Manufacturing
type: Ontology
imports: top
imports: holistic
imports: persistence
imports: persholistic
imports: materials
abstract: Describes manufacturing processes with engineered participants. The module also provides a root for engineered materials.
contributor: Access, DE
contributor: Fraunhofer IWM, DE
contributor: Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
contributor: SINTEF, NO
contributor: University of Bologna, IT
creator: Adham Hashibon
creator: Daniele Toti
creator: Emanuele Ghedini
creator: Georg Schmitz
creator: Gerhard Goldbeck
creator: Jesper Friis
creator: Pierluigi Del Nostro
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
publisher: EMMC ASBL
comment: Contacts: Gerhard Goldbeck Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com Emanuele Ghedini University of Bologna (IT) email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
comment: The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
version info: 1.0.0-beta3

hasManufacturedOutput
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasProductOutput
range: Manufactured

hasProductOutput
type: ObjectProperty
range: Product

hasServiceOutput
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasProductOutput
range: Service

CommercialProduct
type: Class
subclass of: Product
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A product that is manufactured or refined and ready for commercialization.
alternative label: Product

Factory
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled.
alternative label: IndustrialPlant

Axiom
annotated source: Factory
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Factory
EMMO 705f27ae 954c 4f13 98aa 18473fc52b25: From Latin factor, from fact- ‘done’, from the verb facere (to do).

SupplyChain
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.

Axiom
annotated source: SupplyChain
annotated target: A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.
EMMO c84c6752 6d64 48cc 9500 e54a3c34898d: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain

Service
type: Class
subclass of: Product
alternative label: IntangibleProduct

ManufacturingSystem
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A system arranged to setup a specific manufacturing process.

HandlingDevice
type: Class
subclass of: Device

ProductionSystem
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A network of objects that implements a production process through a series of interconnected elements.

InspectionDevice
type: Class
subclass of: Device

Device
type: Class
subclass of: Manufactured
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: An object which is instrumental for reaching a particular purpose through its characteristic functioning process, with particular reference to mechanical or electronic equipment.
alternative label: Equipment
alternative label: Machine

Axiom
annotated source: Device
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Equipment
EMMO 705f27ae 954c 4f13 98aa 18473fc52b25: From French équipement, from équiper ‘equip’.

Axiom
annotated source: Device
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Machine
EMMO 705f27ae 954c 4f13 98aa 18473fc52b25: From Latin māchina (“a machine, engine, contrivance, device, stratagem, trick”), from Doric Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhanā́), cognate with Attic Greek μηχᾰνή (mēkhanḗ, “a machine, engine, contrivance, device”), from which comes mechanical.

Axiom
annotated source: Device
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Device
EMMO 705f27ae 954c 4f13 98aa 18473fc52b25: From Old French "deviser", meaning: arrange, plan, contrive. Literally "dispose in portions," from Vulgar Latin "divisare", frequentative of Latin dividere, meaning "to divide".

MachineCell
type: Class
subclass of: ManufacturingSystem
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A group of machineries used to process a group of similar parts.
comment: Is not simply a collection of machineries, since the connection between them is due to the parallel flow of processed parts that comes from a unique source and ends into a common repository.

Assembled
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A system of independent elements that are assembled together to perform a function.

Tool
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: An object that enables or facilitate an agent in the execution of a process that modifies the surrounding environment.

Axiom
annotated source: Tool
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Tool
EMMO 705f27ae 954c 4f13 98aa 18473fc52b25: Old English tōl, from a Germanic base meaning ‘prepare’.

ContinuumManufacturing
type: Class
subclass of: Manufacturing
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A manufacturing process whose product is the result of the combination of more substances.
EMMO b432d2d5 25f4 4165 99c5 5935a7763c1a: Synthesis of materials, the preparation of a cake.

Product
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The overall lifetime of an holistic that has been the output of an intentional process.
comment: This concepts encompass the overall lifetime of a product. Is temporaly fundamental, meaning that it can have other products as holistic spatial parts, but its holistic temporal parts are not products. In other words, the individual must encompass the whole lifetime from creation to disposal. A product can be a tangible object (e.g. a manufactured object), a process (e.g. service). It can be the outcome of a natural or an artificially driven process. It must have and initial stage of its life that is also an outcome of a intentional process.
alternative label: Output

Axiom
annotated source: Product
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Product
EMMO 705f27ae 954c 4f13 98aa 18473fc52b25: From Latin productum ‘something produced’, derived from Latin producere, from pro- ‘forward’ + ducere ‘to lead’.

