is usually applied to rdfs:label entities, to better understand the connection between a label and the concept it concisely represents.
sub property of: comment

Axiom
annotated target: Definitions are usually taken from Wiktionary.

definition
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: Precise and univocal description of an ontological entity in the framework of an axiomatic system.
comment: A definition univocally determines a OWL entity using necessary and sufficient conditions referring to other OWL entities.
sub property of: comment

ISO80000Reference
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: Corresponding item number in ISO 80 000.
example: 3-1.1 (ISO80000 reference to length)
sub property of: seeAlso

ISO14040Reference
type: AnnotationProperty
sub property of: isDefinedBy

elucidation
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: Short enlightening explanation aimed to facilitate the user in drawing the connection (interpretation) between a OWL entity and the real world object(s) for which it stands.
comment: An elucidation should address the real world entities using the concepts introduced by the conceptualisation annotation.
sub property of: comment

example
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: Illustrative example of how the entity is used.
sub property of: comment

VIMTerm
type: AnnotationProperty
example: quantity value (term in VIM that corresponds to Quantity in EMMO)
comment: The term in the International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) (JCGM 200:2008) that corresponds to the annotated term in EMMO.
sub property of: isDefinedBy

OWLDLRestrictedAxiom
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: Axiom not included in the theory because of OWL 2 DL global restrictions for decidability.
sub property of: comment

Axiom
annotated target: Axiom not included in the theory because of OWL 2 DL global restrictions for decidability.

comment
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: A text that add some information about the entity.
comment: A comment can be addressed to facilitate interpretation, to suggest possible usage, to clarify the concepts behind each entity with respect to other ontological apporaches.
sub property of: comment

wikipediaReference
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: URL to corresponding Wikipedia entry.
sub property of: seeAlso
range: anyURI

iupacReference
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: DOI to corresponding concept in IUPAC
sub property of: seeAlso
range: anyURI

figure
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: A link to a graphical representation aimed to facilitate understanding of the concept, or of an annotation.
sub property of: comment
range: anyURI

seeAlso
comment: EMMO applies the naming convension to its sub-properties of rdfs:seeAlso that their label must end with one of the following terms: - 'Match': resolvable URLs to corresponding entity in another ontology - 'Entry': resolvable URLs to a human readable resource describing the subject - 'Ref': non-resolvable reference to a human readable resource describing the subject
comment: Indicate a resource that might provide additional information about the subject resource.

isNotCauseOf
type: ObjectProperty
definition: x isNotCauseOf y iff not(x isCauseOf y)

hasDeducer
type: ObjectProperty

hasQuantitativeProperty
type: ObjectProperty

hasOutcome
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between a process and the entity that represents how things have turned out.

hasDeclared
type: ObjectProperty

hasManufacturedOutput
type: ObjectProperty

hasProductOutput
type: ObjectProperty

hasStatus
type: ObjectProperty

hasConventionalQuantity
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: Assigns a quantity to an object by convention.
example: An Hydrogen atom has the quantity atomic number Z = 1 as its conventional property.
comment: An object can be represented by a quantity for the fact that it has been recognized to belong to a specific class. The quantity is selected without an observation aimed to measure its actual value, but by convention.

hasPart
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The primitive relation that express the concept of an entity being part of another one.
comment: All other mereology relations can be defined in FOL using hasPart as primitive.

semiotical
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The generic EMMO semiotical relation.

hasModel
type: ObjectProperty

hasIndex
type: ObjectProperty

hasTemporalSlice
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: A temporal part that capture the overall spatial extension of the causal object.

hasInterval
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between a process whole and a temporal part of the same type.

hasVariable
type: ObjectProperty

hasTemporaryParticipant
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a process P and an object whole O that overcrosses it. The intersection between P and O is a participant of P.

isPredecessorOf
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: A causal relation between the y effected and the x causing entities with intermediaries, where x isCauseOf y and not(y isCauseOf x).
alternative label: isAntecedentOf

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: isPredecessorOf
etymology: From Latin prae ("beforehand") and decedere ("depart").

hasIcon
type: ObjectProperty

hasComponent
type: ObjectProperty

mereological
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The superclass of all mereological EMMO relations.
comment: The EMMO adheres to Atomistic General Extensional Mereology (AGEM).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: mereological
etymology: Coined by Stanisław Leśniewski in 1927, from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”) +‎ -logy (“study, discussion, science”). https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mereology

hasJunctionPart
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The part is connected with the rest item or members with hasNext (or its inverse) and hasContact relations only.
alternative label: hasSpatioTemporalPart

hasServiceOutput
type: ObjectProperty

hasInterpreter
type: ObjectProperty

hasNext
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
conceptualisation: A temporal relation between two entities occurs when the two entities are in a one directional causality relation. The idea is that a temporal relation always implies a one-directional causality between two entities, leading to a asymmetric relation. This means that the causing entity can be in direct and optionally indirect causality relation with the effect entity. On the contrary, the effect entity cannot be in any causal relation (direct or indirect) with the causing entity.
elucidation: A time contact occurs when x isDirectCause y and not(y isCauseOf x).
comment: Each pair of entities in direct causality relation is either in hasNext or hasTwoWayCauseWith relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
comment: This relation is asymmetric and irreflexive.
alternative label: isBefore

hasBeginTask
type: ObjectProperty

hasCognised
type: ObjectProperty

hasCogniser
type: ObjectProperty

hasHolisticOverlap
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: A relation between two holistic wholes that properly overlap, sharing one of their holistic parts.
example: A man and the process of building a house. The man is a whole that possesses an holistic temporal part which is an interval of six monts and represents a working period in his lifetime. The process of building a house is a whole that possesses an holistic spatial part which is a builder. The working period of the man and the builder participating the building process are the same individual, belonging both to a man lifetime and to a building holistic views. In this sense, the man and the building process overcrosses. and the overlapping individual is represented differently in both holistic views.
comment: This relation is about two wholes that overlap, and whose intersection is an holistic part of both.

hasPortionPart
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
definition: A proper part relation with domain restricted to items.

isDirectCauseOf
type: ObjectProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
conceptualisation: Direct causality is a concept that capture the idea of contact between two entities, given the fact that there are no causal intermediaries between them. It requires that at least a quantum of the causing entity is direct cause of a quantum of the caused entity. It does not exclude the possibility of indirect causal routes between proper parts of the two entities.
elucidation: A causal relation between the causing and the effected entities occurring without intermediaries.
comment: Direct cause is irreflexive.
comment: Direct cause provides the edges for the transitive restriction of the direct acyclic causal graph whose nodes are the quantum entities.

isProperPartOf
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: The inverse relation for hasProperPart.

hasHolisticNonTemporalPart
type: ObjectProperty

hasQuantity
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between a whole and its holistic quantity parts.

hasSign
type: ObjectProperty

hasHolisticRelation
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between a holistic whole and its related entities, being them parts or other overlapping entities.

hasTemporalTile
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: A relation that establishes for the whole a univocal tessellation in temporal parts.
alternative label: hasTemporalDirectPart

hasMeasurementUncertainty
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between a measurement result and the measurement uncertainty.

hasJunctionTile
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: A relation that establishes for the whole a univocal tessellation in spatio temporal parts.

hasURI
type: ObjectProperty

hasRedundantPart
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The superproperty of the relations between a whole and its mereological parts that are still holistic wholes of the same type.
example: A volume of water has redundand parts other volumes of water. All this volumes have holistic parts some water molecules.
comment: The purpose of this relation is to provide a parhood relation that does not go deep enough, in terms of decomposition, to break the holistic definition of the whole. On the contrary, the holistic parthood, is expected to go that deep.

hasReferenceUnit
type: ObjectProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
comment: Relates the physical quantity to its unit through spatial direct parthood.
version info: In EMMO version 1.0.0-beta4, physical quantities used the hasReferenceUnit object property to relate them to their units via physical dimensionality. This was simplified in 1.0.0-alpha3 in order to make reasoning faster. The restriction (e.g. for the physical quantity Length) Length hasReferenceUnit only (hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension) was in 1.0.0-alpha3 changed to Length hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension Likewise were the universal restrictions on the corresponding unit changed to excistential. E.g. Metre hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension was changed to Metre hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension The label of this class was also changed from PhysicsDimension to PhysicalDimension.

equalsTo
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
elucidation: The relation between two entities that stands for the same individuals.
comment: Equality is here defined following a mereological approach.

hasMember
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
elucidation: The relation between a collection and one of its item members.

hasSpatialSection
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: A proper part of the whole that is not Spatial or Temporal.
comment: This relation identifies parts of a 4D object that do not fully cover the lifetime extent of the whole (spatial) nor the full spatial extent (temporal).
comment: This relation is a filler, to categorise the parts of an entity that are not covered by the other parthood relations. A proper part is then the disjoint union of: spatial part, temporal part and spatio temporal part relations.
alternative label: hasSpatialPartialPart

hasTask
type: ObjectProperty

hasSubObject
type: ObjectProperty

hasDirectPart
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
conceptualisation: Direct parthood is the non transitive version of parthood enabling the establishment of hierarchy of granularities, starting with an entity and providing several tesselation levels according to specific criteria. The criteria are implemented in specialised versions of the direct parthood relation (e.g., metrological direct part, XML format direct part). The direct parts (tiles) and the tessellated entity (tessellation) are causally self connected (i.e., items), coherently with the concept behind the definition of the reductionistic perspective.
elucidation: The relation grouping all direct parthood relations used in the reductionistic perspective.
comment: This relation is not antitransitive, to enable partitioning of a causal object with more than one tiling scheme (e.g. time and space partitioning).

hasTemporalPart
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: A relation that identify a proper item part of the whole, whose parts always cover the full spatial extension of the whole within a time interval.
comment: A temporal part of an item cannot both cause and be caused by any other proper part of the item. A temporal part is not constraint to be causally self-connected, i.e. it can be either an item or a collection. We therefore introduce two subproperties in order to distinguish between both cases.
comment: In EMMO FOL this is a defined property. In OWL temporal relations are primitive.

hasSpatioTemporalTile
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: A tile that is connected with other tiles with bi-directional causal relations that fall under hasNext (or its inverse) or hasContact.
alternative label: hasWellFormedTile

hasInterpretant
type: ObjectProperty

contacts
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
conceptualisation: A spatial contact between two entities occurs when the two entities are in an interaction relation whose causal structure is a representation of the fundamental interactions between elementary particles (Feynman diagrams). It means that if two entities are in contact, then there is at least a couple of elementary particles, one part of the first and one part of the second, interacting according to one of the fundamental interactions through virtual particles. This kind of connection is space-like (i.e. interconnecting force carrier particle is offshelf). Contacts between two entities exclude the possibility of other causal relations that are not included in a fundamental space-like interaction.
elucidation: An interaction that is the sum of direct causality relations between two entities that are interpretable as fundamental physical interactions.
comment: Spatial contact is symmetric and irreflexive.
comment: The contact relation is not an ordering relation since is symmetric.
alternative label: hasSpatiialnteractionWith

hasHolisticPart
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between the whole and a proper part of the whole that scale down to the point which it lose the characteristics of the whole and become something else.
example: An holistic part of water fluid is a water molecule.

hasQuantityValue
type: ObjectProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
comment: Relates a quantity to its reference unit through spatial direct parthood.

hasEndTask
type: ObjectProperty

hasProperPart
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: The relation between an entity and one of its parts, when both entities are distinct.

hasNonTemporalPart
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The part is not connected with the rest item or members with hasNext relation (or its inverse).

overcrosses
type: ObjectProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: The relation between an entity that overlaps another without being its part.

hasHolisticTemporalPart
type: ObjectProperty

hasDeduced
type: ObjectProperty

notOverlaps
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty

causal
type: ObjectProperty
conceptualisation: Causality is the fundamental concept describing how entities affect each other, and occurs before time and space relations. Embracing a strong reductionistic view, causality originates at quantum entities level.
elucidation: The superclass of all causal EMMO relations.
comment: Each pair of entities is either in isCauseOf or isNotCauseOf relation. The two are mutually exclusive.

hasParticipant
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between a process and an object participating to it, i.e. that is relevant to the process itself.
comment: Participation is a parthood relation: you must be part of the process to contribute to it. A participant whose 4D extension is totally contained within the process. Participation is not under direct parthood since a process is not strictly related to reductionism, but it's a way to categorize temporal regions by the interpreters.

hasTemporalSection
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: A temporal part that is not a slice.

hasPortion
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between a object whole and its spatial part of the same type.
example: A volume of 1 cc of milk within a 1 litre can be considered still milk as a whole. If you scale down to a cluster of molecules, than the milk cannot be considered a fluid no more (and then no more a milk).

hasSpatialTile
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: A relation that establishes for the whole a univocal tessellation in spatial parts.
alternative label: hasSpatialDirectPart

properOverlaps
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: The relation between two entities that overlaps and neither of both is part of the other.

isIndirectCauseOf
type: ObjectProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
conceptualisation: An indirect cause is a relation between two entities that is mediated by a intermediate entity. In other words, there are no quantum parts of the causing entity that are direct cause of quantum parts of the caused entity.
elucidation: A causal relation between the effected and the causing entities with intermediaries.

hasModelledQuantity
type: ObjectProperty

hasPhysicalDimension
type: ObjectProperty

hasEndTile
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: The relation between the whole and the last direct temporal part of a sequence.
alternative label: hasTemporalLast

hasGatheredPart
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
definition: A proper part relation with domain restricted to collections.

hasOutput
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The outcome of a process.
comment: The partial overlapping is required since the creating process is distinct with the process in which the output is used or consumed.

hasDeclarer
type: ObjectProperty

hasAgent
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation within a process and an agengt participant.

isConcomitantWith
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: The relation between two causally reachable entities through a path of contacts relations (i.e. representing physical interactions).
alternative label: alongsideOf

hasCharacterised
type: ObjectProperty

hasSubProcess
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between a process and one of its process parts.

isCauseOf
type: ObjectProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
conceptualisation: We say that an entity causes another if there is a quantum part of the first that is in causal relation with a quantum parts of the second. An entity cannot cause itself (causal loops are forbidden) or a part of itself. For this reasons causality between entities excludes reflexivity and prevents them to overlap.
elucidation: The relation between an individuals x and y, that holds if and only if: a) y having a part that is causing an effect on a part of x b) y and x non-overlapping
OWLDLRestrictedAxiom: :isCauseOf owl:propertyDisjointWith :overlaps
comment: Each pair of causally connected entities is either in isDirectCauseOf or isIndirectCauseOf relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
comment: It applies to both quantums and macro-entities (entities made of more than one quantum). It is admissible for two entities to be one the cause of the other, excepts when they are both quantums.
comment: The OWL 2 DL version of the EMMO introduces this object property as primitive causal relation. It refers to the macro causality relation mC(x,y), defined in the EMMO FOL version. While the EMMO FOL introduces the quantum causality relation C(x,y) as primitive, the OWL 2 DL version substantially simplifies the theory, neglecting these lower level relations that are well above DL expressivity.

Axiom
annotated target: :isCauseOf owl:propertyDisjointWith :overlaps
comment: Due to the transitivity characteristic of :overlaps subclasses, that makes it a composite property.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: isCauseOf
etymology: From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”).

overlaps
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
elucidation: The relation between two entities that share at least one of their parts.

hasConstituent
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between an object and one of its holistic part that contributes to the object under some spatial-based criteria.

hasCollaborationWith
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty

hasSpatialPart
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: A proper part of a whole, whose parts always cover the full temporal extension of the whole within a spatial interval.
comment: In EMMO FOL this is a defined property. In OWL temporal relations are primitive.

hasProperty
type: ObjectProperty

hasFractionalCollection
type: ObjectProperty

hasConstitutiveProcess
type: ObjectProperty

hasConvention
type: ObjectProperty

hasBehaviour
type: ObjectProperty

EMMORelation
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
elucidation: The class for all relations used by the EMMO.

hasCharacteriser
type: ObjectProperty

hasStage
type: ObjectProperty

hasReferent
type: ObjectProperty
alternative label: hasSemioticObject

hasSpatialSlice
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: A relation that identify a proper part of the whole that extends itself in time along the overall lifetime of the whole, and whose parts never cover the full spatial extension of the 4D whole.
comment: In EMMO FOL this is a defined property. In OWL spatial relations are primitive.
alternative label: hasSpatialIntegralPart

hasMeasuredQuantity
type: ObjectProperty

hasBeginTile
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: The relation between the whole and the first direct temporal part of a sequence.
alternative label: hasTemporalFirst

hasConnectedPortion
type: ObjectProperty

isPartOf
type: ObjectProperty

isPortionPartOf
type: ObjectProperty

isOvercrossedBy
type: ObjectProperty

hasMaximalCollection
type: ObjectProperty

hasFractionalMember
type: ObjectProperty

isGatheredPartOf
type: ObjectProperty

hasScatteredPortion
type: ObjectProperty

hasChemicalSymbol
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The chemical symbol of an atomic element.

hasInput
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The input of a process.

hasStringValue
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
range: string
comment: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO string data entity.

hasSymbolValue
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
range: string
comment: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO symbol data entity.

hasURLValue
type: DatatypeProperty

hasURIValue
type: DatatypeProperty
range: anyURI

hasURNValue
type: DatatypeProperty

hasNumericalValue
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO numerical data entity.

hasDataValue
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
elucidation: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO data entity.
comment: This is the superproperty of all data properties used to serialise a fundamental data type in the EMMO Data perspective. An entity can have only one data value expressing its serialisation (e.g. a Real entity cannot have two different real values).

hasIUPAC2016AtomicMass
type: DatatypeProperty
range: decimal
elucidation: The mass of an atomic element according to IUPAC 2016.
comment: This is a convenient shortcut for the measurement process process of the atomic mass reported by IUPAC2016.

hasAtomicNumber
type: DatatypeProperty
range: integer
elucidation: The atomic number of an atomic element.
comment: This is a convenient shortcut for the conventional declaration process of assigning an atomic number to an atom subclass.

Gray
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Gy
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/GRAY
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02696
comment: Measurement unit for absorbed dose.

Semiosis
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A 'Process', that has participant an 'Interpreter', that is aimed to produce a 'Sign' representing another participant, the 'Object'.
example: Me looking a cat and saying loud: "Cat!" -> the semiosis process me -> interpreter cat -> object (in Peirce semiotics) the cat perceived by my mind -> interpretant "Cat!" -> sign, the produced sign

CommercialProduct
type: Class
elucidation: An product that is ready for commercialization.
alternative label: Product

Dalton
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Da
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/Dalton
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Unified_atomic_mass_unit
definition: One dalton is defined as one twelfth of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01514

PhotochemicalProcesses
type: Class

IterativeCoupledModelsSimulation
type: Class
elucidation: A chain of linked physics based model simulations solved iteratively, where equations are segregated.

Factory
type: Class
elucidation: A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled.
alternative label: IndustrialPlant

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Factory
etymology: From Latin factor, from fact- ‘done’, from the verb facere (to do).

Holistic
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
conceptualisation: An holistic perspective considers each part of the whole as equally important, without the need to position the parts within a hierarchy (in time or space). The interest is on the whole object and on its parts (how they contribute to the whole, i.e. their roles), without going further into specifying the spatial hierarchy or the temporal position of each part. This class allows the picking of parts without necessarily going trough a rigid hierarchy of spatial compositions (e.g. body -> organ -> cell -> molecule) or temporal composition. This is inline with the transitive nature of parthood, as it is usually defined in literature. The holistic perspective is not excluding the reductionistic perspective, on the contrary it can be considered its complement.
definition: The union of classes whole and part.
elucidation: A perspective characterized by the belief that some mereological parts of a whole (holistic parts) are intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole and vice versa.
example: A molecule of a body can have role in the body evolution, without caring if its part of a specific organ and without specifying the time interval in which this role occurred.
example: A product is a role that can be fulfilled by many objects, but always requires a process to which the product participates and from which it is generated.
alternative label: Wholistic

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Wholistic
etymology: From the word 'holistic' with the 'w-' prefix, due to the affinity with the existing word 'whole', that share the same meaning of 'holos'.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Holistic
etymology: Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire").

PhysicalQuantity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A 'Mathematical' entity that is made of a 'Numeral' and a 'MeasurementUnit' defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective. Measurement is done according to the same model.
comment: In the same system of quantities, dim ρB = ML−3 is the quantity dimension of mass concentration of component B, and ML−3 is also the quantity dimension of mass density, ρ. ISO 80000-1
comment: Measured or simulated 'physical propertiy'-s are always defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective and measurement is done according to the same model. Systems of units suggests that this is the correct approach, since except for the fundamental units (length, time, charge) every other unit is derived by mathematical relations between these fundamental units, implying a physical laws or definitions.
comment: Measurement units of quantities of the same quantity dimension may be designated by the same name and symbol even when the quantities are not of the same kind. For example, joule per kelvin and J/K are respectively the name and symbol of both a measurement unit of heat capacity and a measurement unit of entropy, which are generally not considered to be quantities of the same kind. However, in some cases special measurement unit names are restricted to be used with quantities of specific kind only. For example, the measurement unit ‘second to the power minus one’ (1/s) is called hertz (Hz) when used for frequencies and becquerel (Bq) when used for activities of radionuclides. As another example, the joule (J) is used as a unit of energy, but never as a unit of moment of force, i.e. the newton metre (N · m).
comment: — quantities of the same kind have the same quantity dimension, — quantities of different quantity dimensions are always of different kinds, and — quantities having the same quantity dimension are not necessarily of the same kind. ISO 80000-1

Coupled
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

TimeDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Velocity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Velocity
definition: Vector quantity giving the rate of change of a position vector. -- ISO 80000-3
ISO80000Reference: 3-8.1
ISO80000Reference: 3‑10.1
comment: The velocity depends on the choice of the reference frame. Proper transformation between frames must be used: Galilean for non-relativistic description, Lorentzian for relativistic description. -- IEC, note 2
comment: The velocity is related to a point described by its position vector. The point may localize a particle, or be attached to any other object such as a body or a wave. -- IEC, note 1

MicrowaveSintering
type: Class

Sintering
type: Class
elucidation: Sintering is the process of forming a solid mass of material through heat and pressure without melting to the point of liquefaction. This process involves the atoms in materials diffusing across the particle boundaries and fusing together into one piece.
comment: Sintering occurs naturally in mineral deposits, and is used as a manufacturing process for materials including ceramics, metals and plastics. Because the sintering temperature doesn’t reach the materials’ melting point, it is often used for materials with high melting points, such as molybdenum and tungsten.
see also: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy sintering: thermal treatment of a powder or compact, at a temperature below the melting point of the main constituent, for the purpose of increasing its strength by the metallurgical bonding of its particles
see also: ISO/ASTM TR 52906:2022 Additive manufacturing sintering: process of heating a powder metal compact to increase density and/or improve mechanical properties via solid state diffusion

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy sintering: thermal treatment of a powder or compact, at a temperature below the melting point of the main constituent, for the purpose of increasing its strength by the metallurgical bonding of its particles

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO/ASTM TR 52906:2022 Additive manufacturing sintering: process of heating a powder metal compact to increase density and/or improve mechanical properties via solid state diffusion

AdditiveManufacturing
type: Class
alternative label: GenerativeManufacturing

Laplacian
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Δ

AmountFraction
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MoleFraction
definition: The amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00296
alternative label: MoleFraction

ElectricInductance
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Inductance
elucidation: A property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04076
alternative label: Inductance

Weight
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Weight
ISO80000Reference: 4-9.2
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06668
comment: Force of gravity acting on a body.

