Domain Mechanical Testing
type: Ontology
version IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/domain/mechanical-testing/1.0.0
imports: 1.0.0-alpha2
imports: perceptual.ttl
imports: ordinal.ttl
abstract: A domain ontology for Mechanical Testing based on EMMO.
contributor: Fraunhofer IWM, DE
contributor: Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
creator: Adham Hashibon
creator: Daniele Toti
creator: Gerhard Goldbeck
creator: Joana Francisco Morgado
creator: Yoav Nahshon
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
publisher: EMMC ASBL
comment: This ontology is a joint colaboration between different projects: OYSTER, UrWerk and MarketPlace.
version info: 1.0.0

hasOutput
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a Process to its direct outputs.

hasInput
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a process to its inputs.

hasRunOut
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
range: Datatype
  one of: false
  one of: true
comment: A run out is a specimen that survives a certain amount of cycles (cycle limit e. g. 10^7) without failure.
comment: a data propery introduced to be able to describe very simply the existing dataset that categorizes runout into 3 categories - true, false and unknown.To be changed!

hasHardening
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
range: Datatype
  one of: false
  one of: true
  one of: unknown
comment: a data propery introduced to be able to describe very simply the existing dataset that categorizes hardening into 3 categories - true, false and unknown.To be changed!

hasCaseHardening
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
range: Datatype
  one of: false
  one of: true
  one of: unknown
comment: a data propery introduced to be able to describe very simply the existing dataset that categorizes case hardening into 3 categories - true, false and unknown.To be changed!

CableBundleUseCase
type: Class
subclass of: MechanicalTestingOntology
comment: This is the artificial parent concept of the classes related to the Cable Bundle Use Case within this ontology.

NiobiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Nb

SNCurveSlope
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: Slope k of the SN curve in high cycle fatigue regime (HCF). High cycle fatigue is the range of fatigue life Nf between 10^4 and approximately 10^6 cycles (depending on the material).

HighSpeedNanoindentation
type: Class
comment: Method that performs multiple nanoindentation tests in different locations at extremely high- throughputs(2-5 s between one test and the subsequent).

DynamicModulus
type: Class
comment: The modulus calculated from dynamics and the Oliver and Pharr method.

IndenterHead
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
subclass of: Restriction
comment: The hardware set consisting of the indenter column, indenter tip, the support springs, the displacement capacitive sensor, the actuation coil the metal case and the interface with the control electronics.

DynamicTimeConstant
type: Class
comment: The time constant used to measure the Dynamic displacement (time over which the RMS value of the displacement is computed). Generally equivalent to at least five waves at the target frequency and being an integer number of waves. This dramatically reduces noise .

StaircaseMethod
type: Class

LiquidDroplet
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase

Cycles
type: Class
comment: Number of cycles until the fatigue test stopped due to failure or run out.

LengthDensity
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase
physical dimension: T0 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
comment: The length density is a physical quantity that represents the is mass per unit length.

Microstructure
type: Class
comment: Microstructures are compositional/structural inhomogeneities that may consist of spatially distributed phases of different compositions/structures, grains of different orientations, structural defects.

BendingTestPostProcessing
type: Class
comment: Bending test post processing is a generic class that holds for description of bending tests post-processing approaches.

ContactAngleMeter
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase

VickersHardness
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: Is a derived quantity that is determined using a standard Vickers Hardness test.

InductionHardening
type: Class
comment: Induction hardening is a type of surface hardening in which a metal part is induction-heated and then quenched. The quenched metal undergoes a martensitic transformation, increasing the hardness and brittleness of the part. Induction hardening is used to selectively harden areas of a part or assembly without affecting the properties of the part as a whole.

Stainless steels with special additives (DIN 10027-2)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to DIN standard: Stainless steels with special additives (DIN 10027-2)

AmplitudeOfOscillatoryDepthReading
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The amplitude of the displacement value oscillation reading while in contact with the sample, with respect to its quasi static value.

TorsionalStiffness
type: Class
physical dimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

BainiteHardening
type: Class

RP1.0
type: Class
comment: Corresponds to the Yield stress at 1% plastic strain.

ContactAngleMeasurement
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
subclass of: Restriction

SAE
type: Class
comment: Label secified following the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standards.

Width
type: Class

Nitration
type: Class

DynamicStiffness
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
physical dimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
comment: The value of the stiffness that takes into account the appropriate calculation for both dynamic and non-dynamic portions of the experiment.

ContactAngleMeasurementPostProcessing
type: Class

Ledeburite
type: Class
comment: In iron and steel metallurgy, ledeburite is a mixture of 4.3% carbon in iron and is a eutectic mixture of austenite and cementite. Ledeburite is not a type of steel as the carbon level is too high although it may occur as a separate constituent in some high carbon steels. It is mostly found with cementite or pearlite in a range of cast irons.

Method
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: Represents a Process (or the sequence of processes) by which the metrological chain is defined or in other words a full “recipe” describing the workflow of an entire indentation experiment.

DriftDeterminationTime
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The time over which the drift rate is measured.

BendingMeasurement
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase
comment: Bending measurement is a measurement that follows a bending test method and is carried out for testing materials in terms of their bending strength and other important properties.

CobaltSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Co

FatigueStrain
type: Class

MeanStress
type: Class
comment: The mean stress S_m is the averaged value of the stresses during fatigue testing (S_m = (S_min + S_max)/2).

ResidualStress
type: Class
comment: Residual stresses are stresses that remain in a solid material after the original cause of the stresses has been removed.

MaterialNumber
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Label after DIN EN 10027-2. This label is the unique material number. Applies only if the material is defined according to DIN standard. For other standards, this cell is left empty.
comment: European Standards (abbreviated ENs owing to the more literal translation from French/German as European Norms)

ChemicalCompositionMeasurement
type: Class

VIMVAR
type: Class
comment: Vacuum arc remelting (VAR) is a secondary melting process for production of metal ingots with elevated chemical and mechanical homogeneity for highly demanding applications. The alloy to undergo VAR is formed into a cylinder typically by vacuum induction melting (VIM).

