NFDI Matwerk Ontology
type: Ontology
version IRI: http://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/mwo/3.0.2
bibliographic citation: Hossein Beygi Nasrabadi, Jörg Waitelonis, Ebrahim Norouzi, Kostiantyn Hubaiev, Harald Sack. NFDI MatWerk Ontology (mwo). Revision: v3.0.2. Retrieved from: http://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/mwo/3.0.2
contributor: Abril Azócar Guzmán
contributor: Amir Laadhar
contributor: Stefan Sandfeld
contributor: Ahmad Zainul Ihsan
contributor: Angelika Gedsun
contributor: Said Fathalla
contributor: Volker Hofmann
contributor: Felix Fritzen
created: 2026-06-22
creator: Harald Sack
creator: Jörg Waitelonis
creator: Ebrahim Norouzi
creator: Hossein Beygi Nasrabadi
creator: Kostiantyn Hubaiev
description: The MatWerk ontology represents research data and related activities of the MSE community. The mwo v3 reuses BFO2020 and NFDi core ontologies and focuses on: A) Consortium structure: NFDI MatWerk consortium, its structures (task areas, infrastructure use cases, and participant projects), researches, and organizations B) NFDI resources: software, data portals, metadata schemas, scientific publications, published datasets, workflows, and ontologies C) NFDI MatWerk services, events, educational cources, and international collabrations D) MSE related instruments, facilities, materials, processes, and properties. Further infomration can be found at GitHub: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/mwo
license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
repository: mwo
prior version: http://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/mwo/3.0.1
version info: 3.0.2

example of usage
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not.
definition: A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold.
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
definition source: IAO

definition
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
definition: The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
editor note: 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
label: textual definition

editor note
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obofoundry.org/obo/obi>

alternative label
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: A label for a class or property that can be used to refer to the class or property instead of the preferred rdfs:label. Alternative labels should be used to indicate community- or context-specific labels, abbreviations, shorthand forms and the like.
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>

definition source
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
definition source: Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>

term replaced by
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute
definition source: Person:Alan Ruttenberg

defined by construct
type: AnnotationProperty
example of usage: 'part disjoint with' 'defined by construct' """ PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX : <http://example.org/ CONSTRUCT { [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :part_of ; owl:someValuesFrom ?a ; owl:disjointWith [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :part_of ; owl:someValuesFrom ?b ] ] } WHERE { ?a :part_disjoint_with ?b . }
definition: Links an annotation property to a SPARQL CONSTRUCT query which is meant to provide semantics for a shortcut relation.

Contributor
type: AnnotationProperty

description
type: AnnotationProperty

license
type: AnnotationProperty

label
type: AnnotationProperty

alternative label
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: An alternative lexical label for a resource.
example: Acronyms, abbreviations, spelling variants, and irregular plural/singular forms may be included among the alternative labels for a concept. Mis-spelled terms are normally included as hidden labels (see skos:hiddenLabel).
sub property of: label

definition
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: A statement or formal explanation of the meaning of a concept.

editorial note
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: A note for an editor, translator or maintainer of the vocabulary.

example
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: An example of the use of a concept.

preferred label
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: The preferred lexical label for a resource, in a given language.
sub property of: label

scope note
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: A note that helps to clarify the meaning and/or the use of a concept.

readable IRI label
type: AnnotationProperty
sub property of: alternative label

term tracker annotation
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: A term tracker annotation is an editor note used to track the history of an entity. For each change, it records the related GitHub issue and pull request.
editorial note: adapted from http://openenergy-platform.org/ontology/oeo/OEO_00020426

has acronym
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: A relation between an entity and its abbreviated form, representing a shortened version of the original term or phrase.
sub property of: alternative label

part of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has part
type: TransitiveProperty
example of usage: my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
example of usage: my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
example of usage: this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
definition: a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
editor note: Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
editor note: Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
editor note: Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
alternative label: part_of

has part
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
example of usage: my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
example of usage: my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
example of usage: this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
definition: a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
editor note: Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
editor note: Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
editor note: Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
alternative label: has_part

has realization
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: realizes
domain: realizable entity
range: process
label: realized in
definition: b has realization c =Def c realizes b
example: As for realizes

realizes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: process
range: realizable entity
definition: Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
definition: (Elucidation) realizes is a relation between a process b and realizable entity c such that c inheres in some d & for all t, if b has participant d then c exists & the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c
example: A balding process realizes a disposition to go bald; a studying process realizes a student role; a process of pumping blood realizes the pumping function of a heart
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

preceded by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: precedes
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: b preceded by c =Def b precedes c
example: The temporal region occupied by the second half of the match is preceded by the temporal region occupied by the first half of the match

precedes
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: (Elucidation) precedes is a relation between occurrents o, o' such that if t is the temporal extent of o & t' is the temporal extent of o' then either the last instant of o is before the first instant of o' or the last instant of o is the first instant of o' & neither o nor o' are temporal instants
example: The temporal region occupied by Mary's birth precedes the temporal region occupied by Mary's death.
scope note: Each temporal region is its own temporal extent. The temporal extent of a spatiotemporal region is the temporal region it temporally projects onto. The temporal extent of a process or process boundary that occupies temporal region t is t.
scope note: Precedes defines a strict partial order on occurrents.

occurs in
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: environs
domain: Class
  union of: process
  union of: process boundary
range: Class
  union of: site
  union of: material entity
definition: b occurs in c =Def b is a process or a process boundary & c is a material entity or site & there exists a spatiotemporal region r & b occupies spatiotemporal region r & for all time t, if b exists at t then c exists at t & there exist spatial regions s and s' where b spatially projects onto s at t & c occupies spatial region s' at t & s is a continuant part of s' at t
example: A process of digestion occurs in the interior of an organism; a process of loading artillery rounds into a tank cannon occurs in the interior of the tank

exists at
type: ObjectProperty
domain: entity
range: temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) exists at is a relation between a particular and some temporal region at which the particular exists
example: First World War exists at 1914-1916; Mexico exists at January 1, 2000

has occurrent part
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: occurrent part of
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: b has occurrent part c =Def c occurrent part of b
example: Mary's life has occurrent part Mary's 5th birthday

has proper occurrent part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has occurrent part
inverse of: proper occurrent part of
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: b has proper occurrent part c =Def b has occurrent part c & b and c are not identical
example: As for has occurrent part.

has temporal part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has occurrent part
inverse of: temporal part of
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: b has temporal part c =Def c temporal part of b
example: Your life has temporal part the first year of your life

occurrent part of
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: (Elucidation) occurrent part of is a relation between occurrents b and c when b is part of c
example: Mary's 5th birthday is an occurrent part of Mary's life; the first set of the tennis match is an occurrent part of the tennis match

proper temporal part of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporal part of
inverse of: has proper temporal part
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: b proper temporal part of c =Def b temporal part of c & not (b = c)
example: As for temporal part of.

proper occurrent part of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: occurrent part of
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: b proper occurrent part of c =Def b occurrent part of c & b and c are not identical
example: As for occurrent part of.

temporal part of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: occurrent part of
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: b temporal part of c =Def b occurrent part of c & (b and c are temporal regions) or (b and c are spatiotemporal regions & b temporally projects onto an occurrent part of the temporal region that c temporally projects onto) or (b and c are processes or process boundaries & b occupies a temporal region that is an occurrent part of the temporal region that c occupies)
example: Your heart beating from 4pm to 5pm today is a temporal part of the process of your heart beating; the 4th year of your life is a temporal part of your life, as is the process boundary which separates the 3rd and 4th years of your life; the first quarter of a game of football is a temporal part of the whole game

temporally projects onto
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: spatiotemporal region
range: temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) temporally projects onto is a relation between a spatiotemporal region s and some temporal region which is the temporal extent of s
example: The world line of a particle temporally projects onto the temporal region extending from the beginning to the end of the existence of the particle

has proper temporal part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has temporal part
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: b has proper temporal part c =Def c proper temporal part of b
example: As for has temporal part.

environs
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: site
  union of: material entity
range: Class
  union of: process
  union of: process boundary
alternative label: contains process
definition: b environs c =Def c occurs in b
example: Mouth environs process of mastication; city environs traffic

history of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has history
type: FunctionalProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
domain: history
range: material entity
definition: (Elucidation) history of is a relation between history b and material entity c such that b is the unique history of c
example: This life is the history of this organism

has history
type: ObjectProperty
domain: material entity
range: history
definition: b has history c =Def c history of b
example: This organism has history this life

specifically depended on by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: specifically depends on
domain: Class
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
  union of: Class
    intersection of: independent continuant
    intersection of: Class
      complement of: spatial region
range: specifically dependent continuant
alternative label: s-depended on by
definition: b specifically depended on by c =Def c specifically depends on b
example: Coloured object specifically depended on by colour

specifically depends on
type: ObjectProperty
domain: specifically dependent continuant
range: Class
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
  union of: Class
    intersection of: independent continuant
    intersection of: Class
      complement of: spatial region
alternative label: s-depends on
definition: (Elucidation) specifically depends on is a relation between a specifically dependent continuant b and specifically dependent continuant or independent continuant that is not a spatial region c such that b and c share no parts in common & b is of a nature such that at all times t it cannot exist unless c exists & b is not a boundary of c
example: A shape specifically depends on the shaped object; hue, saturation and brightness of a colour sample specifically depends on each other
scope note: The analogue of specifically depends on for occurrents is has participant.

