LPBFO
type: Ontology
version IRI: LPBFO.owl
imports: BWMD mid.owl
BWMD_00834: Martin Jäcklein (Fraunhofer EMI)
IAO_0000232: v1.1.9 (2022-09-20): Added "hasEnvironmentalImpact" for carbon footprint labelling. Deleted "hasQuality" in LPBFO since appearance in BWMD_mid. v1.1.8 (2022-09-06): Added "CO2Emission" for carbon footprint labelling. v1.1.7 (2021-11-30): Added classes regarding the operation of the LPBF process. v1.1.6 (2021-11-16): Added the classes of LCA by Yu-Sheng Tang v1.1.5 (2021-11-16): Added SliceLinesPerLayerFile, RecoaterDirection and SealingOfBuildSpace for ADAM project by Martin Huschka. v1.1.4 (2021-11-12): Added several Classes to better specify the LPBF process within the ADAM project (am-data-space.org) v1.1.3 (2021-09-09): Refactored to LPBF Ontology. v1.0.3 (2021-09-09): Renamed to LPBF Ontology without refactoring. Entities added. v1.0.2 (2021-08-03): Several Classes for the LPBF process at fem were added. v1.0.1 (2020-12-14): D10, D50, D90 were added.
BWMD_00834: Martin Huschka (Fraunhofer EMI)
comment: The LPBF Ontology can be used to describe the additive manufacturing of a component via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) / Selective Laser Melting (SLM). The ontology builds on BFO2.0 and BWMD_mid and has been developed to be used in conjunction with the digital workflows provided by Fraunhofer IWM. If possible, the terminology within this ontology was used as provided by ISO/ASTM 52900:2015. Historically, it was created as LPBFO ontology; an ontology that described the SLM process at Fraunhofer EMI. However, it is now being used for other applications as well, some leftovers named EMISLM might still be apparent until being updated.
version info: v1.1.9
comment: Contact: Martin Jäcklein Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics , Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI Ernst-Zermelo-Strasse 4, 79104 Freiburg , Germany Martin.Huschka@EMI.Fraunhofer.de
comment: Contact: Martin Huschka Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics , Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI Ernst-Zermelo-Strasse 4, 79104 Freiburg , Germany Martin.Huschka@EMI.Fraunhofer.de

hasEnvironmentalImpact
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: BWMD_00326
range: CO2Emission

MetalPowder
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000027
comment: Metal powder that is supplied to an AM machine as a starting material or that leaves the construction cycle as unused powder.

AMMachine
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00170
comment: Section of the additive manufacturing system, including hardware and machine control software, required commissioning software and peripheral accessories that are necessary to complete a construction cycle for producing parts.
is defined by: ISO/ASTM 52900
label: AdditiveManufacturingMachine

ProcessParameters
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00009
comment: Set of operating parameters and system settings used during a construction cycle in additive manufacturing.
is defined by: ISO/ASTM 52900

ParticleSizeDistribution
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00011
comment: The particle-size distribution (PSD) of a powder, or granular material, or particles dispersed in fluid, is a list of values or a mathematical function that defines the relative amount, typically by mass, of particles present according to size.
is defined by: Jillavenkatesa A, Dapkunas S J, Lin-Sien Lum, Particle Size Characterization, NIST Special Publication 960-1, 2001

LaserPowderBedFusion
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00117
comment: According to ISO/ASTM 52900, the SelectiveLaserMelting process is now commonly called "LaserPowderBedFusion (L-PBF)".
comment: Additive manufacturing process, in which thermal energy provided by a laser specifically melts areas of a powder bed.
is defined by: ISO/ASTM 52900
label: SelectiveLaserMelting

AverageParticleSize
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00010
see also: Arithmetic mean of particle diameter of a powder used for additive manufacturing to describe the particle size distribution.

StandardDeviationOfAverageParticleSize
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00010
see also: Standard deviation of the arithmetic mean of the particle diameter of a powder used for additive manufacturing to describe the particle size distribution.

AdditiveManufacturingLayerThickness
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00010
see also: Layer thickness in 3D printing is a measure of the layer height of each successive addition of material in the additive manufacturing or 3D printing process in which layers are stacked.