Gas
type: Class
elucidation: Gas is a compressible fluid, a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.

Interpreter
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The entity (or agent, or observer, or cognitive entity) who connects 'Sign', 'Interpretant' and 'Object'.
example: For example, the ontologist may be interest in cataloguing in the EMMO how the same object (e.g. a cat) is addressed using different signs (e.g. cat, gatto, chat) by different interpreters (e.g. english, italian or french people). The same applies for the results of measurements: the ontologist may be interest to represent in the EMMO how different measurement processes (i.e. semiosis) lead to different quantitative results (i.e. signs) according to different measurement devices (i.e. interpreters).
comment: The interpreter is not the ontologist, being the ontologist acting outside the ontology at the meta-ontology level. On the contrary, the interpreter is an agent recognized by the ontologist. The semiotic branch of the EMMO is the tool used by the ontologist to represent an interpreter's semiotic activity.

AstronomicalUnit
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: au
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PARSEC
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Astronomical_unit
definition: One astronomical unit is defined as exactly 149597870700 m, which is roughly the distance from earth to sun.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit

Interpretant
type: Class
elucidation: The interpreter's internal representation of the object in a semiosis process.

Symbolic
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A discrete data whose elements can be decoded as tokens from one or more alphabets, without necessarily respecting syntactic rules.
example: fe780 emmo !5*a cat for(i=0;i<N;++i)
comment: A symbolic entity is not necessarily graphical (e.g. it doesn't necessarily have the physical shape of a letter), but its elements can be decoded and put in relation with an alphabet. In other words, a sequence of bit "1000010" in a RAM (a non-graphical entity) is a valid symbol since it can be decoded through ASCII rules as the letter "B". The same holds for an entity standing for the sound of a voice saying: "Hello", since it can be decomposed in discrete parts, each of them being associated to a letter of an alphabet.
comment: A symbolic object possesses a reductionistic oriented structure. For example, text is made of words, spaces and punctuations. Words are made of characters (i.e. atomic symbols).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Symbolic
etymology: From Ancient Greek σύμβολον (súmbolon, “a sign by which one infers something; a mark, token, badge, ticket, tally, check, a signal, watchword, outward sign”), from συμβάλλω (sumbállō, “I throw together, dash together, compare, correspond, tally, come to a conclusion”), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw, put”).

Density
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Density
ISO80000Reference: 4-2
ISO80000Reference: 9-10
ISO80000Reference: Mass per volume.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01590
comment: Quantity representing the spatial distribution of mass in a continuous material.
alternative label: MassConcentration
alternative label: MassDensity

Vector
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: 1-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are numbers.
alternative label: 1DArray
alternative label: LinearArray

Pico
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E-12
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: p

Welding
type: Class

RightHandedParticle
type: Class

AtomicNumber
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AtomicNumber
definition: Number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
ISO80000Reference: 10-1.1
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00499

Watt
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: W
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/W
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06656
comment: Measurement unit for power.

MaterialRelationComputation
type: Class

DerivedUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units corresponding to the relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities.
VIMTerm: derived unit
comment: A measurement unit for a derived quantity. -- VIM

PlasticSintering
type: Class

Java
type: Class

Filling
type: Class

Permeability
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectromagneticPermeability
ISO80000Reference: 6-26.2
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04503
comment: Measure for how the magnetization of material is affected by the application of an external magnetic field .
alternative label: ElectromagneticPermeability

EnergyPerAmountDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0

Power
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Power
ISO80000Reference: 4-27
ISO80000Reference: 6-45
elucidation: Rate of transfer of energy per unit time.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04792

PhysicallyInteracting
type: Class
elucidation: A causally bonded system is a system in which there are at least thwo causal paths that are interacting.

UpQuark
type: Class
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_quark

Probability
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Probability is a dimensionless quantity that can attain values between 0 and 1; zero denotes the impossible event and 1 denotes a certain event.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04855
comment: The propability for a certain outcome, is the ratio between the number of events leading to the given outcome and the total number of events.

ZeroManifold
type: Class
alternative label: 0-manifold

AmorphousMaterial
type: Class
alternative label: NonCrystallineMaterial

Dispersion
type: Class
elucidation: A material in which distributed particles of one phase are dispersed in a different continuous phase.

Inequality
type: Class
elucidation: A relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions.
example: f(x) > 0

Crystal
type: Class
elucidation: A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)

Axiom
annotated target: A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Crystal
etymology: From Ancient Greek κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “clear ice”), from κρύος (krúos, “frost”).

OneManifold
type: Class
alternative label: 1-manifold

SupplyChain
type: Class
elucidation: A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.

Axiom
annotated target: A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain

Index
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' due to causal continguity.
example: Smoke stands for a combustion process (a fire). My facial expression stands for my emotional status.
alternative label: Signal

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Index
etymology: From Latin index (“a discoverer, informer, spy; of things, an indicator, the forefinger, a title, superscription”), from indicō (“point out, show”).

AnalogData
type: Class
elucidation: Data that are decoded retaining its continuous variations characteristic.
example: A vynil contain continuous information about the recorded sound.
comment: The fact that there may be a finite granularity in the variations of the material basis (e.g. the smallest peak in a vynil that can be recognized by the piezo-electric transducer) does not prevent a data to be analog. It means only that the focus on such data encoding is on a scale that makes such variations negligible, making them practically a continuum.

PhaseHeterogeneousMixture
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A mixture in which more than one phases of matter cohexists.
comment: Phase heterogenous mixture may share the same state of matter. For example, immiscibile liquid phases (e.g. oil and water) constitute a mixture whose phases are clearly separated but share the same state of matter.

TemporalRole
type: Class
elucidation: An holistic temporal part of a whole.
alternative label: HolisticTemporalPart

PhaseHomogeneousMixture
type: Class
elucidation: A single phase mixture.

TotalComposition
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

Permittivity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Permittivity
ISO80000Reference: 6-14.1
ISO80000Reference: 6-14.2
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04507
comment: Measure for how the polarization of a material is affected by the application of an external electric field.

Curve
type: Class

PhysicallyNonInteracting
type: Class
elucidation: A causal multipath system is a system made of causal paths that are not interacting between each others, or possibly merge and fork.
comment: A physically unbounded system is a combination of decays and/or annihilations, without any space-like interaction between elementary particles.

MeasurementResult
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Result of a measurement. A set of quantites being attributed to a measurand (measured quantitative property) together with any other available relevant information, like measurement uncertainty. -- VIM
VIMTerm: measurement result
comment: A measurement result has the measured quantity, measurement uncertainty and other relevant attributes as holistic parts.
comment: A measurement result generally contains “relevant information” about the set of measured quantity properties, such that some may be more representative of the measured quantity than others. This may be expressed in the form of a probability density function (pdf).

CausalPath
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
conceptualisation: A causal chain is an ordered causal sequence of entities that does not host any bifurcation within itself (a chain). A chain can only be partitioned in time.
elucidation: The class of entities that possess a temporal structure but no spatial structure.
example: An electron with at least one causal interaction with another particle.
OWLDLRestrictedAxiom: hasTemporalPart min 2 (Elementary or Quantum)
alternative label: CausalChain
alternative label: Elementary

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: CausalChain
etymology: From Old French chaine, chaene (“chain”), from Latin catēna (“chain”).

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Elementary
etymology: From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: CausalPath
etymology: From Ancient Greek πάτος (pátos, “path”).

Determination
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A 'Semiosis' that involves an 'Observer' that perceives another 'Physical' (the 'Object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'Property' (the 'Sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception according to a well defined conventional procedure.
example: Assigning the word "red" as sign for an object provides an information to all other interpreters about the outcome of a specific observation procedure according to the determiner.
alternative label: Characterisation

Deci
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 0.1
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: d

ElectricCurrentDensityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0

PaperManufacturing
type: Class

SecondGenerationFermion
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

SICoherentDerivedUnit
type: Class
elucidation: A SI derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of SI base units is one.
example: m/s kg/m^3
comment: This class collects all units that are products or powers of SI base or SI special units only.

Service
type: Class
ISO9000Reference: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:9000:ed-4:v1:en:term:3.7.7
alternative label: IntangibleProduct

BottomAntiQuark
type: Class

GasMixture
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

PseudoscalarMeson
type: Class
elucidation: A meson with spin zero and odd parity.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscalar_meson

Heat
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Heat
ISO80000Reference: 5-6.1
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02752
comment: Heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter.
alternative label: AmountOfHeat

Participant
type: Class
elucidation: An object which is an holistic spatial part of a process.
example: A student during an examination.

NaturalProcess
type: Class
elucidation: A process occurring by natural (non-intentional) laws.
alternative label: NonIntentionalProcess

CompiledLanguage
type: Class

LuminousIntensityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1

PureNumberUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for dimensionless units that cannot be expressed as a 'FractionUnit'.
example: Unit of AtomicNumber

Reductionistic
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A class devoted to categorize causal objects by specifying their granularity levels.
comment: A granularity level is specified by a tiling decomposition of the whole y. A tiling is identified as a set of items {x1, x2, ... xn} called tiles that: - are proper parts of y - covers the entire whole (y = x1 +x2 + ... + xn) - do not overlap - are part of one, and one only, whole (inverse functional)
comment: Direct parthood is the antitransitive parthood relation used to build the class hierarchy (and the granularity hierarchy) for this perspective.

ElectricCharge
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricCharge
ISO80000Reference: 6-2
elucidation: The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01923
alternative label: Charge

JavaScript
type: Class

IUPACName
type: Class

ThermalSprayingForming
type: Class

ManufacturingSystem
type: Class
elucidation: A system arranged to setup a specific manufacturing process.

Galvanizing
type: Class

MassConcentration
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassConcentration
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03713
comment: Mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.

SingleComponentComposition
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

AvogadroConstant
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/AvogadroConstant
elucidation: The number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole. It defines the base unit mole in the SI system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00543
comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.

Voltage
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Voltage
ISO80000Reference: 6-11.3
elucidation: The difference in electric potential between two points.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00424
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06635
comment: Correspond to the work needed per unit of charge to move a test charge between two points in a static electric field.
alternative label: ElectricPotentialDifference
alternative label: ElectricTension

MassFractionUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two masses.
example: Unit for mass fraction.

ReferenceUnit
type: Class
elucidation: A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such. International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
comment: A symbolic is recognized as reference unit also if it is not part of a quatity (e.g. as in the sentence "the Bq is the reference unit of Becquerel"). For this reason we can't declare the axiom: ReferenceUnit SubClassOf: inverse(hasReferenceUnit) some Quantity because there exist reference units without being part of a quantity. This is peculiar to EMMO, where quantities (symbolic) are distinct with properties (semiotics).

Real
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  some values from: double
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: double
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: double
elucidation: A real number.

Extensive
type: Class
elucidation: A quantity whose magnitude is additive for subsystems.
example: Mass Volume Entropy
comment: Note that not all physical quantities can be categorised as being either intensive or extensive. For example the square root of the mass.

DataSet
type: Class
elucidation: Encoded data made of more than one datum.

Cogniser
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An interpreter who establish the connection between an icon an an object recognizing their resemblance (e.g. logical, pictorial)
example: The scientist that connects an equation to a physical phenomenon.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Cogniser
etymology: From Latin cognitio (“knowledge, perception, a judicial examination, trial”), from cognitus, past participle of cognoscere (“to know”), from co- (“together”) + *gnoscere, older form of noscere (“to know”

ElectricDipoleMoment
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricDipoleMoment
ISO80000Reference: 6-6
elucidation: An electric dipole, vector quantity of magnitude equal to the product of the positive charge and the distance between the charges and directed from the negative charge to the positive charge.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01929

Ablation
type: Class

ISQBaseQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Base quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities

MetallicPowderSintering
type: Class

PermanentLiquidPhaseSintering
type: Class

AlgebricExpression
type: Class
example: 2x+3
comment: An expression that has parts only integer constants, variables, and the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation by an exponent that is a rational number)

ElectroSinterForging
type: Class

VectorMeson
type: Class
elucidation: A meson with total spin 1 and odd parit.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_meson

Determiner
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An 'interpreter' that perceives another 'entity' (the 'object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'property' (the 'sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception.

Observed
type: Class
example: The biography of a person met by the author.

Estimation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A determination of an object without any actual interaction.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Estimation
etymology: From Latin aestimatus (“to value, rate, esteem”).

HybridMatter
type: Class
elucidation: Matter composed of both matter and antimatter fundamental particles.

MagneticDipoleMomentDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0

DensityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Matrix
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: 2-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are vectors.
alternative label: 2DArray

Fork
type: Class
elucidation: A tessellation in wich a tile has next two or more non spatially connected tiles.

BlueCharmQuark
type: Class

ElectronNeutrino
type: Class
elucidation: A neutrino belonging to the first generation of leptons.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_neutrino

ShearCutting
type: Class

Deka
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 10.0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: da

Pictorial
type: Class
elucidation: A 'Graphical' that stands for a real world object that shows a recognizable pictorial pattern without being necessarily associated to a symbolic language.
example: A drawing of a cat. A circle on a paper sheet. The Mona Lisa.

WeakBoson
type: Class

ArcMinute
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: ′
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ARCMIN
definition: Measure of plane angle defined as 1/60 or a degree.
alternative label: MinuteOfArc

Vergence
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Curvature
comment: In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts.

Data
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A perspective in which entities are represented according to the variation of their properties.
comment: A data is a causal object whose variations (non-uniformity) can be recognised and eventually interpreted. A data can be of different physical types (e.g., matter, wave, atomic excited states). How the variations are recognised and eventually decoded depends on the interpreting rules that characterise that type of data. Variations are pure physical variations and do not necessarily possess semantic meaning.
comment: The covering axiom that defines the data class discriminates within all the possible causal objects between encoded or non encoded.
see also: Luciano Floridi, "Information - A very Short Introduction", Oxford University Press., (2010) ISBN 978-0199551378
alternative label: Contrast
alternative label: Dedomena
alternative label: Pattern

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Dedomena
etymology: From Greek, nominative plural form of δεδομένο (dedoméno) (data, information)

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Data
etymology: From Latin data, nominative plural of datum (“that is given”), neuter past participle of dō (“I give”).

CharmQuark
type: Class
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm_quark

Variable
type: Class
elucidation: A variable is a symbolic object that stands for any other mathematical object, such as number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, an element of a set.
example: x k

Axiom
annotated target: A variable is a symbolic object that stands for any other mathematical object, such as number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, an element of a set.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Variable
etymology: Fom Latin variabilis ("changeable").

Whole
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The superclass of entities which are defined by requiring the existence of some parts (at least one) of specifically given types, where the specified types are different with respect to the type of the whole.
comment: A whole is always defined using a criterion expressed through the classical transitive parthood relation. This class is expected to host the definition of world objects as they appear in its wholeness, dependently on some of their parts and independently on the surroundings.
comment: A whole is categorized as fundamental (or maximal) or redundant (non-maximal).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Whole
etymology: From Middle English hole (“healthy, unhurt, whole”).

Force
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Force
ISO80000Reference: 4-9.1
elucidation: Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02480

CompositeBoson
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
example: Examples of composite particles with integer spin: spin 0: H1 and He4 in ground state, pion spin 1: H1 and He4 in first excited state, meson spin 2: O15 in ground state.

CausalCollapse
type: Class
conceptualisation: A causal collapse is a fundamental interaction that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n), when m>n.

Foam
type: Class
elucidation: A colloid formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.

RedBottomAntiQuark
type: Class

Solution
type: Class
elucidation: A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
comment: Solutions are characterized by the occurrence of Rayleigh scattering on light,

Array3D
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: 3-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are matrices.
alternative label: 3DArray

Behaviour
type: Class
elucidation: A process which is an holistic temporal part of an object.
example: Accelerating is a behaviour of a car.

MolecularEntity
type: Class
elucidation: Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity that can undergo a chemical reaction.
example: Hydrogen molecule is an adequate definition of a certain molecular entity for some purposes, whereas for others it is necessary to distinguish the electronic state and/or vibrational state and/or nuclear spin, etc. of the hydrogen molecule.
example: Methane, may mean a single molecule of CH4 (molecular entity) or a molar amount, specified or not (chemical species), participating in a reaction. The degree of precision necessary to describe a molecular entity depends on the context.
comment: Molecular entity is used as a general term for singular entities, irrespective of their nature, while chemical species stands for sets or ensembles of molecular entities. Note that the name of a compound may refer to the respective molecular entity or to the chemical species,
comment: This concept is strictly related to chemistry. For this reason an atom can be considered the smallest entity that can be considered "molecular", including nucleus when they are seen as ions (e.g. H⁺, He⁺⁺).
alternative label: ChemicalEntity

Grinding
type: Class

UnitSymbol
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A symbol that stands for a single unit.
example: Some examples are "Pa", "m" and "J".

WBoson
type: Class
elucidation: A charged vector boson that mediate the weak interaction.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons
alternative label: ChargedWeakBoson
alternative label: IntermediateVectorBoson

Hecto
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 100.0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: h

Hour
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: h
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HR
definition: Measure of time defined as 3600 seconds.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02866

Number
type: Class
elucidation: A numerical data value.
comment: A number individual provides the link between the ontology and the actual data, through the data property hasNumericalValue.
comment: A number is actually a string (e.g. 1.4, 1e-8) of numerical digits and other symbols. However, in order not to increase complexity of the taxonomy and relations, here we take a number as an "atomic" object, without decomposit it in digits (i.e. we do not include digits in the EMMO as alphabet for numbers).
comment: In math usually number and numeral are distinct concepts, the numeral being the symbol or a composition of symbols (e.g. 3.14, 010010, three) and the number is the idea behind it. More than one numeral stands for the same number. In the EMMO abstract entities do not exists, and numbers are simply defined by other numerals, so that a number is the class of all the numerals that are equivalent (e.g. 3 and 0011 are numerals that stands for the same number). Or alternatively, an integer numeral may also stands for a set of a specific cardinality (e.g. 3 stands for a set of three apples). Rational and real numbers are simply a syntactic arrangment of integers (digits, in decimal system). The fact that you can't give a name to a number without using a numeral or, in case of positive integers, without referring to a real world objects set with specific cardinality, suggests that the abstract concept of number is not a concept that can be practically used. For these reasons, the EMMO will consider numerals and numbers as the same concept.
alternative label: Numeral

CondensedMatter
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
conceptualisation: The subject of condensed matter physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases which arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms. More generally, the subject deals with "condensed" phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions between them.

Axiom
annotated target: The subject of condensed matter physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases which arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms. More generally, the subject deals with "condensed" phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions between them.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics

Exponent
type: Class

ArchetypeJoin
type: Class
elucidation: Archetype join attaches two workpiece with geometrically defined shape together, using supplementary workpiece made of amorphous material (e.g. powder).

Experiment
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment.

RedCharmQuark
type: Class

StrangeQuark
type: Class
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_quark

Femto
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E-15
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: f

SpatiallyRedundant
type: Class
elucidation: A whole with spatial parts of its same type.

UndefinedEdgeCutting
type: Class

Agent
type: Class
elucidation: A participant that is the driver of the process.
example: A catalyst. A bus driver. A substance that is initiating a reaction that would not occur without its presence.
comment: An agent is not necessarily human. An agent plays an active role within the process. An agent is a participant of a process that would not occur without it.

Shape4x3Matrix
type: Class
elucidation: A real matrix with shape 4x3.

Baryon
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Subatomic particle which contains an odd number of valence quarks, at least 3.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon

Subjective
type: Class
elucidation: A coded conventional that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community) acting as black-box.
example: The beauty of that girl. The style of your clothing.
comment: The word subjective applies to property intrisically subjective or non-well defined. In general, when an black-box-like procedure is used for the definition of the property. This happens due to e.g. the complexity of the object, the lack of a underlying model for the representation of the object, the non-well specified meaning of the property symbols. A 'SubjectiveProperty' cannot be used to univocally compare 'Object'-s. e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis.

Muon
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for muon elementary particles belonging to the second generation of leptons.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon

3DPrinting
type: Class
elucidation: Fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer technology.
comment: This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including personal use.

Zepto
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E-21
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: z

SubObject
type: Class
elucidation: An object which is an holistic temporal part of another object.
example: If an inhabited house is considered as an house that is occupied by some people in its majority of time, then an interval of inhabited house in which occasionally nobody is in there is no more an inhabited house, but an unhinabited house, since this temporal part does not satisfy the criteria of the whole.
comment: Here we consider a temporal interval that is lower than the characteristic time of the physical process that provides the causality connection between the object parts.

HandlingDevice
type: Class

ProductionSystem
type: Class
elucidation: A network of objects that implements a production process through a series of interconnected elements.

Plane
type: Class

Photon
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for photons elementary particles.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon

ThermochemicalTreatment
type: Class

ChemicalName
type: Class

SerialStep
type: Class

CSharp
type: Class
alternative label: C#

Positron
type: Class

InterferenceFitting
type: Class

AtomicMass
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
definition: The mass of an atom in the ground state.
ISO80000Reference: 10-4.1
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00496
comment: Since the nucleus account for nearly all of the total mass of atoms (with the electrons and nuclear binding energy making minor contributions), the atomic mass measured in Da has nearly the same value as the mass number.
comment: The atomic mass is often expressed as an average of the commonly found isotopes.

Ångström
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Å
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ANGSTROM
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m
definition: Measure of length defined as 1e-10 metres.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N00350
comment: Ångström is not mentioned in the SI system and deprecated by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). Dispite of that, it is often used in the natural sciences and technology.
alternative label: Angstrom

PhysicsEquation
type: Class
elucidation: An 'equation' that stands for a 'physical_law' by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities.
example: The Newton's equation of motion. The Schrödinger equation. The Navier-Stokes equation.