bearer of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: specifically depended on by
inverse of: inheres in
domain: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
range: specifically dependent continuant
definition: b bearer of c =Def c inheres in b
example: A patch of ink is the bearer of a colour quality; an organism is the bearer of a temperature quality

inheres in
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: specifically depends on
domain: specifically dependent continuant
range: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
definition: b inheres in c =Def b is a specifically dependent continuant & c is an independent continuant that is not a spatial region & b specifically depends on c
example: A shape inheres in a shaped object; a mass inheres in a material entity

occupies temporal region
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Class
  union of: process
  union of: process boundary
range: temporal region
definition: p occupies temporal region t =Def p is a process or process boundary & the spatiotemporal region occupied by p temporally projects onto t
example: The Second World War occupies the temporal region September 1, 1939 - September 2, 1945

occupies spatiotemporal region
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Class
  union of: process
  union of: process boundary
range: spatiotemporal region
definition: (Elucidation) occupies spatiotemporal region is a relation between a process or process boundary p and the spatiotemporal region s which is its spatiotemporal extent
example: A particle emitted by a nuclear reactor occupies the spatiotemporal region which is its trajectory

first instant of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has first instant
domain: temporal instant
range: temporal region
definition: t first instant of t' =Def t is a temporal instant & t' is a temporal region t' & t precedes all temporal parts of t' other than t
example: An hour starting at midnight yesterday has first instant midnight yesterday

has first instant
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: temporal region
range: temporal instant
definition: t has first instant t' =Def t' first instant of t
example: The first hour of a year has first instant midnight on December 31

last instant of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has last instant
domain: temporal instant
range: temporal region
definition: t last instant of t' =Def t is a temporal instant & t' is a temporal region & all temporal parts of t' other than t precede t
example: Last midnight is the last instant of yesterday

has last instant
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: temporal region
range: temporal instant
definition: t has last instant t' =Def t' last instant of t
example: The last hour of a year has last instant midnight December 31

has measurement unit label
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has part
inverse of: measurement unit label of
type: FunctionalProperty
range: measurement unit label

is about
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is subject of
domain: information content entity
example of usage: This document is about information artifacts and their representations
definition: A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
editor note: 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic.
definition source: Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy

denotes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
inverse of: denoted by
domain: information content entity
range: entity
example of usage: A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named.
definition: A primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically
editor note: 2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive. g denotes r =def r is a portion of reality there is some c that is a concretization of g every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r
definition source: Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan

is quality measurement of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
inverse of: is quality measured as
domain: measurement datum
range: quality
definition: m is a quality measurement of q at t. When q is a quality, there is a measurement process p that has specified output m, a measurement datum, that is about q
editor note: 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: The strategy is to be rather specific with this relationship. There are other kinds of measurements that are not of qualities, such as those that measure time. We will add these as separate properties for the moment and see about generalizing later
editor note: From the second IAO workshop [Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009: not completely current, though bringing in comparison is probably important] This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details. -- From the second IAO workshop, various comments, [commented on by Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009] unit of measure is a quality, e.g. the length of a ruler. [We decided to hedge on what units of measure are, instead talking about measurement unit labels, which are the information content entities that are about whatever measurement units are. For IAO we need that information entity in any case. See the term measurement unit label] [Some struggling with the various subflavors of is_about. We subsequently removed the relation represents, and describes until and only when we have a better theory] a represents b means either a denotes b or a describes describe: a describes b means a is about b and a allows an inference of at least one quality of b We have had a long discussion about denotes versus describes.
editor note: From the second IAO workshop: An attempt at tieing the quality to the measurement datum more carefully. a is a magnitude means a is a determinate quality particular inhering in some bearer b existing at a time t that can be represented/denoted by an information content entity e that has parts denoting a unit of measure, a number, and b. The unit of measure is an instance of the determinable quality.
editor note: From the second meeting on IAO: An attempt at defining assay using Barry's "reliability" wording assay: process and has_input some material entity and has_output some information content entity and which is such that instances of this process type reliably generate outputs that describes the input.
editor note: This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details.

denoted by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
domain: entity
range: information content entity
definition: inverse of the relation 'denotes'

is duration of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
domain: time measurement datum
range: process
definition: relates a process to a time-measurement-datum that represents the duration of the process

is quality measured as
type: ObjectProperty
definition: inverse of the relation of is quality measurement of
editor note: 2009/10/19 Alan Ruttenberg. Named 'junk' relation useful in restrictions, but not a real instance relationship

has specified input
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has participant
inverse of: is specified input of
domain: completely executed planned process
example of usage: see is_input_of example_of_usage
definition: The inverse property of is specified input of
editor note: 8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works.

is specified input of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participates in
range: completely executed planned process
example of usage: some Autologous EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed B-LCL (B lymphocyte cell line) is_input_for instance of Chromum Release Assay described at https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay
definition: A relation between a completely executed planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of.

has specified output
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property:
  inverse of: is specified output of
sub property of: has participant
inverse of: is specified output of
domain: completely executed planned process
definition: The inverse property of is specified output of

is specified output of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participates in
range: completely executed planned process
definition: A relation between a completely executed planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of.

achieves_planned_objective
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: objective_achieved_by
domain: completely executed planned process
range: objective specification
example of usage: A cell sorting process achieves the objective specification 'material separation objective'
definition: This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process.
definition source: PPPB branch derived

objective_achieved_by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: objective specification
range: completely executed planned process
definition: This relation obtains between an objective specification and a planned process when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process.
definition source: OBI

specifies value of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
inverse of: specified by value
domain: value specification
definition: A relation between a value specification and an entity which the specification is about.

has value specification
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has part
domain: information content entity
range: value specification
definition: A relation between an information content entity and a value specification that specifies its value.
definition source: OBI

characteristic of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has characteristic
type: FunctionalProperty
example of usage: this fragility is a characteristic of this vase
example of usage: this red color is a characteristic of this apple
definition: a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.

has characteristic
type: ObjectProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
range: specifically dependent continuant
example of usage: this apple is bearer of this red color
example of usage: this vase is bearer of this fragility
definition: Inverse of characteristic_of
editor note: A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.

participates in
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has participant
domain: continuant
range: occurrent
example of usage: this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
example of usage: this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
example of usage: this investigator participates in this investigation
definition: a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process

has participant
type: ObjectProperty
domain: occurrent
range: continuant
property chain axiom: has part
example of usage: this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
example of usage: this investigation has participant this investigator
example of usage: this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
definition: a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
editor note: Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.

is concretized as
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: concretizes
domain: generically dependent continuant
range: Class
  union of: process
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
example of usage: A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
example of usage: An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process).
definition: A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant or process, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant or process in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant or process also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants or processes.
definition: A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants.

concretizes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: process
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
range: generically dependent continuant
example of usage: A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
example of usage: An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process).
definition: A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.
definition: A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant or process and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant or process also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants or processes can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.

function of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: characteristic of
inverse of: has function
domain: function
example of usage: this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme
definition: a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
editor note: A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.

quality of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: characteristic of
inverse of: has quality
domain: Class
  intersection of: quality
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: relational quality
example of usage: this red color is a quality of this apple
definition: a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
editor note: A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.

role of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: characteristic of
inverse of: has role
example of usage: this investigator role is a role of this person
definition: a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
editor note: A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.

has function
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has characteristic
domain: independent continuant
range: function
example of usage: this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function)
definition: a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
editor note: A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.

has quality
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has characteristic
range: quality
example of usage: this apple has quality this red color
definition: a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
editor note: A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.

has role
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has characteristic
domain: independent continuant
range: role
example of usage: this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
definition: a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
editor note: A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.

has disposition
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has characteristic
inverse of: disposition of
domain: independent continuant
range: disposition
definition: a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence

disposition of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: characteristic of
definition: inverse of has disposition

located in
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: independent continuant
domain: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
range: independent continuant
range: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
property chain axiom: part of
example of usage: my brain is located in my head
example of usage: this rat is located in this cage
definition: a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
editor note: Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
editor note: Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/

starts
type: ObjectProperty
definition: inverse of starts with

has input
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has participant
inverse of: input of
domain: process
definition: p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.

has output
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has participant
inverse of: output of
definition: p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p.