Separating
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00117
comment: Manufacture by breaking the cohesion of bodies whereby the cohesion is partially or completely reduced as defined by DIN 8580 and DIN 8588.
is defined by: DIN 8580

PartSet
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00036
comment: Additive manufactured set of parts where a part is a connected material that forms a functional element that can represent an entire product or a section of an intended product.

DefiningPartLocation
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00235
comment: Defining the location of the part within the building volume before additive manufacturing.
see also: ISO/ASTM 52900

BuildPlatform
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000030
comment: Basis that provides a surface on which the construction of the part(s) is started and supported during the additive manufacturing process.
is defined by: ISO/ASTM 52900

AdditiveManufacturingEquipment
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00072
comment: Machine and ancillary equipment used for additive manufacturing.
is defined by: ISO/ASTM 52900
label: AdditiveManufacturingSystem
label: AdditiveSystem

MaterialSupplier
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000023
comment: Suppliers of materials / base materials that are to be processed in the additive manufacturing system.
is defined by: ISO/ASTM 52900

FileURI
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00001
comment: The unique URI to the location of the file on a hard drive or server.

WaveLength
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00011
comment: For a monochromatic wave, \"wavelength\" is the distance between two successive points in a direction perpendicular to the wavefront where at a given instant the phase differs by \\(2\\pi\\). The wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the spatial period of the waveâ€”the distance over which the wave's shape repeats. The SI unit of wavelength is the meter."

AMSystemUser
type: Class
subclass of: Operator
comment: Bediener oder Gruppe, welche ein ganzes additives Fertigungssystem oder eine Komponente eines additiven Systems verwendet. @de
comment: Operator or group that uses an entire additive manufacturing system or a component of an additive system
is defined by: ISO/ASTM 52900
label: AdditiveManufacturingSystemUser

InertGas
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00132
comment: Inert gases such as argon and nitrogen create an environment which is inert, i.e. chemically inactive, which allows parts to be additively manufactured which meet the exacting standards required for metal parts used in the aerospace and automotive industries.

LaserUnit
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00170
is defined by: The engineering object as part of the AMSystem that produces the energy to melt the powder in the AM process.

Recoater
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00170
comment: A horizontal bar that spreads and smooths liquid polymer in vat photopolymerization or powder for powder bed fusion and binder jet processes to create a uniform and flat layer before the build material is solidified, sintered, melted, or bonded.
comment: Mit Beschichter ist umgangsprachlich die "Klinge" gemeint, aus der oder denen sich das Beschichtersystem aufbaut. @de
label: Beschichter @de

RecoaterSystem
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00170
comment: A set of horizontal bars that spreads and smooths liquid polymer in vat photopolymerization or powder for powder bed fusion and binder jet processes to create a uniform and flat layer before the build material is solidified, sintered, melted, or bonded. A recoater system can be composed of several coaters ("blades"), e.g. in a two-blade system.
comment: Ein Beschichtersystem kann sich aus mehreren Beschichtern ("Klingen") zusammensetzen, z.B. in einem Zweiklingensystem. @de
label: Beschichtersystem @de

LaserMode
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000019
comment: Laser mode used for AM wehere the distribution of the phase position of the waves perpendicular to the direction of propagation is called transverse modes. E.g. With a cylindrical cross-section of the laser, the beam intensity ideally has a Gaussian profile; this mode is known as TEM00 mode.

BuildOrientationAngleRelativeToBuildPlatform
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00010
see also: Angle realtive to build platform (in z-Orientation) that describes the orientation of the part when it is first inserted into the building volume.

Manufacturer
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000023
comment: The role of a person or company that makes goods for sale. E.g. Used to describe laser unit manufacturer, AMMachine manufacturer etc.

LaserType
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000019
comment: Type of the laser unit used for AM, e.g. CW- or pulse Laser.

Sawing
type: Class
subclass of: Separating
is defined by: DIN 8589-6.
is defined by: Manufacture by breaking the cohesion of bodies whereby the cohesion is partially or completely reduced as defined by DIN 8580 and DIN 8589-6.