High speed tool steels (JIS)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to JIS standard: High speed tool steels (JIS)
preferred label: HighSpeedToolSteelsJIS

SteelNomenclature
type: Class
comment: Steel nomenclature contains steel groups / categories as defined in the standards DIN, SAE and JIS and superclasses in which the categories from the different standards are combined

DataSet
type: Class

BerylliumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Be

FilteredDepthWithDynamics
type: Class
comment: The depth of the indentation when dynamics are in use. It is the zeroed value of the Filtered Displacement corrected for load frame stiffness, drift rate and the Dynamic Displacement. It is zero prior to surface detection.

Pore
type: Class
comment: A pore is a very small opening, cavity or depression. Pores occur in metals during melting and casting processes. Gases dissolved in the melt still escape while the melt solidifies, so the gas bubbles remain trapped and form pores in the material.

IndentationMachine
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

SprayForming
type: Class
comment: Spray forming, also known as spray casting, is a method of casting near net shape metal components with homogeneous microstructures via the deposition of semi-solid sprayed droplets onto a shaped substrate. The spray-forming subprocess is part of the metallurgy process and has the output material after spray-forming.

SpecimenNotch
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

ElongatedCrossSection
type: Class

TestingMachine
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase

MechanicalTestingSpecimen
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: Datatype
    one of: false
    one of: true
    one of: unknown
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: Datatype
    one of: false
    one of: true
    one of: unknown

InclusionElements
type: Class
comment: {1..N} Elements the inclusion consists of.

DigitalObjectIdentifier
type: Class
comment: A digital object identifier represents a persistent identifier or handle used to identify objects uniquely, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

MechanicalTesting
type: Class
comment: Mechanical testing covers a wide range of tests, which can be divided broadly into two types: 1. those that aim to determine a material's mechanical properties, independent of geometry. 2. those that determine the response of a structure to a given action, e.g. testing of composite beams, aircraft structures to destruction, etc.

UnnotchedSpecimen
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Restriction
        qualified cardinality: 1
        on class: Class
comment: UnnotchedSpecimen is a MechanicalTestingSpecimen that has homogeneous. An unnotched specimen has a stress concentration factor equal to 1.

FatigueTesting
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
comment: Fatigue testing is a specialised form of mechanical testing that is performed by applying cyclic loading to a coupon or structure. These tests are used either to generate fatigue life and crack growth data, identify critical locations or demonstrate the safety of a structure that may be susceptible to fatigue.

YieldPoint
type: Class
comment: The Yield Point also known by by yield stress or yield strength corresponds to the stress above which the material starts deforming plastically. It indicates the limit of elastic behaviour and the beginning of plastic behaviour.

Ferrite
type: Class
comment: Ferrite or alpha-ferrite is a body-centered cubic structure phase of iron which exists below temperatures of 912°C for low concentrations of carbon in iron.

MegaPascal
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1

StandardNanoindentationMeasurementMethod
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: A method that is fully compliant with ISO 14577 standard.

Bending
type: Class

FailureType
type: Class
comment: Specifies, where the crack started on the cross section.

ContinuousStiffnessMeasurementOliverPharrPostProcessing
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

FractureStrain
type: Class
comment: Elongation at break, also known as fracture strain, is the ratio between changed length and initial length after breakage of the test specimen. Plastic strain at fracture.

DepthSensingIndentation
type: Class
comment: An indentation test where both the applied load and resulting displacement are monitored during the test.

Metals with special properties (SAE)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to SAE standard: Metals with special properties (SAE)
preferred label: MetalsWithSpecialPropertiesSAE

IndentationDepthCalibration
type: Class

Rolling
type: Class

BulkHardening
type: Class

PulloffDisplacement
type: Class
comment: The displacement difference between the beginning of the pull-off phenomenon and its end during an adhesion experiment.

ContactAngleMethod
type: Class

Grinding
type: Class
comment: Grinding is a type of abrasive machining process which uses grinding wheel as cutting tool. Grinding is a subset of cutting, as grinding is a true metal-cutting process.

MaximumIndentationTime
type: Class

ConstantStrainRate
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: Constant strain rate testing involves the application of load so that the depth measurements follow a pre-defined relationship. Set the loading rate to give a constant rate of strain within the specimen material.

PhosphorusSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: P

IronSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Fe

Roller bearing steels
type: Class
comment: Steel nomenclature contains steel groups / categories as defined in the standards DIN, SAE and JIS and superclasses in which the categories from the different standards are combined
preferred label: RollerBearingSteels

TensileStiffness
type: Class
physical dimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

OliverPharrPostProcessing
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

Sample
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
subclass of: Restriction

DriftRate
type: Class
comment: The rate of change in the displacement measured in contact with the specimen.

Load
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The Load applied to the sample. It is the zeroed value of the Force corrected for spring deflection. It is zero prior to surface detection Dynamics are not considered.

LoadingType
type: Class
comment: A symbolic that identifies the differnt types of loading applied that should be part of teh series (tension/compression, bending, shearing, torsion).

Milling
type: Class
comment: Milling is the process of machining using rotary cutters to remove material by advancing a cutter into a workpiece. This may be done varying direction on one or several axes, cutter head speed, and pressure.

SurfaceHardness
type: Class
comment: Value of the hardness, measured at the specimen surface.

AveragedTensileStiffness
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
comment: Averaged Tensile Stifness is a phyiscal quantity of the type of tensile stiffness that results from a calculation of the type arithmetic mean.

Stiffness
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: Stiffness is the extent to which an object resists deformation in response to an applied force. The complementary concept is flexibility or pliability: the more flexible an object is, the less stiff it is.

Calculation
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: Is a type of activity/computation that is part of a process or in other words a participant in a process and a process itself that involves the transformation of inputs into results (outputs). The calculation defines in more detail very specific tasks within a process (simulation) that are executed. Each of this tasks or calculations have a specific role within the simulation.