CompleteManufacturing
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A manufacturing process that comprises all intermediate manufacturing steps, from raw materials to final product, ready for commercialisation as commercial product for some markets.
see also: ISO/TS 16791:2020 manufacturing, manufacture: process of production from the acquisition of all materials through all processing stages, including final packaging

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO/TS 16791:2020 manufacturing, manufacture: process of production from the acquisition of all materials through all processing stages, including final packaging

Day
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: d
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DAY
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Day
definition: A measure of time defined as 86 400 seconds.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01527

Array
type: Class
elucidation: Arrays are ordered mathematical objects who's elementary spatial parts are numbers. Their dimensionality is constructed with spatial direct parthood, where 1-dimensional arrays have spatial direct parts Number and n-dimensional array have spatial direct parts (n-1)-dimensional arrays.
example: A Vector is a 1-dimensional Array with Number as spatial direct parts, a Matrix is a 2-dimensional Array with Vector as spatial direct parts, an Array3D is a 3-dimensional Array with Matrix as spatial direct parts, and so forth...
comment: Array subclasses with a specific shape can be constructed with cardinality restrictions. See Shape4x3Matrix as an example.
comment: Arrays are ordered objects, since they are a subclasses of Arrangement.

CompositeFermion
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
example: Examples of composite particles with half-integer spin: spin 1/2: He3 in ground state, proton, neutron spin 3/2: He5 in ground state, Delta baryons (excitations of the proton and neutron)

ISQDerivedQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Derived quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).

GreenTopAntiQuark
type: Class

GluonType8
type: Class

DefiningEquation
type: Class
elucidation: An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities.
example: The definition of velocity as v = dx/dt. The definition of density as mass/volume. y = f(x)

AntiMuon
type: Class

BlueBottomAntiQuark
type: Class

MuonAntiNeutrino
type: Class

Objective
type: Class
elucidation: A coded conventional that is determined by each interpeter following a well defined determination procedure through a specific perception channel.
comment: The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure. This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not.

Multiplication
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: *

MixedTiling
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A well formed tessellation with at least a junction tile.

ReshapeManufacturing
type: Class
elucidation: A manufacturing in which workpieces are produced from solid raw parts through permanent deformation, provided that neither material is added nor removed.
comment: The mass of the raw part is equal to the mass of the finished part.
see also: DIN 8580:2020
alternative label: Forming
alternative label: Umformen @de

ReactionSintering
type: Class
see also: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy reaction sintering: process wherein at least two constituents of a powder mixture react during sintering

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy reaction sintering: process wherein at least two constituents of a powder mixture react during sintering

IndustrialTechnologyProcess
type: Class
comment: This class represents processes that are related to industrial approach, as appeared after XIX century.
alternative label: ProductionEngineeringProcess

SandMolds
type: Class

Collection
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  min qualified cardinality: 2
conceptualisation: A collection is the concept that complements the item concept, being an entity that possesses at least one part non directly causally connected with the rest. A collection can be partitioned in maximally connected items called members. The members are self-connected entities and there is no direct causality relation between them. The combination of collection and item concepts is the EMMO mereocausality alternative to set theory. However, two items can be members only if they are non direct causally connected, giving some constraints to a collection definition. For example, two entities which are directly connected cannot be two distinct members, while their interiors (i.e. the entities obtained by removing the layer of parts that provides the causal contact between them) can be.
elucidation: The class of not direct causally self-connected world entities.
example: The collection of users of a particular software, the collection of atoms that have been part of that just dissociated molecule.

Axiom
annotated property: subClassOf
annotated target: Restriction
  min qualified cardinality: 2
comment: Every collection has at least two item members, since a collection of one item is a self-connected entity (and then an item).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Collection
etymology: From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’.

Declarer
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An interpreter who establish the connection between an conventional sign and an object according to a specific convention.
example: A scientist that assigns a quantity to a physical objects without actually measuring it but taking it for granted due to its previous experience (e.g. considering an electron charge as 1.6027663e-19 C, assigning a molecular mass to a gas only by the fact of a name on the bottle).
example: Someone who assigns a name to an object.

AccelerationDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

SolidSolidSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solid in a solid continuum phase.
example: Granite, sand, dried concrete.

SpatioTemporalTile
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
alternative label: WellFormedTile

Kelvin
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: K
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/K
definition: The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380649×10−23 when expressed in the unit J K−1, which is equal to kg m2 s−2 K−1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03374

ElectricPotentialDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0

StandaloneAtom
type: Class
elucidation: An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms.
comment: A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing.

Shape3Vector
type: Class
elucidation: A real vector with 3 elements.
example: The quantity value of physical quantities if real space is a Shape3Vector.

Flanging
type: Class

Electroplating
type: Class

GluonType1
type: Class

Second
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: s
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SEC
definition: The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆νCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05513

PhysicalPhenomenon
type: Class
elucidation: A 'process' that is recognized by physical sciences and is categorized accordingly.
comment: While every 'process' in the EMMO involves physical objects, this class is devoted to represent real world objects that express a phenomenon relevant for the ontologist

Sol
type: Class
elucidation: A colloid in which small particles (1 nm to 100 nm) are suspended in a continuum phase.

NewtonianConstantOfGravityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Energy
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Energy
ISO80000Reference: 5-20-1
elucidation: A property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101
comment: Energy is often defined as "ability of a system to perform work", but it might be misleading since is not necessarily available to do work.

SIUnitSymbol
type: Class

ElectricConductanceDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0

DimensionOne
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: "The unit one is the neutral element of any system of units – necessary and present automatically." SI Brochure

InternalStep
type: Class
elucidation: A generic step in a workflow, that is not the begin or the end.

FormingFromIonised
type: Class

ScalarMeson
type: Class
elucidation: A meson with spin zero and even parity.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_meson

ParticulateMatter
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

AreaDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Molecule
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An atom_based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons.
example: H₂0, C₆H₁₂O₆, CH₄
comment: An entity is called essential if removing one direct part will lead to a change in entity class. An entity is called redundand if removing one direct part will not lead to a change in entity class.
comment: This definition states that this object is a non-periodic set of atoms or a set with a finite periodicity. Removing an atom from the state will result in another type of atom_based state. e.g. you cannot remove H from H₂0 without changing the molecule type (essential). However, you can remove a C from a nanotube (redundant). C60 fullerene is a molecule, since it has a finite periodicity and is made of a well defined number of atoms (essential). A C nanotube is not a molecule, since it has an infinite periodicity (redundant).
alternative label: ChemicalSubstance

Katal
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: kat
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KAT
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03372
comment: Measurement unit for catalytic activity.

SolidLiquidSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a solid continuum phase.

SourceCode
type: Class
elucidation: A programming language entity expressing a formal detailed plan of what a software is intended to do.
comment: A source code is the companion of an application, being it the entity used to generate the application list of CPU executable instructions.
comment: Source code (also referred to as source or code) is the version of software as it is originally written (i.e., typed into a computer) by a human in plain text (i.e., human readable alphanumeric characters).

Axiom
annotated target: Source code (also referred to as source or code) is the version of software as it is originally written (i.e., typed into a computer) by a human in plain text (i.e., human readable alphanumeric characters).

ThermomechanicalTreatment
type: Class

ElectricResistivityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+3 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0

Conventional
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' through convention, norm or habit, without any resemblance to it.
comment: In Peirce semiotics this kind of sign category is called symbol. However, since symbol is also used in formal languages, the name is changed in conventional.

Description
type: Class
elucidation: A coded that is not atomic with respect to a code of description.
example: A biography.
example: A sentence about some object, depticting its properties.
comment: A description is a collection of properties that depicts an object. It is not atomic since it is made of several properties collected together.

Deducer
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An interpreter who establish the connection between an index sign and an object according to a causal contiguity.
example: Someone who deduces an emotional status of a persona according to facial expression.
example: Someone who deduces the occurring of a physical phenomenon through other phenomena.

C
type: Class

Arrangement
type: Class
elucidation: A causal object which is tessellated with only spatial direct parts.
example: e.g. the existent in my glass is declared at t = t_start as made of two direct parts: the ice and the water. It will continue to exists as state as long as the ice is completely melt at t = t_end. The new state will be completely made of water. Between t_start and t_end there is an exchange of molecules between the ice and the water, but this does not affect the existence of the two states. If we partition the existent in my glass as ice surrounded by several molecules (we do not use the object water as direct part) then the appearance of a molecule coming from the ice will cause a state to end and another state to begin.
comment: The definition of an arrangement implies that its spatial direct parts are not gained or lost during its temporal extension (they exist from the left to the right side of the time interval), so that the cardinality of spatial direct parts in an arrangement is constant. This does not mean that there cannot be a change in the internal structure of the arrangement direct parts. It means only that this change must not affect the existence of the direct part itself.
comment: The use of spatial direct parthood in state definition means that an arrangement cannot overlap in space another arrangement that is direct part of the same whole.
alternative label: MereologicalState

ChipboardManufacturing
type: Class

BlowMolding
type: Class

RedBottomQuark
type: Class

PhysicalObject
type: Class
elucidation: A CausalSystem whose quantum parts are all bonded to the rest of the system.
comment: It is natural to define entities made or more than one smaller parts according to some unity criteria. One of the most general one applicable to causal systems is to ask that all the quantum parts of the system are bonded to the rest. In other words, causal convexity excludes all quantums that leave the system (no more interacting), or that are not yet part of it (not yet interacting). So, a photon leaving a body is not part of the body as convex system, while a photon the is carrier of electromagnetic interaction between two molecular parts of the body, is part of the convex body.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: PhysicalObject
etymology: From Latin physica "study of nature" (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”), and Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”).

PseudovectorMeson
type: Class
elucidation: A meson with total spin 1 and even parit.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovector_meson

Point
type: Class

InspectionDevice
type: Class

Gel
type: Class
elucidation: A soft, solid or solid-like colloid consisting of two or more components, one of which is a liquid, present in substantial quantity.

Deduction
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: IndexSemiosis

SIBaseUnit
type: Class
elucidation: The base units in the SI system.

Tera
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E12
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T

Tau
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for tau elementary particles belonging to the third generation of leptons.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_(particle)

BlueTopQuark
type: Class

ApplicationProgram
type: Class
elucidation: A program aimed to provide a specific high level function to the user, usually hiding lower level procedures.
example: Word processors, graphic image processing programs, database management systems, numerical simulation software and games.
alternative label: App
alternative label: Application

Observation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A characterisation of an object with an actual interaction.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Observation
etymology: From Latin observare (“to watch, note, mark, heed, guard, keep, pay attention to, regard, comply with, etc.”), from ob (“before”) + servare (“to keep”),

AtomicAndNuclearPhysicsQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-10.

MagneticFlux
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticFlux
ISO80000Reference: 6-22.1
elucidation: Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03684

AlgebricOperator
type: Class

PrecipitationHardening
type: Class

LiquidPhaseSintering
type: Class
see also: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy liquid-phase sintering: sintering of a powder or compact containing at least two constituents, under conditions such that a liquid phase is formed

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy liquid-phase sintering: sintering of a powder or compact containing at least two constituents, under conditions such that a liquid phase is formed

DoseEquivalent
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DoseEquivalent
ISO80000Reference: 10-83.1
elucidation: A dose quantity used in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101

Line
type: Class

EncodedData
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A causal object whose properties variation are encoded by an agent and that can be decoded by another agent according to a specific rule.
example: A Radio Morse Code transmission can be addressed by combination of perspectives. Physicalistic: the electromagnetic pulses can be defined as individual A (of type Field) and the strip of paper coming out a printer receiver can be defined as individual B (of type Matter). Data: both A and B are also DiscreteData class individuals. In particular they may belong to a MorseData class, subclass of DiscreteData. Perceptual: B is an individual belonging to the graphical entities expressing symbols. In particular is a formula under the MorseLanguage class, made of a combination of . and - symbols. Semiotics: A and B can be signs if they refers to something else (e.g. a report about a fact, names).
example: A signal through a cable. A sound wave. Words on a page. The pattern of excited states within a computer RAM.
comment: We call "decoding" the act of recognise the variation according to a particular rule and generate another equivalent schema (e.g. in the agent's cognitive apparatus, as another form of data). We call "interpreting" the act of providing semantic meaning to data, which is covered by the semiotic perspective.
wikipediaReference: https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data
comment: Variations in data are generated by an agent (not necessarily human) and are intended to be decoded by the same or another agent using the same encoding rules. Data are always generated by an agent but not necessarily possess a semantic meaninig, either because it's lost or unknown or because simply they possess none (e.g. a random generation of symbols). A data object may be used as the physical basis for a sign, under Semiotics perspective.
alternative label: EncodedVariation

Axiom
annotated target: We call "decoding" the act of recognise the variation according to a particular rule and generate another equivalent schema (e.g. in the agent's cognitive apparatus, as another form of data). We call "interpreting" the act of providing semantic meaning to data, which is covered by the semiotic perspective.
example: The electronical state of the RAM of my laptop is decoded by it as ASCII characters and printed on the screen.

GravitySintering
type: Class
see also: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy loose-powder sintering, gravity sintering: sintering of uncompacted powder
alternative label: Loose-powderSintering
alternative label: PressurelessSintering

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy loose-powder sintering, gravity sintering: sintering of uncompacted powder

EntropyDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0

SpecialUnit
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit.
example: Pa stands for N/m2 J stands for N m
comment: Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects.

MeasuredConstant
type: Class
elucidation: For a given unit system, measured constants are physical constants that are not used to define the unit system. Hence, these constants have to be measured and will therefore be associated with an uncertainty.

Quantum
type: Class
conceptualisation: A quantum is the most fundamental item (both mereologically and causally) and is considered causally self-connected by definition. The quantum concept recalls the fact that there is lower epistemological limit to our knowledge of the universe, related to the uncertainity principle. Space and time emerge following the network of causal connections between quantum objects. So quantum objects are adimensional objects, that precede space and time dimensions: they are simple beings (in greek οντα). Using physics concepts, we can think the quantum as an elementary particle (e.g. an electron) in a specific state between two causal interactions.
definition: The class of entities without proper parts.
elucidation: The class of the mereological and causal fundamental entities.
example: From a physics perspective a quantum can be related to smallest identifiable entities, according to the limits imposed by the uncertainty principle in space and time measurements. However, the quantum mereotopology approach is not restricted only to physics. For example, in a manpower management ontology, a quantum can stand for an hour (time) of a worker (space) activity.
comment: A quantum is the EMMO mereological atomistic and causal reductionistic entity. To avoid confusion with the concept of atom coming from physics and to underline the causal reductionistic approach, we will use the expression quantum mereology, instead of atomistic mereology.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Quantum
etymology: From Latin quantum (plural quanta) "as much as, so much as".

LuminanceDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1

Enthalpy
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Enthalpy
ISO80000Reference: 5.20-3
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02141
comment: Measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system.

Emulsion
type: Class
elucidation: An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (a liquid-liquid heterogeneous mixture).
example: Mayonnaise, milk.

Screwing
type: Class

Material
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A matter individual that stands for a real world object representing an amount of a physical substance (or mixture of substances) in different states of matter or phases.
comment: A instance of a material (e.g. nitrogen) can represent different states of matter. The fact that the individual also belongs to other classes (e.g. Gas) would reveal the actual form in which the material is found.
comment: Material usually means some definite kind, quality, or quantity of matter, especially as intended for use.

MolecularFormula
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An expression that provides information about the element types that constiture a molecule or a molecular substance and their number.
example: Hydrogen peroxide is H2O2

Namer
type: Class
elucidation: An interpreter who assigns a name to an object without any motivations related to the object characters.

LiquidGasSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of gas in a liquid continuum phase.
example: Sparkling water

Atto
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E-18
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: a

Task
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A procedure that is an hoilistic part of a workflow.
comment: A task is a generic part of a workflow, without taking care of the task granularities. It means that you can declare that e.g. tightening a bolt is a task of building an airplane, without caring of the coarser tasks to which this tightening belongs.
alternative label: Job

Spacing
type: Class

LiquidSol
type: Class
elucidation: A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in liquid.

ElementalSubstance
type: Class
elucidation: A chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01022
alternative label: PureSubstance

Momentum
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Momentum
ISO80000Reference: 4-8
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04007
comment: Product of mass and velocity.

FundamentalInteraction
type: Class
conceptualisation: A fundamental physical process is made of one or more standard particles as input, and one or more standard particles as output, where each input is direct cause of each output. Each fundamental physical phenomena refers to a Feynman diagram, hence is made at least of three standard model particles. This requirement implies that a physical phenomena is either a decay, annihilation, interaction, collapse or creation phenomena (fundamental) or a composition of them (non-fundamental).
elucidation: A causal system that is the representation of a Feynman diagram, where quantum represents the real particles entering and exiting the system.
comment: A fundamental system is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n) of quantums, m being the number of originating quantums, and n being the receiving quantums.

Peta
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E15
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: P

Process
type: Class
elucidation: A whole that is identified according to a criteria based on its temporal evolution that is satisfied throughout its time extension.
comment: A process can be defined only according to an entity type. The minimum process is an entity made of two entities of the same type that are temporally related.
comment: Following the common definition of process, the reader may think that every whole should be a process, since every 4D object always has a time dimension. However, in the EMMO we restrict the meaning of the word process to items whose evolution in time have a particular meaning for the ontologist (i.e. every 4D object unfolds in time, but not every 4D time unfolding may be of interest for the ontologist and categorized as a process). For this reason, the definition of every specific process subclass requires the introduction of a primitive concept.
alternative label: Occurrent
alternative label: Perdurant

ContinuumModel
type: Class
elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of continuum volume.

PositionVector
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PositionVector
definition: Vector r characterizing a point P in a point space with a given origin point O.
comment: In the usual geometrical three-dimensional space, position vectors are quantities of the dimension length. -- IEC
comment: Position vectors are so-called bounded vectors, i.e. their magnitude and direction depend on the particular coordinate system used. -- ISO 80000-3
alternative label: Position

Milling
type: Class

ElectronMass
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/ElectronMass
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02008
comment: The rest mass of an electron.

NeutralAtom
type: Class
elucidation: A standalone atom that has no net charge.

Measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An 'observation' that results in a quantitative comparison of a 'property' of an 'object' with a standard reference based on a well defined mesurement procedure.
VIMTerm: measurement
comment: A measurement always implies a causal interaction between the object and the observer.
comment: A measurement is the process of experimentally obtaining one or more measurement results that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: A measurement is the process of experimentally obtaining one or more measurement results that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.

Minus
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: -

HardeningByForming
type: Class

ThreeManifold
type: Class
alternative label: 3-manifold

GreenStrangeQuark
type: Class

SIMetricPrefix
type: Class

Procedure
type: Class
conceptualisation: The set of established forms or methods of an organized body for accomplishing a certain task or tasks (Wiktionary).
elucidation: The process in which an agent works with some entities according to some existing formalised operative rules.
example: The process in which a control unit of a CPU (the agent) orchestrates some cached binary data according to a list of instructions (e.g. a program). The process in which a librarian order books alphabetically on a shelf. The execution of an algorithm.
comment: A procedure can be considered as an intentional process with a plan.
alternative label: Elaboration
alternative label: Work

Axiom
annotated target: The set of established forms or methods of an organized body for accomplishing a certain task or tasks (Wiktionary).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Procedure
etymology: From Latin pro-cedere (“to go forward, to proceed”).

ChemicalEntity
type: Class
comment: A chemical entity comprises the two different ways to represents matter: as single recognizable particle entity (molecular entity) and as a composition of particle entities (substance). This distinction is not well assessed in actual chemical nomenclature, in which an element name refers to both the pure elemental substance or the atom. In the EMMO we force the adoption of a more strict categorization based on mereotopology. The class Material hosts the subclasses for which a substance can be identified without necessarily considering its nature of molecule/atom or substance (e.g. hydrocarbon is the class of both hydrocarbon molecules or gases).

Declaration
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ConventionalSemiosis

HotDipGalvanizing
type: Class
alternative label: Hot-dipGalvanizing

LiquidLiquidSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a liquid continuum phase.

Perspective
type: Class
elucidation: The class of causal objects that stand for world objects according to a specific representational perspective.
comment: This class is the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which the only objective categorization is provided by the Universe individual and all the Quantum individuals. Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a 'Perspective' subclass.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Perspective
etymology: From medieval Latin perspectiva ‘(science of) optics’, from perspect- ‘looked at closely’, from the verb perspicere, from per- ‘through’ + specere ‘to look’.

Device
type: Class
elucidation: An object which is instrumental for reaching a particular purpose through its characteristic functioning process, with particular reference to mechanical or electronic equipment.
alternative label: Equipment
alternative label: Machine

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Equipment
etymology: From French équipement, from équiper ‘equip’.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Machine
etymology: From Latin māchina (“a machine, engine, contrivance, device, stratagem, trick”), from Doric Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhanā́), cognate with Attic Greek μηχᾰνή (mēkhanḗ, “a machine, engine, contrivance, device”), from which comes mechanical.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Device
etymology: From Old French "deviser", meaning: arrange, plan, contrive. Literally "dispose in portions," from Vulgar Latin "divisare", frequentative of Latin dividere, meaning "to divide".

SubProcess
type: Class
elucidation: A process which is an holistic spatial part of a process.
example: Breathing is a subprocess of living for a human being.
comment: In the EMMO the relation of participation to a process falls under mereotopology. Since topological connection means causality, then the only way for a real world object to participate to a process is to be a part of it.

Spray
type: Class
elucidation: A suspension of liquid droplets dispersed in a gas through an atomization process.

Estimator
type: Class
elucidation: A characteriser that declares a property for an object without actually interact with it with the specific interaction required by the property definition (i.e. infer a property from other properties).

MetrePerSecond
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M-PER-SEC
omReference: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/metrePerSecond-Time
elucidation: SI coherent measurement unit for speed.

Suspension
type: Class
elucidation: An heterogeneous mixture that contains coarsly dispersed particles (no Tyndall effect), that generally tend to separate in time to the dispersion medium phase.
comment: Suspensions show no significant effect on light.

GreenUpAntiQuark
type: Class

StrictFundamental
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that satisfy a whole defining criteria (i.e. belongs to a subclass of whole) and have no proper parts that satisfy that same criteria (no parts that are of the same type of the whole).