ManufacturingDevice
type: Class
subclass of: Device
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A device that is designed to participate to a manufacturing process.

Manufactured
type: Class
subclass of: Product
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: An object that has been designed and manufactured for a particular purpose.
EMMO b432d2d5 25f4 4165 99c5 5935a7763c1a: Car, tire, composite material.
alternative label: Artifact
alternative label: Engineered
alternative label: TangibleProduct

Axiom
annotated source: Manufactured
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: TangibleProduct
EMMO 705f27ae 954c 4f13 98aa 18473fc52b25: From late Latin tangibilis, from tangere ‘to touch’.

Axiom
annotated source: Manufactured
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Manufactured
EMMO 705f27ae 954c 4f13 98aa 18473fc52b25: From Latin manufacture: "made by hand".

Axiom
annotated source: Manufactured
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Artifact
EMMO 705f27ae 954c 4f13 98aa 18473fc52b25: From Latin arte ‘by or using art’ + factum ‘something made’.

Axiom
annotated source: Manufactured
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Engineered
EMMO 705f27ae 954c 4f13 98aa 18473fc52b25: From Latin ingenium "innate qualities, ability; inborn character," in Late Latin "a war engine, battering ram"; literally "that which is inborn," from in- ("in") + gignere ("give birth, beget").

DiscreteManufacturing
type: Class
subclass of: Manufacturing
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A manufacturing process aimed to the production of a device made of specific components.
EMMO b432d2d5 25f4 4165 99c5 5935a7763c1a: Assemblying a bicycle, building a car.

Assemblying
type: Class
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The act of connecting together the parts of something

Axiom
annotated source: Assemblying
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Assemblying
EMMO 705f27ae 954c 4f13 98aa 18473fc52b25: From Old French asembler, based on Latin ad- ‘to’ + simul ‘together’.

TransportationDevice
type: Class
subclass of: Device

Manufacturing
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Manufactured
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Manufacturer
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Product
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The process of transforming an precursor object (e.g. raw materials) into a product by the use of manual labor, machinery or chemical/biological processes.

Axiom
annotated source: Manufacturing
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Manufacturing
EMMO 705f27ae 954c 4f13 98aa 18473fc52b25: From Latin manufacture: "made by hand".

http://emmo.info/emmo#EMMO_bafc17b5_9be4_4823_8bbe_ab4e90b6738c
alternative label: Project

Manufacturer
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Manufacturing
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: The agent that participates and drives a manufacturing process.

AssemblyLine
type: Class
subclass of: ManufacturingSystem
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product.
comment: It is not collection, since the connection between the elements of an assembly line occurs through the flow of objects that are processed.

ManufacturedMaterial
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Material
  intersection of: Manufactured
EMMO 967080e5 2f42 4eb2 a3a9 c58143e835f9: A material that is obtained through a manufacturing process.
alternative label: EngineeredMaterial
alternative label: ProcessedMaterial

AdditiveManufacturing
type: Class
subclass of: PrimaryShaping
comment: Ongoing discussion on how to categorize additive Manufacturing in DIN 8580 currently often considered as a primary shaping process.

Annealing
type: Class
subclass of: HeatTreatment
comment: Annealing is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to increase ist ductility and reduce ist hardness, making it more workable. It involves heating a material above ist recrystallization temperature, maintaining a suitable temperature for an appropriate amount of time and then cooling.

Assembly
type: Class
subclass of: JoiningProcess

Bending
type: Class
subclass of: FormingProcess

BendingJoining
type: Class
subclass of: JoiningByForming

BladeCoating
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidPhaseCoating

BlowMolding
type: Class
subclass of: FromPlasticState

Brazing
type: Class
subclass of: Soldering

BridgmanProcess
type: Class
subclass of: CrystalGrowth

Bulging
type: Class
subclass of: TensilePressureForming

Buoyancy
type: Class
subclass of: SeparationProcessFluids

Calendering
type: Class
subclass of: FromPlasticState

Carburizing
type: Class
subclass of: ThermochemicalTreatment

CentrifugalCasting
type: Class
subclass of: FromLiquidState

Centrifugation
type: Class
subclass of: SeparationProcessFluids

ChemicalNickel
type: Class
subclass of: SolutionPhaseCoating

ChemicalVapourDeposition
type: Class
subclass of: GasPhaseCoating

ChipBoardManufacture
type: Class
subclass of: FromFibrousState

Chromating
type: Class
subclass of: SolutionPhaseCoating

Cladding
type: Class
subclass of: SolidPhaseCoating

Cleaning
type: Class
subclass of: SeparationProcessSolids

CoatingProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Manufacturing
comment: Group 5 in DIN 8580
comment: coating process in DIN 8580 are categorized according to the type of material being deposited: from gas phase from liquid phase from solution from solid phase