MaterialName
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: string
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: This name is a label according to local rules like DIN, EN, ISO, SAE or JIS, e.g "100Cr6", "20MnCr5" or "SKD 61", "4150".
comment: A language object following a specific rules for specifying the chemical composition of chemical species.

ElasticModulusFromUnload
type: Class
comment: The modulus of the specimen as calculated from the maximum load, the maximum depth and the unloading data following the “Oliver and Pharr” calculation steps.

Thickness
type: Class

UniversalTestingMachine
type: Class

BrinellHardnessUnit
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: HB
comment: Brinell Hardness unit

PulloffForce
type: Class
comment: The force needed to overcome the adhesion phenomena between indenter tip and material under investigation.

FatigueTestResult
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
comment: The fatigue properties are determined by fatigue testing according to predefined test parameters. The fatigue properties may be direct data resulting from a experiment itself (specimen level) or data that is derived from the test result of many specimens (series level). The test result is input for the fatigue / series properties.

BendingStiffness
type: Class
physical dimension: T-2 L+3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
comment: In beam theory, a bending stiffness describes the effective stiffness of the beam for bending deformation. Formally, it is given as product of Young’s modulus and the second moment of inertia. But in practice, the bending stiffness is an individual effective parameter, that must not be separated into a material and a geometrical property.

StrandCasting
type: Class
comment: Strand casting, also called continuous casting, is the process whereby molten metal is solidified into a "semifinished" billet, bloom, or slab for subsequent rolling in the finishing mills. Unlike ingot casting the melt is not cast into stationary molds.

HardnessFromUnload
type: Class
comment: The hardness of the specimen as calculated form the maximum load, the maximum depth and the unloading data following the “Oliver and Pharr” calculation steps.

TensionCompression
type: Class

MaximumStress
type: Class
comment: The maximum stress S_max is the highest occuring stress during fatigue testing.

ArsenicSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: As

StrontiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sr

Nanoindentation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: A depth sensing indentation test where measured displacement is in the nanometer range (0-1000 nm).

NanoindentationMachine
type: Class

RP0.2
type: Class
comment: Corresponds to the Yield stress at 0.2% plastic strain.

Series
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Datatype
    one of: false
    one of: true
    one of: unknown
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Datatype
    one of: false
    one of: true
    one of: unknown
comment: This label should be made more specific since it represents a very specific series to the FatigueTestUseCase
comment: Typically a series contains data from multiple experiments/specimens of similar type and material, but at different stress amplitude aiming at determination of a SN curve. Furthermore, a series contains secondary data such as the fatigue strength and slope of the SN-curve which puts the results of the individual experiments in a context.

Alloyed construction, engineering and pressure vessel steels (DIN 10027-2)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to DIN standard: Alloyed construction, engineering and pressure vessel steels (DIN 10027-2)

SpecialPurposeTestingMachine
type: Class
comment: Mechanical testing machine that is designed for a a very specific purpose.

CycleLimit
type: Class
comment: Number of load cycles after which the test is terminated and the specimen is treated as a run out.

MeanStressSensitivity
type: Class
comment: The mean stress sensitivity is a numerical value that indicates how sensible a steel is reacting to mean stress influence. It is calculated via the parameters/constants a_M and b_M (which are specified further in "FKM-Richtlinie - Rechnerischer Festigkeitsnachweis (2012)" and the tensile strength of the material. mean stress sensitivity M_sig = f(Rm, a_M, b_M)

Metalworking
type: Class

Unalloyed construction, engineering and pressure vessel steels with C < 0,5 % (DIN 10027-2)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to DIN standard: Unalloyed construction, engineering and pressure vessel steels with C < 0,5 % (DIN 10027-2)

SeriesID
type: Class
see also: Represents a label (symbolic) that uniquely identifies a series.

HeatTreatment
type: Class
comment: Heat treatment is the process of heating metal without letting it reach its molten, or melting, stage, and then cooling the metal in a controlled way to select desired mechanical properties.

Hardening
type: Class
comment: Hardening is a metalurgical metalworking process used to increase the hardness of a metal. It requires heating the material above a certain temperature and quenchening it afterwards.

Construction steels (JIS)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to JIS standard: Construction steels (JIS)
preferred label: ConstructionSteelsJIS

SpecimenID
type: Class
comment: Represents a label (symbolic) that uniquely identifies a specimen.

TitaniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ti

TensileTesting
type: Class
comment: Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, is a fundamental materials science and engineering test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area. From these measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics. Uniaxial tensile testing is the most commonly used for obtaining the mechanical characteristics of isotropic materials. Some materials use biaxial tensile testing. The main difference between these testing machines being how load is applied on the materials.

BrinnelHardness
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: Brinnel hardness is a derived quantity that is determined using a standard Brinnel Hardness test.

Construction, engineering and pressure vessel steels, Cr-Mo with Mo < 0,35 % Cr-Mo-B (DIN 10027-2)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to DIN standard: Construction, engineering and pressure vessel steels, Cr-Mo with Mo < 0,35 % Cr-Mo-B (DIN 10027-2)

DynamicReducedModulus
type: Class
comment: The reduced modulus calculated form dynamics and the Oliver and Pharr method.

AverageDynamicModulus
type: Class
comment: The average value of the modulus measured using the “Continuous Stiffness Measurement” technique. It is calculated by averaging the elastic modulus coming from the calculations performed according to the Oliver and Pharr method over a specific, user-selected, penetration depth range.

Specimen
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: Specimen is a limited quantity of a real world object which is intended to be similar to and represent a larger amount of it. It can be defined as a sample or a portion of a real world object that has been prepared based on the measureemnt protocol.

AveragedBendingStiffness
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
comment: Averaged bending stifness is a phyiscal quantity of the type of bending stiffness that results from a calculation of the type arithmetic mean.

MaximumLoad
type: Class
comment: The maximum load attained during a nanoindentation test.

TensileTestPostProcessing
type: Class

BundleCover
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase
comment: Represents the cover of a Cable Bundle and it describes how it is spacially distributed across the cable bundle length.