Auditory
type: Class
elucidation: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sound.
example: When we use the term 'sound' what are we referring to? The EMMO identifis a sound as the physical object that can be heard by the observer (more exactly, by the sensor of the observer). In this sense, a sound (which is an acoustical object) is to be identified as the air region that manifests the sound wave and is able to be perceived by an observer. In case the wave is travelling through water or steel, then these other media regions are the sounds. If the waveform is travelling through a cable as electronic signal (analog or digital) it is no more a sound, since it cannot be perceived by an observer as an acoustical object. This electrical waveform (or digital packet) is another physical that may stand for a sound if interpreted by a device (e.g. an amplifier, a DA converter).
comment: 'acoustical' refers to the perception mechanism of the observer that can occur through a microphone, a ear.
alternative label: Sound

LiquidSolution
type: Class
elucidation: A liquid solution made of two or more component substances.

ContinuousCasting
type: Class

MathematicalFunction
type: Class
elucidation: A function defined using functional notation.
example: y = f(x)
comment: A mathematical relation that relates each element in the domain (X) to exactly one element in the range (Y).
alternative label: FunctionDefinition

PotentialEnergy
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PotentialEnergy
ISO80000Reference: 4-28.1
elucidation: The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or orientation in a potential field.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04778

MetallicMaterial
type: Class

Plasma
type: Class
elucidation: A fluid in which a gas is ionized to a level where its electrical conductivity allows long-range electric and magnetic fields to dominate its behaviour.

MagneticFluxDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0

BlueUpAntiQuark
type: Class

Numerical
type: Class
elucidation: A 'Mathematical' that has no unknown value, i.e. all its 'Variable"-s parts refers to a 'Number' (for scalars that have a built-in datatype) or to another 'Numerical' (for complex numerical data structures that should rely on external implementations).

SpatialTile
type: Class
elucidation: A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole purely in spatial parts.

MachineCell
type: Class
elucidation: A group of machineries used to process a group of similar parts.
comment: Is not simply a collection of machineries, since the connection between them is due to the parallel flow of processed parts that comes from a unique source and ends into a common repository.

InjectionMolding
type: Class

Vapor
type: Class
elucidation: A liquid aerosol composed of water droplets in air or another gas.

WNegativeBoson
type: Class

DigitalData
type: Class
elucidation: Discrete data that are decoded as a sequence of 1/0, or true/false, or on/off.
alternative label: BinaryData

DropForging
type: Class

AntiElectronType
type: Class

InorganicCompound
type: Class

FormingFromGas
type: Class

GluonType4
type: Class

Role
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An entity that is categorized according to its relation with a whole through a parthood relation and that contributes to it according to an holistic criterion, where the type of the whole is not the type of the part.
comment: In this class the concept of role and part are superimposed (the term part is also used to define the role played by an actor). Here entities are categorized according to their relation with the whole, i.e. how they contribute to make a specific whole, and not what they are as separate entities. This class is expected to host the definition of world objects as they appear in its relation with the surrounding whole (being a part implies being surrounded by something bigger to which it contributes).
alternative label: HolisticPart
alternative label: Part

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Part
etymology: From Latin partire, partiri ‘divide, share’.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Role
etymology: From French rôle, from obsolete French roule ‘roll’, referring originally to the roll of paper on which the actor's part was written.

AnalogicalIcon
type: Class
elucidation: An icon that represents the internal logical structure of the object.
example: A physics equation is replicating the mechanisms internal to the object.
example: Electrical diagram is diagrammatic and resemblance
example: MODA and CHADA are diagrammatic representation of a simulation or a characterisation workflow.
comment: An icon that focus on HOW the object works.
comment: The subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy (with the same logic) the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: AnalogicalIcon
etymology: From Ancient Greek ἀναλογία (analogía), from ἀνά (aná) + λόγος (lógos, “speech, reckoning”).

ElectricPotential
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricPotential
ISO80000Reference: 6-11.1
elucidation: Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01935
comment: The electric potential is not unique, since any constant scalar field quantity can be added to it without changing its gradient.
alternative label: ElectroStaticPotential

ChemicalElement
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: string
elucidation: The symbol for a specific chemical element, that can stand both for an atom or a substance.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01022
comment: The IUPAC Gold Book defines the a chemical element both as: - a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus - a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus This qualifies a chemical element as a name and not a matter obejct that can stand for an atom or a substance.

Nailing
type: Class

SpeedDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

AngularMomentumDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

TemporalTile
type: Class
elucidation: A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole purely in temporal parts.

RedUpQuark
type: Class

LuminousEfficacyOf540THzRadiation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, K cd , is a technical constant that gives an exact numerical relationship between the purely physical characteristics of the radiant power stimulating the human eye (W) and its photobiological response defined by the luminous flux due to the spectral responsivity of a standard observer (lm) at a frequency of 540 × 10 12 hertz.
comment: Defines the Candela base unit in the SI system.

Nucleon
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: Either a proton or a neutron.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon

Heteronuclear
type: Class
elucidation: A molecule composed of more than one element type.
example: Nitric oxide (NO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂).

MetrologicalSymbol
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
elucidation: A symbol that stands for a concept in the language of the meterological domain of ISO 80000.

Pressure
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Pressure
ISO80000Reference: 4-14.1
elucidation: The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04819

CausalInteraction
type: Class
conceptualisation: A causal interaction is a fundamental causal system that is expressed as a complete bupartite directed graph K(m,n), when m=n.

AcousticQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-8.

LuminousIntensity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LuminousIntensity
ISO80000Reference: 7-14
elucidation: A measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. It is based on the luminosity function, which is a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye.

Datum
type: Class
elucidation: A self-consistent encoded data entity.
example: A character, a bit, a song in a CD.

String
type: Class
elucidation: A physical made of more than one symbol sequentially arranged.
example: The word "cat" considered as a collection of 'symbol'-s respecting the rules of english language. In this example the 'symbolic' entity "cat" is not related to the real cat, but it is only a word (like it would be to an italian person that ignores the meaning of this english word). If an 'interpreter' skilled in english language is involved in a 'semiotic' process with this word, that "cat" became also a 'sign' i.e. it became for the 'interpreter' a representation for a real cat.
comment: A string is made of concatenated symbols whose arrangement is one-dimensional. Each symbol can have only one previous and one next neighborhood (bidirectional list).
comment: A string is not requested to respect any syntactic rule: it's simply directly made of symbols.

FrequencyDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Existent
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A 'Physical' which is a tessellation of 'State' temporal direct parts.
comment: 'Existent' is the EMMO class to be used for representing real world physical objects under a reductionistic perspective (i.e. objects come from the composition of sub-part objects, both in time and space). 'Existent' class collects all individuals that stand for physical objects that can be structured in well defined temporal sub-parts called states, through the temporal direct parthood relation. This class provides a first granularity hierarchy in time, and a way to axiomatize tessellation principles for a specific whole with a non-transitivity relation (direct parthood) that helps to retain the granularity levels. e.g. a car, a supersaturated gas with nucleating nanoparticles, an atom that becomes ionized and then recombines with an electron.
comment: An 'Existent' individual stands for a real world object for which the ontologist wants to provide univocal tessellation in time. By definition, the tiles are represented by 'State'-s individual. Tiles are related to the 'Existent' through temporal direct parthood, enforcing non-transitivity and inverse-functionality.
comment: Being hasTemporalDirectPart a proper parthood relation, there cannot be 'Existent' made of a single 'State'. Moreover, due to inverse functionality, a 'State' can be part of only one 'Existent', preventing overlapping between 'Existent'-s.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Existent
etymology: ex-sistere (latin): to stay (to persist through time) outside others of the same type (to be distinct from the rest).

QuantumAnnihilation
type: Class
conceptualisation: A quantum annihilation is a fundamental causal system that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,1).

UpAntiQuark
type: Class

Assembled
type: Class
elucidation: A system of independent elements that are assembled together to perform a function.

CGSUnit
type: Class
elucidation: The centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units
comment: CGS is a variant of the metric system.

Equals
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: =
elucidation: The equals symbol.

MesoscopicModel
type: Class
elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of mesoscopic entities, i.e. a set of bounded atoms like a molecule, bead or nanoparticle.

PressureDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Fermion
type: Class
elucidation: A physical particle with half odd integer spin (1/2, 3/2, etc...) that follows Fermi-Dirac statistics.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion

Ruby
type: Class

ForceDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Boolean
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  some values from: boolean
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: boolean
elucidation: A boolean number.

Mathematical
type: Class
elucidation: The class of general mathematical symbolic objects respecting mathematical syntactic rules.
comment: A mathematical object in this branch is not representing a concept but an actual graphical object built using mathematcal symbols arranged in some way, according to math conventions.

Aerosol
type: Class
elucidation: A colloid composed of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.

Guess
type: Class
elucidation: A guess is a theory, estimated and subjective, since its premises are subjective.

SerialWorkflow
type: Class
elucidation: A workflow whose tasks are tiles of a sequence.

Fundamental
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A whole that represent the overall lifetime of the world object that represents according to some holistic criteria.
example: A marathon is an example of class whose individuals are always maximal since the criteria satisfied by a marathon 4D entity poses some constraints on its temporal and spatial extent. On the contrary, the class for a generic running process does not necessarily impose maximality to its individuals. A running individual is maximal only when it extends in time for the minimum amount required to identify a running act, so every possible temporal part is always a non-running. Following the two examples, a marathon individual is a maximal that can be decomposed into running intervals. The marathon class is a subclass of running.
alternative label: Lifetime
alternative label: Maximal

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Lifetime
etymology: From Middle English liftime, equivalent to life +‎ time.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Fundamental
etymology: From Latin fundamentum (“foundation”), from fundō (“to lay the foundation (of something), to found”), from fundus (“bottom”).

ParallelWorkflow
type: Class

InductanceDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0

ElementaryCharge
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElementaryCharge
ISO80000Reference: 10-5.1
elucidation: The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron. It defines the base unit Ampere in the SI system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02032
comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.

SystemProgram
type: Class
elucidation: System program refers to operating systems and utility programs that manage computer resources at a low level enabling a computer to function.
example: An operating system. A graphic driver.

OffSystemUnit
type: Class
elucidation: A measurement unit that does not belong to any system of units.
example: eV barn
VIMTerm: off-system measurement unit
VIMTerm: off-system unit

ProcessEngineeringProcess
type: Class
comment: Deals with entities that have a undefined shape. Undefined means that the actual shape of the entity that is produced is not relevant for the definition of the process. In fact, everything has a shape, but in process engineering this is not relevant. e.g. the fact that steel comes in sheets is not relevant for the definition of steel material generated in a steel-making process.
wikipediaReference: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verfahrenstechnik

Ohm
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ω
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/OHM
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04280
comment: Measurement unit for resistance.

NonEncodedData
type: Class
elucidation: Data that occurs naturally without an encoding agent producing it.
example: A cloud in the sky. The radiative spectrum of a star.
comment: This is a really broad class that gathers all physical phenomena in which a variation occurs naturally.
alternative label: EnvironmentalData

Smoke
type: Class
elucidation: Smoke is a solid aerosol made of particles emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis.

ElectricCurrentAssistedSintering
type: Class

BlueCharmAntiQuark
type: Class

SolidSol
type: Class
elucidation: A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in another continuous solid.

Matter
type: Class
conceptualisation: The interpretation of the term "matter" is not univocal. Several concepts are labelled with this term, depending on the field of science. The concept mass is sometimes related to the term "matter", even if the former refers to a physical quantity (precisely defined by modern physics) while the latter is a type that qualifies a physical entity. It is possible to identify more than one concept that can be reasonably labelled with the term "matter". For example, it is possible to label as matter only the entities that are made up of atoms. Or more generally, we can be more fine-grained and call "matter" the entities that are made up of protons, neutrons or electrons, so that we can call matter also a neutron radiation or a cathode ray. A more fundamental approach, that we embrace for the EMMO, considers matter as entities that are made of fermions (i.e. quarks and leptons). This would exclude particles like the W and Z bosons that possess some mass, but are not fermions. Antimatter is a subclass of matter.
elucidation: A physical system that possesses some fundamental fermionic parts in each of its parts.
comment: A matter entity exclude the presence of (real) fundamental bosons parts. However, it implies the presence of virtual bosons that are responsible of the interactions between the (real) fundamental fermions.
comment: Matter includes ordinary- and anti-matter. It is possible to have entities that are made of particle and anti-particles (e.g. mesons made of a quark and an anti-quark pair) so that it is possible to have entities that are somewhat heterogeneous with regards to this distinction.
alternative label: PhysicalSubstance

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Matter
etymology: From Latin materia (“matter, stuff, material”), from mater (“mother”).

MathematicalSymbol
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction

GasSolution
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A gaseous solution made of more than one component type.
alternative label: GasMixture

LuminousEfficacyDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-1 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1

Tool
type: Class
elucidation: An object that enables or facilitate an agent in the execution of a process that modifies the surrounding environment.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Tool
etymology: Old English tōl, from a Germanic base meaning ‘prepare’.

AqueousSolution
type: Class
elucidation: A liquid solution in which the solvent is water.

PhysicalPhenomena
type: Class
elucidation: A CausalSystem that includes quantum parts that are not bonded with the rest.

Exa
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E18
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: E

NanoMaterial
type: Class
elucidation: Nanomaterials are Materials possessing, at minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm

PhysicsMathematicalComputation
type: Class
elucidation: A functional icon that imitates the behaviour of the object through mathematical evaluations of some mathematical construct.
comment: The equation that describes the velocity of a uniform accelerated body v = v0 + a*t is a functional icon. In general every analitical solution of a mathematical model can be considered an icon. A functional icon expresses its similarity with the object when is part of a process the makes it imitate the behavior of the object. In the case of v = v0 + a*t, plotting the velocity over time or listing their values at certain instants is when the icon expresses it functionality.

FormingFromChip
type: Class

SolidSolution
type: Class
elucidation: A solid solution made of two or more component substances.

Mega
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1000000.0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: M

UnitOne
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/UNITLESS
elucidation: Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units.
example: Refractive index or volume fraction.
example: Typically used for ratios of two units whos dimensions cancels out.

RefractiveIndex
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RefractiveIndex
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05240
comment: Factor by which the phase velocity of light is reduced in a medium.

EuclideanSpace
type: Class

PermittivityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0

Intensive
type: Class
elucidation: A quantity whose magnitude is independent of the size of the system.
example: Temperature Density Pressure ChemicalPotential
comment: Note that not all physical quantities can be categorised as being either intensive or extensive. For example the square root of the mass.

HardeningByRolling
type: Class

ReciprocalLengthDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

SINonCoherentDerivedUnit
type: Class
elucidation: A derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of base units is NOT equal to one.

ElectronAntiNeutrino
type: Class

DeepFreezing
type: Class

VacuumElectricPermittivity
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/PermittivityOfVacuum
ISO80000Reference: 6-14.1
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04508
comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permittivity) is outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
comment: The value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.
alternative label: PermittivityOfVacuum

Work
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Work
definition: Product of force and displacement.
ISO80000Reference: 4-28.4
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06684

MultipleUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Measurement unit obtained by multiplying a given measurement unit by an integer greater than one.
VIMTerm: multiple of a unit

ChemicalNomenclature
type: Class
elucidation: A language object following a specific nomenclature rules for defining univocal names of chemical compounds.
comment: A chemical numenclature should not be confused with the chemical formula.

URI
type: Class
elucidation: A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource.
comment: URI = scheme ":" ["//" authority] path ["?" query] ["#" fragment]

Axiom
annotated target: A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource.

Workflow
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A procedure that has at least two procedures (tasks) as proper parts.

Perceptual
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: The class of 'Physical' individuals which stand for real world objects that can stimulate a perception (e.g. a retina impression) into the ontologist and that are categorized accordingly to human perception mechanisms.
example: A line scratched on a surface. A sound. A smell. The word 'cat' and the sound of the word 'cat' (the first one is graphical and the second acoustical).
example: The meta-semiotic process: I see a cloud in the sky. Since I'm an EMMO ontologist, I create an individual named Cloud under the 'Perceptual' class, meaning that I recognize the cloud as an object thanks to a specific perceptual channel (e.g. through my eyes). This semiotic process occurs at meta-level: it's how I use the EMMO as tool for a direct representation of the world, understandable by others ontologists. The semiotic process within EMMO: My friend looks at the same cloud and says: "It is an elephant". I use the EMMO to record this experience by declaring: - my friend as MyFriend individual, belonging to 'Interpreter' classes - the sound of the word "elephant" as an acoustical perception individual named ElephantWord, belonging to 'Perceptual' - a relation hasSign between Cloud and ElephantWord, that makes ElephantWord also belonging to 'Sign' class and Cloud belonging also to 'Object' class - a 'Semiosis' individual called MyFriendElephantCloud that hasParticipant: Cloud, ElephantWord and MyFriend, respectively as object, sign and interpreter. So, the Perceptual class is here to categorized real-world objects at meta-level using common perceptual channels, for practical ontology usage. We could have represented the word "elephant" within a physicalistic approach, by identifying it as a pressure wave in the air.
comment: This class is the most general superclass for the categorization of real world objects that are recognizable by the ontologist through a specific perception mechanism. This perspective is based on human characterization of perceptions. In other words, a 'Perceptual' is a meta-object, meaning that is addressed by the ontologist (the meta-interpreter) in a semiotic process occurring outside the EMMO. The 'Perceptual' branch is here to facilitate the connection between an individual and the real-world object for which it stands for. A 'Perceptual' can stand for another object in an EMMO described semiotic process (acting as sign or as object), just like a word on a paper (the perceptual object) may refer semiotically to another object. However, a perceptual is not necessarily a 'Sign' (e.g. a line sketched on a blackboard is a recognizable 'Perceptual' but it may stand for nothing). A 'Perceptual' becomes an 'Object', when it is part of a 'Semiotic' process described by the ontologist within the EMMO, and it's done always specifying for which interpreter this relation occurs.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Perceptual
etymology: From Latin percipiō, past participle perceptus (“take hold of, obtain, receive, observe”), from per (“by, through”) + capiō (“to take”).

CPlusPlus
type: Class
elucidation: A language object respecting the syntactic rules of C++.
alternative label: C++

Information
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: Information is encoded data with a meaning (semiotic sign).

FormingFromPlastic
type: Class

Program
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A set of instructions that tell a computer what to do.
comment: A program is a sequence of instructions understandable by a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that indicates which operations the computer should perform on a set of data.
alternative label: Executable

Axiom
annotated target: A program is a sequence of instructions understandable by a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that indicates which operations the computer should perform on a set of data.

PowderCoating
type: Class

HolisticSystem
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An object that is made of a set of sub objects working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network (natural or artificial); a complex whole.
comment: A system is conceived as an aggregate of things that 'work' (or interact) together. While a system extends in time through distinct temporal parts (like every other 4D object), this elucdation focuses on a timescale in which the obejct shows a persistence in time.

MesoscopicMaterial
type: Class

GrowingCrystal
type: Class

PhaseOfMatter
type: Class
elucidation: A matter object throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.
comment: In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.
alternative label: Phase

Axiom
annotated target: In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)

Deduced
type: Class

CelsiusTemperature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/CelciusTemperature
ISO80000Reference: 5-2
elucidation: An objective comparative measure of hot or cold. Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature differences. Unlike ThermodynamicTemperature, it cannot express absolute temperatures.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06261

AngularMomentum
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AngularMomentum
ISO80000Reference: 4-11
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00353
comment: Measure of the extent and direction an object rotates about a reference point.

HiggsBoson
type: Class
elucidation: An elementary bosonic particle with zero spin produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson

SIAcceptedSpecialUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Non-SI units mentioned in the SI.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI
comment: This is a list of units that are not defined as part of the International System of Units (SI), but are otherwise mentioned in the SI brouchure, because either the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) accepts their use as being multiples or submultiples of SI-units, they have important contemporary application worldwide, or are otherwise commonly encountered worldwide.

EmpiricalSimulationSoftware
type: Class
elucidation: A computational application that uses an empiric equation to predict the behaviour of a system without relying on the knowledge of the actual physical phenomena occurring in the object.

ReactiveMaterial
type: Class
elucidation: A material that takes active part in a chemical reaction.

CharmAntiQuark
type: Class

VaporDeposition
type: Class

Bending
type: Class

Coulomb
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: C
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/C
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01365
comment: Measurement unit for electric charge.

ArcSecond
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: ″
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ARCSEC
definition: Measure of plane angle defined as 1/3600 or a degree.
alternative label: SecondOfArc

JoinManufacturing
type: Class
elucidation: A manufacturing involving the creation of long-term connection of several workpieces.
see also: DIN 8580:2020
alternative label: Fügen @de

EmpiricalFormula
type: Class
elucidation: An expression that provide information about the element type of a compound and their relative ratio.
example: Hydrogen peroxide is HO

JosephsonConstantDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-2 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0

CausalParticle
type: Class
conceptualisation: The concept is based on the common usage of the word "particle", that is used to identify both a specific state of an elementary particle (a quantum) and both the chain of quantums that expresses the evolution of the particle in time.
definition: The union of Elementary and Quantum classes.
elucidation: The class of entities that have no spatial structure.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: CausalParticle
etymology: From Latin particula (“small part, particle”), diminutive of pars (“part, piece”).

IsothermalConversion
type: Class

Colloid
type: Class
elucidation: A mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles (from 1 nm to 1 μm) is suspended throughout another substance and that does not settle, or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.
comment: Colloids are characterized by the occurring of the Tyndall effect on light.

Bel
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: B
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/B
definition: One bel is defined as `1⁄2 ln(10) neper`.
elucidation: Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel
comment: Today decibel (one tenth of a bel) is commonly used instead of bel.
comment: bel is used to express the ratio of one value of a power or field quantity to another, on a logarithmic scale, the logarithmic quantity being called the power level or field level, respectively.

Theorisation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The 'semiosis' process of interpreting a 'physical' and provide a complec sign, 'theory' that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter.
alternative label: Theorization

PhysicsEquationSolution
type: Class
elucidation: A function solution of a physics equation that provides a methods for the prediction of some quantitiative properties of an object.
example: A parabolic function is a prediction of the trajectory of a falling object in a gravitational field. While it has predictive capabilities it lacks of an analogical character, since it does not show the law behind that trajectory.
comment: This must be a mathematical function v(t), x(t). A dataset as solution is a conventional sign.

Uncoded
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A conventional that provides no possibility to infer the characteristics of the object to which it refers.
example: A random generated id for a product.

OrdinaryMatter
type: Class
elucidation: Matter composed of only matter particles, excluding anti-matter particles.

ElectronicModel
type: Class
elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of electrons.
example: Density functional theory. Hartree-Fock.

AreaFractionUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two areas.
example: Unit for solid angle.