ColdForming
type: Class
subclass of: ThermoForming

CollarPulling
type: Class
subclass of: TensilePressureForming

Compaction
type: Class
subclass of: FromPowderState
comment: the term pressing often is used alternatively, but conflicts with the name of a forming process

Contacting
type: Class
subclass of: Assembly
comment: placing two parts in such a way that theay are in contact with each other

ContinuousCasting
type: Class
subclass of: FromLiquidState

CrystalGrowth
type: Class
subclass of: FromLiquidState

Curing
type: Class
subclass of: FromPlasticState

CurtainCasting
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidPhaseCoating

Cutting
type: Class
subclass of: Machining
comment: Cutting is manufacturing by removal of material (DIN 8580; CIRP Dictionary 2004). Particles of material, the chips, are mechanically removed from the raw material or from an unfinished part by cutting edges of a tool. The tool has one or several cutting edges, which can be geometrically defined by number, shape, and position (cutting by geometrically defined cutting edges), whereas in abrasive processes the separation of chips takes place by numerous cutting edges which have to be statistically described and which are randomly distributed inside the tool (cutting by geometrically undefined cutting edges).

CzochralskiProcess
type: Class
subclass of: CrystalGrowth

DeepDrawing
type: Class
subclass of: TensilePressureForming

Deepening
type: Class
subclass of: TensileForming

DefinedCuttingEdge
type: Class
subclass of: Machining

DepositionSoldering
type: Class
subclass of: SolidPhaseCoating

DepositionWelding
type: Class
subclass of: SolidPhaseCoating

DieCasting
type: Class
subclass of: FromLiquidState

DieForging
type: Class
subclass of: PressureForming

DipCoating
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidPhaseCoating

DipPainting
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidPhaseCoating

DirectionalSolidification
type: Class
subclass of: FromLiquidState

Disassembly
type: Class
subclass of: SeparationProcessSolids

Drilling
type: Class
subclass of: DefinedCuttingEdge

ElectroPlating
type: Class
subclass of: SolutionPhaseCoating

Electrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: SeparationProcessFluids

ElectronBeamCutting
type: Class
subclass of: Cutting

Embossing
type: Class
subclass of: Deepening

EnamelCoating
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidPhaseCoating

Etching
type: Class
subclass of: SeparationProcessSolids

ExplosionForming
type: Class
subclass of: InternalPressureForming

Extrusion
type: Class
subclass of: ThroughPushing
comment: Extrusion of plastics see PlasticExtrusion as a primary shaping process

FiberBoardManufacture
type: Class
subclass of: FromFibrousState

Filling
type: Class
subclass of: JoiningProcess

Filtering
type: Class
subclass of: SeparationProcessFluids

Flanging
type: Class
subclass of: JoiningByForming

FluidizedBedCoating
type: Class
subclass of: SolidPhaseCoating

Foaming
type: Class
subclass of: FromLiquidState

Folding
type: Class
subclass of: JoiningByForming

FormingProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Manufacturing
comment: Forming processes are categorized in Pressure Forming (DIN 8583) TensilePressureForming(DIN 8584) TensileForming (DIN 8585) Bending (DIN 8586) ShearForming (DIN8587)
comment: Group 2 in DIN 8580

FreeBending
type: Class
subclass of: Bending
comment: linear motion of bending tool