Forging
type: Class

NanoindentationMachineSpringStiffness
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The stiffness of the support springs. It is calibrated as a function of the displacement.

ArithmeticMean
type: Class
subclass of: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
comment: It is a measure of central tendency in a data set. It is defined as the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the collection.

NanoindentationSpecimen
type: Class

Diameter
type: Class

ApproachLoadingRate
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The loading rate required to achieve the “Surface approach velocity”. It depends on the value of the support springs stiffness (“Spring stiffness”).

ChromiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cr

MartensiteHardening
type: Class

SheetForming
type: Class

StressRatio
type: Class
comment: Stress ratio is defined as the ratio of minimum stress to maximum stress. (need to add further logics) Relation of S_min to S_max (R = S_min / S_max). 0 < R < 1 describes tension-tension loading, R = 0 describes pulsating stress (S_m = S_a = S_max), -1 < R < 0 describes partly reversed tension-compression loading, R = -1 describes fully reversed loading, -"infinte" < R < -1 describes partly reversed compression loading, R = -"infinite" is compression pulsating stress, R > 1 describes compression-compression loading

ColdWorking
type: Class

SulfurSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: S

Unalloyed construction, engineering and pressure vessel steels with special requirements (DIN 10027-2)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to DIN standard: Unalloyed construction, engineering and pressure vessel steels with special requirements (DIN 10027-2)

LoadingEntity
type: Class

RetainedAustenite
type: Class
comment: Austenite that does not transform to martensite upon quenching is called retained austenite. This retained austenite occurs when the steel is not quenched to a temperature low enough to form 100% martensite. Amount of austenite present in the microstructure after the hardening process is completed.

CoreHardness
type: Class
comment: Value of the hardness, measured along the cross section of the material.

CrMoVToolSteelsDIN10027
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to DIN standard: Cr-Mo-V Tool Steels (DIN 10027-2)

SurfaceApproachDistance
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The distance from the last known value of the displacement associated with the surface at which the system will establish the “Approach Velocity” and start looking for the surface.

MetalSheet
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase

StressConcentrationFactor
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Class
    intersection of: Restriction
      some values from: Datatype
        on datatype: double
comment: The stress concentration factor Kt expresses the ratio of the highest stress to a nominal stress of the cross cross section (Kt = S_max/S_nominal). For an unnotched specimen, K_t = 1, for notched specimens K_t > 1

SurfaceApproachVelocity
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The velocity of the probe as it approaches the surface.

Alloyed tool steels (JIS)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to JIS standard: Alloyed tool steels (JIS)
preferred label: AlloyedToolSteelsJIS

TargetDepth
type: Class
comment: The targeted maximum depth. The experiment will stop loading at this point or if the maximum target load is reached.

Extension
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The position of the actuator relative to the last point at which it was zeroed.

Unalloyed construction, engineering and pressure vessel steels with C > 0,5 % (DIN 10027-2)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to DIN standard: Unalloyed construction, engineering and pressure vessel steels with C > 0,5 % (DIN 10027-2)

Pascal
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

TargetFrequency
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The frequency used to excite the contact for dynamic testing. The dynamic force will be oscillated at this frequency.

DynamicLoadRequired
type: Class
comment: This value is used to control Dynamic Force to obtain a constant value of Dynamic Displacement.

MesomicsBendingAnalysis
type: Class
comment: Mesomics bending analysis is a general class that is used to represent the set of Mesomics bensing analysis post-processing calculations.

SingleStepLoading
type: Class

RollingDirection
type: Class
comment: Specification of the rolling direction. Metal stock is passed through one or more pairs of rolls to reduce thickness, to make the thickness uniform, and/or to impart a desired mechanical property.

Annealing
type: Class
comment: Annealing is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to increase ist ductility and reduce ist hardness, making it more workable. It involves heating a material above ist recrystallization temperature, maintaining a suitable temperature for an appropriate amount of time and then cooling.

TargetDynamicDisplacement
type: Class
comment: The system will try to maintain this value of the Dynamic displacement as long as the Dynamic load is less than Dynamic max fraction of load fraction of the applied load.

CableCore
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase
comment: An optional description of single cable details. The cable core usually corresponds to the conducting metal part.

InsulatingMaterial
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase
comment: An electrical insulating material is a material that reduces or prevents the transmission of heat, sound or electricity. For instance, an electrical insulating material prevents electricity voltage-carrying conductors against one another as well as against earth.

ShortName
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: Label after DIN EN 10027-1, often short form of material name.
comment: Deutsches Institut für Normung

SurfaceFailure
type: Class
comment: Crack-origin at specimen surface.

DisplacementResolution
type: Class
comment: The displacement resolution is typically found by dividing the maximum displacement voltage reading by the number of bits in the data acquisition system.

FailureComment
type: Class
comment: Comment on unique features of the failure

Alloyed steels
type: Class
comment: Steel nomenclature contains steel groups / categories as defined in the standards DIN, SAE and JIS and superclasses in which the categories from the different standards are combined
preferred label: AlloyedSteels

NanoindentationMeasurement
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction

Cementite
type: Class
comment: Cementite (or iron carbide) is a compound of iron and carbon, more precisely an intermediate transition metal carbide with the formula Fe3C. By weight, it is 6.67% carbon and 93.3% iron. It has an orthorhombic crystal structure.

Construction steels
type: Class
comment: Steel nomenclature contains steel groups / categories as defined in the standards DIN, SAE and JIS and superclasses in which the categories from the different standards are combined
preferred label: ConstructionSteels

IndentationTestPostProcessing
type: Class

High carbon steel wire rods (JIS)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to JIS standard: High carbon steel wire rods (JIS)
preferred label: HighCarbonSteelWireRodsJIS

MeanStressFactor
type: Class
comment: The mean stress factor is a numerical value calculated by the mean stress sensitivity and the stress ratio. The formula is depending on the stress ratio value. The mean stress factor indicates the influence of mean stress on the fatigue strength of a material (see "FKM-Richtlinie - Rechnerischer Festigkeitsnachweis (2012)") mean stress factor K_AK = f(M_sig, R)

CopperSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cu

IndenterTipAreaFunction
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The area function that describes the geometry according to which the indenter tip diamond end is cut: three sided pyramids, four sided pyramids, wedges, cones, cylinders or spheres. The tip end of the indenter can be made sharp, flat, or rounded to a cylindrical or spherical shape. All these features of the indenter tip can be described with a mathematical function.

ManganeseSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Mn

PendantDropMethod
type: Class

YoungsModulus
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: Describes the stiffness, which is the ability of a material to withstand elastic deformation.

Materials with increased temperature properties (DIN 10027-2)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to DIN standard: Materials with increased temperature properties (DIN 10027-2)

TensileTestMeasurement
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

RP0.1
type: Class
comment: Corresponds to the Yield stress at 0.1% plastic strain.

CarbonSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: C

Polishing
type: Class
comment: Polishing and buffing are finishing processes for smoothing a workpiece's surface. While used less extensively than traditional mechanical polishing, electropolishing is an alternative form of polishing that uses the principles of electrochemistry to remove microscopic layers of metal from a base surface.
alternative label: Buffing

Taping
type: Class
comment: Represents a cable bundle cover based on Tape and how the tape is placed across the bundle.

ContinuousStiffnessMeasurementMethod
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: Technique for obtaining elastic modulus and hardness data continuously during a nanoindentation process.

NickelSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ni

HalfTaping
type: Class
comment: Taping that covers half of he cable bundle lateral surface area.

Spring steels (JIS)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to JIS standard: Spring steels (JIS)
preferred label: SpringSteelsJIS

Other steels
type: Class
comment: Steel nomenclature contains steel groups / categories as defined in the standards DIN, SAE and JIS and superclasses in which the categories from the different standards are combined
preferred label: OtherSteels

DynamicDisplacement
type: Class
comment: The RMS value of the displacement at the target frequency when dynamics are switched on during the test (e.g. Continuous Stiffness Measurement ).

Machining
type: Class
comment: Machining is a process in which a material (often metal) is cut to a desired final shape and size by a controlled material-removal process. The processes that have this common theme are collectively called subtractive manufacturing.

Roughing
type: Class
comment: Roughing cuts are used to remove large amount of material from the starting workpart as rapidly as possible, i.e. with a large Material Removal Rate (MRR), in order to produce a shape close to the desired form, but leaving some material on the piece for a subsequent finishing operation.

MachineStabilizationTime
type: Class
comment: This is the time needed by the instrument to stabilize after initial power up. This time is usually dependent on the thermal characteristics of the measurement system.

TargetLoad
type: Class
comment: The targeted maximum load to be applied. The experiment will stop loading at this point or if the Target Depth is reached.

CableSystem
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase
subclass of: Restriction
comment: A cable system is a generic term to represent different types of cable systems such as a cable bundle or a single cable.

StandardNanoindentationMeasurementOliverPharrPostProcessing
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

Unalloyed construction, engineering and pressure vessel steels
type: Class
comment: Steel nomenclature contains steel groups / categories as defined in the standards DIN, SAE and JIS and superclasses in which the categories from the different standards are combined
preferred label: UnalloyedConstructionEngineeringAndPressureVesselSteels

OuterRadius
type: Class
comment: Represents the distance between the ouside edge of a circular cross section and its center.

LoadFrameCompliance
type: Class
comment: In load frames of finite stiffness, the load applied via the indenter induces displacement in both the sample and the load frame. Frame compliance must be identified and subtracted from the total indenter displacement to account properly for sample deformation.

AverageDynamicHardness
type: Class
comment: The average value of the hardness measured using the “Continuous Stiffness Measurement” technique. It is calculated by averaging, over the user selected penetration depth range, the ratio between the load applied to the sample (also considering its dynamic component) and the tip contact area. (according to the Oliver and Pharr method)

Featureless
type: Class
comment: No special feature detected at crack-origin.

Metallurgy
type: Class
comment: In production engineering, metallurgy is concerned with the production of metallic components for use in consumer or engineering products.

Low-alloyed steels for machine structural use (JIS)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to JIS standard: Low-alloyed steels for machine structural use (JIS)
preferred label: LowAlloyedSteelsForMachineStructuralUseJIS

MagnesiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Mg

Fractography
type: Class
comment: Fractography describes all data resulting from examination of the fracture surface after fatigue testing. The goal is to find the information necessary to describe the failure behaviour and reason.

RockwellCHardnessUnit
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: HR
comment: Rockwell C Hardness unit

NanoindentationMethodSpecification
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
subclass of: Restriction
comment: Represents the Nanoindentation method specification.

DriftSettleTime
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The time at constant load prior to taking drift data.

TensileStrength
type: Class
comment: Tensile strength is the maximum tensile stress a material can withstand prior to fracture.

ZirconiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Zr

Cutting
type: Class
comment: Cutting is manufacturing by removal of material (DIN 8580; CIRP Dictionary 2004). Particles of material, the chips, are mechanically removed from the raw material or from an unfinished part by cutting edges of a tool. The tool has one or several cutting edges, which can be geometrically defined by number, shape, and position (cutting by geometrically defined cutting edges), whereas in abrasive processes the separation of chips takes place by numerous cutting edges which have to be statistically described and which are randomly distributed inside the tool (cutting by geometrically undefined cutting edges).

Low-alloyed construction, engineering and pressure vessel steels
type: Class
comment: Steel nomenclature contains steel groups / categories as defined in the standards DIN, SAE and JIS and superclasses in which the categories from the different standards are combined
preferred label: LowAlloyedConstructionEngineeringAndPressureVesselSteels

FlatNotchedSpecimen
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

DynamicContactArea
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The contact area calculated form dynamics and the Oliver and Pharr method.