member of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: part of
inverse of: has member
example of usage: An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
definition: is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
definition source: SIO

has member
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has part
type: IrreflexiveProperty
definition: has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
definition source: SIO

input of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participates in
definition: inverse of has input

output of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participates in
definition: inverse of has output

assay measures characteristic
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: characteristic measured by assay
range: specifically dependent continuant
example of usage: A mass measurement assay measures an material's mass characteristic. A radioactivity detection assay measures the amount of radiation (alpha, beta or gamma ray emmissions) coming from a material.
definition: A relation between an assay and a characteristic, in which the assay generates a data item which is a measure of a characteristic.

characteristic measured by assay
type: ObjectProperty
domain: specifically dependent continuant
definition: Inverse of 'assay measures characteristic'

executes
type: ObjectProperty
property chain axiom: realizes
property chain axiom: concretizes
definition: relationship between a planned process and the plan specification that it carries out; it is defined as equivalent to the composed relationship (realizes o concretizes)
definition source: AGB

implements
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: implemented by
domain: independent continuant
comment: inverse of property "implemented by"
editorial note: A shortcut for expressing the relation when 'independent continuant' is participant of some 'implementing process' which has output of 'NFDI resource'.

implemented by
type: ObjectProperty
range: independent continuant
comment: The property relates an entity to an agent that has adapted or developed the entity for a specific purpose and actively uses it within a particular context.
editorial note: A shortcut for expressing the relation when 'NFDI resource' is output of some 'implementing process' which has participant of 'independent continuant'.
editorial note: The property was created on request of NFDI MatWerk community to support respond to competency questions like which tools are 'developed', 'co developed', or 'adopted' in' NFDI MatWerk consortium.

has applicant organization
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has participant
inverse of: applicant organization of
domain: project
range: organization
comment: The property relates a project to the organization that applied for that

applicant organization of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participates in
domain: organization
range: project
comment: inverse of property "has applicant organization"

has measurement datum
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: measurement datum of
range: measurement datum
comment: The property is a relation between an entity and a measurement datum.

measurement datum of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
domain: measurement datum
comment: inverse of property "has measurement datum"

measurement unit label of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
comment: inverse of property "has measurement unit label"

developed by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: implemented by
inverse of: develops
comment: The property relates an entity to an agent that has modified, customized, or extended it for a specific use case or research purpose.

develops
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: implements
comment: inverse of property "developed by"

co developed by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: implemented by
inverse of: co develops
comment: The property relates an entity to agents that collaboratively contributed to its development.

co develops
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: implements
comment: inverse of property "co developed by"

adapted by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: implemented by
inverse of: adapts
comment: The property relates an entity to an agent responsible for its creation or primary development.

adapts
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: implements
comment: inverse of property "adapted by"

has broader
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has broader transitive
inverse of: has narrower
definition: Relates a concept to a concept that is more general in meaning.
scope note: By convention, skos:broader is only used to assert an immediate (i.e. direct) hierarchical link between two conceptual resources.

has broader transitive
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has narrower transitive
type: TransitiveProperty
definition: skos:broaderTransitive is a transitive superproperty of skos:broader.
scope note: By convention, skos:broaderTransitive is not used to make assertions. Rather, the properties can be used to draw inferences about the transitive closure of the hierarchical relation, which is useful e.g. when implementing a simple query expansion algorithm in a search application.

has exact match
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
definition: skos:exactMatch is used to link two concepts, indicating a high degree of confidence that the concepts can be used interchangeably across a wide range of information retrieval applications. skos:exactMatch is a transitive property, and is a sub-property of skos:closeMatch.

has narrower
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has narrower transitive
definition: Relates a concept to a concept that is more specific in meaning.
scope note: By convention, skos:broader is only used to assert an immediate (i.e. direct) hierarchical link between two conceptual resources.

has narrower transitive
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
definition: skos:narrowerTransitive is a transitive superproperty of skos:narrower.
scope note: By convention, skos:narrowerTransitive is not used to make assertions. Rather, the properties can be used to draw inferences about the transitive closure of the hierarchical relation, which is useful e.g. when implementing a simple query expansion algorithm in a search application.

download URL
type: ObjectProperty
label: URL de descarga @es
label: URL de téléchargement @fr
label: URL di scarico @it
label: URL souboru ke stažení @cs
label: URL μεταφόρτωσης @el
label: downloadURL @da
label: رابط تحميل @ar
label: ダウンロードURL @ja
definition: Ceci est un lien direct à un fichier téléchargeable en un format donnée. Exple fichier CSV ou RDF. Le format est décrit par les propriétés de distribution dcterms:format et/ou dcat:mediaType. @fr
definition: La URL de un archivo descargable en el formato dato. Por ejemplo, archivo CSV o archivo RDF. El formato se describe con las propiedades de la distribución dcterms:format y/o dcat:mediaType. @es
definition: Questo è un link diretto al file scaricabile in un dato formato. E.g. un file CSV o un file RDF. Il formato è descritto dal dcterms:format e/o dal dcat:mediaType della distribuzione. @it
definition: The URL of the downloadable file in a given format. E.g. CSV file or RDF file. The format is indicated by the distribution's dcterms:format and/or dcat:mediaType.
definition: URL souboru ke stažení v daném formátu, například CSV nebo RDF soubor. Formát je popsán vlastností distribuce dcterms:format a/nebo dcat:mediaType. @cs
definition: URL til fil der kan downloades i et bestemt format. Fx en CSV-fil eller en RDF-fil. Formatet for distributionen angives ved hjælp af egenskaberne dcterms:format og/eller dcat:mediaType. @da
definition: dcat:downloadURLはdcat:accessURLの特定の形式です。しかし、DCATプロファイルが非ダウンロード・ロケーションに対してのみaccessURLを用いる場合には、より強い分離を課すことを望む可能性があるため、この含意を強化しないように、DCATは、dcat:downloadURLをdcat:accessURLのサブプロパティーであると定義しません。 @ja
definition: Είναι ένας σύνδεσμος άμεσης μεταφόρτωσης ενός αρχείου σε μια δεδομένη μορφή. Π.χ. ένα αρχείο CSV ή RDF. Η μορφη αρχείου περιγράφεται από τις ιδιότητες dcterms:format ή/και dcat:mediaType της διανομής. @el
definition: رابط مباشر لملف يمكن تحميله. نوع الملف يتم توصيفه باستخدام الخاصية dcterms:format dcat:mediaType @ar

is subject of
type: ObjectProperty
alternative label: is described by
definition: inverse of the relation 'is about'

specified by value
type: ObjectProperty
definition: A relation between an entity and a value specification which is about this entity.

has relational quality
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: relational quality of
domain: independent continuant
range: relational quality
property chain axiom: has part
definition: a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a relational quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
example: material has relational quality mass proportion m, and portion of iron has the same relational quality mass proportion m

relational quality of
type: ObjectProperty
property chain axiom: part of
editor note: The 'relational quality of' is more strict that 'quality of' from RO, since domain is 'relational quality'. The motivtion to introduce an object property for relational qualities is the following: RO's 'quality of' is functional i.e., a->b, a->c => b=c. The functionality is relevant for most of the SDC -> IC triples, expect for relational qualities, which per definiton can be simultaneously inherited in >=2 ICs. Thus, 'relational quality of' has the same intention to connect SDC to IC, however, without cardinality constraints.
definition: a relation between a relational quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
example: mass proportion m is relational qualitiy of material, and the same mass proportion m is relational qualitiy of portion of iron

has measurement value
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: scalar measurement datum
range: double

has specified numeric value
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has specified value
domain: value specification
range: real
definition: A relation between a value specification and a number that quantifies it.
editor note: A range of 'real' might be better than 'float'. For now we follow 'has measurement value' until we can consider technical issues with SPARQL queries and reasoning.
definition source: OBI

has specified value
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: value specification
definition: A relation between a value specification and a literal.
editor note: This is not an RDF/OWL object property. It is intended to link a value found in e.g. a database column of 'M' (the literal) to an instance of a value specification class, which can then be linked to indicate that this is about the biological gender of a human subject.
definition source: OBI

has id
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A relation between an information content entity and its specific ID.

obsolete has acronym
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
term replaced by: has acronym
comment: A relation between an information content entity and its specific acronym.
deprecated: true

has value
type: DatatypeProperty
definition: A relation between an information content entity and its specific value.

has url
type: DatatypeProperty
range: anyURI
definition: A relation between an information content entity and its specific url.