BuildOrientation
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00098
comment: Komponentenorientierung in Bauraum @de
comment: Orientation of the part when it is first inserted into the building volume.
is defined by: ISO/ASTM 52900
label: Bauausrichtung @de

ExposureOrder
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00024
comment: Order of exposure by the laser in an additive manufacturing process.

SliceLayerInterfaceFile
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00032
disjoint with: SliceLinesPerLayerFile
comment: A file of suffix .sli / -cli that contains geometric information about slice layers, i.e. scan vectors, for the additive manufacturing process.

BuildJobFile
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00032
comment: A file that includes all the necessary information and parameters to complete the additive manufacturing process. Depending on the used AdditiveManufacturingMachine, the suffix can vary (e.g. of suffix .eosjob).
label: CNCControlDataFile

BuildPlatformWithPartSet
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00114
comment: Basis that provides a surface on which the additive manufactured set of parts is already/still located on.

Operator
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000023
comment: The role of an operator or of a group that uses a machine, system or a component of a system.

PartSetID
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00001
comment: Identifier that describes the PartSet unequivocally.

PartPostProcessing
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000015
is defined by: ISO/ASTM 52900
is defined by: One or more process steps that are undertaken after completion of an additive manufacturing construction cycle in order to achieve the desired properties in the end product.

Turning
type: Class
subclass of: PartPostProcessing
comment: Turning is a form of machining, a material removal process, which is used to create rotational parts by cutting away unwanted material.
is defined by: DIN 8589-0

HeatTreatment
type: Class
subclass of: PartPostProcessing
comment: Any kind of heat treatmend process as defined by DIN 8580 that changes the property of a material. Where changing a property of a material is definded by: Manufacture by changing the properties of the material from which a workpiece is made; this happens by changes in the submicroscopic or atomic range, e.g. B. by diffusion of atoms, generation and movement of dislocations in the atomic lattice, chemical reactions. Unavoidable changes in shape are not part of the nature of these processes.
is defined by: DIN 8580

FileName
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00029
comment: Name of a file including its suffix, however not the whole FileURI.

PartLocation
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000029
comment: Location of the part within the building volume in additive manufacturing.
is defined by: ISO/ASTM 52900

Dividing
type: Class
subclass of: Separating
comment: To divide something into several pieces.
is defined by: DIN 8588

BuildPlatformTemperature
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00109
comment: Temperature of the BuildPlatform in additive manufacturing 'as supposed'.

PowerConnection
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00169
comment: Connection for electricity / power as infrastructure equipment for the additive manufacturing system.

CoolingWaterConnection
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00169
comment: Connection for cooling water as infrastructure equipment for the additive manufacturing system.

D10
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00010
comment: The portion of particles with diameters smaller than this value is 10%

D50
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00010
comment: The portions of particles with diameters smaller and larger than this value are 50%. Also known as the median diameter.

D90
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00010
comment: The portion of particles with diameters below this value is 90%.

IntendedForHeatTreatment
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000019
comment: A boolean information to indicate whether or not a specimen is intended for Heat Treatment according to DIN8580.

IntendedForTurning
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000019
comment: A boolean information to indicate whether or not a specimen is intended for Turning according to DIN8580.

PartID
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00001
comment: Identifier that describes the Part unequivocally.

PartOrientationOptimizationCriteria
type: Class
subclass of: LPBFPreparationRules
comment: Criteria to be taken into account when optimising the part orientation with regard to building time, expected delay, required support structure an utilisation of the building platform. A decision is finally made by weighting the various criteria.

Part
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00036
comment: Additive manufactured part where a part is a connected material that forms a functional element that can represent an entire product or a section of an intended product.

PartType
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000019
comment: Type of part produced in additive manufacturing that describes the geometry of the part (e.g. "Testteil", "Stäbe", "Bauteil" etc.)

LaserPower
type: Class
subclass of: ProcessParameters
comment: Chosen power of the laser used for the additive manufacturing process.