ContactAngleMeasurementStateImage
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase

Millimetre
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1

BoronSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: B

VolumePercent
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: Represents the percentage by volume (vol%) that is used to express the composition of a mixture.

Reference
type: Class
comment: A simbolic symbolic representation of the source of infomation (e.g.: a string that represents the path to a file).

Mesomics
type: Class
comment: MeSOMICS, stands for Measurement System for the Optically Monitored Identification of Cable Stiffnesses. The mesomics measurement enables the determination of the bending stiffness of a cable bundle using a MeSOMICS machine.

Roller bearing steels (DIN 10027-2)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to DIN standard: Roller bearing steels (DIN 10027-2)
preferred label: RollerBearingSteelsDIN10027

LeadSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pb

IndentationMeasurement
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
subclass of: Restriction

CableBundle
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
  intersection of: Restriction
    min qualified cardinality: 2
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  min qualified cardinality: 2
comment: A component containing several single cables, that are bundled together by a certain type of taping. A cable bundle has simple effective properties (bending stiffness, etc.) describing the macroscopic structure.

OxygenSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: O

Materials with special physical properties including Ni (DIN 10027-2)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to DIN standard: Materials with special physical properties including Ni (DIN 10027-2)

Environment
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: string
comment: A symbolic that represents the type of environment in which a measurement has been carried out.

TargetUnloadTime
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: This is the time specified to linearly reduce the load on the contact form it’s maximum value to zero.

SiliconElement
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Si

MechanicalTestingMachine
type: Class
comment: Is a device that is used to determine mechanical properties of materials in paricular it is used to test the tensile strength and compressive strength of materials. It represents a measuremt device that is used in mechanical testing experiments.

FailureOrigin
type: Class

Martensite
type: Class
comment: Martensite is a non-equilibrium phase of the iron-carbon system. It is formed in carbon steels by the rapid cooling (quenching) of the austenite form of iron at such a high rate that carbon atoms do not have time to diffuse out of the crystal structure in large enough quantities to form cementite (Fe3C). Austenite is gamma-phase iron, a solid solution of iron and alloying elements. As a result of the quenching, the face-centered cubic austenite transforms to a highly strained body-centered tetragonal form called martensite that is supersaturated with carbon. The shear deformations that result produce a large number of dislocations, which is a primary strengthening mechanism of steels.

StressAmplitude
type: Class
comment: One half the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one fatigue test cycle.

MolybdenumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Mo

Deoxidization
type: Class
comment: Deoxidization is a method used in metallurgy to remove the oxygen content during steel manufacturing. Deoxidation is important in the steelmaking process as oxygen is often detrimental to the quality of steel produced. Deoxidization is mainly achieved by adding a separate chemical species to neutralize the effects of oxygen or by directly removing the oxygen.

PartialTaping
type: Class
comment: Taping that covers only at specific discrete locations across the cable bundle overall length.

ReducedModulusFromUnload
type: Class
comment: The reduced modulus of the specimen and indenter tip as calculated from the maximum load, the maximum depth and the unloading data following the “Oliver and Pharr” calculation steps.

CalciumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ca

Percent
type: Class
EMMO 1f1b164d ec6a 4faa 8d5e 88bda62316cc: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PERCENT

Pearlite
type: Class
comment: Pearlite is a two-phased, lamellar (or layered) structure composed of alternating layers of ferrite (87.5 wt%) and cementite (12.5 wt%) that occurs in some steels and cast irons. During slow cooling of an iron-carbon alloy, pearlite forms by a eutectoid reaction as austenite cools below 723 °C (1,333 °F) (the eutectoid temperature). Pearlite is a microstructure occurring in many common grades of steels.

DynamicForce
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The RMS value of the Force at the target frequency.

FatigueStrength
type: Class
physical dimension: T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
comment: Corresponding strength value to a given number of cycles as determined from an S-N diagram (usually given for 50 % probability of survival).

CirclularCrossSection
type: Class
comment: Circular cross section is a cross section with circular shape.

MaximumLoadHoldingTime
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: When the "Target Load" or the "Target Depth" is reached, the "Load" is held constant for this time.

NitrogenSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: N

SquaredStiffnessOverLoad
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The squared value of the stiffness from unloading divided by the maximum load. Is a parameter that should be insensitive to the area function. It can be used to determine load frame stiffness.

AlternatingStrength
type: Class
physical dimension: T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
comment: According to "FKM-Richtlinie - Rechnerischer Festigkeitsnachweis (2012)", the alternating strength is a numerical value that is calculated via the fatigue strength of a material and the mean stress factor. The alternating strength allows the engineer to compare fatigue strengths obtained from tests with different stress ratios (mean stress). It converts the fatigue strength value to an alternate strength value for R=-1. alternating strength S_WK = fatigue strength / K_AK.

Radius
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase
comment: In classical geometry, a radius of a circle or sphere is any of the line segments from its center to its perimeter.

SampleHousingTemperature
type: Class
comment: The temperature of the copper housing of the sample heater assembly.

SilverSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ag

Finishing
type: Class
comment: Finishing cuts are used to complete the part and achieve the final dimension, tolerances, and surface finish.

RoughnessRz
type: Class
comment: Surface roughness as a result from machining process (e.g. turning, milling, grinding, polishing etc.) given in terms of Rz. Average Rz value over assessement length (Rzi=maximum peak to valley height of profile, within a single sampling length i). This is equivalent to Ry5.

IndentationTime
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: This is the average time of a typical indentation cycle from load to full unload.

MicroMetre
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1

Low-alloyed steels
type: Class
comment: Steel nomenclature contains steel groups / categories as defined in the standards DIN, SAE and JIS and superclasses in which the categories from the different standards are combined
preferred label: LowAlloyedSteels

RectanglularCrossSection
type: Class
comment: Rectangular cross section is a cross section with rectangualr shape.

