Describes manufacturing processes with engineered participants. The module also provides a root for engineered materials.
Manufacturing
Contacts: Gerhard Goldbeck Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com Emanuele Ghedini University of Bologna (IT) email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
hasManufacturedOutput
hasProductOutput
hasServiceOutput
A product that is manufactured or refined and ready for commercialization.
Product
CommercialProduct
A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled.
IndustrialPlant
Factory
From Latin factor, from fact- ‘done’, from the verb facere (to do).
A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.
SupplyChain
IntangibleProduct
Service
A system arranged to setup a specific manufacturing process.
ManufacturingSystem
HandlingDevice
A network of objects that implements a production process through a series of interconnected elements.
ProductionSystem
InspectionDevice
An object which is instrumental for reaching a particular purpose through its characteristic functioning process, with particular reference to mechanical or electronic equipment.
Equipment
Machine
Device
From French équipement, from équiper ‘equip’.
From Latin māchina (“a machine, engine, contrivance, device, stratagem, trick”), from Doric Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhanā́), cognate with Attic Greek μηχᾰνή (mēkhanḗ, “a machine, engine, contrivance, device”), from which comes mechanical.
From Old French "deviser", meaning: arrange, plan, contrive. Literally "dispose in portions," from Vulgar Latin "divisare", frequentative of Latin dividere, meaning "to divide".
A group of machineries used to process a group of similar parts.
Is not simply a collection of machineries, since the connection between them is due to the parallel flow of processed parts that comes from a unique source and ends into a common repository.
MachineCell
A system of independent elements that are assembled together to perform a function.
Assembled
An object that enables or facilitate an agent in the execution of a process that modifies the surrounding environment.
Tool
Old English tōl, from a Germanic base meaning ‘prepare’.
A manufacturing process whose product is the result of the combination of more substances.
Synthesis of materials, the preparation of a cake.
ContinuumManufacturing
The overall lifetime of an holistic that has been the output of an intentional process.
This concepts encompass the overall lifetime of a product. Is temporaly fundamental, meaning that it can have other products as holistic spatial parts, but its holistic temporal parts are not products. In other words, the individual must encompass the whole lifetime from creation to disposal. A product can be a tangible object (e.g. a manufactured object), a process (e.g. service). It can be the outcome of a natural or an artificially driven process. It must have and initial stage of its life that is also an outcome of a intentional process.
Output
From Latin productum ‘something produced’, derived from Latin producere, from pro- ‘forward’ + ducere ‘to lead’.
A device that is designed to participate to a manufacturing process.
ManufacturingDevice
An object that has been designed and manufactured for a particular purpose.
Car, tire, composite material.
Artifact
Engineered
TangibleProduct
Manufactured
From late Latin tangibilis, from tangere ‘to touch’.
From Latin manufacture: "made by hand".
From Latin arte ‘by or using art’ + factum ‘something made’.
From Latin ingenium "innate qualities, ability; inborn character," in Late Latin "a war engine, battering ram"; literally "that which is inborn," from in- ("in") + gignere ("give birth, beget").
A manufacturing process aimed to the production of a device made of specific components.
Assemblying a bicycle, building a car.
DiscreteManufacturing
The act of connecting together the parts of something
Assemblying
From Old French asembler, based on Latin ad- ‘to’ + simul ‘together’.
TransportationDevice
The process of transforming an precursor object (e.g. raw materials) into a product by the use of manual labor, machinery or chemical/biological processes.
Project
The agent that participates and drives a manufacturing process.
Manufacturer
A manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product.
It is not collection, since the connection between the elements of an assembly line occurs through the flow of objects that are processed.
AssemblyLine
A material that is obtained through a manufacturing process.
EngineeredMaterial
ProcessedMaterial
ManufacturedMaterial
AdditiveManufacturing
Ongoing discussion on how to categorize additive Manufacturing in DIN 8580 currently often considered as a primary shaping process.
Annealing
Annealing is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to increase ist ductility and reduce ist hardness, making it more workable. It involves heating a material above ist recrystallization temperature, maintaining a suitable temperature for an appropriate amount of time and then cooling.