LaserSpeed
type: Class
subclass of: ProcessParameters
comment: Chosen laser velocity used for the additive manufacturing process.

HatchDistance
type: Class
subclass of: ProcessParameters
comment: Distance between the scan vectors during the additive manufacturing process.

GasConnection
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00169
comment: Connection for inert gas as infrastructure equipment for the additive manufacturing system.

LaserSpot
type: Class
subclass of: ProcessParameters
comment: Diameter of the laser beam used for additive manufacturing.

BuildJobName
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00029
comment: Name / ID of the Build Job.

OxygenContent
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00136
comment: Content of oxygen in AM material or part as weight fraction in percent.

HydrogenContent
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00136
comment: Content of hydrogen in AM material or part as weight fraction in percent.

ProcessMonitoringEquipment
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00170
comment: Any kind of equipment to monitor the additive manufacturing process.

HighspeedPyrometer
type: Class
subclass of: ProcessMonitoringEquipment
comment: A device that from a distance determines the temperature of a surface from the amount of the thermal radiation it emits, measured with high image acquisition rate.

ImageAcquisitionRate
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00010
comment: Frequency of the image acquisition e.g. of a camera or pyrometer.

HeatTreatmentID
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00001
comment: Identification for the type of heat treatment. [T5, T6, none]

MaterialStateID
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00001
comment: Identification or name for material batch or state ID. E.g. "Pulver 1" or "Pulver 2".

AdditiveManufacturingTask
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000015
comment: Task for an LPBF build job with a defined start and end point in time in which the components, the material, the scanning pattern, the exposure-sequence and -strategy with date for receipt and completion participate. The task definition is stored and written inf form in a file.

AdditiveManufacturingTaskID
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00001
comment: Identifier that describes the AdditiveManufacturingTask unequivocally.

FinalizingBuildJobFile
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00235
comment: The preparation process before the actual additive manufacturing process, in which the machine commands for the scanner movement and for the laser are supplemented by the machine commands for the lowering of the platform and for the recoater.

MachineDesignParameter
type: Class
subclass of: ProcessParameters
IAO_0000112: main flow direction and flow rate of the shielding gas
IAO_0000112: velocity of the recoater
comment: Design parameters of the additive machine that influence the manufacturing process and are set by default and cannot be changed by the operator. Examples are as the direction and velocity of the recoater, the main flow direction and the flow rate of the shielding gas, or the type of preheating system etc.

ApplyingExposureOrderOnScanVectors
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00235
comment: This process describes the application of the stored exposure strategy, which also contains rules for up- and down-skin areas and contours, to the scan vectors. For each scan vector, the affiliation to the different areas is determined beforehand so that the rules can be applied. Output of this process is the CNCExposureOrderFile.

CNCExposureOrderFile
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00032
comment: The machine commands for the scanner movement and the laser in the machine individual syntax. This file is output of the preparation process "ApplyingExposureOrderOnScanVectors".

ExposureOrderFile
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00032
comment: A file that contains the knowledge about the additive manufacturing process to be performed. It includes process information and parameters, such as admissible grain fraction, ranges for the beam diameter, laser power, layer thickness and scanning speed depending on the material and the different areas (contour, up-, down-skin, reduced quenching volume). This information might be stored as a process diagram.

TransformingSliceLinesWithStrategyToScanVectors
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00235
comment: This process describes the procedure in which the areas enclosed by the intersection lines are filled with hatch and contour vectors with directional constraints according to the present scan strategy.

ScanVectorsPerLayer
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00024
comment: All scan vectors (hatch, contour) per layer and their Order.

ScanStrategy
type: Class
subclass of: LPBFPreparationRules
comment: The scan strategy is a set of rules according to which the areas bounded by the cut lines per layer are filled with hatch and contour vectors. The set of rules also concerns the order an direction of the vectors, in particular an antiparallel alignment to the protective gas flow. The rules also specify the overlap between the exposure areas and a possible offset of the contour paths to the cut lines.

CalculatingSliceLines
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00235
comment: The calculation of the intersection lines of the component with z=const. planes. The orientation of the plane cutting liens is implemented in such a way that the inner part lies to the left of the line. This information is relevant for the direction in which a possible contour offset is calculated.