EquivalentCarbonContent
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The idea is to convert the percentage of alloying elements other than carbon to the equivalent carbon percentage. CEV = C + Mn/6 + (Cu + Ni)/15 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 .
comment: The equivalent carbon content concept it used on ferrous materials, to determine various properties of the alloy when more than just carbon is used as an alloyant.
alternative label: CEV

VickersHardnessUnit
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: HV
comment: Vickers Hardness unit

FlatSpecimen
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
comment: FlatSpecimen represents a mechanical testing specimen that has rectangular cross section.

SurfaceHardening
type: Class

OutputParameterSet
type: Class

InputParameterSet
type: Class

IndentationTest
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  some values from: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: A single indentation experiment.

Heat-resisting stainless steels (SAE)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to SAE standard: Heat-resisting stainless steels (SAE)
preferred label: HeatResistingStainlessSteelsSAE

SessileDropMethod
type: Class

Identifier
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: string
comment: An identifier is a name that identifies (that is, labels the identity of) either a unique object or a unique class of objects.

Roughness
type: Class

PearliteHardening
type: Class

Melting
type: Class
comment: Melt processes convert a liquid melt into a solid article with a defined structure and shape.

SNCurve
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

Hardness
type: Class

Forming
type: Class

Tool steels
type: Class
comment: Steel nomenclature contains steel groups / categories as defined in the standards DIN, SAE and JIS and superclasses in which the categories from the different standards are combined
preferred label: ToolSteels

Construction, engineering and pressure vessel steels, Cr-Mo with Mo < 0,4 % and Ni < 2 % (DIN 10027-2)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to DIN standard: Construction, engineering and pressure vessel steels, Cr-Mo with Mo < 0,4 % and Ni < 2 % (DIN 10027-2)

TinSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sn

ZincSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Zn

Displacement
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The displacement from the center of travel of the indenter column as measured by the capacitive sensor, it is calibrated as a function of the voltage reading from the sensor.

Shearing
type: Class

Spring steels
type: Class
comment: Steel nomenclature contains steel groups / categories as defined in the standards DIN, SAE and JIS and superclasses in which the categories from the different standards are combined
preferred label: SpringSteels

Inclusion
type: Class
comment: Non-metallic inclusions are chemical compounds and nonmetals that are present in steel and other alloys. They are the product of chemical reactions, physical effects, and contamination that occurs during the melting and pouring process.

IngotCasting
type: Class
comment: Casting is a process in which a liquid metal is delivered into a mold that contains a negative impression of the intended shape (in this case an ingot). The metal is poured into the mold through a hollow channel called a sprue. The metal and mold are then cooled, and the metal part (the casting) is extracted. Ingots usually require a second procedure of shaping, such as cold/hot working, cutting, or milling to produce a useful final product.

Alloyed construction, engineering and pressure vessel steels
type: Class
comment: Steel nomenclature contains steel groups / categories as defined in the standards DIN, SAE and JIS and superclasses in which the categories from the different standards are combined
preferred label: AlloyedConstructionEngineeringAndPressureVesselSteels

Turning
type: Class
comment: Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit, describes a helix toolpath by moving more or less linearly while the workpiece rotates.

Quenching
type: Class
comment: Quenching after austenitizing is used to suppress the normal breakdown of austenite into ferrite and cementite, and to cause a partial decomposition at such a low temperature to produce martensite. To obtain this, steel requires a critical cooling velocity, which is greatly reduced by the presence of alloying elements, which therefore cause hardening with mild quenching (e.g. oil and hardening steels).

MesomicsMeasurement
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: A measurement performed using the MeSOMICS machine.

TwoPointBending
type: Class

Tension
type: Class

VolumeFailure
type: Class
comment: Crack-origin in specimen volume.

QuenchingAndTempering
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
comment: Quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, oil or air in order to obtain certain material properties. It is most commonly used to harden steel by inducing a martensite transformation. Tempering is a heat treatment technique applied to ferrous alloys, such as steel or cast iron, to achieve greater tougness by decreasing the hardness of the alloy. The reduction in hardness is usually accompanied by an increase in ductility, thereby decreasing the brittleness of the metal. It is usually applied after quenching.

ContactAngle
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase

MetalJoining
type: Class

DataAcquisitionRate
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase

NotchedSpecimen
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Restriction
        qualified cardinality: 1
      intersection of: Restriction
        qualified cardinality: 1
        on class: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
comment: Notched Specimen is a MechanicalTestingSpecimen that has a notch or in other words a change in the cross section that results in an uneven stress distribution. A notched specimen has a Stress concentration factor higher than 1.

VanadiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: V

KneePoint
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: Depending on the type of the SN-curve model, one or several knee points exist, where the SN curve changes its slope. For ferritic steels, there is usually a constant, non-zero slope of the SN-curve in the high cycle fatigue regime (e.g. 10^4 < n < 10^6), followed by a horizontal shape of the SN curve after reaching the fatigue strength / endurance limit. In this case the knee point corresponds to the endurance limit. For other materials (e.g. aluminium or austenitic steels), a horizontal slope is never reached, but there are at least two regions with different slope, which are separated by the knee point (in terms of cycles).

MinimumStress
type: Class
comment: The minimum stress S_min is the lowest occuring stress during fatigue testing.

Tempering
type: Class
comment: Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness of iron-based alloys. Tempering is usually performed after hardening, to reduce some of the excess hardness, and is done by heating the metal to some temperature below the critical point for a certain period of time, then allowing it to cool in still air.

FailureReason
type: Class
comment: Explanation for crack-initiation at origin.

DynamicContactDepth
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The contact depth calculated from dynamics and the Oliver and Pharr method.

AveragedTorsionalStiffness
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
comment: AveragedTorsionalStifness is a phyiscal quantity of the type of torsional stiffness that results from a calculation of the type arithmetic mean.

MaximumDepth
type: Class
comment: The maximum penetration depth attained during a nanoindentation test.

Tape
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase
comment: Tape represents an engineered material. It is defined as a strip of material, typically used to hold something.