FreeForming
type: Class
subclass of: PressureForming

Freezing
type: Class
subclass of: HeatTreatment

FrictionWelding
type: Class
subclass of: InOnPressing

FromFibrousState
type: Class
subclass of: PrimaryShaping

FromGasPhase
type: Class
subclass of: PrimaryShaping

FromIonizedState
type: Class
subclass of: PrimaryShaping

FromLiquidState
type: Class
subclass of: PrimaryShaping

FromPlasticState
type: Class
subclass of: PrimaryShaping

FromPowderState
type: Class
subclass of: PrimaryShaping

FromSlurry
type: Class
subclass of: PrimaryShaping

Galvanizing
type: Class
subclass of: SolutionPhaseCoating

GasPhaseCoating
type: Class
subclass of: CoatingProcess

Gluing
type: Class
subclass of: JoiningProcess

GraftingProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Manufacturing

GravityCasting
type: Class
subclass of: FromLiquidState

Grinding
type: Class
subclass of: UndefinedCuttingEdge
comment: Grinding is a type of abrasive machining process which uses grinding wheel as cutting tool. Grinding is a subset of cutting, as grinding is a true metal-cutting process.

Hanging
type: Class
subclass of: Assembly

HeatTreatment
type: Class
subclass of: PropertyChangeProcess
comment: Heat treatment is the process of heating metal without letting it reach its molten, or melting, stage, and then cooling the metal in a controlled way to select desired mechanical properties.

HighPressureDieCasting
type: Class
subclass of: DieCasting

HotDipping
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidPhaseCoating

HotForging
type: Class
subclass of: PressureForming

ColdForging
type: Class
subclass of: PressureForming

SheetForming
type: Class
subclass of: PressureForming

Impregnation
type: Class
subclass of: Filling

InOnPressing
type: Class
subclass of: JoiningProcess

InPressing
type: Class
subclass of: PressureForming

IncrementalForming
type: Class
subclass of: PressureForming

Infiltration
type: Class
subclass of: Filling
subclass of: FromLiquidState

InjectionMolding
type: Class
subclass of: FromPlasticState

Inserting
type: Class
subclass of: Assembly

InternalPressureForming
type: Class
subclass of: TensilePressureForming

InvestmentCasting
type: Class
subclass of: FromLiquidState

JoiningByForming
type: Class
subclass of: JoiningProcess

JoiningProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Manufacturing
comment: Group 4 in DIN 8580

Knitting
type: Class
subclass of: TextileJoining

LaserCutting
type: Class
subclass of: Cutting

LiquidPhaseCoating
type: Class
subclass of: CoatingProcess
comment: Painting or coloring paint spin coating spray painting thermal spraying plasticizing Dip painting (anodic or cathodic) hot dipping Enamel Slot die coating blade coating dip coating spray roll coating Multiple coating by cascade or curtain casting Water Transfer Printing

LiquidPhaseJoining
type: Class
subclass of: JoiningProcess

LiquidThermalSpraying
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidPhaseCoating

LostWaxProcess
type: Class
subclass of: FromSlurry

LowPressureCasting
type: Class
subclass of: FromLiquidState

LusterSud
type: Class
subclass of: SolutionPhaseCoating

Machining
type: Class
subclass of: SeparationProcessSolids
comment: The following two groups are combined in practice and specialist literature for machining. They are based on the mechanical removal of parts from a workpiece in the form of shapeless material (chips). It is the main group of "separation". 3.2 Machining with a geometrically defined cutting edge (DIN 8589-0): turning, milling, drilling and others. 3.3 Machining with a geometrically undefined cutting edge (DIN 8589-0): especially grinding
comment: Machining is a process in which a material (often metal) is cut to a desired final shape and size by a controlled material-removal process. The processes that have this common theme are collectively called subtractive manufacturing.

MagneticFieldForming
type: Class
subclass of: FormingProcess

Magnetising
type: Class
subclass of: PropertyChangeProcess

MechanicalGalvanizing
type: Class
subclass of: SolutionPhaseCoating

MeltAtomisation
type: Class
subclass of: FromLiquidState

MeltSpinning
type: Class
subclass of: FromLiquidState

Milling
type: Class
subclass of: DefinedCuttingEdge
comment: Milling is the process of machining using rotary cutters to remove material by advancing a cutter into a workpiece. This may be done varying direction on one or several axes, cutter head speed, and pressure.