OptimizingPartOrientation
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00235
comment: This process concerns an optimal alignment of the part for the LPBF process and is determiend after specifying a weighting depending on the number of layers, the building time, the supports, the expected distortion and how many components can be placed on the platform.

ParticleMorphology
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00011
comment: Characterization of the geometric shape of the particles in a representative way. Their geometric shape can vary from irregular to almost fully spherical with or without satellites. The particle morphology is relevant for the flowability. The particle morphology is relevant for the floability and thus for the homogeneity of the powder layer.

MoistureContent
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00011
comment: The surface of stored powder grains are always covered by adsorbed moisture. In general moisture is detrimental to the flowability of the powder. The value and unit for humidity depends on the measuring method.

Flowability
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00011
comment: Flowability is an umbrella term describing the complex behaviour of powder when it is mobilized. Flowability is not one comprehensive property of bulk powder. The term "flowability" always must relate to equipment and the way in which it was tested. One example of such a test is the so-called avalanche test which allows a statistical analysis and extraction of distribution characteristics of quite a number of different parameters like avalanche angle, surface fractal, volume expansion rate and many more.

PlatformLowering
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00017
comment: Sub-process regarding the lowering the building platform by a predetermined layer height in preparation for the recoating process.

LaserPulseTemporalProfile
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00011
comment: Time-resolved profile of the laser power output for a pulsed laser system.

MinimumSwitchingTimeOfLaser
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00206
comment: Minimum permissible switching time for the laser unit, relevant for on-the-fly strategy.

BuildOrientationEulerAngleRelativeToBuildPlatform
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00010
comment: The Euler angles, named after the Swiss mathematican Leonhard Euler. The set of three angles can be used to describe the orientation (rotational position) of a solid in three dimensional space.

PartCoordinateOnBuildPlatform
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00273
comment: The Cartesian x,y-coordinates on the platform for the x,y-zero point of the rotated part.

IncrementLayerNumber
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00142
comment: Count variable for the current layer of the sliced part.

OperationOfGasGuidance
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00017
comment: Machine settings for shielding gas guidance relating pressure and flow rate an choice of shielding gas.

GasGuidanceSystem
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00170
comment: The gas guidance system ist part of the LPBF system and has adjustment options regarding a flow rate of the inert gas at a given pressure. The extracted gas must be filtered because of the splashes it carries. The filter must be therefore be maitained.

FlowRateOfShieldingGas
type: Class
subclass of: MachineDesignParameter
comment: Adjustable flow rate of inert gas in L/min.

FlowDirectionOfShieldingGas
type: Class
subclass of: MachineDesignParameter
comment: Main flow direction of the shielding gas in relation to the platform coodinate system.

EquipmentCondition
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00006
comment: A condition of use of the technical equipment, which is checked at regular intervals with regard to the machine rounds.

SealingOfBuildSpaceCondition
type: Class
subclass of: EquipmentCondition
comment: Condition of gas sealing of the building chamber, which has a decisive influence on whether gas is drawn from the atmosphere during operation.

ShapingOfLaserBeam
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00017
comment: Optical system to shape the raw laser beam into a specific processing irradiance distribution.

LaserBeam
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000011
comment: LaserBeam represents the spatially resolved normalised power density distribution of laser radiation along the beam direction. The normalisation implies that the integral over the power density distribution in any plane perpendicular to the beam axis yields to 1W. The power density distribution effective in the process zone then results as the product of the normalised power density distribution with th set laser power.

LaserBeamAfterShaping
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000011
comment: This refers to the laser beam as it comes out of the F-Theta optic.

LaserBeamRaw
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000011
comment: This refers to the laser beam as it looks, for example, behind the decoupling fibre, i.e. feore it is fed to the F-Theta optic.

OnOffProfile
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00011
comment: The tiome resolved on/off profile of an cw-laser which is relevant for the on the fly strategy which means that the laser ist switched off at turning point of hatch vectors.