IndenterDevice
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
subclass of: Restriction

HotForging
type: Class

Substrate
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
elucidation: A typical substrate might be a metal, onto which a coating might be deposited. For instance, in the contact angle meadurement, the substrate is the sample to be examined concerning its wettability.
comment: Substrate is a term used in materials science to describe the base material on which processing is conducted to produce new film or layers of material such as deposited coatings.

SingleCable
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
comment: One single cable, e.g. a sensor cable with effective properties (e.g. bending stiffness).

AluminiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Al

Heat-resisting and stainless steels
type: Class
comment: Steel nomenclature contains steel groups / categories as defined in the standards DIN, SAE and JIS and superclasses in which the categories from the different standards are combined
preferred label: HeatResistingAndStainlessSteels

ContactAngleUseCase
type: Class
subclass of: MechanicalTestingOntology

FatigueUseCase
type: Class
subclass of: MechanicalTestingOntology
comment: This is the artificial parent concept of the classes related to the Fatigue Use Case within this ontology.

Austenitising
type: Class
comment: Austenitizing describes the process of heating a steel above the austenitizing temperature (GSE line in the iron carbon diagram). This process changes the lattice structure from a body centered cubic structure (BCC) to a face centered cubic structure (FCC), allowing a martensitic transformation via quenching.
alternative label: Austenitizing

Austenite
type: Class
comment: Austenite, also known as gamma-phase iron, is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid solution of iron, with an alloying element. In plain-carbon steel, austenite exists above the critical eutectoid temperature of 1000 K (727 °C); other alloys of steel have different eutectoid temperatures.

ColdForging
type: Class

Superposition
type: Class

CrossSectionGeometry
type: Class
comment: Represents the geometry/shape of the cross section

Carbon tool steels (JIS)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to JIS standard: Carbon tool steels (JIS)
preferred label: CarbonToolSteelsJIS

Heat-resisting steel bars and wire rods (JIS)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to JIS standard: Heat-resisting steel bars and wire rods (JIS)
preferred label: HeatResistingSteelBarsAndWireRodsJIS

DisplacementNoiseFloor
type: Class
comment: The noise floor in the displacement measurement system will determine what the minimum useable indentation depth.

ParameterSet
type: Class

StaticIndentation
type: Class
comment: An indentation test where only the maximum applied load is controlled.

NanoindentationSpecimenProperty
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
subclass of: Restriction
comment: Represents the properties properties of the NanoindentationSpecimen.

Depth
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The depth of the indentation. It is the zeroed value of the displacement corrected for load frame stiffness and drift rate- It is zero prior to surface detection.

Bainite
type: Class
comment: Bainite is a plate-like microstructure that forms in steels at temperatures of 125–550 °C (depending on alloy content). It is one of the products that may form when austenite (the face-centered cubic crystal structure of iron) is cooled past a temperature where it no longer is thermodynamically stable with respect to ferrite, cementite, or ferrite and cementite.

CaseHardening
type: Class
comment: Surface hardening (or case-hardening) is the process of hardening the surface of a metal object while allowing the metal deeper underneath to remain soft, thus forming a thin layer of harder metal at the surface. This creates a hardness profile across the cross section of the material. In the end, increased hardness at the surface is combined with a ductile core, which prevents the material from becoming brittle.

ElasticModulus
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase

DataPostProcessing
type: Class
comment: Post processing is a process/operation on the data set that enables extrating useful information from the data. There are diffrent type of post-processors such as visualizers, converters, extractors.

CantileverBending
type: Class

Torsion
type: Class

IndenterTip
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
subclass of: Restriction
comment: The probe used during an indentation test, generally composed by three parts: 1. The diamond; 2. The holder; 3. The bond;

InsulatingTape
type: Class
comment: Insulating tape (electrical insulating tape) is a type of pressure-sensitive tape used to insulate electrical wires and other materials that conduct electricity. It describes the type of tape as insulating material in cable bundles.

Nitrocarburizing
type: Class

ContactAreaFromUnload
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
comment: The area of contact between the tip and the specimen calculated from the maximum applied load, the maximum depth of penetration and the unloading data using the €œOliver and Pharr€� technique.

MesomicsSpecimen
type: Class
comment: Mesomics specimen is a mechanical testing specimen, sample that is used in a mesomics measurement. A mesomics specimen consists of a cable sample.

Construction steels (Misc.)
type: Class
comment: Steel category (no specific standard): Construction steels (Misc.)
preferred label: ConstructionSteelsMisc

RotatingBending
type: Class

TensileTestingMachine
type: Class

FullyTaping
type: Class
comment: Taping that covers the cable bundle entire lateral surface area.

InnerRadius
type: Class
subclass of: CableBundleUseCase

AmplitudeOfOscillatoryForce
type: Class
subclass of: NanoindentationUseCase
physical dimension: T-2 L+1 M+1 I0 Î˜0 N0 J0
comment: The amplitude of the force value oscillation reading, with respect to its quasi static value.

RoundSpecimen
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
comment: RoundSpecimen represents a mechanical testing specimen that has circular cross section.

Stainless steels (JIS)
type: Class
comment: Steel category according to JIS standard: Stainless steels (JIS)
preferred label: StainlessSteelsJIS

FatigueTestingMachine
type: Class

Stainless steels
type: Class
comment: Steel nomenclature contains steel groups / categories as defined in the standards DIN, SAE and JIS and superclasses in which the categories from the different standards are combined
preferred label: StainlessSteels

RockwellCHardness
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: Rockwell hardness is a derived quantity that is determined using an apparatus called the Rockwell hardness tester.

MechanicalTestingOntology
type: Class
comment: This is the root class of the Mechanical Testing Ontology.

NanoindentationUseCase
type: Class
subclass of: MechanicalTestingOntology
comment: This is the artificial parent concept of the classes related to the Nanoindentation Use Case within this ontology.

qualified cardinality: 1

Class
intersection of: Restriction
  has value: 1.0

min inclusive: 1.0

Class
intersection of: Restriction
  some values from: Datatype
    on datatype: double
    with restrictions:
      min exclusive: 100.0