Assembly
Bending
BendingJoining
BladeCoating
BlowMolding
Brazing
BridgmanProcess
Bulging
Buoyancy
Calendering
Carburizing
CentrifugalCasting
Centrifugation
ChemicalNickel
ChemicalVapourDeposition
ChipBoardManufacture
Chromating
Cladding
Cleaning
CoatingProcess
coating process in DIN 8580 are categorized according to the type of material being deposited: from gas phase from liquid phase from solution from solid phase
ColdForming
CollarPulling
Compaction
the term pressing often is used alternatively, but conflicts with the name of a forming process
Contacting
placing two parts in such a way that theay are in contact with each other
ContinuousCasting
CrystalGrowth
Curing
CurtainCasting
Cutting
Cutting is manufacturing by removal of material (DIN 8580; CIRP Dictionary 2004). Particles of material, the chips, are mechanically removed from the raw material or from an unfinished part by cutting edges of a tool. The tool has one or several cutting edges, which can be geometrically defined by number, shape, and position (cutting by geometrically defined cutting edges), whereas in abrasive processes the separation of chips takes place by numerous cutting edges which have to be statistically described and which are randomly distributed inside the tool (cutting by geometrically undefined cutting edges).
CzochralskiProcess
DeepDrawing
Deepening
DefinedCuttingEdge
DepositionSoldering
DepositionWelding
DieCasting
DieForging
DipCoating
DipPainting
DirectionalSolidification
Disassembly
Drilling
ElectroPlating
Electrolysis
ElectronBeamCutting
Embossing
EnamelCoating
Etching
ExplosionForming
Extrusion
Extrusion of plastics see PlasticExtrusion as a primary shaping process
FiberBoardManufacture
Filling
Filtering
Flanging
FluidizedBedCoating
Foaming
Folding
FormingProcess
Forming processes are categorized in Pressure Forming (DIN 8583) TensilePressureForming(DIN 8584) TensileForming (DIN 8585) Bending (DIN 8586) ShearForming (DIN8587)
FreeBending
FreeForming
Freezing
FrictionWelding
FromFibrousState
FromGasPhase
FromIonizedState
FromLiquidState
FromPlasticState
FromPowderState
FromSlurry
Galvanizing
GasPhaseCoating
Gluing
GraftingProcess
GravityCasting
Grinding
Grinding is a type of abrasive machining process which uses grinding wheel as cutting tool. Grinding is a subset of cutting, as grinding is a true metal-cutting process.
Hanging
HeatTreatment
Heat treatment is the process of heating metal without letting it reach its molten, or melting, stage, and then cooling the metal in a controlled way to select desired mechanical properties.
HighPressureDieCasting
HotDipping
HotForging
ColdForging
SheetForming
Impregnation
InOnPressing
InPressing
IncrementalForming
Infiltration
InjectionMolding
Inserting
InternalPressureForming
InvestmentCasting
JoiningByForming
JoiningProcess
Knitting
LaserCutting
LiquidPhaseCoating
Painting or coloring paint spin coating spray painting thermal spraying plasticizing Dip painting (anodic or cathodic) hot dipping Enamel Slot die coating blade coating dip coating spray roll coating Multiple coating by cascade or curtain casting Water Transfer Printing
LiquidPhaseJoining
LiquidThermalSpraying
LostWaxProcess
LowPressureCasting
LusterSud
Machining
The following two groups are combined in practice and specialist literature for machining. They are based on the mechanical removal of parts from a workpiece in the form of shapeless material (chips). It is the main group of "separation". 3.2 Machining with a geometrically defined cutting edge (DIN 8589-0): turning, milling, drilling and others. 3.3 Machining with a geometrically undefined cutting edge (DIN 8589-0): especially grinding
Machining is a process in which a material (often metal) is cut to a desired final shape and size by a controlled material-removal process. The processes that have this common theme are collectively called subtractive manufacturing.
MagneticFieldForming
Magnetising
MechanicalGalvanizing
MeltAtomisation
MeltSpinning
Milling
Milling is the process of machining using rotary cutters to remove material by advancing a cutter into a workpiece. This may be done varying direction on one or several axes, cutter head speed, and pressure.