SemioticObject
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: The object, in Peirce semiotics, as participant to a semiotic process.
comment: Here is assumed that the concept of 'object' is always relative to a 'semiotic' process. An 'object' does not exists per se, but it's always part of an interpretation. The EMMO relies on strong reductionism, i.e. everything real is a formless collection of elementary particles: we give a meaning to real world entities only by giving them boundaries and defining them using 'sign'-s. In this way the 'sign'-ed entity becomes an 'object', and the 'object' is the basic entity needed in order to apply a logical formalism to the real world entities (i.e. we can speak of it through its sign, and use logics on it through its sign).
alternative label: Object

QuantumData
type: Class
elucidation: Data that are expressed through quantum mechanical principles, and that can have several values ​​/ be in several states in the same place at the same time (quantum superposition), each of them with a certain probability.

Tempering
type: Class

QuantumDecay
type: Class
conceptualisation: A quantum decay is a fundamental causal system that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(1,n).

OrganicCompound
type: Class

SICoherentUnit
type: Class
comment: Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units. When the numerical factor of this product is one, the derived units are called coherent derived units. The base and coherent derived units of the SI form a coherent set, designated the set of coherent SI units.

ArithmeticOperator
type: Class

GluonType2
type: Class

AntiLepton
type: Class

ProductionEngineering
type: Class

MaterialsProcessing
type: Class
elucidation: A manufacturing process aimed to modify the precursor objects through a physical process (involving other materials, energy, manipulation) to change its material properties.
example: Synthesis of materials, quenching, the preparation of a cake, tempering of a steel beam.
comment: A material process requires the output to be classified as an individual of a material subclass.
alternative label: ContinuumManufacturing

DerivedQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: "Quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in terms of the base quantities of that system".
VIMTerm: derived quantity

Coded
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A conventional that stands for an object according to a code of interpretation to which the interpreter refers.
example: A biography that makes use of a code that is provided by the meaning of the element of the language used by the author.
example: The name "red" that stands for the color of an object.
comment: A conventional referring to an object according to a specific code that reflects the results of a specific interaction mechanism and is shared between other interpreters. A coded is always a partial representation of an object since it reflects the object capability to be part of a specific determination. A coded is a sort of name or label that we put upon objects that interact with an determiner in the same specific way. For example, "hot" objects are objects that interact with an observer through a perception mechanism aimed to perceive an heat source. The code is made of terms such as "hot", "warm", "cold", that commonly refer to the perception of heat.
comment: Let's define the class Colour as the subclass of the coded signs that involve photon emission and electromagnetic radiation sensible observers. An individual C of this class Colour can be defined be declaring the process individual (e.g. daylight illumination) and the observer (e.g. my eyes) Stating that an entity E hasCoded C, we mean that it can be observed by such setup of process + observer (i.e. observed by my eyes under daylight). This definition can be specialised for human eye perception, so that the observer can be a generic human, or to camera perception so that the observer can be a device. This can be used in material characterization, to define exactly the type of measurement done, including the instrument type.

Quark
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for quarks elementary particles.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

RedStrangeAntiQuark
type: Class

Kilo
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1000.0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: k

Numeral
type: Class

RedAntiQuark
type: Class

Liquid
type: Class
elucidation: A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.

RapidPrototyping
type: Class
elucidation: Application of additive manufacturing intended for reducing the time needed for producing prototypes.

NaturalMaterial
type: Class
elucidation: A Material occurring in nature, without the need of human intervention.

ElectricResistanceDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0

GreenTopQuark
type: Class

PlanckConstant
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/PlanckConstant
elucidation: The quantum of action. It defines the kg base unit in the SI system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04685

FirstGenerationFermion
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

SolidMixture
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

MassDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

FormingJoin
type: Class

TransferMolding
type: Class

CategorizedPhysicalQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to some domain of interests (e.g. metallurgy, chemistry), property (intensive/extensive) or application.

ElectricImpedance
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Impedance
comment: Measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied.
alternative label: Impedance

Hadron
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: Particles composed of two or more quarks.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

ElementaryParticle
type: Class
conceptualisation: An elementary particle is a causal chain of quantum entities of the same type. For example, an elementary electron is a sequence of fundamental electrons only.
elucidation: A chausal chain whose quantum parts are of the same standard model fundamental type.
alternative label: SingleParticleChain

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: ElementaryParticle
etymology: From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”).

MassFraction
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassFraction
ISO80000Reference: 9-11
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03722
comment: Mass of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture.

ElectricCurrentDensity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricCurrentDensity
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01928
comment: Electric current divided by the cross-sectional area it is passing through.
alternative label: CurrentDensity

Hardening
type: Class

Cognition
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: IconSemiosis

MetricPrefix
type: Class
elucidation: Dimensionless multiplicative unit prefix.

MultiSimulation
type: Class
elucidation: A physics based simulation with multiple physics based models.

Metre
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: m
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M
definition: The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299792458 when expressed in the unit m s−1, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03884

Gluon
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for gluons elementary particles.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon

MeasuringSystem
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A set of one or more 'MeasuringInstruments' and often other devices, including any reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate 'MeasuredQuantityProperty' within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds. -- VIM
VIMTerm: measuring system

ChemicalComposition
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A language construct that provides information about the consitutents of a substance and their fractions or amounts.

GreenBottomQuark
type: Class

EMMO
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
conceptualisation: The EMMO conceptualises the world using the primitive concepts of causality and parthood. Parthood is about the composition of world entities starting from other more fundamental entities. Causality is about the interactions between world entities. The quantum is the smallest indivisible part of any world entity. Quantum individuals are the fundamental causal constituents of the universe, since it is implied that causality originates from quantum-to-quantum interactions. Quantums are no-dimensional, and their aggregation makes spacetime emerge from their causal structure. Causality between macro entities (i.e. entities made of more than one quantum) is explained as the sum of the causality relations between their quantum constituents. The fundamental distinction between world entities is direct causality self-connectedness: a world entity can be self-connected xor not self-connected depending on the causality network of its fundamental components. Void regions do not exist in the EMMO, or in other words there is no spacetime without entities, since space and time are measured quantities following a causality relation between entities (spacetime emerges as relational property not as a self-standing entity). Entities are not placed in space or time: space and time are always relative between entities and are measured. In other words, space and time relations originates from causality interactions.
definition: The disjoint union of the Item and Collection classes.
elucidation: The class of all the OWL individuals declared by EMMO as standing for world entities.
comment: EMMO entities dimensionality is related to their mereocausal structures. From the no-dimensional quantum entity, we introduce time dimension with the elementary concept, and the spacetime with the causal system concept. The EMMO conceptualisation does not allow the existence of space without a temporal dimension, the latter coming from a causal relation between entities. For this reason, the EMMO entities that are not quantum or elementaries, may be considered to be always spatiotemporal. The EMMO poses no constraints to the number of spatial dimensions for a causal system (except being higher than one).

Axiom
annotated property: subClassOf
annotated target: Restriction
comment: Every entity is made of quantum parts. This axiomatisation is the expression of the radical reductionistic approach of the EMMO.

Axiom
annotated property: subClassOf
annotated target: Restriction
comment: All EMMO individuals are part of the most comprehensive entity which is the universe.

Axiom
annotated target: The EMMO conceptualises the world using the primitive concepts of causality and parthood. Parthood is about the composition of world entities starting from other more fundamental entities. Causality is about the interactions between world entities. The quantum is the smallest indivisible part of any world entity. Quantum individuals are the fundamental causal constituents of the universe, since it is implied that causality originates from quantum-to-quantum interactions. Quantums are no-dimensional, and their aggregation makes spacetime emerge from their causal structure. Causality between macro entities (i.e. entities made of more than one quantum) is explained as the sum of the causality relations between their quantum constituents. The fundamental distinction between world entities is direct causality self-connectedness: a world entity can be self-connected xor not self-connected depending on the causality network of its fundamental components. Void regions do not exist in the EMMO, or in other words there is no spacetime without entities, since space and time are measured quantities following a causality relation between entities (spacetime emerges as relational property not as a self-standing entity). Entities are not placed in space or time: space and time are always relative between entities and are measured. In other words, space and time relations originates from causality interactions.
comment: While EMMO mereocausality conceptualisation can be used on any possibile domain, so that a quantum can be a Lego brick or an furniture component, it can be better understood when a quantum is elucidated as the smallest measured time interval of existence of an elementary particle (e.g. quark, photon).

Axiom
annotated target: The disjoint union of the Item and Collection classes.
comment: The union implies that world entities can only be items or collections (standing for a collection of causally disconnected items). Disjointness means that a collection cannot be an item and viceversa, representing the fact that a world entity cannot be causally self-connected and non-self connected at the same time.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: EMMO
etymology: EMMO is the acronym of Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology.

Electron
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for electrons elementary particles belonging to the first generation of leptons.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

TemporallyRedundant
type: Class
elucidation: A whole with temporal parts of its same type.

Speed
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Speed
ISO80000Reference: 3-8.2
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05852
comment: Length per unit time. Speed in the absolute value of the velocity.

AmountOfSubstance
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AmountOfSubstance
ISO80000Reference: 9-2
elucidation: The number of elementary entities present.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00297
comment: "In the name “amount of substance”, the word “substance” will typically be replaced by words to specify the substance concerned in any particular application, for example “amount of hydrogen chloride, HCl”, or “amount of benzene, C6H6 ”. It is important to give a precise definition of the entity involved (as emphasized in the definition of the mole); this should preferably be done by specifying the molecular chemical formula of the material involved. Although the word “amount” has a more general dictionary definition, the abbreviation of the full name “amount of substance” to “amount” may be used for brevity." -- SI Brochure

MagneticDipoleMoment
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticDipoleMoment
ISO80000Reference: 10-9.1
ISO80000Reference: 6-30
elucidation: Vector quantity μ causing a change to its energy ΔW in an external magnetic field of field flux density B: ΔW = −μ · B
iupacReference: http://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/M03688
comment: For an atom or nucleus, this energy is quantized and can be written as: W = g μ M B where g is the appropriate g factor, μ is mostly the Bohr magneton or nuclear magneton, M is magnetic quantum number, and B is magnitude of the magnetic flux density. -- ISO 80000

ElementaryFermion
type: Class

SINonCoherentUnit
type: Class

ThirdGenerationFermion
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

Product
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
ISO9000Reference: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:9000:ed-3:v1:en:term:3.4.2
ISO14040Reference: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:14040:ed-2:v1:en:term:3.9
elucidation: The overall lifetime of an holistic that has been the output of an intentional process.
comment: This concepts encompass the overall lifetime of a product. Is temporaly fundamental, meaning that it can have other products as holistic spatial parts, but its holistic temporal parts are not products. In other words, the individual must encompass the whole lifetime from creation to disposal. A product can be a tangible object (e.g. a manufactured object), a process (e.g. service). It can be the outcome of a natural or an artificially driven process. It must have and initial stage of its life that is also an outcome of a intentional process.
alternative label: Output

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Product
etymology: From Latin productum ‘something produced’, derived from Latin producere, from pro- ‘forward’ + ducere ‘to lead’.

BondedAtom
type: Class
elucidation: An bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of.
comment: A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic. In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons.
comment: The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electonic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic.
comment: This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule.

InternalEnergy
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/InternalEnergy
ISO80000Reference: 5.20-2
elucidation: A state quantity equal to the difference between the total energy of a system and the sum of the macroscopic kinetic and potential energies of the system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I03103
alternative label: ThermodynamicEnergy

MuonNeutrino
type: Class
elucidation: A neutrino belonging to the second generation of leptons.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_neutrino

PureParallelWorkflow
type: Class
elucidation: A workflow that is the concurrent evolution of two or more tasks, not communicacting between themselves.
alternative label: EmbarassinglyParallelWorkflow

MeasurementUncertainty
type: Class
elucidation: A non-negative parameter characterising the dispersion of the quantity being measured.
example: - Standard deviation - Half-width of an interval with a stated coverage probability
VIMTerm: measurement uncertainty
comment: In general, for a given set of information, it is understood that the measurement uncertainty is associated with a stated quantity value. A modification of this value results in a modification of the associated uncertainty.
comment: Measurement uncertainty includes components arising from systematic effects, such as components associated with corrections and the assigned quantity values of measurement standards, as well as the definitional uncertainty. Sometimes estimated systematic effects are not corrected for but, instead, associated measurement uncertainty components are incorporated.

AbsorbedDoseDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

AtomisticModel
type: Class
elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of atoms.

Frequency
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Frequency
ISO80000Reference: 3-15.1
elucidation: Number of periods per time interval.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.FT07383

Replica
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: An icon that not only resembles the object, but also can express some of the object's functions.
example: A small scale replica of a plane tested in a wind gallery shares the same functionality in terms of aerodynamic behaviour of the bigger one.
example: Pinocchio is a functional icon of a boy since it imitates the external behaviour without having the internal biological structure of a human being (it is made of magic wood...).

Torus
type: Class

Foaming
type: Class

DefinedEdgeCutting
type: Class

Software
type: Class
elucidation: All or part of the programs, procedures, rules, and associated documentation of an information processing system.
comment: Software is usually used as a generic term for programs. However, in its broadest sense it can refer to all information (i.e., both programs and data) in electronic form and can provide a distinction from hardware, which refers to computers or other electronic systems on which software can exist and be use. Here we explicitly include in the definition also all the data (e.g. source code, script files) that takes part to the building of the executable, are necessary to the execution of a program or that document it for the users.

Axiom
annotated target: All or part of the programs, procedures, rules, and associated documentation of an information processing system.

Axiom
annotated target: Software is usually used as a generic term for programs. However, in its broadest sense it can refer to all information (i.e., both programs and data) in electronic form and can provide a distinction from hardware, which refers to computers or other electronic systems on which software can exist and be use. Here we explicitly include in the definition also all the data (e.g. source code, script files) that takes part to the building of the executable, are necessary to the execution of a program or that document it for the users.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Software
etymology: From soft +‎ -ware, by contrast with hardware (“the computer itself”). Coined by Paul Niquette in 1953.

NonPrefixedUnit
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
elucidation: A measurement unit symbol that do not have a metric prefix as a direct spatial part.

ManufacturingDevice
type: Class
elucidation: A device that is designed to participate to a manufacturing process.

ManufacturedProduct
type: Class
elucidation: An object that has been designed and manufactured for a particular purpose.
example: Car, tire, composite material.
alternative label: Artifact
alternative label: Engineered
alternative label: TangibleProduct

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Artifact
etymology: From Latin arte ‘by or using art’ + factum ‘something made’.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Engineered
etymology: From Latin ingenium "innate qualities, ability; inborn character," in Late Latin "a war engine, battering ram"; literally "that which is inborn," from in- ("in") + gignere ("give birth, beget").

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: TangibleProduct
etymology: From late Latin tangibilis, from tangere ‘to touch’.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: ManufacturedProduct
etymology: From Latin manufacture: "made by hand".

ElectricConductivityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0

MeasuredQuantitativeProperty
type: Class
elucidation: Quantitative property intended to be measured. -- VIM
VIMTerm: measurand
comment: The specification of a measurand requires knowledge of the kind of quantity, description of the state of the phenomenon, body, or substance carrying the quantity, including any relevant component, and the chemical entities involved. -- VIM
alternative label: Measurand

WorkpieceManufacturing
type: Class
elucidation: A manufacturing with an output that is an object with a specific function, shape, or intended use, not simply a material.
see also: DIN 8580:2020
see also: ISO 15531-1:2004 discrete manufacturing: production of discrete items.
see also: ISO 8887-1:2017 manufacturing: production of components
alternative label: DiscreteManufacturing
alternative label: Werkstücke @de

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 15531-1:2004 discrete manufacturing: production of discrete items.

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 8887-1:2017 manufacturing: production of components

Fluid
type: Class
elucidation: A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure.
example: Gas, liquid, plasma,

Cognised
type: Class

MathematicalFormula
type: Class
elucidation: A mathematical string that express a relation between the elements in one set X to elements in another set Y.
comment: The set X is called domain and the set Y range or codomain.

NumericalData
type: Class
elucidation: Data that can be decoded under a quantitative schema and also associated with a graphical number symbols.

GreenBottomAntiQuark
type: Class

ChemicalPotential
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ChemicalPotential
ISO80000Reference: 9-17
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01032
comment: Energy per unit change in amount of substance.

ArithmeticExpression
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
example: 2+2

GreenCharmQuark
type: Class

SpatialTiling
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A well formed tessellation with tiles that all spatial.

ExactConstant
type: Class
elucidation: Physical constant used to define a unit system. Hence, when expressed in that unit system they have an exact value with no associated uncertainty.

SymbolicConstruct
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A symbolic entity made of other symbolic entities according to a specific spatial configuration.
comment: This class collects individuals that represents arrangements of strings, or other symbolic compositions, without any particular predifined arrangement schema.

EndStep
type: Class
elucidation: The final step of a workflow.
comment: There may be more than one end task, if they run in parallel leading to more than one output.

ChemicalMaterial
type: Class

Joule
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: J
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/J
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.J03363
comment: Measurement unit for energy.

GluonType5
type: Class

URL
type: Class
elucidation: The term "Uniform Resource Locator" (URL) refers to the subset of URIs that, in addition to identifying a resource, provide a means of locating the resource by describing its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location").

Axiom
annotated target: The term "Uniform Resource Locator" (URL) refers to the subset of URIs that, in addition to identifying a resource, provide a means of locating the resource by describing its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location").

LeftHandedParticle
type: Class

ContinuumMaterial
type: Class
elucidation: A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that: - it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts - the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1
comment: A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant.
comment: A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition). A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
comment: A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity.

CompositeParticle
type: Class
conceptualisation: A composite particle is a bound state of elementary particles.

LowPressureCasting
type: Class

SimulationApplication
type: Class
elucidation: An application aimed to functionally reproduce an object.
example: An application that predicts the pressure drop of a fluid in a pipe segment is aimed to functionally reproduce the outcome of a measurement of pressure before and after the segment.

Semiotics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

ResemblanceIcon
type: Class
elucidation: An icon that mimics the spatial or temporal shape of the object.
example: A geographical map that imitates the shape of the landscape and its properties at a specific historical time.
comment: An icon that focus on WHERE/WHEN the object is, in the sense of spatial or temporal shape.
comment: The subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: ResemblanceIcon
etymology: From Old French sambler, sembler, from Late Latin similāre, present active infinitive of similō, from Latin similis, from Proto-Italic *semalis, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).

Constant
type: Class
elucidation: A variable that stand for a numerical constant, even if it is unknown.

Candela
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: cd
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/CD
definition: The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 Hz, Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W−1, which is equal to cd sr W−1, or cd sr kg−1 m−2 s3, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00787

Theory
type: Class
elucidation: A 'conventional' that stand for a 'physical'.
comment: The 'theory' is e.g. a proposition, a book or a paper whose sub-symbols suggest in the mind of the interpreter an interpretant structure that can represent a 'physical'. It is not an 'icon' (like a math equation), because it has no common resemblance or logical structure with the 'physical'. In Peirce semiotics: legisign-symbol-argument

Radioactivity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificActivity
elucidation: Decays per unit time.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00114
alternative label: RadioactiveActivity

PhysicalBasedSimulationSoftware
type: Class
elucidation: A computational application that uses a physical model to predict the behaviour of a system, providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.

ProtonMass
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/ProtonMass
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04914
comment: The rest mass of a proton.

FundamentalFermion
type: Class
conceptualisation: A particle with half odd integer spin (1/2, 3/2, etc...) that follows Fermi-Dirac statistics.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion

Plus
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: +

AbsorbedDose
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AbsorbedDose
definition: Energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation in a suitable small element of volume divided by the mass of that element of volume.
ISO80000Reference: 10-81.1
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00031

Somatosensory
type: Class

Molds
type: Class

Proton
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 2
elucidation: A positive charged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

SeparateManufacturing
type: Class
elucidation: A manufacturing process in which the shape of a workpiece is changed by breaking the material cohesion at the processing point and thus the material cohesion is reduced overall.
see also: DIN 8580:2020
alternative label: CuttingManufacturing
alternative label: Trennen @de

AreaDensityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

NominalProperty
type: Class
elucidation: An 'ObjectiveProperty' that cannot be quantified.
example: CFC is a 'sign' that stands for the fact that the morphology of atoms composing the microstructure of an entity is predominantly Cubic Face Centered A color is a nominal property. Sex of a human being.
VIMTerm: nominal property
comment: "Property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has no magnitude." "A nominal property has a value, which can be expressed in words, by alphanumerical codes, or by other means." International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)

PartialComposition
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

Object
type: Class
elucidation: A whole that is identified according to a criteria based on its spatial configuration that is satisfied throughout its time extension.
comment: A continuant (here called object) is usually defined as a whole whose all possible temporal parts are always satisfying a specific criterion (wich is the classical definition of continuants). However that's not possible in general, since we will finally end to temporal parts whose temporal extension is so small that the connectivity relations that define the object will no longer hold. That's the case when the temporal interval is lower than the interval that characterize the causality interactions between the object parts. In other terms, if the time span of a temporal part is lower than the inverse of the frequency of interactions between the constituents, then the constituents in such temporal part are not connected. The object is no more an object, neither an item, but simply a collection of fundamental parts. To overcome this issue, we can identify an minimum holistic temporal part (a lower time interval value), below which a specific definition for an object type does not hold anymore, that is called a fundamental.
alternative label: Continuant
alternative label: Endurant

MaterialsModel
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A solvable set of one Physics Equation and one or more Materials Relations.

Assemblying
type: Class
elucidation: The act of connecting together the parts of something
comment: No loss or adds of parts by the components, nor merging. In assemblying parts are losing some of theirs movement degrees of freedom.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Assemblying
etymology: From Old French asembler, based on Latin ad- ‘to’ + simul ‘together’.

VolumeDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Polynomial
type: Class
example: 2 * x^2 + x + 3

IUPACNomencalture
type: Class

Rolling
type: Class
elucidation: Metal forming process in which a metal is passed between several rolls (cylinders) to obtain a specific thickness and mechanical properties.

CoatingManufacturing
type: Class
elucidation: A manufacturing in which an adherent layer of amorphous material is applied to a workpiece.
see also: DIN 8580:2020
alternative label: Beschichten @de

FundamentalAntiMatterParticle
type: Class

ChemicalFormula
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A symbolic construct that provides informations about the chemical proportions of the elements that constitute a chemical compound or a specific molecule.
comment: A chemical formula may also include other symbols such as parentheses, plus and minus signs, brackets

TwoManifold
type: Class
alternative label: 2-manifold

Sequence
type: Class
elucidation: A tessellation of temporal slices.

