Materials
type: Ontology
imports: physicalistic
imports: top
abstract: The materials module populates the physicalistic perspective with materials subclasses categorised according to modern applied physical sciences.
contributor: Access Technology (DE)
contributor: Fraunhofer IWM (DE)
contributor: Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
contributor: SINTEF (NO)
contributor: University of Bologna (IT)
creator: Adham Hashibon
creator: Daniele Toti
creator: Emanuele Ghedini
creator: Georg J. Schmitz
creator: Gerhard Goldbeck
creator: Jesper Friis
creator: Pierluigi Del Nostro
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
publisher: EMMC ASBL
comment: Contacts: Gerhard Goldbeck Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com Emanuele Ghedini University of Bologna (IT) email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
comment: The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
version info: 1.0.0-beta3

Gas
type: Class
subclass of: Fluid
comment: Gas is a compressible fluid, a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.

Dispersion
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidSolid
disjoint union of: Solution
disjoint union of: Suspension
disjoint union of: Colloid
comment: A material in which distributed particles of one phase are dispersed in a different continuous phase.

PhaseHeterogeneousMixture
type: Class
subclass of: Mixture
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: PhaseOfMatter
comment: A mixture in which more than one phases of matter cohexists.
comment: Phase heterogenous mixture may share the same state of matter. For example, immiscibile liquid phases (e.g. oil and water) constitute a mixture whose phases are clearly separated but share the same state of matter.

PhaseHomogeneousMixture
type: Class
subclass of: Mixture
comment: A single phase mixture.

Foam
type: Class
subclass of: Colloid
subclass of: SolidGas
comment: A colloid formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.

Solution
type: Class
subclass of: PhaseHomogeneousMixture
comment: A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
comment: Solutions are characterized by the occurrence of Rayleigh scattering on light,

SolidSolidSuspension
type: Class
subclass of: Solid
comment: A coarse dispersion of solid in a solid continuum phase.
comment: Granite, sand, dried concrete.

StandaloneAtom
type: Class
disjoint union of: NeutralAtom
disjoint union of: IonAtom
comment: An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms.
comment: A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing.

Sol
type: Class
subclass of: Colloid
comment: A colloid in which small particles (1 nm to 100 nm) are suspended in a continuum phase.

SolidLiquidSuspension
type: Class
subclass of: Solid
comment: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a solid continuum phase.

Gel
type: Class
subclass of: Colloid
subclass of: Solid
comment: A soft, solid or solid-like colloid consisting of two or more components, one of which is a liquid, present in substantial quantity.

Emulsion
type: Class
subclass of: Colloid
subclass of: Liquid
subclass of: LiquidLiquid
comment: An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (a liquid-liquid heterogeneous mixture).
comment: Mayonnaise, milk.

Material
type: Class
comment: A matter individual that stands for a real world object representing an amount of a physical substance (or mixture of substances) in different states of matter or phases.
comment: A instance of a material (e.g. nitrogen) can represent different states of matter. The fact that the individual also belongs to other classes (e.g. Gas) would reveal the actual form in which the material is found.
comment: Material usually means some definite kind, quality, or quantity of matter, especially as intended for use.

LiquidGasSuspension
type: Class
subclass of: Liquid
comment: A coarse dispersion of gas in a liquid continuum phase.
comment: Sparkling water

LiquidSol
type: Class
subclass of: Sol
subclass of: Liquid
comment: A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in liquid.

NeutralAtom
type: Class
comment: A standalone atom that has no net charge.

LiquidLiquidSuspension
type: Class
subclass of: Liquid
comment: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a liquid continuum phase.

Spray
type: Class
subclass of: GasLiquidSuspension
comment: A suspension of liquid droplets dispersed in a gas through an atomization process.

Suspension
type: Class
subclass of: PhaseHeterogeneousMixture
disjoint union of: SolidSolidSuspension
disjoint union of: SolidLiquidSuspension
disjoint union of: LiquidGasSuspension
disjoint union of: LiquidLiquidSuspension
disjoint union of: SolidGasSuspension
disjoint union of: GasSolidSuspension
disjoint union of: GasLiquidSuspension
disjoint union of: LiquidSolidSuspension
comment: An heterogeneous mixture that contains coarsly dispersed particles (no Tyndall effect), that generally tend to separate in time to the dispersion medium phase.
comment: Suspensions show no significant effect on light.