MoldElectrolyticDeposition
type: Class
subclass of: FromIonizedState

MoldVapourPhaseDeposition
type: Class
subclass of: FromGasPhase

Molds
type: Class
subclass of: FromPlasticState

Nailing
type: Class
subclass of: InOnPressing

Nitriding
type: Class
subclass of: ThermochemicalTreatment

Painting
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidPhaseCoating

PaperManufacture
type: Class
subclass of: FromFibrousState

Phosphating
type: Class
subclass of: SolutionPhaseCoating

PhotoChemicalExposure
type: Class
subclass of: PropertyChangeProcess
comment: properties change processes includes the following groups and subgroups: [1] Hardening by forming: hardening blasting DIN 8200, hardening by rolling, hardening by pulling, hardening by forging Heat treatment (DIN EN 10052): annealing, hardening, isothermal conversion, tempering and aging, tempering, freezing, thermochemical treatment (e.g. nitriding), precipitation hardening Thermomechanical treatment: austenite form hardening, hot isostatic post-compression Sintering and burning Magnetize Radiation Exposure Photochemical processes: exposure

PhysicalVapourDeposition
type: Class
subclass of: GasPhaseCoating

PlasticsExtrusion
type: Class
subclass of: FromPlasticState

Polymerization
type: Class
subclass of: Curing

Pouring
type: Class
subclass of: FromSlurry

PowderCoating
type: Class
subclass of: SolidPhaseCoating

PrecipitationHardening
type: Class
subclass of: BulkHardening

Pressing
type: Class
subclass of: TensilePressureForming

PressureForming
type: Class
subclass of: FormingProcess
comment: Pressure forming according to DIN 8583 Forming in the presence of pressure. Almost all subgroups are of great importance. [10] Rolling between two or more rotating tools, the rolls. It is used to manufacture plates, sheets, foils, screws, steel pipes. Freeforming (including freeforming): Forming with tools that do not contain the shape to be produced. It is often used as a preliminary stage for drop forging, is very flexible but rather unproductive and suitable for very large workpieces and small series. Die forming (also die forging), forming with tools that contain the shape to be produced at least partially as a negative. Is mainly used in series production, for example for various parts in the drive of vehicles. It is very productive but not very flexible. Pressing in, pressing tools close to the surface. Is of little importance. Pushing through, this includes the important processes of intrusion and extrusion that are used for series parts and construction profiles, and the comparatively insignificant rejuvenation.

PrimaryShaping
type: Class
subclass of: Manufacturing
comment: Group 1 in DIN 8580
comment: Primary Shaping is the first main group of manufacturing processes according to DIN 8580. This main group is divided into the following seven subgroups: [2] Group 1.1: primary shaping from the liquid state (e.g. molten metal) 1.1.1 Gravity casting 1.1.2 Die casting 1.1.3 Low pressure casting 1.1.4 Centrifugal casting 1.1.5 Continuous casting 1.1.6 foaming 1.1.7 Diving forms 1.1.8 Original forms of fiber-reinforced plastics (low pressure process) 1.1.9 CrystalGrowth Group 1.2: archetypes from the plastic state (e.g. polymer melt) 1.2.1 molds 1.2.2 Injection molding 1.2.3 Injection molding 1.2.4 Extrusion (extrusion) 1.2.5 Drawing forms 1.2.6 Calendering 1.2.7 Blow molding 1.2.8 Modeling Group 1.3: archetypal forms (e.g. ceramic slip) 1.3.1 Pouring concrete, plaster 1.3.2 Casting porcelain, ceramics (see slip casting) Group 1.4: Primary forms from the granular or powdery state (sintering which is suitable for metal powder and ceramics and which is assigned to archetypes in specialist literature and practice is assigned to the main group changing material properties in DIN 8580ff.) 1.4.1 Presses 1.4.2 Sand molds 1.4.2 Original forms by thermal spraying Group 1.5: archetypes from the chip or fibrous state 1.5.1 Manufacture of chipboard 1.5.2 Manufacture of fiberboard 1.5.3 Manufacture of paper and cardboard Group 1.6: (not applicable) Group 1.7: (not applicable) Group 1.8: archetypes from the gaseous or vaporous state 1.8.1 Deposition from the vapor phase in one mold (single process) Group 1.9: archetypes from the ionized state 1.9.1 Electrolytic deposition in a mold

PropertyChangeProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Manufacturing
comment: group 6 in DIN 8580