ElectricReactance
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Reactance
comment: The opposition of a circuit element to a change in current or voltage, due to that element's inductance or capacitance.
alternative label: Reactance

Cleaning
type: Class

Simulation
type: Class
elucidation: A estimation of a property using a functional icon.
example: I calculate the electrical conductivity of an Ar-He plasma with the Chapman-Enskog method and use the value as property for it.
alternative label: Modelling

ScientificTheory
type: Class
elucidation: A scientific theory is a description, objective and observed, produced with scientific methodology.

LiquidAerosol
type: Class
elucidation: An aerosol composed of liquid droplets in air or another gas.

BlueDownQuark
type: Class

TransportationDevice
type: Class

MagneticFluxDensity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticFluxDensity
ISO80000Reference: 6-21
elucidation: Strength of the magnetic field.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03686
comment: Often denoted B.

GluonType7
type: Class

Painting
type: Class

SolidAerosol
type: Class
elucidation: An aerosol composed of fine solid particles in air or another gas.

Area
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Area
ISO80000Reference: 3-3
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00429
comment: Extent of a surface.

LogarithmicUnit
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/schema/qudt/LogarithmicUnit
elucidation: A logarithmic unit is a unit that can be used to express a quantity (physical or mathematical) on a logarithmic scale, that is, as being proportional to the value of a logarithm function applied to the ratio of the quantity and a reference quantity of the same type.
example: Decibel
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_scale#Logarithmic_units

Luminance
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Luminance
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03640
comment: Measured in cd/m². Not to confuse with Illuminance, which is measured in lux (cd sr/m²).
comment: a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction.

BlueStrangeAntiQuark
type: Class

Metrological
type: Class
elucidation: A language object used in metrology.
comment: Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, whatever the measurement uncertainty and field of application. -- International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
comment: This language domain makes use of ISO 80000 concepts.

PhysicalDimension
type: Class
elucidation: A symbol that, following SI specifications, describe the physical dimensionality of a physical quantity and the exponents of the base units in a measurement unit.
VIMTerm: quantity dimension
comment: All physical quantities, with the exception of counts, are derived quantities, which may be written in terms of base quantities according to the equations of physics. The dimensions of the derived quantities are written as products of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities using the equations that relate the derived quantities to the base quantities. In general the dimension of any quantity Q is written in the form of a dimensional product, dim Q = T^α L^β M^γ I^δ Θ^ε N^ζ J^η where the exponents α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η, which are generally small integers, which can be positive, negative, or zero, are called the dimensional exponents. (SI brochure)
comment: The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a base quantity is a single upper case letter in roman (upright) type. The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a derived quantity is the product of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities according to the definition of the derived quantity. The dimension of a quantity Q is denoted by dim Q. ISO 80000-1
comment: The expression used by the EMMO for physical dimensions is a metrological symbol (but a string at meta level, i.e. the ontologist level) like this: Ta Lb Mc Id Θe Nf Jg where a, b, c, d, e, f and g are 0 or signed integers. Regex for the physical dimension symbol for the EMMO is: ^T([+-][1-9]|0) L([+-][1-9]|0) M([+-][1-9]|0) I([+-][1-9]|0) Θ([+-][1-9]|0) N([+-][1-9]|0) J([+-][1-9]|0)$ Examples of correspondance between base units and physical dimensions are: mol -> T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0 s -> T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 A/m2 -> T0 L0 M-2 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
alternative label: QuantityDimension

Physicalistic
type: Class
elucidation: The perspective for which physical objects are categorized only by concepts coming from applied physical sciences.
comment: This perspective specify elementary objects as from the Standard Model of Particles.

AlgebricEquation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
example: 2 * a - b = c
comment: An 'equation' that has parts two 'polynomial'-s

Annealing
type: Class

SpeedOfLightInVacuum
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/SpeedOfLight_Vacuum
ISO80000Reference: 6-35.2
elucidation: The speed of light in vacuum. Defines the base unit metre in the SI system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05854

Tile
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A causal object that is direct part of a tessellation.

Capacitance
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Capacitance
ISO80000Reference: 6-13
elucidation: The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the electric potential.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00791
alternative label: ElectricCapacitance

IterativeStep
type: Class
elucidation: A workflow whose output ca be used as input for another workflow of the same type, iteratively, within the framework of a larger workflow.
example: Jacobi method numerical step, involving the multiplication between a matrix A and a vector x, whose result is used to update the vector x.

Estimated
type: Class
example: The biography of a person that the author have not met.

RedTopAntiQuark
type: Class

Entropy
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Entropy
ISO80000Reference: 5-18
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02149
comment: Logarithmic measure of the number of available states of a system.
comment: May also be referred to as a measure of order of a system.

Measurer
type: Class
elucidation: An observer that makes use of a measurement tool and provides a quantitative property.

SolidFoam
type: Class
elucidation: A foam of trapped gas in a solid.
example: Aerogel

Kilogram
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: kg
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM
definition: The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10−34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆νCs.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03391

PhysicalLaw
type: Class
elucidation: A law that provides a connection between a property of the object and other properties, capturing a fundamental physical phenomena.

StandardizedPhysicalQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to a standard (e.g. ISQ).

BlueDownAntiQuark
type: Class

Presses
type: Class

CentreOfMass
type: Class
elucidation: The unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass of an Item sums to zero. Equivalently, it is the point where if a force is applied to the Item, causes the Item to move in direction of force without rotation.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_mass
comment: In non-relativistic physics, the centre of mass doesn’t depend on the chosen reference frame.

MagneticFieldStrengthDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0

NumericalVariable
type: Class
elucidation: A variable standing for a numerical defined mathematical object like e.g. a number, a vector of numbers, a matrix of numbers.

ConcreteOrPlasterPouring
type: Class

RedStrangeQuark
type: Class

Step
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A task that is a well formed tile of a workflow, according to a reductionistic description.
comment: A step is part of a specific granularity level for the workflow description, as composition of tasks.

PolyatomicEntity
type: Class

VolumeFractionUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two volumes.
example: Unit for volume fraction.

Micro
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E-6
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: µ

ProgrammingLanguage
type: Class
elucidation: A language object that follows syntactic rules of a programming language.
comment: A programming language object can also be a fragment (e.g. a C function) not suitable for exectution.
comment: Entities are not necessarily digital data, but can be code fragments printed on paper.
alternative label: Code
alternative label: SoftwareCode

CubicMetre
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M3
omReference: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/cubicMetre
elucidation: SI coherent measurement unit for volume.

PhysioChememicalQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-9.

ElementalMaterial
type: Class

DippingForms
type: Class

Symbol
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for an elementary mark of a specific symbolic code (alphabet).
example: The class of letter "A" is the symbol as idea and the letter A that you see on the screen is the mark that can be represented by an individual belonging to "A".
comment: Subclasses of 'Symbol' are alphabets, in formal languages terminology. A 'Symbol' is atomic for that alphabet, i.e. it has no parts that are symbols for the same alphabet. e.g. a math symbol is not made of other math symbols A Symbol may be a String in another language. e.g. "Bq" is the symbol for Becquerel units when dealing with metrology, or a string of "B" and "q" symbols when dealing with characters.
comment: Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols of anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g. parentheses). Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any reference to any interpretation of them. (Wikipedia)
comment: The class is the idea of the symbol, while the individual of that class stands for a specific mark (or token) of that idea.
alternative label: AlphabeticEntity

Radian
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: rad
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/RAD
elucidation: Measure of plane angle.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05036
comment: Dimensionless measurement unit for plane angle.

ElectrolyticDeposition
type: Class

Macromolecule
type: Class

Litre
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: l
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/L
definition: A non-SI unit of volume defined as 1 cubic decimetre (dm3),
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03594

PhysicalParticle
type: Class
definition: The union of hadron and lepton, or fermion and bosons.
elucidation: A well defined physical entity, elementary or composite, usually treated as a singular unit, that is found at scales spanning from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of larger scale substances (as the etymology of "particle" suggests).
comment: The scope of the physical particle definition goes from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of substances.
alternative label: Particle

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Particle
etymology: From Latin particula (“small part, particle”), diminutive of pars (“part, piece”).

SpaceAndTimeQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-3.

DownAntiQuarkType
type: Class

ChemicalCompositionQuantity
type: Class

Solid
type: Class
elucidation: A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined.

SubMultipleUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Measurement unit obtained by dividing a given measurement unit by an integer greater than one.
VIMTerm: submultiple of a unit

Division
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: /

Milli
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 0.001
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: m

RybergConstant
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/RydbergConstant
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05430
comment: The Rydberg constant represents the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (the inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing the hydrogen atom from its ground state.

RedTopQuark
type: Class

StructuralFormula
type: Class
elucidation: A graphical representation of a molecular structure showing the relative position in space of the atomic constituents and their bonds.

FormingFromPulp
type: Class

DataBasedSimulationSoftware
type: Class
elucidation: A computational application that uses existing data to predict the behaviour of a system without providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.

Manufacturing
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The process of transforming precursor objects (e.g. raw materials) into a product by the use of manual labor, machinery or chemical/biological processes.
comment: Deals with entities that have a defined shape.
wikipediaReference: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertigungsverfahren
see also: DIN 8580:2020
see also: ISO 15531-1:2004 manufacturing: function or act of converting or transforming material from raw material or semi-finished state to a state of further completion
see also: ISO 18435-1:2009 manufacturing process: set of processes in manufacturing involving a flow and/or transformation of material, information, energy, control, or any other element in a manufacturing area

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 15531-1:2004 manufacturing: function or act of converting or transforming material from raw material or semi-finished state to a state of further completion

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 18435-1:2009 manufacturing process: set of processes in manufacturing involving a flow and/or transformation of material, information, energy, control, or any other element in a manufacturing area

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Manufacturing
etymology: From Latin manu factum ("made by hand").

DownQuark
type: Class
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark

TopQuark
type: Class
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_quark

ArithmeticEquation
type: Class
example: 1 + 1 = 2

Stage
type: Class
elucidation: A process which is an holistic temporal part of a process.
example: Moving a leg is a stage of the process of running.

ISQDimensionlessQuantity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Dimensionless
elucidation: A quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned and with a corresponding unit of measurement in the SI of the unit one.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_quantity
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01742

CausalConvexSystem
type: Class
conceptualisation: It is natural to define entities made or more than one smaller parts according to some unity criteria. One of the most general one applicable to causal systems is to ask that all the quantum parts of the system are bonded to the rest. In other words, causal convexity excludes all quantums that leave the system (no more interacting), or that are not yet part of it (not yet interacting). So, a photon leaving a body is not part of the body as convex system, while a photon the is carrier of electromagnetic interaction between two molecular parts of the body, is part of the convex body.
elucidation: A CausalSystem whose quantum parts are all bonded to the rest of the system.

TemperatureDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0

Pascal
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pa
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PA
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04442
comment: Measurement unit for pressure.

Punctuation
type: Class

DieCasting
type: Class

Giga
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E9
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: G

VolumeFraction
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/VolumeFraction
ISO80000Reference: 9-14
elucidation: Volume of a constituent of a mixture divided by the sum of volumes of all constituents prior to mixing.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06643

Farad
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: F
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/FARAD
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02320
comment: Measurement unit for electric capacitance.

Newton
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: N
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/N
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04135
comment: Measurement unit for force.

CausalExpansion
type: Class
conceptualisation: A causal expansion is a fundamental causal system that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n), when m<n.

Folding
type: Class

TemporallyFundamental
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that satisfy a whole defining criteria (i.e. belongs to a subclass of whole) and have no temporal parts that satisfy that same criteria (no parts that are of the same type of the whole).

FORTRAN
type: Class

Torque
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Torque
ISO80000Reference: 4-12.2
elucidation: The effectiveness of a force to produce rotation about an axis, measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06400
comment: Even though torque has the same physical dimension as energy, it is not of the same kind and can not be measured with energy units like joule or electron volt.

GreenDownAntiQuark
type: Class

ElectricChargeDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0

GreenStrangeAntiQuark
type: Class

Chemical
type: Class
elucidation: A language object that follows the syntactic rules used in the chemical field.

NonNumericalData
type: Class
elucidation: Data that are non-quantitatively interpreted (e.g., qualitative data, types).

KineticEnergy
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/KineticEnergy
ISO80000Reference: 4-28.2
elucidation: The energy of an object due to its motion.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03402

BaseQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: "Quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a given system of quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the other quantities within that subset" ISO 80000-1
VIMTerm: base quantity

Tesla
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/T
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06283
comment: Measurement unit for magnetic flux density or induction.

StandardUnit
type: Class
elucidation: A reference unit provided by a reference material. International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
example: Arbitrary amount-of-substance concentration of lutropin in a given sample of plasma (WHO international standard 80/552): 5.0 International Unit/l

Strain
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Strain
ISO80000Reference: 4-17.1
elucidation: Change of the relative positions of parts of a body, excluding a displacement of the body as a whole.

BlueTopAntiQuark
type: Class

MolarGasConstant
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/MolarGasConstant
ISO80000Reference: 9-37.1
elucidation: Equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole (rather than energy per temperature increment per particle).
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02579

Python
type: Class

KnownConstant
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A variable that stand for a well known numerical constant (a known number).
example: π refers to the constant number ~3.14

Casting
type: Class

RedCharmAntiQuark
type: Class

PerAmountDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0

ElectromagneticQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-6.

AreaDensity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SurfaceDensity
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S06167
comment: Mass per unit area.

ThermodynamicTemperature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ThermodynamicTemperature
ISO80000Reference: 5-1
elucidation: Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature. It is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06321

MeasurementUnit
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
elucidation: A 'Quantity' that stands for the standard reference magnitude of a specific class of measurement processes, defined and adopted by convention or by law. The numerical quantity value of the 'MeasurementUnit' is conventionally 1 and does not appear. Quantitative measurement results are expressed as a multiple of the 'MeasurementUnit'.
VIMTerm: measurement unit
comment: "Real scalar quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which any other quantity of the same kind can be compared to express the ratio of the second quantity to the first one as a number" ISO 80000-1
comment: "Unit symbols are mathematical entities and not abbreviations." "Symbols for units are treated as mathematical entities. In expressing the value of a quantity as the product of a numerical value and a unit, both the numerical value and the unit may be treated by the ordinary rules of algebra." https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf
comment: While the SI brochure treats 'MeasurementUnit' as a 'PhysicalQuantity', in the EMMO this is not possible since the latter always has two direct parts, a 'Numerical' and a 'MeasurementUnit', while the former a single 'Symbol'. SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference). The EMMO, following strict nominalism, considers a SI quantity as a SI quantity value, collapsing the two concepts into one: the 'Quantity'. So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but a 'MeasurementUnit', while the string "1 kg" is 'Physical Quantity'.

SquareMetre
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M2
omReference: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/squareMetre
elucidation: SI coherent measurement unit for area.

TopAntiQuark
type: Class

CapacitanceDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0

DegreeCelsius
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: °C
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG_C
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01561
comment: Measurement unit for Celsius temperature. This unit can only be used for expressing temperature differences.

Sign
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: An 'Physical' that is used as sign ("semeion" in greek) that stands for another 'Physical' through an semiotic process.
example: A novel is made of chapters, paragraphs, sentences, words and characters (in a direct parthood mereological hierarchy). Each of them are 'sign'-s. A character can be the a-tomistic 'sign' for the class of texts. The horizontal segment in the character "A" is direct part of "A" but it is not a 'sign' itself. For plain text we can propose the ASCII symbols, for math the fundamental math symbols.
comment: A 'Sign' can have temporal-direct-parts which are 'Sign' themselves. A 'Sign' usually havs 'sign' spatial direct parts only up to a certain elementary semiotic level, in which the part is only a 'Physical' and no more a 'Sign' (i.e. it stands for nothing). This elementary semiotic level is peculiar to each particular system of signs (e.g. text, painting). Just like an 'Elementary' in the 'Physical' branch, each 'Sign' branch should have an a-tomistic mereological part.
comment: According to Peirce, 'Sign' includes three subcategories: - symbols: that stand for an object through convention - indeces: that stand for an object due to causal continguity - icons: that stand for an object due to similitudes e.g. in shape or composition

PhysicsBasedModel
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A mathematical entity based on a fundamental physics theory which defines the relations between physics quantities of an entity.
is defined by: CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”

Axiom
annotated property: isDefinedBy
annotated target: CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”

Circle
type: Class

LengthDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Neper
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Np
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/NP
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Neper
definition: Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference, which are defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of power- or field-type quantities. The value of a ratio in nepers is given by `ln(x1/x2)` where `x1` and `x2` are the values of interest (amplitudes), and ln is the natural logarithm. When the values are quadratic in the amplitude (e.g. power), they are first linearised by taking the square root before the logarithm is taken, or equivalently the result is halved. Wikipedia
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neper
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04106

MagneticFieldStrength
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticFieldStrength
ISO80000Reference: 6-25
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03683
comment: Strength of a magnetic field. Commonly denoted H.

AntiTau
type: Class

Illuminance
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Illuminance
definition: The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I02941

Centi
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 0.01
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: c

GreenUpQuark
type: Class

Geometrical
type: Class
elucidation: A 'graphical' aimed to represent a geometrical concept.
example: A geometrical object can be expressed in many different forms. For example, a line can be expressed by: a) an equation like y=mx+q, which is both an 'equation' and a 'geometrical' b) a line drawn with a pencil on a paper, which is simply a 'graphical' object c) a set of axioms, when the properties of a line are inferred by the interpreter reading them, that are both 'graphical' and also 'formula' The case a) is a geometrical and mathematical, b) is geometrical and pictorial, while c) is geometrical and a composition of idiomatic strings.

Boson
type: Class
elucidation: A physical particle with integer spin that follows Bose–Einstein statistics.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Boson
etymology: 1940s: named after S.N. Bose.

Gradient
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: ∇

PlasticModeling
type: Class

Becquerel
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Bq
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/BQ
definition: Radioactive decays per second.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00624
comment: Unit for radioactive activity.

Property
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A coded that makes use of an atomic symbol with respect to the code used to refer to the interaction.
example: Hardness is a subclass of properties. Vickers hardness is a subclass of hardness that involves the procedures and instruments defined by the standard hardness test.
example: The name "red" which is atomic in the code made of the list of colors.
comment: A property is atomic in the sense that is aimed to deliver one and one only aspect of the object according to one code, such as the color with one sign (e.g., black) or a quantitiative property (e.g., 1.4 kg).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Property
etymology: From Latin proprietas (“a peculiarity, one's peculiar nature or quality, right or fact of possession, property”), from proprius (“special, particular, one's own”).

SemioticEntity
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The class of individuals that stands for semiotic objects, i.e. objects that take part on a semiotic process.
comment: Semiotic subclasse are defined using Peirce's semiotic theory. "Namely, a sign is something, A, which brings something, B, its interpretant sign determined or created by it, into the same sort of correspondence with something, C, its object, as that in which itself stands to C." (Peirce 1902, NEM 4, 20–21). The triadic elements: - 'sign': the sign A (e.g. a name) - 'interpretant': the sign B as the effects of the sign A on the interpreter (e.g. the mental concept of what a name means) - 'object': the object C (e.g. the entity to which the sign A and B refer to) This class includes also the 'interpeter' i.e. the entity that connects the 'sign' to the 'object'

Degree
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: °
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Degree_(angle)
definition: Degree is a measurement of plane angle, defined by representing a full rotation as 360 degrees.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01560

SparkErosion
type: Class

BlueStrangeQuark
type: Class

RedDownAntiQuark
type: Class

BeginStep
type: Class
elucidation: An initial step of a workflow.
comment: There may be more than one begin task, if they run in parallel.

HolisticArrangement
type: Class
elucidation: A system which is mainly characterised by the spatial configuration of its elements.

PhysicalConstant
type: Class
elucidation: Physical constants are categorised into "exact" and measured constants. With "exact" constants, we refer to physical constants that have an exact numerical value after the revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_constants

StateOfMatter
type: Class
elucidation: A superclass made as the disjoint union of all the form under which matter can exist.
comment: In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

JosephsonConstant
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/JosephsonConstant
elucidation: Inverse of the magnetic flux quantum.
comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux_quantum) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.

PureNumberQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: A pure number, typically the number of something.
example: 1, i, π, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
comment: According to the SI brochure counting does not automatically qualify a quantity as an amount of substance. This quantity is used only to describe the outcome of a counting process, without regard of the type of entities. There are also some quantities that cannot be described in terms of the seven base quantities of the SI, but have the nature of a count. Examples are a number of molecules, a number of cellular or biomolecular entities (for example copies of a particular nucleic acid sequence), or degeneracy in quantum mechanics. Counting quantities are also quantities with the associated unit one.

IntentionalProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A process occurring with the active participation of an agent that drives the process according to a specific objective (intention).
alternative label: Project

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: IntentionalProcess
etymology: From Latin intentionem, derived from intendere ("stretching out")

Redundant
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A whole possessing some proper parts of its same type.
example: An object A which is classified as water-fluid possesses a proper part B which is water itself if the lenght scale of the B is larger than the water intermolecular distance keeping it in the continuum range. In this sense, A is redundant. If A is a water-fluid so small that its every proper part is no more a continuum object (i.e. no more a fluid), then A is fundamental.
alternative label: NonMaximal

Pressing
type: Class

CatalyticActivity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/CatalyticActivity
elucidation: Increase in the rate of reaction of a specified chemical reaction that an enzyme produces in a specific assay system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00881

ChemicalSymbolicConstruct
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

Meson
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Hadronic subatomic particles composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks bound together by strong interactions.
comment: Most mesons are composed of one quark and one antiquark.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson

MechanicalQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-4.

DiscreteData
type: Class
elucidation: Data whose variations are decoded according to a discrete schema.
example: A text is a collection of discrete symbols. A compact disc is designed to host discrete states in the form of pits and lands.
comment: A discrete schema may be based on a continuum material basis that is filtered according to its variations. For example, a continuous voltage based signal can be considered 1 or 0 according to some threshold. Discrete does not mean tha the material basis is discrete, but that the data are encoded according to such step-based rules.

Letter
type: Class

CondensedFormula
type: Class
example: An expression that provides information about the element types that constiture a molecule or a molecular substance and their number, together with simple information about the connectivity of its groups by using parenthesis or by goruping element names according to its molecular structure.

Machining
type: Class
elucidation: A manufacturing in which material is removed from the workpiece in the form of chips.

Manufacturer
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A strict fundamental object overcrossing a manufacturing process, the intersection being the agent that participates and drives the manufacturing process.