OWL format
type: Class
subclass of: RDF format

RDF format
type: Class
subclass of: data format specification

OWL Functional Syntax
type: Class
subclass of: OWL format

Manchester OWL Syntax
type: Class
subclass of: OWL format

Turtle
type: Class
subclass of: RDF format

N-Triples
type: Class
subclass of: RDF format

Notation3
type: Class
subclass of: RDF format

RDF/XML
type: Class
subclass of: RDF format

OWL/XML
type: Class
subclass of: OWL format

JSON-LD
type: Class
subclass of: RDF format

N-Quads
type: Class
subclass of: RDF format

entity
type: Class
example of usage: Julius Caesar
example of usage: Verdi’s Requiem
example of usage: the Second World War
example of usage: your body mass index
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
definition: (Elucidation) An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist
example: Julius Caesar; the Second World War; your body mass index; Verdi's Requiem

continuant
type: Class
subclass of: entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part of
  all values from: continuant
disjoint with: occurrent
disjoint with: Restriction
  on property: part of
  some values from: occurrent
definition: An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
definition: (Elucidation) A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity
example: A human being; a tennis ball; a cave; a region of space; someone's temperature

occurrent
type: Class
subclass of: entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part of
  all values from: occurrent
disjoint with: Restriction
  on property: part of
  some values from: continuant
definition: An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
definition: (Elucidation) An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the start or end of such an entity or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region
example: As for process, history, process boundary, spatiotemporal region, zero-dimensional temporal region, one-dimensional temporal region, temporal interval, temporal instant.

independent continuant
type: Class
subclass of: continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part of
  all values from: independent continuant
disjoint with: specifically dependent continuant
disjoint with: generically dependent continuant
example of usage: a chair
example of usage: a heart
example of usage: a leg
example of usage: a molecule
example of usage: a spatial region
example of usage: an atom
example of usage: an orchestra.
example of usage: an organism
example of usage: the bottom right portion of a human torso
example of usage: the interior of your mouth
definition: b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
definition: b is an independent continuant =Def b is a continuant & there is no c such that b specifically depends on c or b generically depends on c
example: An atom; a molecule; an organism; a heart; a chair; the bottom right portion of a human torso; a leg; the interior of your mouth; a spatial region; an orchestra

spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: immaterial entity
definition: (Elucidation) A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant part of the spatial projection of a portion of spacetime at a given time
example: As for zero-dimensional spatial region, one-dimensional spatial region, two-dimensional spatial region, three-dimensional spatial region

temporal region
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occurrent part of
  all values from: temporal region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: temporal part of
  all values from: temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) A temporal region is an occurrent over which processes can unfold
example: As for zero-dimensional temporal region and one-dimensional temporal region

two-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
definition: (Elucidation) A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is a whole consisting of a surface together with zero or more surfaces which may have spatial regions of lower dimension as parts
example: The surface of a sphere-shaped part of space; an infinitely thin plane in space

spatiotemporal region
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occurrent part of
  all values from: spatiotemporal region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: temporal part of
  all values from: spatiotemporal region
definition: (Elucidation) A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent that is an occurrent part of spacetime
example: The spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumour; the spatiotemporal region occupied by an orbiting satellite
scope note: 'Spacetime' here refers to the maximal instance of the universal spatiotemporal region.

process
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has occurrent part
  all values from: Class
    union of: process
    union of: process boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occurrent part of
  all values from: process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: temporal part of
  all values from: process
example of usage: a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
example of usage: a process of meiosis
example of usage: a process of sleeping
example of usage: the course of a disease
example of usage: the flight of a bird
example of usage: the life of an organism
example of usage: your process of aging.
definition: p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
alternative label: event
definition: (Elucidation) p is a process means p is an occurrent that has some temporal proper part and for some time t, p has some material entity as participant
example: An act of selling; the life of an organism; a process of sleeping; a process of cell-division; a beating of the heart; a process of meiosis; the taxiing of an aircraft; the programming of a computer

disposition
type: Class
subclass of: realizable entity
disjoint with: role
example of usage: an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
example of usage: certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
example of usage: children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
example of usage: the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
alternative label: internally-grounded realizable entity
definition: (Elucidation) A disposition b is a realizable entity such that if b ceases to exist then its bearer is physically changed & b's realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer's physical make-up
example: An atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y; the cell wall is disposed to transport cellular material through endocytosis and exocytosis; certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer; children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways

realizable entity
type: Class
subclass of: specifically dependent continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part of
  all values from: realizable entity
disjoint with: quality
example of usage: the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
example of usage: the disposition of your blood to coagulate
example of usage: the function of your reproductive organs
example of usage: the role of being a doctor
example of usage: the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
definition: A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
definition: (Elucidation) A realizable entity is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region & which is of a type some instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type
example: The role of being a doctor; the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet; the function of your reproductive organs; the disposition of your blood to coagulate; the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity

zero-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
definition: (Elucidation) A zero-dimensional spatial region is one or a collection of more than one spatially disjoint points in space
example: The spatial region occupied at some time instant by the North Pole

quality
type: Class
subclass of: specifically dependent continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part of
  all values from: quality
example of usage: the ambient temperature of this portion of air
example of usage: the color of a tomato
example of usage: the length of the circumference of your waist
example of usage: the mass of this piece of gold.
example of usage: the shape of your nose
example of usage: the shape of your nostril
definition: (Elucidation) A quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized
example: The colour of a tomato; the ambient temperature of this portion of air; the length of the circumference of your waist; the shape of your nose; the shape of your nostril; the mass of this piece of gold

specifically dependent continuant
type: Class
subclass of: continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part of
  all values from: specifically dependent continuant
disjoint with: generically dependent continuant
example of usage: Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
example of usage: of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
example of usage: of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
example of usage: the disposition of this fish to decay
example of usage: the function of this heart: to pump blood
example of usage: the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
example of usage: the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
example of usage: the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
example of usage: the role of being a doctor
example of usage: the shape of this hole.
example of usage: the smell of this portion of mozzarella
definition: b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
definition: b is a specifically dependent continuant =Def b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region & which is such that b specifically depends on c
example: (with multiple bearers) John's love for Mary; the ownership relation between John and this statue; the relation of authority between John and his subordinates
example: (with one bearer) The mass of this tomato; the pink colour of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its centre; the smell of this portion of mozzarella; the disposition of this fish to decay; the role of being a doctor; the function of this heart to pump blood; the shape of this hole

role
type: Class
subclass of: realizable entity
example of usage: John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
example of usage: the priest role
example of usage: the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
example of usage: the role of a building in serving as a military target
example of usage: the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
example of usage: the role of subject in a clinical trial
example of usage: the student role
definition: A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
alternative label: externally-grounded realizable entity
definition: (Elucidation) A role b is a realizable entity such that b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be & b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed
example: The priest role; the student role; the role of subject in a clinical trial; the role of a stone in marking a property boundary; the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighbouring administrative territories; the role of a building in serving as a military target

fiat object part
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
definition: (Elucidation) A fiat object part b is a material entity & such that if b exists then it is continuant part of some object c & demarcated from the remainder of c by one or more fiat surfaces
example: The upper and lower lobes of the left lung; the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body; the Western hemisphere of the Earth; the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body

one-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
definition: (Elucidation) A one-dimensional spatial region is a whole consisting of a line together with zero or more lines which may have points as parts
example: An edge of a cube-shaped portion of space; a line connecting two points; two parallel lines extended in space

object aggregate
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
definition: (Elucidation) An object aggregate is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality (≥1) of objects as member parts which together form a unit
example: The aggregate of the musicians in a symphony orchestra and their instruments; the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint; the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere; a collection of cells in a blood biobank
scope note: 'Exactly' means that there are no parts of the object aggregate other than its member parts.
scope note: The unit can, at certain times, consist of exactly one object, for example, when a wolf litter loses all but one of its pups, but it must at some time have a plurality of member parts.

three-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
definition: (Elucidation) A three-dimensional spatial region is a whole consisting of a spatial volume together with zero or more spatial volumes which may have spatial regions of lower dimension as parts
example: A cube-shaped region of space; a sphere-shaped region of space; the region of space occupied by all and only the planets in the solar system at some point in time

site
type: Class
subclass of: immaterial entity
definition: (Elucidation) A site is a three-dimensional immaterial entity whose boundaries either (partially or wholly) coincide with the boundaries of one or more material entities or have locations determined in relation to some material entity
example: A hole in a portion of cheese; a rabbit hole; the Grand Canyon; the Piazza San Marco; the kangaroo-joey-containing hole of a kangaroo pouch; your left nostril (a fiat part - the opening - of your left nasal cavity); the lumen of your gut; the hold of a ship; the interior of the trunk of your car; hole in an engineered floor joist

object
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
definition: (Elucidation) An object is a material entity which manifests causal unity & is of a type instances of which are maximal relative to the sort of causal unity manifested
example: An organism; a fish tank; a planet; a laptop; a valve; a block of marble; an ice cube
scope note: A description of three primary sorts of causal unity is provided in Basic Formal Ontology 2.0. Specification and User Guide