MoldElectrolyticDeposition
MoldVapourPhaseDeposition
Molds
Nailing
Nitriding
Painting
PaperManufacture
Phosphating
PhotoChemicalExposure
properties change processes includes the following groups and subgroups: [1] Hardening by forming: hardening blasting DIN 8200, hardening by rolling, hardening by pulling, hardening by forging Heat treatment (DIN EN 10052): annealing, hardening, isothermal conversion, tempering and aging, tempering, freezing, thermochemical treatment (e.g. nitriding), precipitation hardening Thermomechanical treatment: austenite form hardening, hot isostatic post-compression Sintering and burning Magnetize Radiation Exposure Photochemical processes: exposure
PhysicalVapourDeposition
PlasticsExtrusion
Polymerization
Pouring
PowderCoating
PrecipitationHardening
Pressing
PressureForming
Pressure forming according to DIN 8583 Forming in the presence of pressure. Almost all subgroups are of great importance. [10] Rolling between two or more rotating tools, the rolls. It is used to manufacture plates, sheets, foils, screws, steel pipes. Freeforming (including freeforming): Forming with tools that do not contain the shape to be produced. It is often used as a preliminary stage for drop forging, is very flexible but rather unproductive and suitable for very large workpieces and small series. Die forming (also die forging), forming with tools that contain the shape to be produced at least partially as a negative. Is mainly used in series production, for example for various parts in the drive of vehicles. It is very productive but not very flexible. Pressing in, pressing tools close to the surface. Is of little importance. Pushing through, this includes the important processes of intrusion and extrusion that are used for series parts and construction profiles, and the comparatively insignificant rejuvenation.
PrimaryShaping
Primary Shaping is the first main group of manufacturing processes according to DIN 8580. This main group is divided into the following seven subgroups: [2] Group 1.1: primary shaping from the liquid state (e.g. molten metal) 1.1.1 Gravity casting 1.1.2 Die casting 1.1.3 Low pressure casting 1.1.4 Centrifugal casting 1.1.5 Continuous casting 1.1.6 foaming 1.1.7 Diving forms 1.1.8 Original forms of fiber-reinforced plastics (low pressure process) 1.1.9 CrystalGrowth Group 1.2: archetypes from the plastic state (e.g. polymer melt) 1.2.1 molds 1.2.2 Injection molding 1.2.3 Injection molding 1.2.4 Extrusion (extrusion) 1.2.5 Drawing forms 1.2.6 Calendering 1.2.7 Blow molding 1.2.8 Modeling Group 1.3: archetypal forms (e.g. ceramic slip) 1.3.1 Pouring concrete, plaster 1.3.2 Casting porcelain, ceramics (see slip casting) Group 1.4: Primary forms from the granular or powdery state (sintering which is suitable for metal powder and ceramics and which is assigned to archetypes in specialist literature and practice is assigned to the main group changing material properties in DIN 8580ff.) 1.4.1 Presses 1.4.2 Sand molds 1.4.2 Original forms by thermal spraying Group 1.5: archetypes from the chip or fibrous state 1.5.1 Manufacture of chipboard 1.5.2 Manufacture of fiberboard 1.5.3 Manufacture of paper and cardboard Group 1.6: (not applicable) Group 1.7: (not applicable) Group 1.8: archetypes from the gaseous or vaporous state 1.8.1 Deposition from the vapor phase in one mold (single process) Group 1.9: archetypes from the ionized state 1.9.1 Electrolytic deposition in a mold
PropertyChangeProcess
Pulling
Punching
Pyrolysis
RadiationExposure
Removal
Riveting
RollCoating
Rolling
SandCasting
SandForming
ScreenPrinting
Screwing
Sedimentation
SelfAssembly
SeparationProcess
SeparationProcessFluids
Separation of systems containing mre than one phase one of which is a fluid
SeparationProcessSolids
rdfs:comment "In the classification of manufacturing processes according to DIN 8580, \"separating\" forms the 3rd main group: The DIN order number of the individual separation processes begins with 3. [1] 3.1 Cutting (DIN 8588): Separating material parts without creating formless material (chips, powder or the like) by mechanical means. The most important group is shear cutting (punching). The following two groups are combined in practice and specialist literature for machining. They are based on the mechanical removal of parts from a workpiece in the form of shapeless material (chips). It is the main group of separation. 3.2 Machining with a geometrically defined cutting edge (DIN 8589-0): turning, milling, drilling and others. 3.3 Machining with a geometrically undefined cutting edge (DIN 8589-0): especially grinding 3.4 Removal (DIN 8590): Based on the removal of particles in a non-mechanical way, such as thermally or chemically, with the production of formless material. These include flame cutting, plasma fusion cutting, spark eroding and others. 3.5 Disassembly (DIN 8591) 3.6 Cleaning (DIN 8592)"
ShapingThermalSpraying
ShearCutting
ShearForming
Shearing
With straight tool movement. Used to manufacture the cranks on crankshafts.