LaserPropagationThroughProtectiveGlass
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00017
comment: The Laser beam must propagate through the protective glass, which protects the scanner unit from splashes and smoke. Depending on the degree of soiling and heating of the protective glass, the laser beam power is reduced an the power density distribution in the process zone.. e.g. the beam diameter, is generally increased.

ProtectiveGlass
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00170
comment: The protective glass protects the f_Theta optic from splashes and smoke. Depending on the degree of contamination, the laser power behind the glass is reduced and the beaam is widened.

LaserIntensity
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00011
comment: Spatially resolved laser beam characterization in plane.

LaserFocusShift
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00010
comment: That is the offset of the beam focus relative to the process plane. Depending on the material and process regime, it is preferable to position the focus above or below the process plane.

LaserIntensityDistributionInTheProcessZone
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00011
comment: Spatially resolved beam distribution in the process plane.

ShiftingOfLaserFocus
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00017
comment: This refers to the machine sub-process with which the focus position of the laser beam is adjusted.

ContourOffset
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00010
comment: Equiaxial offset of the contour lines in both positive and negative terms, with which the cutting lines are offset. For example, cutting lines are offset slightly outwards in the area of functional surfaces in order to generate an oversize for a milling finishing operation.

SliceLinesPerLayerFile
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00032
comment: File that contains slice lines per layer.

RecoaterDirection
type: Class
subclass of: MachineDesignParameter
comment: The direction, in which the recoater moves over the platform given in the coordinate system of the build platform.

SealingOfBuildSpace
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00170
comment: The sealing of build space often consists of rubber seals to hermetically delimit the build space and enclose the inert gas. It protects the build space from entering atmospheric gas.

MixedPowder
type: Class
subclass of: MetalPowder
comment: A mixed powder is a powder that is composed of primary powder and secondary powder.

OperationOfLPBFProcess
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000015
comment: This refers to the operation of the LPBF system. This includes, for example, the preheating, the gas supply, the commissioning of the pyrometer and the layer-by-layer assembly of the component, which itself includes three sub-processes per layer, lowering of the plate, preparation of the powder layer and layer fusion.

AMTaskDataSet
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00024
comment: This refers to all data that comes with the AM task and is already set before starting the preparation of the LPBF process.

LayerFusionProcessDataSet
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00024
comment: The Layer Fusion Process Data Set refers to the data extracted from the building process. This includes, for example, the data recorded with the pyrometers and high-resolution images of the powder layer. PartBuildingInLayers

ExposureStrategy
type: Class
subclass of: LPBFPreparationRules
comment: Contains the instruction in which order, with which power and at which speed the scan vectors are to be processed.

PartBuildingInLayers
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00117
comment: This means the process which itself includes three sub-processes per layer, lowering of the plate, preparation of the powder layer and layer fusion.

OperationOfLPBFProcessDataSet
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00024
comment: These data refers to the process OperationOfLPBFProcess and contains all data that is accumulated during the operation of the LPBF process.

CO2Emission
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00010
comment: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colourless, odourless and non-poisonous gas formed by combustion of carbon and in the respiration of living organisms and is considered a greenhouse gas. Emissions means the release of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors into the atmosphere over a specified area and period of time. Carbon dioxide emissions or CO2 emissions are emissions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement; they include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels as well as gas flaring. The emissions associated to a proces or object that not directly produce CO2 emissions are estimated via Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and describe the CO2-carbon footprint of that entity.

Waste
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000030

LCADataSet
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00024
comment: All the data set regarding the LCA (Life Cycle Analysis).

Coolant
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00132
comment: A substance used to reduce or regulate the temperature of a system.

ElectricalEnergySet
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00086
comment: A set of eletrical energy, which came form various sources of electrical energy.

ElectricalEnergy
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00086
comment: An energy newly derived from electric potential energy.

CompressedAir
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00132
comment: An air kept under a pressure that is greater than atmospheric pressure.

ConsumableSet
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00036
comment: A set of goods with short durability.

PrimaryPowder
type: Class
subclass of: MetalPowder
disjoint with: SecondaryPowder
comment: The primary powder is a new metal powder used for a metal metallurgy process such as the LPBF process.