generically dependent continuant
type: Class
subclass of: continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part of
  all values from: generically dependent continuant
example of usage: The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
example of usage: the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
example of usage: the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
definition: b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
alternative label: g-dependent continuant
definition: (Elucidation) A generically dependent continuant is an entity that exists in virtue of the fact that there is at least one of what may be multiple copies which is the content or the pattern that multiple copies would share
example: The pdf file on your laptop; the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop; the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule; the content that is shared by a string of dots and dashes written on a page and the transmitted Morse code signal; the content of a sentence; an engineering blueprint

function
type: Class
subclass of: disposition
example of usage: the function of a hammer to drive in nails
example of usage: the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
example of usage: the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
definition: (Elucidation) A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of its bearer's physical make-up & this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artefacts) in order to realize processes of a certain sort
example: The function of a hammer to drive in nails; the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity

process boundary
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has occurrent part
  all values from: process boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has temporal part
  all values from: process boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occurrent part of
  all values from: Class
    union of: process
    union of: process boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: temporal part of
  all values from: Class
    union of: process
    union of: process boundary
definition: p is a process boundary =Def p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts
example: The boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life

one-dimensional temporal region
type: Class
subclass of: temporal region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has temporal part
  all values from: Class
    union of: one-dimensional temporal region
    union of: zero-dimensional temporal region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: temporal part of
  all values from: one-dimensional temporal region
disjoint with: zero-dimensional temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is a whole that has a temporal interval and zero or more temporal intervals and temporal instants as parts
example: The temporal region during which a process occurs

material entity
type: Class
subclass of: independent continuant
disjoint with: immaterial entity
definition: An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
editor note: Elucidation: An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
definition: (Elucidation) A material entity is an independent continuant has some portion of matter as continuant part
example: A human being; the undetached arm of a human being; an aggregate of human beings

continuant fiat boundary
type: Class
subclass of: immaterial entity
definition: (Elucidation) A continuant fiat boundary b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions & such that there is no time t when b has a spatial region as continuant part & whose location is determined in relation to some material entity
example: As for fiat point, fiat line, fiat surface

immaterial entity
type: Class
subclass of: independent continuant
definition: b is an immaterial entity =Def b is an independent continuant which is such that there is no time t when it has a material entity as continuant part
example: As for fiat point, fiat line, fiat surface, site

fiat line
type: Class
subclass of: continuant fiat boundary
definition: (Elucidation) A fiat line is a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that is continuous
example: The Equator; all geopolitical boundaries; all lines of latitude and longitude; the median sulcus of your tongue; the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin

relational quality
type: Class
subclass of: quality
definition: b is a relational quality =Def b is a quality & there exists c and d such that c and d are not identical & b specifically depends on c & b specifically depends on d
example: A marriage bond; an instance of love; an obligation between one person and another

fiat surface
type: Class
subclass of: continuant fiat boundary
definition: (Elucidation) A fiat surface is a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that is self-connected
example: The surface of the Earth; the plane separating the smoking from the non-smoking zone in a restaurant

fiat point
type: Class
subclass of: continuant fiat boundary
definition: (Elucidation) A fiat point is a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that consists of a single point
example: The geographic North Pole; the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona meet; the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system

zero-dimensional temporal region
type: Class
subclass of: temporal region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has temporal part
  all values from: zero-dimensional temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is a whole consisting of one or more separated temporal instants as parts
example: A temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary; the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident

history
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: (Elucidation) A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by the material part of a material entity
example: The life of an organism from the beginning to the end of its existence

temporal interval
type: Class
subclass of: one-dimensional temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) A temporal interval is a one-dimensional temporal region that is continuous, thus without gaps or breaks
example: The year 2018.
scope note: A one-dimensional temporal region can include as parts not only temporal intervals but also temporal instants separated from other parts by gaps.

temporal instant
type: Class
subclass of: zero-dimensional temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) A temporal instant is a zero-dimensional temporal region that has no proper temporal part
example: The millennium

chemical entity
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
definition: A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.

chemical substance
type: Class
subclass of: chemical entity
subclass of: portion of matter
definition: A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.

completely executed planned process
type: Class
subclass of: planned process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: realizes
  some values from: plan

planned process
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: A process that is initiated by an agent who intends to carry out a plan to achieve an objective through one or more actions as described in a plan specification.

measurement unit label
type: Class
subclass of: datum label
example of usage: Examples of measurement unit labels are liters, inches, weight per volume.
definition: A measurement unit label is as a label that is part of a scalar measurement datum and denotes a unit of measure.
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: a term measurement unit was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000176) , edited by Chris Stoeckert and Cristian Cocos, and subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definition of this, different, term.
editor note: 2009-03-16: review of this term done during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI.

objective specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
example of usage: In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction.
definition: A directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved.
editor note: 2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed."
editor note: 2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that.
editor note: Answers the question, why did you do this experiment?
alternative label: goal specification
definition source: OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch
definition source: OBI_0000217

action specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
example of usage: Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2
definition: A directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take.
definition source: OBI Plan and Planned Process branch

datum label
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
definition: A label is a symbol that is part of some other datum and is used to either partially define the denotation of that datum or to provide a means for identifying the datum as a member of the set of data with the same label
editor note: http://www.golovchenko.org/cgi-bin/wnsearch#4n

software
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
definition: Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit.
editor note: see sourceforge tracker discussion at http://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=1958818&group_id=177891&atid=886178
definition source: GROUP: OBI

model number
type: Class
subclass of: symbol
definition: A model number is an information content entity specifically borne by catalogs, design specifications, advertising materials, inventory systems and similar that is about manufactured objects of the same class. The model number is an alternative term for the class. The manufactered objects may or may not also bear the model number. Model numbers can be encoded in a variety of other information objects, such as bar codes, numerals, or patterns of dots.
editor note: manufactered items may have more than one model number, sometimes by rebranding, or because companies are sold and the products issued new model numbers

programming language
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
example of usage: R, Perl, Java
definition: A language in which source code is written that is intended to be executed/run by a software interpreter. Programming languages are ways to write instructions that specify what to do, and sometimes, how to do it.
definition source: OBI_0000058
definition source: group:OBI

data entity
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
example of usage: Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries.
definition: An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
definition: An information content entity that is intended to be one or more truthful statement(s) about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
editor note: 2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers.
editor note: 2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum.
editor note: 2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym.
editor note: 2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/
editor note: JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief
alternative label: data
alternative label: data item
label: data item

symbol
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
example of usage: a serial number such as "12324X"
example of usage: a stop sign
example of usage: a written proper name such as "OBI"
definition: An information content entity that is a mark(s) or character(s) used as a conventional representation of another entity.
editor note: 20091104, MC: this needs work and will most probably change
editor note: 2014-03-31: We would like to have a deeper analysis of 'mark' and 'sign' in the future (see https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/154).
definition source: based on Oxford English Dictionary

information content entity
type: Class
subclass of: generically dependent continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: entity
example of usage: Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs.
definition: A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
definition: An information content entity is an entity that is generically dependent on some artifact and stands in relation of aboutness to some entity.
editor note: 2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ).
editor note: Pier: 'data, information or knowledge'. OR 'representation'
editor note: information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity.
definition source: IAO
definition source: OBI_0000142

scalar measurement datum
type: Class
subclass of: measurement datum
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has measurement unit label
  some values from: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has value specification
  some values from: scalar value specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has measurement unit label
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has measurement value
  min cardinality: 1
example of usage: 10 feet. 3 ml.
definition: A scalar measurement datum is a measurement datum that is composed of two parts, numerals and a unit label.
editor note: 2009-03-16: we decided to keep datum singular in scalar measurement datum, as in this case we explicitly refer to the singular form
editor note: Would write this as: has_part some 'measurement unit label' and has_part some numeral and has_part exactly 2, except for the fact that this won't let us take advantage of OWL reasoning over the numbers. Instead use has measurment value property to represent the same. Use has measurement unit label (subproperty of has_part) so we can easily say that there is only one of them.

directive information entity
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: realizable entity
definition: An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process.
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
editor note: 2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it.
editor note: 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO
editor note: Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan

algorithm
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
definition: A plan specification which describes the inputs and output of mathematical functions as well as workflow of execution for achieving an predefined objective. Algorithms are realized usually by means of implementation as computer programs for execution by automata.