LiquidSolution
type: Class
subclass of: Solution
subclass of: Liquid
comment: A liquid solution made of two or more component substances.

Plasma
type: Class
subclass of: Fluid
comment: A fluid in which a gas is ionized to a level where its electrical conductivity allows long-range electric and magnetic fields to dominate its behaviour.

Vapor
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidAerosol
comment: A liquid aerosol composed of water droplets in air or another gas.

Aerosol
type: Class
subclass of: Gas
subclass of: Colloid
comment: A colloid composed of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.

Smoke
type: Class
subclass of: SolidAerosol
comment: Smoke is a solid aerosol made of particles emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis.

SolidSol
type: Class
subclass of: Sol
subclass of: Solid
comment: A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in another continuous solid.

GasSolution
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Gas
  intersection of: Solution
comment: A gaseous solution made of more than one component type.
alternative label: GasMixture

AqueousSolution
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidSolution
comment: A liquid solution in which the solvent is water.

NanoMaterial
type: Class
subclass of: Material
comment: Nanomaterials are Materials possessing, at minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm

SolidSolution
type: Class
subclass of: Solution
subclass of: Solid
comment: A solid solution made of two or more component substances.

PhaseOfMatter
type: Class
subclass of: Continuum
comment: A matter object throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.
comment: In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.

Axiom
annotated source: PhaseOfMatter
annotated property: comment
annotated target: In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.
EMMO c84c6752 6d64 48cc 9500 e54a3c34898d: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)

ReactiveMaterial
type: Class
subclass of: Material
comment: A material that undergoes chemical changes.

Colloid
type: Class
subclass of: PhaseHeterogeneousMixture
comment: A mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles (from 1 nm to 1 μm) is suspended throughout another substance and that does not settle, or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.
comment: Colloids are characterized by the occurring of the Tyndall effect on light.

Liquid
type: Class
subclass of: Fluid
comment: A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.

NaturalMaterial
type: Class
subclass of: Material
comment: A Material occurring in nature, without the need of human intervention.

BondedAtom
type: Class
comment: An bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of.
comment: A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic. In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons.
comment: The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electonic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic.
comment: This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule.

Fluid
type: Class
subclass of: Continuum
subclass of: SinglePhaseMaterial
disjoint union of: Gas
disjoint union of: Plasma
disjoint union of: Liquid
comment: A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure.
comment: Gas, liquid, plasma,

Continuum
type: Class
comment: A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that: - it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts - the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1
comment: A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant.
comment: A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition). A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
comment: A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity.

LiquidAerosol
type: Class
subclass of: Aerosol
subclass of: GasLiquid
comment: An aerosol composed of liquid droplets in air or another gas.

SolidAerosol
type: Class
subclass of: Aerosol
subclass of: GasSolid
comment: An aerosol composed of fine solid particles in air or another gas.

SolidFoam
type: Class
subclass of: Foam
subclass of: Solid
comment: A foam of trapped gas in a solid.
comment: Aerogel

Solid
type: Class
subclass of: Continuum
subclass of: SinglePhaseMaterial
comment: A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined.

StateOfMatter
type: Class
disjoint union of: Gas
disjoint union of: Plasma
disjoint union of: Liquid
disjoint union of: Solid
comment: A superclass made as the disjoint union of all the form under which matter can exist.
comment: In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

SolidGasSuspension
type: Class
subclass of: Solid
comment: A coarse dispersion of gas in a solid continuum phase.

GasSolidSuspension
type: Class
subclass of: Gas
comment: A coarse dispersion of solid in a gas continuum phase.
comment: Dust, sand storm.

LiquidFoam
type: Class
subclass of: Foam
subclass of: Liquid
comment: A foam of trapped gas in a liquid.

IonAtom
type: Class
comment: A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number.
comment: The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing,

GasLiquidSuspension
type: Class
subclass of: Gas
comment: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a gas continuum phase.
comment: Rain, spray.

Dust
type: Class
subclass of: GasSolidSuspension
comment: A suspension of fine particles in the atmosphere.

LiquidSolidSuspension
type: Class
subclass of: Liquid
comment: A coarse dispersion of solids in a liquid continuum phase.
comment: Mud

Mixture
type: Class
subclass of: Continuum
comment: A Miixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically (not chemically) combined.