Pulling
type: Class
subclass of: TensilePressureForming

Punching
type: Class
subclass of: ShearCutting

Pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: FromLiquidState

RadiationExposure
type: Class
subclass of: PropertyChangeProcess

Removal
type: Class
subclass of: SeparationProcessSolids

Riveting
type: Class
subclass of: JoiningByForming

RollCoating
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidPhaseCoating

Rolling
type: Class
subclass of: PressureForming

SandCasting
type: Class
subclass of: GravityCasting

SandForming
type: Class
subclass of: FromPowderState

ScreenPrinting
type: Class
subclass of: BladeCoating

Screwing
type: Class
subclass of: InOnPressing

Sedimentation
type: Class
subclass of: SeparationProcessFluids

SelfAssembly
type: Class
subclass of: Assembly

SeparationProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Manufacturing

SeparationProcessFluids
type: Class
subclass of: SeparationProcess
comment: Separation of systems containing mre than one phase one of which is a fluid

SeparationProcessSolids
type: Class
subclass of: SeparationProcess
comment: rdfs:comment "Group 3 in DIN 8580"
comment: rdfs:comment "In the classification of manufacturing processes according to DIN 8580, \"separating\" forms the 3rd main group: The DIN order number of the individual separation processes begins with 3. [1] 3.1 Cutting (DIN 8588): Separating material parts without creating formless material (chips, powder or the like) by mechanical means. The most important group is shear cutting (punching). The following two groups are combined in practice and specialist literature for machining. They are based on the mechanical removal of parts from a workpiece in the form of shapeless material (chips). It is the main group of separation. 3.2 Machining with a geometrically defined cutting edge (DIN 8589-0): turning, milling, drilling and others. 3.3 Machining with a geometrically undefined cutting edge (DIN 8589-0): especially grinding 3.4 Removal (DIN 8590): Based on the removal of particles in a non-mechanical way, such as thermally or chemically, with the production of formless material. These include flame cutting, plasma fusion cutting, spark eroding and others. 3.5 Disassembly (DIN 8591) 3.6 Cleaning (DIN 8592)"

ShapingThermalSpraying
type: Class
subclass of: FromPowderState

ShearCutting
type: Class
subclass of: Cutting

ShearForming
type: Class
subclass of: FormingProcess

Shearing
type: Class
subclass of: ShearForming
comment: With straight tool movement. Used to manufacture the cranks on crankshafts.

Sieving
type: Class
subclass of: SeparationProcessFluids

Sintering
type: Class
subclass of: PropertyChangeProcess

SlipCasting
type: Class
subclass of: FromSlurry

SolGelCoating
type: Class
subclass of: SolutionPhaseCoating

Soldering
type: Class
subclass of: JoiningProcess

SolidPhaseCoating
type: Class
subclass of: CoatingProcess
comment: Thermal spraying powder coating solder coating Plasma arc welding Cladding fluidized bed

SolutionPhaseCoating
type: Class
subclass of: CoatingProcess
comment: Electroplate chromate galvanize phosphating Tin Sol-Gel Chemical nickel Lüstersud mechanical galvanizing

SprayPainting
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidPhaseCoating

Spraying
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidPhaseCoating

StretchForming
type: Class
subclass of: TensileForming

SwivelBending
type: Class
subclass of: Bending
comment: rotational movement of bending tool

Tempering
type: Class
subclass of: HeatTreatment
subclass of: Hardening
comment: Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness of iron-based alloys. Tempering is usually performed after hardening, to reduce some of the excess hardness, and is done by heating the metal to some temperature below the critical point for a certain period of time, then allowing it to cool in still air.

TemperingAging
type: Class
subclass of: HeatTreatment

TensileForming
type: Class
subclass of: FormingProcess
comment: Tensile forming according to DIN 8585 Reshaping under the prevailing tensile load; Subgroups: [12] Lengths, for example extending rods or sheets. Widening, for example expanding hollow bodies Depths, for example hollow embossing of vehicle signs

TensilePressureForming
type: Class
subclass of: FormingProcess
comment: Tensile pressure forming according to DIN 8584 Forming with simultaneous stress due to tensile and compressive loads of different directions of action; Subgroups: [11] Pulling Raw parts through hollow tools. The workpieces become narrower and longer. Used for the production of wire, tubes and profiles Thermoforming By far the most important process in the group. Here flat sheets are drawn in hollow forms. It is used to manufacture various hollow bodies, including beverage cans, body parts or helmets. Pressing Here, hollow plates, such as saucepans, are produced from flat sheet metal. The shape of the workpieces is controlled by the tool movement. Therefore, compared to deep drawing, pressing is more flexible but less productive. Collar pulling is used to widen openings in flat sheets and to flare. Knuckle belly is used to bulge hollow bodies Internal high pressure forming is the forming of hollow bodies by building up pressure inside. Sometimes also as explosive forming. Deep drawing, blank (red) Deep drawing, finished part Component made by pulling the collar