CeramicSintering
type: Class

Organisation
type: Class
elucidation: An holistic system of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives.
see also: ISO 55000:2014 organization: person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 55000:2014 organization: person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives

NewtonMetre
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/N-M
omReference: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/newtonMetre
elucidation: SI coherent measurement unit for torque.
comment: Note that the physical dimension is the same as for Joule.

IntentionalAgent
type: Class
elucidation: An agent that is driven by the intention to reach a defined objective in driving a process.
comment: Intentionality is not limited to human agents, but in general to all agents that have the capacity to decide to act in driving a process according to a motivation.

Drilling
type: Class

StandardModelParticle
type: Class
elucidation: The union of all classes categorising elementary particles according to the Standard Model.
comment: Disjointness comes from the fact that standard model elementary particles are entities that possess objectively distinct and singular characters.
comment: Graviton is included, even if it is an hypothetical particle, to enable causality for gravitational interactions.
comment: This class represents only real particles that are the input and output of a Feynman diagram, and hence respect the E²-p²c²=m²c⁴ energy-momentum equality (on the mass shell). In the EMMO the virtual particles (off the mass shell), the internal propagators of the interaction within a Feynman diagram, are not represented as mereological entities but as object relations (binary predicates).
alternative label: ElementaryParticle

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: ElementaryParticle
etymology: From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”).

CondensedMatterPhysicsQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-12.

FiberReinforcePlasticManufacturing
type: Class

FractionUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for fractions of quantities of the same kind, to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed.
comment: Quantities that are ratios of quantities of the same kind (for example length ratios and amount fractions) have the option of being expressed with units (m/m, mol/mol to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed and also allow the use of SI prefixes, if this is desirable (μm/m, nmol/mol). -- SI Brochure

Magnetizing
type: Class

SolidGasSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of gas in a solid continuum phase.

OrdinalQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: "Quantity, defined by a conventional measurement procedure, for which a total ordering relation can be established, according to magnitude, with other quantities of the same kind, but for which no algebraic operations among those quantities exist" International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
example: Hardness Resilience
VIMTerm: ordinal quantity
comment: "Ordinal quantities, such as Rockwell C hardness, are usually not considered to be part of a system of quantities because they are related to other quantities through empirical relations only." International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)

Irradiate
type: Class

HardeningByDrawing
type: Class

LaserCutting
type: Class

Visual
type: Class
elucidation: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer through an optical perception employing the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
example: A cloud. A picture. A colour gradient on a wall. A stain. A mail.

CausalStructure
type: Class
conceptualisation: The most fundamental unity criterion for the definition of an structure is that: - is made of at least two quantums (a structure is not a simple entity) - all quantum parts form a causally connected graph
definition: The union of CausalPath and CausalSystem classes.
elucidation: A self-connected composition of more than one quantum entities.
comment: A causal structure expresses itself in time and space thanks to the underlying causality relations between its constituent quantum entities. It must at least provide two temporal parts. The unity criterion beyond the definition of a causal structure (the most general concept of structure) is the existence of an undirected causal path between each of its parts.
alternative label: CausalObject

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: CausalObject
etymology: From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: CausalStructure
etymology: From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and from Latin struere (“arrange, assemble, build”).

CeramicMaterial
type: Class

HardeningByForging
type: Class

PrefixedUnit
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
elucidation: A measurement unit that is made of a metric prefix and a unit symbol.

FunctionalIcon
type: Class
elucidation: An icon that imitates one representative character of the object. It share external similarities with the object, but not necessarily the same internal logical structure.
example: A data based model is only a functional icon, since it provide the same relations between the properties of the object (e.g., it can predict some properties as function of others) but is not considering the internal mechanisms (i.e., it can ignore the physics).
example: A guinea pig.
comment: An icon that focusing WHAT the object does.
comment: This subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: FunctionalIcon
etymology: From Latin functiō (“performance, execution”), from functus, perfect participle of fungor (“to perform, execute, discharge”).

Dismantling
type: Class

Graphical
type: Class
elucidation: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatial configuration is due to an explicit graphical procedure and shows an identifiable pattern.
example: 'Graphical' objects include writings, pictures, sketches ...
comment: This concept includes only things that are purposely created by an agent.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Graphical
etymology: From the Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ) which means drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, and from γράφω (gráphō) which means scratch, carve.
comment: The term graphical is used in etymological sense, comprising both writings and visual arts.

Soldering
type: Class

Sawing
type: Class
elucidation: Process of cutting a workpiece into smaller parts that are either doughter parts, samples (e.g. for testing) or scrap.

Join
type: Class
elucidation: A tessellation in wich a tile is next for two or more non spatially connected tiles.

Calendering
type: Class

BlueAntiQuark
type: Class

PowerDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Declared
type: Class

ElectricCurrent
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricCurrent
ISO80000Reference: 6-1
elucidation: A flow of electric charge.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01927

Extrusion
type: Class

ProcedureUnit
type: Class
elucidation: A reference unit provided by a measurement procedure.
example: Rockwell C hardness of a given sample (150 kg load): 43.5HRC(150 kg)

ThermalCutting
type: Class

ThroughTile
type: Class
elucidation: A tile that has next and is next of other tiles within the same tessellation.

ElectricDipoleMomentDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0

Minute
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: min
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MIN
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Minute
definition: Non-SI time unit defined as 60 seconds.

ElementaryBoson
type: Class

ChemicalSpecies
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: Specific form of an element defined as to isotopic composition, electronic or oxidation state, and/or complex or molecular structure. Chemical species is the macroscopic equivalent of molecular entity and refers to sets or ensembles of molecular entities.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.CT06859
comment: Following nominalistic approach a species is simply a name that can point to an element name, a chemical formula or a chemical compound. So everything addressed by these classes of names can be calleded a chemical species.
comment: N2 Methane CH4 Fe Sodium Chloride

ElectronCharge
type: Class
definition: The charge of an electron.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01982
comment: The negative of ElementaryCharge.

AntiQuark
type: Class

Document
type: Class
elucidation: An heterogenous object made of different graphical object parts.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Document
etymology: From Latin documentum, from the verb doceō (“teach”) +‎ -mentum.

Length
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Length
ISO80000Reference: 3-1.1
elucidation: Extend of a spatial dimension.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03498
comment: Length is a non-negative additive quantity attributed to a one-dimensional object in space.

LengthFractionUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two lengths.
example: Unit for plane angle.

ElectricConductivity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricConductivity
ISO80000Reference: 6-43
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01245
comment: Measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current. Conductivity is equeal to the resiprocal of resistivity.
alternative label: Conductivity

CatalyticActivityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0

Constituent
type: Class
elucidation: An object which is an holistic spatial part of a object.
example: A tire is a constituent of a car.
alternative label: ObjectPart

Steradian
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: sr
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SR
elucidation: Dimensionless measurement unit for solid angle.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05971

RedQuark
type: Class

ModelledQuantitativeProperty
type: Class

DrawForms
type: Class

StandaloneModelSimulation
type: Class
elucidation: A standalone simulation, where a single physics equation is solved.

RedDownQuark
type: Class

Stress
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Stress
ISO80000Reference: 4-15
comment: Force per unit oriented surface area .
comment: Measure of the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.

Parameter
type: Class
example: Viscosity in the Navier-Stokes equation
comment: A variable whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation.

CASRN
type: Class
elucidation: Chemical Abstact Service registry number for a chemical substance from the American Chemical Society
example: Water is 7732-18-5

ElectronType
type: Class

PorcelainOrCeramicCasting
type: Class

Lepton
type: Class
elucidation: An elementary particle of half-integer spin (spin 1⁄2) that does not undergo strong interactions.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepton

ChemicalSymbol
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

BottomQuark
type: Class
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quark

Riveting
type: Class

SIPrefixedUnit
type: Class
elucidation: A SI base or special unit with a metric prefix.
comment: The presence of the prefix makes this units non-coherent with SI system.

JunctionTile
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole hybridly in spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal parts.

GasSolidSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solid in a gas continuum phase.
example: Dust, sand storm.

Time
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Time
definition: One-dimensional subspace of space-time, which is locally orthogonal to space.
ISO80000Reference: 3-7
elucidation: The indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06375
comment: Time can be seen as the duration of an event or, more operationally, as "what clocks read".

Assignment
type: Class
elucidation: A estimation of a property by a criteria based on the pre-existing knowledge of the estimator.
example: The Argon gas in my bottle has ionisation energy of 15.7596 eV. This is not measured but assigned to this material by previous knowledge.

AmountConcentration
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AmountOfSubstanceConcentrationOfB
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00295
comment: The amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
alternative label: Concentration
alternative label: MolarConcentration
alternative label: Molarity

GreenDownQuark
type: Class

ElectricCurrentDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0

Cutting
type: Class

AssemblyLine
type: Class
elucidation: A manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product.
comment: Is not collection, since the connection between the elements of an assembly line occurs through the flow of objects that are processed.

LiquidFoam
type: Class
elucidation: A foam of trapped gas in a liquid.

Hectare
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: ha
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HA
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Hectare
definition: A non-SI metric unit of area defined as the square with 100-metre sides.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare

FiberboardManufacturing
type: Class

FormingFromLiquid
type: Class

InChI
type: Class
elucidation: The International Chemical Identifier (InChI) textual identifier proposed by IUPAC to provide a standard encoding for databases of molecular information.

Icon
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A sign that stands for an object by resembling or imitating it, in shape, function or by sharing a similar logical structure.
example: A picture that reproduces the aspect of a person.
example: An equation that reproduces the logical connection of the properties of a physical entity.
comment: If object and sign belongs to the same class, then the sign is fuctional, diagrammatic and resemblance. For example, when a Boeing 747 is used as a sign for another Boeing 747.
comment: In Peirce semiotics three subtypes of icon are possible: (a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture) (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart) (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else [Wikipedia]
alternative label: Model
alternative label: Simulacrum

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: In Peirce semiotics three subtypes of icon are possible: (a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture) (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart) (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else [Wikipedia]

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Model
etymology: From Latin modus (“measure”).

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Simulacrum
etymology: From Latin simulacrum ("likeness, semblance")

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Icon
etymology: From Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn, “likeness, image, portrait”).

Lumen
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: lm
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/LM
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03639
comment: Measurement unit for luminous flux.

Sphere
type: Class

FineStructureConstant
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/FineStructureConstant
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02389
comment: A fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.

Weber
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Wb
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/WB
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06666
comment: Measurement unit for magnetic flux.

Wavenumber
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Wavenumber
ISO80000Reference: 3-18
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06664
comment: The number of waves per unit length along the direction of propagation.

ConventionalQuantitativeProperty
type: Class
elucidation: A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose.
example: The thermal conductivity of a copper sample in my laboratory can be assumed to be the conductivity that appears in the vendor specification. This value has been obtained by measurement of a sample which is not the one I have in my laboratory. This conductivity value is then a conventional quantitiative property assigned to my sample through a semiotic process in which no actual measurement is done by my laboratory. If I don't believe the vendor, then I can measure the actual thermal conductivity. I then perform a measurement process that semiotically assign another value for the conductivity, which is a measured property, since is part of a measurement process. Then I have two different physical quantities that are properties thanks to two different semiotic processes.
comment: A property that is associated to an object by convention, or assumption.

Language
type: Class
elucidation: A language object is a discrete data entity respecting a specific language syntactic rules (a well-formed formula).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Language
etymology: From Latin lingua (“tongue, speech, language”), from Old Latin dingua (“tongue”).

Status
type: Class
elucidation: An object which is an holistic temporal part of a process.
example: A semi-naked man is a status in the process of a man's dressing.
alternative label: State

Lux
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: lx
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/LUX
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03651
comment: Measurement unit for illuminance.

NewtonianConstantOfGravity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/NewtonianConstantOfGravitation
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02695
comment: Physical constant in Newton's law of gravitation and in Einstein's general theory of relativity.

RedUpAntiQuark
type: Class

Zetta
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E21
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Z

Assigned
type: Class

HeatTreatment
type: Class

FundamentalMatterParticle
type: Class

ThermodynamicalQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-5.

IonAtom
type: Class
elucidation: A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number.
comment: The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing,

Ampere
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: A
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/A
definition: The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634×10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00300

BaseUnit
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units.
VIMTerm: base unit

URN
type: Class
elucidation: The term "Uniform Resource Name" (URN) has been used historically to refer to both URIs under the "urn" scheme [RFC2141], which are required to remain globally unique and persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable, and to any other URI with the properties of a name.

Axiom
annotated target: The term "Uniform Resource Name" (URN) has been used historically to refer to both URIs under the "urn" scheme [RFC2141], which are required to remain globally unique and persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable, and to any other URI with the properties of a name.

NaturalLaw
type: Class
elucidation: A scientific theory that focuses on a specific phenomena, for which a single statement (not necessariliy in mathematical form) can be expressed.

NeutrinoType
type: Class
elucidation: An elementary particle with spin 1/2 that interacts only via the weak interaction and gravity.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

Peening
type: Class

Sievert
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sv
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SV
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_dose
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05658
comment: Measurement unit for equivalent doseof ionizing radiation. Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological effectiveness of the radiation, which is dependent on the radiation type and energy.

Cementing
type: Class

Determined
type: Class

MassNumber
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassNumber
definition: Number of nucleons in an atomic nucleus.
alternative label: AtomicMassNumber
alternative label: NucleonNumber

GreenQuark
type: Class

BlueQuark
type: Class

Gustatory
type: Class

QuantitativeProperty
type: Class
definition: A property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed by means of a number and a reference. -- ISO 80000-1 A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such. -- International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
elucidation: A quantity that can be quantified with respect to a standardized reference physical instance (e.g. the prototype meter bar, the kg prototype) or method (e.g. resilience) through a measurement process.
VIMTerm: quantity
comment: A quantitative property is always expresssed as a quantity (i.e. a number and a reference unit). For the EMMO, a nominalistic ontology, there is no property as abstract object. A property is a sign that stands for an object according to a specific code shared by some observers. For quantititative properties, one possible code that is shared between the scientific community (the observers) is the SI system of units.
comment: Subclasses of 'QuantitativeProperty' classify objects according to the type semiosis that is used to connect the property to the object (e.g. by measurement, by convention, by modelling).

UpAntiQuarkType
type: Class

IterativeWorkflow
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A workflow whose steps (iterative steps) are the repetition of the same workflow type.

VacuumMagneticPermeability
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/ElectromagneticPermeabilityOfVacuum
ISO80000Reference: 6-26.1
comment: The DBpedia and UIPAC Gold Book definitions (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permeability, https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04504) are outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
comment: The value of magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum.
alternative label: PermeabilityOfVacuum

TauAntiNeutrino
type: Class

Mole
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: mol
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MOL
definition: The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03980

Neutron
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 2
elucidation: An uncharged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

ChemicalSubstance
type: Class
elucidation: Matter of constant composition best characterized by the entities (molecules, formula units, atoms) it is composed of.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01039
comment: A substance is always composed of more than one molecular entity. It lays in the continuum or mesoscopic domain.

Homonuclear
type: Class
elucidation: A molecule composed of only one element type.
example: Hydrogen molecule (H₂).
alternative label: ElementalMolecule

Persistence
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: The union of the object or process classes.
comment: The interest is on the 4D object as it extends in time (process) or as it persists in time (object): - object (focus on spatial configuration) - process (focus on temporal evolution) The concepts of endurant and perdurant implicitly rely on the concept of instantaneous 3D snapshot of the world object, that in the EMMO is not allowed since everything extends in 4D and there are no abstract objects. Moreover, time is a measured property in the EMMO and not an objective characteristic of an object, and cannot be used as temporal index to identify endurant position in time. For this reason an individual in the EMMO can always be classified both endurant and perdurant, due to its nature of 4D entity (e.g. an individual may belong both to the class of runners and the class of running process), and the distinction is purely semantic. In fact, the object/process distinction is simply a matter of convenience in a 4D approach since a temporal extension is always the case, and stationarity depends upon observer time scale. For this reason, the same individual (4D object) may play the role of a process or of an object class depending on the object to which it relates. Nevertheless, it is useful to introduce categorizations that characterize persistency through continuant and occurrent concepts, even if not ontologically but only cognitively defined. This is also due to the fact that our language distinguish between nouns and verbs to address things, forcing the separation between things that happens and things that persist. This perspective provides classes conceptually similar to the concepts of endurant and perdurant (a.k.a. continuant and occurrent). We claim that this distinction is motivated by our cognitive bias, and we do not commit to the fact that both these kinds of entity “do really exist”. For this reason, a whole instance can be both process and object, according to different cognitive approaches (see Wonderweb D17). The distinction between endurant and perdurant a…

GasLiquidSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a gas continuum phase.
example: Rain, spray.

Olfactory
type: Class

SpatioTemporalTessellation
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A tessellation in which all tiles are connected through spatiotemporal relations hasNext or contacts.
alternative label: WellFormedTessellation

UTF8
type: Class

ElectricResistivity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Resistivity
ISO80000Reference: 6-44
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05316
comment: Electric field strength divided by the current density.
alternative label: Resistivity

Nano
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E-9
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: n

BlueBottomQuark
type: Class

CentrifugalCasting
type: Class

GluonType6
type: Class

Volt
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: V
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/V
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06634
comment: Measurement unit for voltage.

FlameCutting
type: Class

ElectronVolt
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: eV
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/EV
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electronvolt
definition: The amount of energy gained (or lost) by the charge of a single electron moving across an electric potential difference of one volt.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02014

PlasmaCutting
type: Class

ChemicalCompound
type: Class
elucidation: A chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound

LuminousFlux
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LuminousFlux
ISO80000Reference: 7-13
elucidation: Perceived power of light.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03646

Acceleration
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Acceleration
ISO80000Reference: 3-9.1
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00051
comment: Derivative of velocity with respect to time.

Dust
type: Class
elucidation: A suspension of fine particles in the atmosphere.

RadiantFlux
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RadiantFlux
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05046
comment: The radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time.

AmountDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0

MaterialRelation
type: Class
elucidation: An 'equation' that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a 'physics_quantity' (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables).
example: The Lennard-Jones potential. A force field. An Hamiltonian.
comment: A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities.

Equation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The class of 'mathematical'-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions.
example: 2+3 = 5 x^2 +3x = 5x dv/dt = a sin(x) = y
comment: An equation with variables can always be represented as: f(v0, v1, ..., vn) = g(v0, v1, ..., vn) where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, ..., vn are the variables.

WPositiveBoson
type: Class

Hertz
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Hz
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HZ
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02785
comment: Measurement unit for frequence.

Yotta
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E24
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Y

CausalSystem
type: Class
conceptualisation: A causal system provides the most general concept of system, being a union of causal structures interacting together. In its most simple form, a causal system is an interlacement of causal paths (the most simple structure type).
elucidation: A non-path causal structure
example: A electron binded by a nucleus.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: CausalSystem
etymology: From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma, “musical scale; organized body; whole made of several parts or members”), from σῠν- (sun-, prefix meaning ‘with, together’) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “to stand”).

DownAntiQuark
type: Class

SpeedFractionUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two speeds.
example: Unit for refractive index.

SolidAngle
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SolidAngle
ISO80000Reference: 3-6
elucidation: Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05732

Hypothesis
type: Class
elucidation: A hypothesis is a theory, estimated and objective, since its estimated premises are objective.

ElectricResistance
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Resistance
ISO80000Reference: 6-46
elucidation: Measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through a material.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01936
comment: Inverse of 'ElectricalConductance'.
alternative label: Resistance

ArchetypeManufacturing
type: Class
elucidation: A manufacturing in which the product is a solid body with a well defined geometrical shape made from shapeless original material parts, whose cohesion is created during the process.
see also: DIN 8580:2020
alternative label: PrimitiveForming
alternative label: Urformen @de

AmountConcentrationDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0

PhysicsBasedSimulation
type: Class
elucidation: A simulation that relies on physics based models, according to the Review of Materials Modelling and CWA 17284:2018.
is defined by: CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”

Axiom
annotated property: isDefinedBy
annotated target: CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”

TransientLiquidPhaseSintering
type: Class

Naming
type: Class
elucidation: A declaration that provides a sign for an object that is independent from any assignment rule.
example: A unique id attached to an entity.

LiquidSolidSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solids in a liquid continuum phase.
example: Mud

CoulombMetre
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Measurement unit for electric dipole moment.

SISpecialUnit
type: Class
elucidation: The 22 derived units that are given a special name in the SI system that stands for units derived by SI base units.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units#Derived_units
comment: These units are SI coherent by definition.

Observer
type: Class
elucidation: A characteriser that declares a property for an object through the specific interaction required by the property definition.

Item
type: Class
conceptualisation: A world entity is direct causally self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are direct causally connected to each other. In the EMMO, topological connectivity is based on causality. All physical objects, i.e. entities whose behaviour is explained by physics laws, are represented only by items. In other words, a physical object part is embedded in a direct causal graph that provides always a path between two of its parts. Members of a collection lack such direct causality connection, i.e. they do not constitute a physical object. Following graph theory concepts, the quantums of an item are all connected together within a network of causal relations, forming a connected causal graph. A collection is then a set of disconnected graphs.
definition: The disjoint union of Elementary, Quantum and CausalSystem classes.
elucidation: The class of individuals standing for direct causally self-connected world entities.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Item
etymology: From Latin item, "likewise, just so, moreover".

Graviton
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for gravitons elementary particles.
comment: While this particle is only supposed to exist, the EMMO approach to classical and quantum systems represents fields as made of particles. For this reason graviton is an useful concept to homogenize the approach between different fields.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

VonKlitzingConstant
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/VonKlitzingConstant
definition: The von Klitzing constant is defined as Planck constant divided by the square of the elementary charge.
comment: Resistance quantum.

Atom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A standalone atom has direct part one 'nucleus' and one 'electron_cloud'. An O 'atom' within an O₂ 'molecule' is an 'e-bonded_atom'. In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud. We cannot say that H₂ molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus.
comment: An 'atom' is a 'nucleus' surrounded by an 'electron_cloud', i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons.
alternative label: ChemicalElement

Representation
type: Class
elucidation: A graphical object aimed to represent schematically the conceptual, tempral or spatial structure of another object.

MergingManufacturing
type: Class

TauNeutrino
type: Class
elucidation: A neutrino belonging to the third generation of leptons.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_neutrino

GluonType3
type: Class

LightAndRadiationQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-7.

Mixture
type: Class
elucidation: A Miixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically (not chemically) combined.

LinkedModelsSimulation
type: Class
elucidation: A chain of linked physics based model simulations, where equations are solved sequentially.