curation status specification
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: example to be eventually removed
  one of: metadata complete
  one of: organizational term
  one of: ready for release
  one of: metadata incomplete
  one of: uncurated
  one of: pending final vetting
  one of: to be replaced with external ontology term
  one of: requires discussion
subclass of: data about an ontology part
definition: The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
editor note: Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
definition source: OBI_0000266

report
type: Class
subclass of: document
example of usage: Examples of reports are gene lists and investigation reports. These are not published (journal) articles but may be included in a journal article.
definition: A document assembled by an author for the purpose of providing information for the audience. A report is the output of a documenting process and has the objective to be consumed by a specific audience. Topic of the report is on something that has completed. A report is not a single figure. Examples of reports are journal article, patent application, grant progress report, case report (not patient record).
editor note: 2009-03-16: comment from Darren Natale: I am slightly uneasy with the sentence "Topic of the report is on something that has completed." Should it be restricted to those things that are completed? For example, a progress report is (usually) about something that definitely has *not* been completed, or may include (only) projections. I think the definition would not suffer if the whole sentence is deleted.
editor note: 2009-03-16: this was report of results with definition: A report is a narrative object that is a formal statement of the results of an investigation, or of any matter on which definite information is required, made by some person or body instructed or required to do so.
editor note: 2009-03-16: work has been done on this term during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI.
editor note: 2009-08-10 Alan Ruttenberg: Larry Hunter suggests that this be obsoleted and replaced by 'document'. Alan restored as there are OBI dependencies and this merits further discussion
editor note: disagreement about where reports go. alan: only some gene lists are reports. Is a report all the content of some document? The example of usage suggests that a report may be part of some article. Term needs clarification
definition source: GROUP: OBI
definition source: OBI_0000099

source code module
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
example of usage: The written source code that implements part of an algorithm. Test - if you know that it was written in a specific language, then it can be source code module. We mean here, roughly, the wording of a document such as a perl script.
definition: A source code module is a directive information entity that specifies, using a programming language, some algorithm.
definition source: OBI_0000039
definition source: group:OBI

data format specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
definition: A data format specification is the information content borne by the document published defining the specification. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: term imported from OBI_0000187, which had original definition "A data format specification is a plan which organizes information. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file"
definition source: OBI branch derived
definition source: OBI_0000187

homogenous data collection
type: Class
subclass of: data collection
example of usage: Intensity values in a CEL file or from multiple CEL files comprise a data set (as opposed to the CEL files themselves).
definition: A data item that is an aggregate of other data items of the same type that have something in common. Averages and distributions can be determined for data sets.
editor note: 2009/10/23 Alan Ruttenberg. The intention is that this term represent collections of like data. So this isn't for, e.g. the whole contents of a cel file, which includes parameters, metadata etc. This is more like java arrays of a certain rather specific type
editor note: 2014-05-05: Data sets are aggregates and thus must include two or more data items. We have chosen not to add logical axioms to make this restriction.
alternative label: data set
definition source: group:OBI

data about an ontology part
type: Class
subclass of: data entity
definition: Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term

plan specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: objective specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: action specification
example of usage: PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice.
definition: A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts, and that may be concretized as a realizable entity that, if realized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified.
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
editor note: 2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications.
editor note: 2022-01-16 Updated definition to that proposed by Clint Dowloand, IAO Issue 231.
editor note: Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved
definition source: OBI Plan and Planned Process branch
definition source: OBI_0000344

measurement datum
type: Class
subclass of: data entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has value specification
  some values from: value specification
example of usage: Examples of measurement data are the recoding of the weight of a mouse as {40,mass,"grams"}, the recording of an observation of the behavior of the mouse {,process,"agitated"}, the recording of the expression level of a gene as measured through the process of microarray experiment {3.4,luminosity,}.
definition: A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device.
editor note: 2/2/2009 is_specified_output of some assay?
definition source: OBI_0000305
definition source: group:OBI

version number
type: Class
subclass of: symbol
definition: A version number is an information content entity which is a sequence of characters borne by part of each of a class of manufactured products or its packaging and indicates its order within a set of other products having the same name.
editor note: Note: we feel that at the moment we are happy with a general version number, and that we will subclass as needed in the future. For example, see 7. genome sequence version

serial number
type: Class
subclass of: symbol
definition: A serial number is an information content entity which is a unique sequence of characters borne by part of manufactured product or its packaging that is assigned to each individual in some class of products, and so can serve as a way to identify an individual product within the class. Serial numbers can be encoded in a variety of other information objects, such as bar codes, numerals, or patterns of dots.
editor note: Note: during the call there was some confusion between serial number and model number. We agreed that it would be very helpful for all those terms to have example of usages - please add if you have any :-)

obsolescence reason specification
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: failed exploratory term
  one of: placeholder removed
  one of: terms merged
  one of: term imported
  one of: term split
  one of: out of scope
subclass of: data about an ontology part
definition: The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
editor note: The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.

textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
example of usage: Words, sentences, paragraphs, and the written (non-figure) parts of publications are all textual entities
definition: A textual entity is a part of a manifestation (FRBR sense), a generically dependent continuant whose concretizations are patterns of glyphs intended to be interpreted as words, formulas, etc.
editor note: AR, (IAO call 2009-09-01): a document as a whole is not typically a textual entity, because it has pictures in it - rather there are parts of it that are textual entities. Examples: The title, paragraph 2 sentence 7, etc.
editor note: MC, 2009-09-14 (following IAO call 2009-09-01): textual entities live at the FRBR (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Requirements_for_Bibliographic_Records) manifestation level. Everything is significant: line break, pdf and html versions of same document are different textual entities.
alternative label: text

author identification
type: Class
subclass of: written name
example of usage: L. Hunter
definition: A textual entity intended to identify a particular author

institutional identification
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
example of usage: University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
definition: A textual entity intended to identify a particular institution

caption
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: figure
example of usage: Figure 1: A system diagram describing the modules of the Hanalyzer. Reading methods (green) take external sources of knowledge (blue) and extract information from them, either by parsing structured data or biomedical language processing to extract information from unstructured data. Reading modules are responsible for tracking the provenance of all knowledge. Reasoning methods (yellow) enrich the knowledge that results from reading by, for example, noting two genes that are annotated to the same ontology term or database entry. All knowledge sources, read or reasoned, are assigned a reliability score, and all are combined using that score into a knowledge network (orange) that represents the integration of all sorts of relationship between a pair of genes and a combined reliability score. A data network (also orange) is created from experimental results to be analyzed. The reporting modules (pink) integrate the data and knowledge networks, producing visualizations that can be queried with the associated drill-down tool.
definition: A textual entity that describes a figure

document title
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
example of usage: Textual characteristics of traditional and Open Access scientific journals are similar
definition: A textual entity that names a document

figure
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
example of usage: Any picture, diagram or table
definition: An information content entity consisting of a two dimensional arrangement of information content entities such that the arrangement itself is about something.

document
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
example of usage: A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book
definition: A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole

publication
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: document
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is specified output of
    all values from: publishing process
subclass of: document
example of usage: journal article, newspaper story, book, etc.
definition: A document that is the output of a publishing process.
alternative label: published document

denotator type
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: universal
  one of: defined class
  one of: named class expression
subclass of: data about an ontology part
example of usage: The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities.
definition: A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
definition source: Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters

time measurement datum
type: Class
subclass of: scalar measurement datum
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has measurement unit label
    all values from: time unit
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is duration of
    all values from: process
definition: A scalar measurement datum that is the result of measuring a temporal interval
editor note: 2009/09/28 Alan Ruttenberg. Fucoidan-use-case

postal address
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
definition: A textual entity that is used as directive to deliver something to a person, or organization
editor note: 2010-05-24 Alan Ruttenberg. Use label for the string representation. See issue https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/59

email address
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
editor note: Alan Ruttenberg 1/3/2012 - Provisional id, see issue at https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/130&thanks=130&ts=1325636583

publishing process
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: A planned process of making information, such as literature, music, and software etc., available to the public for sale or for free.
definition source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing

centrally registered identifier symbol
type: Class
subclass of: symbol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part of
  some values from: centrally registered identifier
example of usage: The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed.
definition: A symbol that is part of a CRID and that is sufficient to look up a record from the CRID's registry.
alternative label: CRID symbol
definition source: Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls

centrally registered identifier
type: Class
subclass of: identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: centrally registered identifier symbol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: centrally registered identifier registry
example of usage: The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed.
definition: An information content entity that consists of a CRID symbol and additional information about the CRID registry to which it belongs.
editor note: 2014-05-05: In defining this term we take no position on what the CRID denotes. In particular do not assume it denotes a *record* in the CRID registry (since the registry might not have 'records').
editor note: Alan, IAO call 20101124: potentially the CRID denotes the instance it was associated with during creation.
editor note: Note, IAO call 20101124: URIs are not always CRID, as not centrally registered. We acknowledge that CRID is a subset of a larger identifier class, but this subset fulfills our current needs. OBI PURLs are CRID as they are registered with OCLC. UPCs (Universal Product Codes from AC Nielsen)are not CRID as they are not centrally registered.
alternative label: CRID
definition source: Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls

centrally registered identifier registry
type: Class
subclass of: code set
example of usage: PubMed is a CRID registry. It has a code set of PubMed identifiers associated with journal articles.
definition: A code set of CRID records, each consisting of a CRID symbol and additional information which was recorded in the code set through an assigning a centrally registered identifier process.
alternative label: CRID registry
definition source: Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls

written name
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
example of usage: "Bill Clinton"
example of usage: "The Eiffel Tower"
example of usage: "United States of America"
definition: A textual entity that denotes a particular in reality.
definition source: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/114

software method
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: A software method (also called subroutine, subprogram, procedure, method, function, or routine) is software designed to execute a specific task.
definition source: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/80

software module
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: A software module is software composed of a collection of software methods.
definition source: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/80

software library
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: A software library is software composed of a collection of software modules and/or software methods in a form that can be statically or dynamically linked to some software application.
definition source: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/80

software application
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: A software application is software that can be directly executed by some processing unit.
definition source: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/80

software script
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: A software script is software whose instructions can be executed using a software interpreter.
definition source: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/80

abbreviation textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
example of usage: From Shiba et al. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2013; 1: 45. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3893467/): BAC: Bacterial artificial chromosome; CR: Calretinin; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; MAP: Microtubule-associated protein; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; NSC: Neural stem cell; PDA: Patent ductus arteriosus; PMG: Polymicrogyria; PNH: Periventricular nodular heterotopia; VSD: Ventricular septal defect.
definition: A textual entity listing abbreviations and their expansions that are used in a document.