CrystallineMaterial
type: Class
subclass of: Material
comment: Suggestion of Rickard Armiento

Crystal
type: Class
subclass of: Solid
subclass of: CrystallineMaterial
comment: A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)

Axiom
annotated source: Crystal
annotated property: comment
annotated target: A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)

Axiom
annotated source: Crystal
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Crystal
EMMO 705f27ae 954c 4f13 98aa 18473fc52b25: From Ancient Greek κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “clear ice”), from κρύος (krúos, “frost”).

GasMixture
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Gas
  intersection of: Mixture

Mesoscopic
type: Class

SolidMixture
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Solid
  intersection of: Mixture

min qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

min qualified cardinality: 2

min qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

Al_Based
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseAlloy

Bubbles
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidGas

Ceramic
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseSolid

CompositeMaterial
type: Class
subclass of: SolidSolid

ContinuumMaterial
type: Class
subclass of: Material

Cu_Based
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseAlloy

Droplet
type: Class
subclass of: GasLiquid

Fe_Based
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseAlloy

FiberReinforcedComposite
type: Class
subclass of: CompositeMaterial

Fog
type: Class
subclass of: Vapor

GasLiquid
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseMaterial

GasSolid
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseMaterial
comment: disconected solid particles being dispersed/embedded in a gas

LiquidGas
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseMaterial

LiquidLiquid
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseMaterial

LiquidSolid
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseMaterial

Melt
type: Class
subclass of: Liquid

MultiPhaseAlloy
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseSolid

MetallicMelt
type: Class
subclass of: Melt

Mg_Based
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseAlloy

Mn_Based
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseAlloy

MultiPhaseMaterial
type: Class
subclass of: ContinuumMaterial

MultiPhaseSolid
type: Class
subclass of: SolidSolid

Mush
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidSolid

Ni_Based
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseAlloy

ParticleReinforcedComposite
type: Class
subclass of: CompositeMaterial

Paste
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidSolid

Polymer
type: Class
subclass of: Solid

PolymerMelt
type: Class
subclass of: Melt

Powder
type: Class
subclass of: GasSolid

Salt
type: Class
subclass of: Ceramic

Si_Based
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseAlloy

SingleCrystal
type: Class
subclass of: Solid

SinglePhaseMaterial
type: Class
subclass of: ContinuumMaterial

Slurry
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidSolid

SolidGas
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseMaterial

SolidLiquid
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseMaterial

SolidSolid
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseMaterial

Sponge
type: Class
subclass of: SolidGas

TextileReinforcedComposite
type: Class
subclass of: CompositeMaterial

Ti_Based
type: Class
subclass of: MultiPhaseAlloy

Elastomeric
type: Class
subclass of: Polymer

Natural
type: Class
subclass of: Polymer

SyntheticPolymer
type: Class
subclass of: Polymer

Thermoplastic
type: Class
subclass of: SyntheticPolymer

ThermosettingPolymer
type: Class
subclass of: SyntheticPolymer

CrystallineSolidTermoplastic
type: Class
subclass of: Thermoplastic

AmorphousThermoplastic
type: Class
subclass of: Thermoplastic

CeramicAmorphous
type: Class
subclass of: MonoliticCeramic

CeramicCrystallineSolid
type: Class
subclass of: MonoliticCeramic

CeramicPolyCrystal
type: Class
subclass of: CeramicCrystallineSolid

CeramicSingleCrystal
type: Class
subclass of: CeramicCrystallineSolid

CompositeCeramic
type: Class
subclass of: Ceramic

MonoliticCeramic
type: Class
subclass of: Ceramic

SinglePhaseAlloy
type: Class
subclass of: Solid

MetallicAmorphous
type: Class
subclass of: SinglePhaseAlloy

MetallicCrystallineSolid
type: Class
subclass of: SinglePhaseAlloy

FiberReinforcedMetalPolymer
type: Class
subclass of: FiberReinforcedComposite

FiberReinforcedPolymerMatrix
type: Class
subclass of: FiberReinforcedComposite

ParticleReinforcedCeramicMatrix
type: Class
subclass of: ParticleReinforcedComposite

ParticleReinforcedMetalMatrix
type: Class
subclass of: ParticleReinforcedComposite

ParticleReinforcedPolymerMatrix
type: Class
subclass of: ParticleReinforcedComposite