ManufacturedMaterial
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A material that is obtained through a manufacturing process.
alternative label: EngineeredMaterial
alternative label: ProcessedMaterial

MagneticFluxDensityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0

MomentumDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Gluing
type: Class

ChemicalRepresentation
type: Class
elucidation: A representation of objects belonging to the chemistry field.

ReciprocalLength
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/InverseLength
elucidation: The inverse of length.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_length
alternative label: InverseLength

DeepDrawing
type: Class

ClassicalData
type: Class
elucidation: Data that are expressed through classical physics mechanisms, having one value and one state, and being in the same place at the same time.

Mass
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Mass
ISO80000Reference: 4-1
elucidation: Property of a physical body that express its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a force is applied.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03709

EndTile
type: Class

AntiNeutrinoType
type: Class

Tessellation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
conceptualisation: A tessellation (or tiling) is the covering of a surface, often a plane, using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps.
elucidation: A causal object that is tessellated in direct parts.
alternative label: Tiling

Axiom
annotated target: A tessellation (or tiling) is the covering of a surface, often a plane, using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation

Computation
type: Class
elucidation: A procedure that deals with quantitative symbols (i.e. symbols associated with a quantitative oriented language).
example: A matematician that calculates 2+2. A computation machine that calculate the average value of a dataset.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Computation
etymology: From Latin con- +‎ putō (“I reckon”).

SpatiallyFundamental
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that satisfy a whole defining criteria (i.e. belongs to a subclass of whole) and have no spatial parts that satisfy that same criteria (no parts that are of the same type of the whole).

SparkPlasmaSintering
type: Class

CrystallineMaterial
type: Class
comment: Suggestion of Rickard Armiento

AntiMatter
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: Restriction
elucidation: Antimatter is matter that is composed only of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter.
comment: This branch is not expanded due to the limited use of such entities.

NumberOfElements
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Number of direct parts of a Reductionistic.
comment: Using direct parthood EMMO creates a well-defined broadcasting between granularity levels. This also make it possible to count the direct parts of each granularity level.

MaterialLaw
type: Class
elucidation: A law that provides a connection between a material property and other properties of the object.

Volume
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Volume
ISO80000Reference: 3-4
comment: Extent of an object in space.

GravityCasting
type: Class

Siemens
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: S
comment: Measurement unit for electrical conductance.

Assigner
type: Class
elucidation: A estimator that uses its predefined knowledge to declare a property of an object.
example: I estimate the molecular mass of the gas in my bottle as 1.00784 u because it is tagged as H.

SIExactConstant
type: Class
elucidation: Physical constant that by definition (after the latest revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019) has a known exact numerical value when expressed in SI units.

MeasuringInstrument
type: Class
elucidation: Device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. -- VIM
VIMTerm: measuring instrument
comment: A measuring instrument that can be used alone is a measuring system.

BlueUpQuark
type: Class

StrangeAntiQuark
type: Class

InternationalSystemOfQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities declared under the ISO 80000.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities

Angle
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PlaneAngle
definition: Ratio of circular arc length to radius.
ISO80000Reference: 3-5
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00346
alternative label: PlaneAngle

Planing
type: Class

Yocto
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E-24
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: y

EnergyDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Quantity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
elucidation: A symbolic that has parts a reference unit and a numerical object separated by a space expressing the value of a quantitative property (expressed as the product of the numerical and the unit).
example: 6.8 m 0.9 km 8 K 6 MeV 43.5 HRC(150 kg)
VIMTerm: quantity value
comment: A quantity is not necessarily a property, since it is possible to write "10 kg", without assigning this quantity to a specific object. However, a quantitative property is always a quantity.
comment: Referred as Quantity Value in International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
comment: SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference). The EMMO, following strict nominalism, denies the existence of abstract objects and then collapses the two concepts of SI quantity and SI quantity value into a single one: the 'Quantity'. So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but simply a 'Symbolic' object categorized as a 'MeasurementUnit'. While the string "1 kg" is a 'Physical Quantity'.

CompositeMaterial
type: Class

ConstitutiveProcess
type: Class
elucidation: A process which is an holistic spatial part of an object.
example: Blood circulation in a human body.
comment: A constitutive process is a process that is holistically relevant for the definition of the whole.

MathematicalOperator
type: Class
elucidation: A mapping that acts on elements of one space and produces elements of another space.
example: The algebraic operator '+' that acts on two real numbers and produces one real number.
example: The differential operator that acts on a C1 real function and produces another real function.

Component
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A constituent of a system.

AmountFractionUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two amount of substance.
example: Unit for amount fraction.

MathematicalModel
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: An analogical icon expressed in mathematical language.
comment: A mathematical model can be defined as a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language to facilitate proper explanation of a system or to study the effects of different components and to make predictions on patterns of behaviour. Abramowitz and Stegun, 1968

TemporalTiling
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A well formed tessellation with tiles that are all temporal.

Nucleus
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The small, dense region at the centre of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons.

ScriptingLanguage
type: Class
elucidation: A programming language that is executed through runtime interpretation.

Hyperon
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
elucidation: A baryon containing one or more strange quarks, but no charm, bottom, or top quark.
comment: This form of matter may exist in a stable form within the core of some neutron stars.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperon

TensorMeson
type: Class
elucidation: A meson with spin two.

DifferentialOperator
type: Class

FormingFromPowder
type: Class

Tonne
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: t
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/TON_M
definition: A non-SI unit defined as 1000 kg.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06394

Integer
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  some values from: integer
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: integer
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: integer
elucidation: An integer number.

ZBoson
type: Class
elucidation: An uncharged vector boson that mediate the weak interaction.
comment: Z bosons are their own antiparticles.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons
alternative label: NeutralWeakBoson

Network
type: Class
elucidation: A system whose is mainly characterised by the way in which elements are interconnected.

Modeller
type: Class
elucidation: A estimator that uses modelling to declare a property of an object (i.e. infer a property from other properties).

HyperfineTransitionFrequencyOfCs
type: Class
elucidation: The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency. It defines the base unit second in the SI system.

Gram
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: g
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/GM
definition: Gram is defined as one thousandth of the SI unit kilogram.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02680

Expression
type: Class
elucidation: A well-formed finite combination of mathematical symbols according to some specific rules.

FundamentalBoson
type: Class
conceptualisation: A particle with integer spin that follows Bose–Einstein statistics.
elucidation: A boson that is a single elementary particle.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson#Elementary_bosons

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: FundamentalBoson
etymology: 1940s: named after S.N. Bose.

BeginTile
type: Class

PermeabilityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0

MaterialSynthesis
type: Class
elucidation: The creation of a material entity starting from fundamental substances, involving chemical phenomena (e.g. reaction, bonding).
comment: Deals with undefined shapes both input and output.

RatioQuantity
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DimensionlessRatio
elucidation: The class of quantities that are the ratio of two quantities with the same physical dimensionality.
example: refractive index, volume fraction, fine structure constant
comment: Quantities defined as ratios `Q=A/B` having equal dimensions in numerator and denominator are dimensionless quantities but still have a physical dimension defined as dim(A)/dim(B). Johansson, Ingvar (2010). "Metrological thinking needs the notions of parametric quantities, units and dimensions". Metrologia. 47 (3): 219–230. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/012. ISSN 0026-1394.

Henry
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: H
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/H
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02782
comment: Measurement unit for electrical inductance.

PolymericMaterial
type: Class

TightlyCoupledModelsSimulation
type: Class
elucidation: A simulation in which more than one model are solved together with a coupled method.
example: Solving within the same linear system the discretised form of the pressure and momentum equation for a fluid, using the ideal gas law as material relation for connecting pressure to density.

GreenCharmAntiQuark
type: Class

UpQuarkType
type: Class

MaterialTreatment
type: Class
elucidation: The processing of a material aimed to transform its structure by means of any type of treatment, without involving relevant synthesis phenomena.
comment: Has shaped bodies as input and output.
see also: DIN 8580:2020

NonTemporalRole
type: Class
elucidation: An holistic spatial part of a whole.
alternative label: HolisticSpatialPart

GaugeBoson
type: Class
elucidation: A bosonic elementary particle that mediates interactions among elementary fermions, and thus acts as a force carrier.
comment: All known gauge bosons have a spin of 1 and are hence also vector bosons.
comment: Gauge bosons can carry any of the four fundamental interactions of nature.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_boson

Unknown
type: Class
elucidation: The dependent variable for which an equation has been written.
example: Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation.

SIUnit
type: Class
elucidation: The set of units provided by the SI referring to the ISQ.
comment: The complete set of SI units includes both the coherent set and the multiples and sub-multiples formed by using the SI prefixes.
comment: The names, symbols and prefixes of SI units are defined by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures

DownQuarkType
type: Class

ElectricConductance
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Conductance
ISO80000Reference: 6-47
elucidation: Measure of the ease for electric current to pass through a material.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01925
comment: Inverse of 'ElectricalResistance'.
alternative label: Conductance

BoltzmannConstant
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/BoltzmannConstant
elucidation: A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant. It defines the Kelvin unit in the SI system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00695
comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.

GreenAntiQuark
type: Class

MathematicalConstruct
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction

MarkupLanguage
type: Class

Gathering
type: Class

ComputerScience
type: Class

PhysicallyInteractingConvex
type: Class

PhysicalyUnbonded
type: Class

DataProcessing
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: DataProcessingApplication
elucidation: A computation that provides a data output following the elaboration of some input data, using a data processing application.

ApplicationSpecificScript
type: Class
elucidation: A scripting language developed specifically for an application, so that it's usage and interpretation is limited in this context.
example: Scripting file for the execution of modelling software such as LAMMPS, OpenFOAM, or for general purpose platforms such as MATLAB or Mathematica.

CausallHairedSystem
type: Class

MultiParticlePath
type: Class

LanguageInterpretableFile
type: Class
subclass of: File

Substance
type: Class

Broadcast
type: Class

DataStructure
type: Class

CarbonAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 12.011
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 6
elucidation: Atom subclass for carbon.

UraniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: U

OsmiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 190.23
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 76
elucidation: Atom subclass for osmium.

GadoliniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 157.25
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 64
elucidation: Atom subclass for gadolinium.

LithiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Li

CadmiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 112.414
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 48
elucidation: Atom subclass for cadmium.

BohriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Bh

CuriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 247.07035
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 96
elucidation: Atom subclass for curium.

LutetiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 174.9668
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 71
elucidation: Atom subclass for lutetium.

TinSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sn

ArsenicSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: As

ZincSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Zn

GoldAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 196.966569
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 79
elucidation: Atom subclass for gold.

MolybdenumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 95.95
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 42
elucidation: Atom subclass for molybdenum.

BismuthAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 208.9804
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 83
elucidation: Atom subclass for bismuth.

RutheniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ru

TitaniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 47.867
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 22
elucidation: Atom subclass for titanium.

VanadiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: V

MercurySymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Hg

PlatinumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 195.084
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 78
elucidation: Atom subclass for platinum.

CeriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 140.116
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 58
elucidation: Atom subclass for cerium.

ErbiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 167.259
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 68
elucidation: Atom subclass for erbium.

NeptuniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 237.04817
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 93
elucidation: Atom subclass for neptunium.

PlutoniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pu

ManganeseSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Mn

AstatineAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 209.98715
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 85
elucidation: Atom subclass for astatine.

PraseodymiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 140.90766
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 59
elucidation: Atom subclass for praseodymium.

DysprosiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Dy

HassiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 269.1338
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 108
elucidation: Atom subclass for hassium.

BariumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 137.327
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 56
elucidation: Atom subclass for barium.

FleroviumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Fl

TitaniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ti

NickelSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ni

ProtactiniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pa

MendeleviumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Md

NeonAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 20.1797
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 10
elucidation: Atom subclass for neon.

NitrogenAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 14.007
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 7
elucidation: Atom subclass for nitrogen.

GadoliniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Gd

NitrogenSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: N

FranciumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 223.01974
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 87
elucidation: Atom subclass for francium.

ProtactiniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 231.03588
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 91
elucidation: Atom subclass for protactinium.

ChromiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 51.9961
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 24
elucidation: Atom subclass for chromium.

CalciumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 40.078
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 20
elucidation: Atom subclass for calcium.

ManganeseAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 54.938044
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 25
elucidation: Atom subclass for manganese.

HeliumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 4.002602
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 2
elucidation: Atom subclass for helium.

ChlorineSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cl

EinsteiniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 252.083
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 99
elucidation: Atom subclass for einsteinium.

NeodymiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 144.242
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 60
elucidation: Atom subclass for neodymium.

NeonSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ne

LivermoriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Lv

MeitneriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 278.156
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 109
elucidation: Atom subclass for meitnerium.

PraseodymiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pr

ErbiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Er

FluorineSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: F

SilverAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 107.8682
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 47
elucidation: Atom subclass for silver.

ActiniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 227.02775
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 89
elucidation: Atom subclass for actinium.

CalciumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ca

LithiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 6.94
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 3
elucidation: Atom subclass for lithium.

RhodiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 102.9055
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 45
elucidation: Atom subclass for rhodium.

ActiniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ac

RadiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 226.02541
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 88
elucidation: Atom subclass for radium.

RoentgeniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 281.166
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 111
elucidation: Atom subclass for roentgenium.

ScandiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sc

SeaborgiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sg

CobaltAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 58.933194
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 27
elucidation: Atom subclass for cobalt.

ArsenicAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 74.921595
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 33
elucidation: Atom subclass for arsenic.

BromineSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Br

LawrenciumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 262.11
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 103
elucidation: Atom subclass for lawrencium.

DubniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Db

CeriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ce

EuropiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Eu

OxygenAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 15.999
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 8
elucidation: Atom subclass for oxygen.

TennessineSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ts

NobeliumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 259.101
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 102
elucidation: Atom subclass for nobelium.

CobaltSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Co

AntimonySymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sb

SiliconSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Si

ChromiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cr

IodineAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 126.90447
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 53
elucidation: Atom subclass for iodine.

DarmastadtiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 281.165
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 110
elucidation: Atom subclass for darmastadtium.

XenonAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 131.293
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 54
elucidation: Atom subclass for xenon.

CopperAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 63.546
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 29
elucidation: Atom subclass for copper.

ThalliumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Tl

ThoriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 232.0377
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 90
elucidation: Atom subclass for thorium.

HydrogenAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 1.008
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 1
elucidation: Atom subclass for hydrogen.

IridiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 192.217
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 77
elucidation: Atom subclass for iridium.

BerkeliumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Bk

FermiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 257.09511
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 100
elucidation: Atom subclass for fermium.

BoronAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 10.81
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 5
elucidation: Atom subclass for boron.

TantalumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ta

StrontiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sr

TerbiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Tb

SamariumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 150.36
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 62
elucidation: Atom subclass for samarium.

LutetiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Lu

SulfurSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: S

IndiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: In

BohriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 270.133
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 107
elucidation: Atom subclass for bohrium.

SeaborgiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 271.134
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 106
elucidation: Atom subclass for seaborgium.

TungstenSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: W

GermaniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 72.63
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 32
elucidation: Atom subclass for germanium.

ArgonSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ar

EinsteiniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Es

GermaniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ge

PhosphorusSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: P

PlutoniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 244.06421
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 94
elucidation: Atom subclass for plutonium.

TennessineAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 293.208
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 117
elucidation: Atom subclass for tennessine.

LeadSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pb

IronSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Fe

GalliumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 69.723
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 31
elucidation: Atom subclass for gallium.

DarmastadtiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ds

KryptonAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 83.798
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 36
elucidation: Atom subclass for krypton.

YttriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 88.90584
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 39
elucidation: Atom subclass for yttrium.

PromethiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 144.91276
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 61
elucidation: Atom subclass for promethium.

LeadAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 207.2
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 82
elucidation: Atom subclass for lead.

YttriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Y

ArgonAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 39.948
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 18
elucidation: Atom subclass for argon.

NihoniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 286.182
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 113
elucidation: Atom subclass for nihonium.

PoloniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 208.98243
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 84
elucidation: Atom subclass for polonium.

RutherfordiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 267.122
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 104
elucidation: Atom subclass for rutherfordium.

PhosphorusAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 30.973761998
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 15
elucidation: Atom subclass for phosphorus.

SiliconAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 28.085
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 14
elucidation: Atom subclass for silicon.

FleroviumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 289.19
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 114
elucidation: Atom subclass for flerovium.

ZirconiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Zr

TungstenAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 183.84
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 74
elucidation: Atom subclass for tungsten.

KryptonSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Kr

AluminiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 26.9815385
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 13
elucidation: Atom subclass for aluminium.

SeleniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 78.971
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 34
elucidation: Atom subclass for selenium.

GoldSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Au

ThuliumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 168.93422
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 69
elucidation: Atom subclass for thulium.

ThuliumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Tm

CaesiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 132.90545196
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 55
elucidation: Atom subclass for caesium.

SulfurAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 32.06
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 16
elucidation: Atom subclass for sulfur.

PalladiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pd

EuropiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 151.964
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 63
elucidation: Atom subclass for europium.

TechnetiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Tc

RheniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Re

YtterbiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 173.054
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 70
elucidation: Atom subclass for ytterbium.

RheniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 186.207
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 75
elucidation: Atom subclass for rhenium.

StrontiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 87.62
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 38
elucidation: Atom subclass for strontium.

NihoniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Nh

MagnesiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Mg

CoperniciumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cn

HydrogenSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: H

RutheniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 101.07
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 44
elucidation: Atom subclass for ruthenium.

SamariumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sm

IndiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 114.818
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 49
elucidation: Atom subclass for indium.

OxygenSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: O

RadiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ra

TinAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 118.71
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 50
elucidation: Atom subclass for tin.

FermiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Fm

TechnetiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 97.90721
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 43
elucidation: Atom subclass for technetium.

BoronSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: B

LanthanumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: La

IronAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 55.845
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 26
elucidation: Atom subclass for iron.

CarbonSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: C

PotassiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: K

NiobiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 92.90637
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 41
elucidation: Atom subclass for niobium.

PoloniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Po

NeodymiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Nd

LanthanumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 138.90547
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 57
elucidation: Atom subclass for lanthanum.

CadmiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cd

UraniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 238.02891
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 92
elucidation: Atom subclass for uranium.

MeitneriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Mt

BromineAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 79.904
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 35
elucidation: Atom subclass for bromine.

BerylliumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Be

CaliforniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 251.07959
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 98
elucidation: Atom subclass for californium.

GalliumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ga

MoscoviumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 289.194
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 115
elucidation: Atom subclass for moscovium.

DubniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 268.126
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 105
elucidation: Atom subclass for dubnium.

BerylliumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 9.0121831
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 4
elucidation: Atom subclass for beryllium.

IridiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ir

ChlorineAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 35.45
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 17
elucidation: Atom subclass for chlorine.

MercuryAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 200.592
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 80
elucidation: Atom subclass for mercury.

ThalliumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 204.38
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 81
elucidation: Atom subclass for thallium.

CopperSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cu

SodiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Na

ZirconiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 91.224
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 40
elucidation: Atom subclass for zirconium.

IodineSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: I

RoentgeniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Rg

TelluriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 127.6
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 52
elucidation: Atom subclass for tellurium.

NobeliumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: No

AntimonyAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 121.76
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 51
elucidation: Atom subclass for antimony.

FranciumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Fr

PromethiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pm

AstatineSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: At

RubidiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 85.4678
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 37
elucidation: Atom subclass for rubidium.

CuriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cm

HafniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Hf

NickelAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 58.6934
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 28
elucidation: Atom subclass for nickel.

PalladiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 106.42
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 46
elucidation: Atom subclass for palladium.

RutherfordiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Rf

MoscoviumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Mc

TelluriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Te

SeleniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Se

OganessonAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 294.214
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 118
elucidation: Atom subclass for oganesson.

RadonSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Rn

BerkeliumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 247.07031
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 97
elucidation: Atom subclass for berkelium.

BariumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ba

PotassiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 39.0983
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 19
elucidation: Atom subclass for potassium.

TantalumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 180.94788
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 73
elucidation: Atom subclass for tantalum.

RhodiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Rh

SodiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 22.98976928
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 11
elucidation: Atom subclass for sodium.

HolmiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ho

DysprosiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 162.5
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 66
elucidation: Atom subclass for dysprosium.

HafniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 178.49
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 72
elucidation: Atom subclass for hafnium.

TerbiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 158.92535
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 65
elucidation: Atom subclass for terbium.

MolybdenumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Mo

PlatinumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pt

OganessonSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Og

SilverSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ag

MendeleviumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 258.09843
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 101
elucidation: Atom subclass for mendelevium.

NeptuniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Np

ThoriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Th

BismuthSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Bi

HassiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Hs

VanadiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 50.9415
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 23
elucidation: Atom subclass for vanadium.

NiobiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Nb

AmericiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Am

LawrenciumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Lr

LivermoriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 293.204
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 116
elucidation: Atom subclass for livermorium.

ZincAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 65.38
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 30
elucidation: Atom subclass for zinc.

CaesiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cs

AmericiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 243.06138
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 95
elucidation: Atom subclass for americium.

CoperniciumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 285.177
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 112
elucidation: Atom subclass for copernicium.

RubidiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Rb

HeliumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: He

OsmiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Os

XenonSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Xe

ScandiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 44.955908
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 21
elucidation: Atom subclass for scandium.

AluminiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Al

HolmiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 164.93033
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 67
elucidation: Atom subclass for holmium.

RadonAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 222.01758
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 86
elucidation: Atom subclass for radon.

YtterbiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Yb

CaliforniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cf

FluorineAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 18.998403163
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 9
elucidation: Atom subclass for fluorine.

MagnesiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 24.305
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 12
elucidation: Atom subclass for magnesium.

universe
type: NamedIndividual
conceptualisation: The universe is considered as a causally self-connected object, encompassing all other objects. For this reason is unique.

test
type: NamedIndividual

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 3

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 4

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

min qualified cardinality: 1

min qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

min qualified cardinality: 2

Imp
comment: Enforcing the fact that an entity cannot cause itself.
body: ClassAtom
  argument1: x
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: x

Imp
comment: Enforcing parthood reflexivity.
body: ClassAtom
  argument1: x
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: x

Imp
comment: Enforcing reflexivity of overlapping.
body: ClassAtom
  argument1: x
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: x

Imp
comment: Implementation of equality based on mereology.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: x
head: SameIndividualAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y

Imp
comment: Transitivity for parthood.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: z
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: z

Imp
comment: Enforcing a strict one-way causality direction.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: x

Imp
comment: Ensure that the hasNext relation expresses a strictly one-way causality arrow between two entities.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: x

Imp
comment: Transitivity for proper parthood.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: z
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: z

Imp
comment: Enforcing exclusivity between overlapping and causality.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y