author information textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
example of usage: From Takon. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2011; 10: 25. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204268/): IT [the author] is the lead paediatrician for ADHD services in East Hertfordshire, UK, where she runs a weekly joint ADHD clinic with the Child and Adolescent psychiatrist and works within an ADHD specialist team. IT also sees children with other neurodisability issues who may have comorbid ADHD, where the presentation may be more complex and challenging to manage. IT has vast experience in managing children with complex ADHD. She has 18 years of experience in paediatrics and also has extensive experience in the use of psychopharmacologic agents in managing children with ADHD.
definition: A textual entity expression information about an author of a document. This information may include biographical information and may discuss how the authors' professional experiences are relevant to the work described in the document.

keyword textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
example of usage: From: Fu and Lin. Identification of gene-oriented exon orthology between human and mouse. BMC Genomics. 2012; 13(Suppl 1): S10. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303729/): Exon orthology; alternative splicing; exon duplication; intron-exon structure.
definition: A textual entity listing keywords indicating the major theme(s) of a document.

related work textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
example of usage: Excerpt from Žitnik and Zupan. Bioinformatics. 2015 Jun 15; 31(12): i230–i239. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4542780/): Our work presented here is similar in spirit to our recently developed methodology for data fusion via collective matrix factorization (Žitnik and Zupan, 2015).
definition: A textual entity that discusses work from other publications and expresses their relevancy to the content of a document.

requirements textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
example of usage: From Qi et al. BMC Bioinformatics. 2014; 15: 11. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897912/): • Operating systems: Platform independent • Programming language: Matlab, R, Python • Other requirements: None • License: GNU GPL v3 • Any restrictions to use by non-academics: None
definition: A textual entity that expresses the requirements necessary to use a resource, e.g. software.

ORCID identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
definition: A centrally registered identifier that is issued by ORCID (https://orcid.org/) and used to persistantly identify oneself as a human researcher or contributor.
editor note: "You can connect your iD with your professional information — affiliations, grants, publications, peer review, and more. You can use your iD to share your information with other systems, ensuring you get recognition for all your contributions, saving you time and hassle, and reducing the risk of errors." [https://orcid.org/]
editor note: This class was originally defined in Apollo_SV (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/APOLLO_SV_00000496) but due to it being more in scope of IAO, it was decided to add it to IAO and deprecate its Apollo_SV equivalent. (2022-10-25)
alternative label: ORCID ID
alternative label: ORCiD
alternative label: Open Researcher and Contributor ID
alternative label: Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier
definition source: https://orcid.org/

data collection
type: Class
subclass of: data entity
definition: A data entity that consists of multiple data entities.
alternative label: data set

identifier
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
definition: An information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity.
alternative label: proper name

personal name
type: Class
subclass of: identifier
definition: An identifier referring to an individual entity that is ascribed personhood by the user of the identifier.
definition source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name

given name
type: Class
subclass of: personal name
definition: A personal name that specifies and differentiates between members of a group of individuals, especially in a family, all of whose members usually share the same family name (surname). A given name is purposefully given, usually by a child's parents at or near birth, in contrast to an inherited one such as a family name
alternative label: first name
definition source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name

family name
type: Class
subclass of: identifier
definition: An identifier that is typically a part of a person's name which has been passed, according to law or custom, from one or both parents to their children.
alternative label: last name
alternative label: surname
definition source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_name

code set
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: identifier
definition: An information content entity that is a collection of other information content entities that has been created to identify or annotate things in a specified domain, and where the intention of its creators is that the collection has a one-to-one correspondence with those things.
alternative label: code map
alternative label: code system
alternative label: codeset
alternative label: coding system
alternative label: controlled vocabulary

ontology module
type: Class
subclass of: data about an ontology part
editor note: I have placed this under 'data about an ontology part', but this can be discussed. I think this is OK if 'part' is interpreted reflexively, as an ontology module is the whole ontology rather than part of it.
alternative label: ontology file

base ontology module
type: Class
subclass of: ontology variant
definition: An ontology module that comprises only of asserted axioms local to the ontology, excludes import directives, and excludes axioms or declarations from external ontologies.

editors ontology module
type: Class
subclass of: ontology module
definition: An ontology module that is intended to be directly edited, typically managed in source control, and typically not intended for direct consumption by end-users.
alternative label: source ontology module

main release ontology module
type: Class
subclass of: ontology variant
definition: An ontology module that is intended to be the primary release product and the one consumed by the majority of tools.
editor note: TODO: Add logical axioms that state that a main release ontology module is derived from (directly or indirectly) an editors module

reasoned ontology module
type: Class
subclass of: ontology variant
definition: An ontology module that contains axioms generated by a reasoner. The generated axioms are typically direct SubClassOf axioms, but other possibilities are available.

evaluant role
type: Class
subclass of: role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: characteristic of
  some values from: material entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has realization
  all values from: assay
example of usage: When a specimen of blood is assayed for glucose concentration, the blood has the evaluant role. When measuring the mass of a mouse, the evaluant is the mouse. When measuring the time of DNA replication, the evaluant is the DNA. When measuring the intensity of light on a surface, the evaluant is the light source.
definition: a role that inheres in a material entity that is realized in an assay in which data is generated about the bearer of the evaluant role
editor note: Role call - 17nov-08: JF and MC think an evaluant role is always specified input of a process. Even in the case where we have an assay taking blood as evaluant and outputting blood, the blood is not the specified output at the end of the assay (the concentration of glucose in the blood is)
editor note: examples of features that could be described in an evaluant: quality.... e.g. "contains 10 pg/ml IL2", or "no glucose detected")
definition source: OBI

assay
type: Class
subclass of: completely executed planned process
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has specified input
    some values from: material entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has specified output
    some values from: data entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: realizes
  some values from: evaluant role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has specified input
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: material entity
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has role
      some values from: evaluant role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has specified output
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: data entity
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is about
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: material entity
        intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: achieves_planned_objective
  some values from: objective specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: assay measures characteristic
  some values from: Class
    union of: quality
    union of: material property
example of usage: Assay the wavelength of light emitted by excited Neon atoms. Count of geese flying over a house.
definition: A planned process that has the objective to produce information about a material entity (the evaluant) by examining it.
editor note: 12/3/12: BP: the reference to the 'physical examination' is included to point out that a prediction is not an assay, as that does not require physical examiniation.
editor note: Discussion on OBI call 2023-05-01 resulted in an agreement to revise the textual definition of 'assay'. https://github.com/obi-ontology/obi/issues/1683.
definition source: OBI branch derived

specimen role
type: Class
subclass of: role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: characteristic of
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: material entity
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is specified output of
      some values from: specimen collection process
example of usage: liver section; a portion of a culture of cells; a nemotode or other animal once no longer a subject (generally killed); portion of blood from a patient.
definition: A role borne by a material entity that is obtained during a specimen collection process and that can be realized by performing measurements or observations on the specimen.
editor note: 22Jun09. The definition includes whole organisms, and can include a human. The link between specimen role and study subject role has been removed. A specimen taken as part of a case study is not considered to be a population representative, while a specimen taken as representing a population, e.g. person taken from a cohort, blood specimen taken from an animal) would be considered a population representative and would also bear material sample role.
editor note: Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation.
editor note: blood taken from animal: animal continues in study, whereas blood has role specimen. something taken from study subject, leaves the study and becomes the specimen.
editor note: parasite example - when parasite in people we study people, people are subjects and parasites are specimen - when parasite extracted, they become subject in the following study specimen can later be subject.
definition source: OBI

organization
type: Class
subclass of: agent
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: material entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has role
    some values from: agent role
example of usage: PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods.
definition: An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members.
editor note: BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now.
definition source: GROUP: OBI