TextileJoining
type: Class
subclass of: JoiningProcess

ThermalSpraying
type: Class
subclass of: SolidPhaseCoating

ThermoForming
type: Class
subclass of: FormingProcess

ThermochemicalTreatment
type: Class
subclass of: PropertyChangeProcess

ThermomechanicalTreatment
type: Class
subclass of: PropertyChangeProcess

ThroughPushing
type: Class
subclass of: PressureForming

Tinning
type: Class
subclass of: SolutionPhaseCoating

Turning
type: Class
subclass of: DefinedCuttingEdge
comment: Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit, describes a helix toolpath by moving more or less linearly while the workpiece rotates.

Twisting
type: Class
subclass of: ShearForming
comment: Twisting: With rotating tool movement. Is used to manufacture drills, propellers.

UndefinedCuttingEdge
type: Class
subclass of: Machining

VerneuilProcess
type: Class
subclass of: CrystalGrowth

VerticalGradientFreeze
type: Class
subclass of: CrystalGrowth

WarmForming
type: Class
subclass of: ThermoForming

WaterTransferPrinting
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidPhaseCoating

Weaving
type: Class
subclass of: TextileJoining

Welding
type: Class
subclass of: JoiningProcess

Widening
type: Class
subclass of: TensileForming

WithLostModel
type: Class
subclass of: SandCasting

WithPermanentModel
type: Class
subclass of: SandCasting

Hardening
type: Class
subclass of: ThermomechanicalTreatment
comment: Hardening is a metalurgical metalworking process used to increase the hardness of a metal. It requires heating the material above a certain temperature and quenchening it afterwards.

Austenitising
type: Class
subclass of: Hardening
comment: Austenitising describes the process of heating a steel above the austenitizing temperature (GSE line in the iron carbon diagram). This process changes the lattice structure from a body centered cubic structure (BCC) to a face centered cubic structure (FCC), allowing a martensitic transformation via quenching.

BulkHardening
type: Class
subclass of: Hardening

BainiteHardening
type: Class
subclass of: BulkHardening

InductionHardening
type: Class
subclass of: BulkHardening
comment: Induction hardening is a type of surface hardening in which a metal part is induction-heated and then quenched. The quenched metal undergoes a martensitic transformation, increasing the hardness and brittleness of the part. Induction hardening is used to selectively harden areas of a part or assembly without affecting the properties of the part as a whole.

MartensiteHardening
type: Class
subclass of: BulkHardening

PearliteHardening
type: Class
subclass of: BulkHardening

Quenching
type: Class
subclass of: Hardening
comment: Quenching after austenitizing is used to suppress the normal breakdown of austenite into ferrite and cementite, and to cause a partial decomposition at such a low temperature to produce martensite. To obtain this, steel requires a critical cooling velocity, which is greatly reduced by the presence of alloying elements, which therefore cause hardening with mild quenching (e.g. oil and hardening steels).

QuenchingAndTempering
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Hardening
  intersection of: Annealing
subclass of: Hardening
comment: Quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, oil or air in order to obtain certain material properties. It is most commonly used to harden steel by inducing a martensite transformation. Tempering is a heat treatment technique applied to ferrous alloys, such as steel or cast iron, to achieve greater tougness by decreasing the hardness of the alloy. The reduction in hardness is usually accompanied by an increase in ductility, thereby decreasing the brittleness of the metal. It is usually applied after quenching.

SurfaceHardening
type: Class
subclass of: Hardening

CaseHardening
type: Class
subclass of: SurfaceHardening
comment: Surface hardening (or case-hardening) is the process of hardening the surface of a metal object while allowing the metal deeper underneath to remain soft, thus forming a thin layer of harder metal at the surface. This creates a hardness profile across the cross section of the material. In the end, increased hardness at the surface is combined with a ductile core, which prevents the material from becoming brittle.

Nitration
type: Class
subclass of: SurfaceHardening

Nitrocarburizing
type: Class
subclass of: SurfaceHardening