SecondaryPowder
type: Class
subclass of: MetalPowder
comment: The secondary powder is a kind of recycled metal powder used for metal metallurgy process such as LPBF process.

WasteCoolant
type: Class
subclass of: Waste
comment: A waste coolant is a coolant from an output of a process, which can not be used anymore. It is assumed that the quantity of the waste coolant has the same amount as the coolant input in the same process.

WasteConsumableSet
type: Class
subclass of: Waste
comment: The waste consumable set is the output produced in a process, which can not use again. The quantity of waste consumables is assumed the same as the input of the same process (consumables).

WasteInfrastructureSet
type: Class
subclass of: Waste
comment: The waste infrastructure set is an output produced in a process, which can not use again. The quantity of waste infrastructure is assumed the same as the input of the same process (infrastructure).

WasteThermalEnergy
type: Class
subclass of: Waste
comment: Thermal enegy is defined as a energy which is produced by a machine, or other process that uses energy, as a byproduct of doing work. All such processes give off some waste heat as a fundamental result of the laws of thermodynamics.

ExhaustAir
type: Class
subclass of: Waste
comment: The exhaust (air) is an output produced in a process, which can not use again. The quantity of exhaust (air) is assumed the same as compressed air at the input of the same process.

ExhaustInertGas
type: Class
subclass of: Waste
comment: The exhaust (inert gas) is an output produced in a process, which can not use again. The quantity of exhaust (inert gas) is assumed the same as inert gas at the input of the same process.

PowderLoss
type: Class
subclass of: Waste
comment: The powder loss is the quantity of powder lost (such as when collecting the powder) or exciting somewhere else (such as a filter, a vacuum cleaner).

Unpacking
type: Class
subclass of: PartPostProcessing
comment: A process of removing the specimen from the powder bed in LPBF process.

CollectedPowder
type: Class
subclass of: MetalPowder
comment: The metal powder collected in a process can potentially be recycled again.

Cleaning
type: Class
subclass of: PartPostProcessing
comment: An activity that purifies people, animals and objects of dirt and other particles.

Cooldown
type: Class
subclass of: PartPostProcessing
comment: A process of making the semi-finished product to reduce the temperature until it can use to next process.

WasteSupportStructure
type: Class
subclass of: Waste
comment: Waste support structures is the waste material which is generated by removing the support structures from the main specimen, and it can not use again.

CollectedSupportStructure
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00114
comment: A collection of support structures when removing it from the semi-finished product.

Machining
type: Class
subclass of: PartPostProcessing
comment: Machining is a process in which a material (often metal) is cut to a desired final shape and size by a controlled material-removal process.

WasteMetalSwarf
type: Class
subclass of: Waste
comment: Metal swarf are pieces of metal that are the debris or waste resulting from machining (e.g. turning, milling and drilling) or similar subtractive (material-removing) manufacturing processes.

SurfaceTreatment
type: Class
subclass of: PartPostProcessing
comment: Range of processes that alter the surface of an item to achieve a certain property.

AbrasiveMaterial
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000027
comment: An abrasive material is a material for abrasive blasting of the surface treatment. For example, the most common material in the abrasive blasting process is sand.

WasteAbrasiveMaterial
type: Class
subclass of: Waste
comment: The waste abrasive material is a material that can not be recycled or may have residual left elsewhere in the abrasive blasting process.

Recoating
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00017
comment: The sub-process per layer in which a new owder layer is applied with a slider.

OptoGalvoSystem
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00170
comment: OptoGalvoSystem is a synonym for a beam shaping system an a movement unit for the laser beam. This usually involves F-Theta optic an a galvano scanner system for positioning the beam focus in the platform plane.

GeometricData
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00235
comment: Geometry data generated in the CAX sub-process of building job preparation.

LPBFPreparationRules
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00008
comment: General rules used in data preparation and processing for the LPBF building job.

LayerFusion
type: Class
subclass of: BWMD_00017
comment: The sub-process of moving the laser focus along the hatch and contour vectors for that layer according to the specified scanning speed, laser power and focus position.

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