Sieving
Sintering
SlipCasting
SolGelCoating
Soldering
SolidPhaseCoating
Thermal spraying powder coating solder coating Plasma arc welding Cladding fluidized bed
SolutionPhaseCoating
Electroplate chromate galvanize phosphating Tin Sol-Gel Chemical nickel Lüstersud mechanical galvanizing
SprayPainting
Spraying
StretchForming
SwivelBending
Tempering
TemperingAging
TensileForming
Tensile forming according to DIN 8585 Reshaping under the prevailing tensile load; Subgroups: [12] Lengths, for example extending rods or sheets. Widening, for example expanding hollow bodies Depths, for example hollow embossing of vehicle signs
TensilePressureForming
Tensile pressure forming according to DIN 8584 Forming with simultaneous stress due to tensile and compressive loads of different directions of action; Subgroups: [11] Pulling Raw parts through hollow tools. The workpieces become narrower and longer. Used for the production of wire, tubes and profiles Thermoforming By far the most important process in the group. Here flat sheets are drawn in hollow forms. It is used to manufacture various hollow bodies, including beverage cans, body parts or helmets. Pressing Here, hollow plates, such as saucepans, are produced from flat sheet metal. The shape of the workpieces is controlled by the tool movement. Therefore, compared to deep drawing, pressing is more flexible but less productive. Collar pulling is used to widen openings in flat sheets and to flare. Knuckle belly is used to bulge hollow bodies Internal high pressure forming is the forming of hollow bodies by building up pressure inside. Sometimes also as explosive forming. Deep drawing, blank (red) Deep drawing, finished part Component made by pulling the collar
TextileJoining
ThermalSpraying
ThermoForming
ThermochemicalTreatment
ThermomechanicalTreatment
ThroughPushing
Tinning
Turning
Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit, describes a helix toolpath by moving more or less linearly while the workpiece rotates.
Twisting
Twisting: With rotating tool movement. Is used to manufacture drills, propellers.
UndefinedCuttingEdge
VerneuilProcess
VerticalGradientFreeze
WarmForming
WaterTransferPrinting
Weaving
Welding
Widening
WithLostModel
WithPermanentModel
Hardening is a metalurgical metalworking process used to increase the hardness of a metal. It requires heating the material above a certain temperature and quenchening it afterwards.
Hardening
Austenitising describes the process of heating a steel above the austenitizing temperature (GSE line in the iron carbon diagram). This process changes the lattice structure from a body centered cubic structure (BCC) to a face centered cubic structure (FCC), allowing a martensitic transformation via quenching.
BulkHardening
BainiteHardening
Induction hardening is a type of surface hardening in which a metal part is induction-heated and then quenched. The quenched metal undergoes a martensitic transformation, increasing the hardness and brittleness of the part. Induction hardening is used to selectively harden areas of a part or assembly without affecting the properties of the part as a whole.
InductionHardening
MartensiteHardening
PearliteHardening
Quenching after austenitizing is used to suppress the normal breakdown of austenite into ferrite and cementite, and to cause a partial decomposition at such a low temperature to produce martensite. To obtain this, steel requires a critical cooling velocity, which is greatly reduced by the presence of alloying elements, which therefore cause hardening with mild quenching (e.g. oil and hardening steels).
Quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, oil or air in order to obtain certain material properties. It is most commonly used to harden steel by inducing a martensite transformation. Tempering is a heat treatment technique applied to ferrous alloys, such as steel or cast iron, to achieve greater tougness by decreasing the hardness of the alloy. The reduction in hardness is usually accompanied by an increase in ductility, thereby decreasing the brittleness of the metal. It is usually applied after quenching.
QuenchingAndTempering
Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness of iron-based alloys. Tempering is usually performed after hardening, to reduce some of the excess hardness, and is done by heating the metal to some temperature below the critical point for a certain period of time, then allowing it to cool in still air.
SurfaceHardening
Surface hardening (or case-hardening) is the process of hardening the surface of a metal object while allowing the metal deeper underneath to remain soft, thus forming a thin layer of harder metal at the surface. This creates a hardness profile across the cross section of the material. In the end, increased hardness at the surface is combined with a ductile core, which prevents the material from becoming brittle.
CaseHardening
Nitration
Nitrocarburizing