plan
type: Class
subclass of: realizable entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: concretizes
  some values from: plan specification
example of usage: The plan of researcher X to perform an experiment according to a protocol.
definition: A plan is a realizable entity that is the inheres in a bearer who is committed to realizing it as a completely executed planned process.
editor note: This class is included to make clear how the plan specification, the plan, and the planned process relate. OBI will however only subclass and work under the 'plan specification', and 'planned process' class, as we want to avoid to get deep into discussions of 'intend' etc.
definition source: branch derived

specimen collection process
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: completely executed planned process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: achieves_planned_objective
    some values from: specimen collection objective
subclass of: completely executed planned process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has specified input
  some values from: material entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has specified output
  some values from: specimen
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: achieves_planned_objective
  some values from: specimen collection objective
example of usage: drawing blood from a patient for analysis, collecting a piece of a plant for depositing in a herbarium, buying meat from a butcher in order to measure its protein content in an investigation, collecting a stone from a site
definition: A planned process with the objective to obtain a material entity for potential use as an input upon which measurements or observations are performed.
editor note: Definition updated following discussion on 2024-10-07 OBI dev call.
editor note: Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation.
editor note: Philly2013: A specimen collection can have as part a material entity acquisition, such as ordering from a bank. The distinction is that specimen collection necessarily involves the creation of a specimen role. However ordering cell lines cells from ATCC for use in an investigation is NOT a specimen collection, because the cell lines already have a specimen role.
editor note: Philly2013: The specimen_role for the specimen is created during the specimen collection process.
editor note: label changed to 'specimen collection process' on 10/27/2014, details see tracker: http://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/716/
alternative label: specimen collection

specimen collection objective
type: Class
subclass of: objective specification
example of usage: The objective to collect bits of excrement in the rainforest. The objective to obtain a blood sample from a patient.
definition: A objective specification that is fulfilled by obtaining a material entity for potential use as an input upon which measurements or observations are performed.
editor note: OBI recommends against subclassing this term in order to avoid further parallel hierarchies between this term and specimen collection process.
definition source: Bjoern Peters

sampling time measurement datum
type: Class
subclass of: scalar measurement datum
definition: A time measurement datum when an observation is made or a sample is taken from a material as measured from some reference point.
alternative label: time point
definition source: MO_738 timepoint

specimen collection time measurement datum
type: Class
subclass of: scalar measurement datum
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: Restriction
    on property: starts
    some values from: specimen collection process
definition: A time measurement datum that is the measure of the time when the specimens are collected.
alternative label: collection date
definition source: NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group

computation run time
type: Class
subclass of: time measurement datum
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is duration of
  some values from: data transformation
example of usage: Gigascience. 2012 Dec 27;1(1):18. doi: 10.1186/2047-217X-1-18. PMID: 23587118. See Table 4
definition: computation run time is a time measurement datum which corresponds the time expressed in second, minute, hour necessary for a computer program to complete a process execution, for example genome assembly. It is an important metrics as it indicates the resource occupancy and computer program efficiency.
alternative label: computation run time datum
definition source: PRS,AGB

categorical value specification
type: Class
subclass of: value specification
definition: A value specification that is specifies one category out of a fixed number of nominal categories

scalar value specification
type: Class
subclass of: value specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has measurement unit label
  some values from: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has measurement unit label
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has specified numeric value
  min cardinality: 1
definition: A value specification that consists of two parts: a numeral and a unit label

value specification
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
example of usage: The value of 'positive' in a classification scheme of "positive or negative"; the value of '20g' on the quantitative scale of mass.
definition: An information content entity that specifies a value within a classification scheme or on a quantitative scale.
editor note: This term is currently a descendant of 'information content entity', which requires that it 'is about' something. A value specification of '20g' for a measurement data item of the mass of a particular mouse 'is about' the mass of that mouse. However there are cases where a value specification is not clearly about any particular. In the future we may change 'value specification' to remove the 'is about' requirement.

sequence assembly name
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: textual entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    all values from: sequence_assembly
subclass of: textual entity
definition: A textual entity that is used to denote a sequence assembly.
definition source: NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group

collection of specimens
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: material entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has member
    all values from: specimen
subclass of: material entity
example of usage: Blood cells collected from multiple donors over the course of a study.
definition: A material entity that has two or more specimens as its parts.
editor note: Details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/778/
definition source: OBIB, OBI

date process started
type: Class
subclass of: data entity
definition: A data item that is the date when a process was initiated.

specimen collection duration
type: Class
subclass of: scalar measurement datum
example of usage: Specimen collection duration of 3 nights that a trap is set out for collection of mosquitoes. Urine collected over a 24 hour period of specimen collection duration.
definition: A time measurement datum that is the count of collection cycles over which a specimen collection process occurs.
alternative label: specimen collection duration
definition source: VEuPathDB

specimen
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: material entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has role
    some values from: specimen role
subclass of: material entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has role
  some values from: specimen role
example of usage: Biobanking of blood taken and stored in a freezer for potential future investigations stores specimen; collecting a stone from a site.
definition: A material entity that is collected for potential use as an input upon which measurements or observations are performed.
definition source: GROUP: OBI Biomaterial Branch

data transformation
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: achieves_planned_objective
  some values from: data transformation objective
subclass of: completely executed planned process
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has specified input
    some values from: data entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has specified output
    some values from: data entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: realizes
  some values from: Restriction
    on property: concretizes
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: algorithm
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has part
        some values from: objective specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: achieves_planned_objective
  some values from: data transformation objective
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has specified input
  all values from: data entity
example of usage: The application of a clustering protocol to microarray data or the application of a statistical testing method on a primary data set to determine a p-value.
definition: A completely executed planned process that produces output data from input data.
alternative label: data analysis
alternative label: data processing
definition source: Branch editors

data transformation objective
type: Class
subclass of: objective specification
example of usage: normalize objective
definition: An objective specification to transformation input data into output data
editor note: Modified definition in 2013 Philly OBI workshop
definition source: PERSON: James Malone

region
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
definition: A sequence_feature with an extent greater than zero. A nucleotide region is composed of bases and a polypeptide region is composed of amino acids.
alternative label: primary structure of sequence macromolecule
alternative label: sequence

sequence_assembly
type: Class
subclass of: assembly
definition: A sequence of nucleotides that has been algorithmically derived from an alignment of two or more different sequences.

assembly
type: Class
subclass of: experimental_feature
definition: A region of the genome of known length that is composed by ordering and aligning two or more different regions.

experimental_feature
type: Class
subclass of: region
definition: A region which is the result of some arbitrary experimental procedure. The procedure may be carried out with biological material or inside a computer.

time unit
type: Class
subclass of: measurement unit label
definition: A unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence.

expert discussion
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
definition: An event that involves a focused exchange of knowledge, opinions, and insights among specialists in a particular field to address complex topics, evaluate research findings, or explore emerging trends.

event frequency datum
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: specification datum
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    all values from: event
subclass of: specification datum
definition: Event frequency datum describes how often an events occurs within a given time interval
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Events’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘event frequency’ class was created to respond to competency questions like which frequency ab event take places?
example: annual, weekly, twice per year, 72 beats per minute, every four years

matwerk project
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: the matwerk project
subclass of: project
definition: A MatWerk project is a project within the NFDI MatWerk consortium that involves coordinated research, development, or infrastructure activities aimed at advancing materials science and engineering through data-driven methodologies and digitalization.

collaboration
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: A collaboration is a process in which multiple entities, such as individuals, organizations, or institutions, work together toward shared goals, contributing resources, expertise, or services to achieve mutual benefits.
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘International Collaboration’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Collaboration’ class and its subclasses were created to defind the type of collaborations, and respond to competency questions like: what type of collaboration exists between organizations A and B, which agents are involved in collaboration C, which collaborations has agent D, etc.

strategic collaboration
type: Class
subclass of: collaboration
definition: Strategic Collaboration is a collaboration process in which multiple entities align their long-term objectives and resources to achieve significant mutual benefits in research, business, or policy initiatives.

networking
type: Class
subclass of: collaboration
definition: Networking is a collaboration process that involves building and maintaining professional, academic, or organizational relationships to exchange knowledge, expertise, or resources.

project collaboration
type: Class
subclass of: collaboration
definition: Project Collaboration is a collaboration process in which multiple entities contribute expertise, resources, and labor toward the successful completion of a specific project.

joint efforting
type: Class
subclass of: collaboration
definition: Joint Efforting is a collaboration process in which multiple entities combine efforts, knowledge, or labor toward a common goal, often in research, policy-making, or community initiatives.

joint servicing
type: Class
subclass of: collaboration
definition: Joint Servicing is a collaboration process in which two or more entities jointly provide or maintain a service, ensuring operational efficiency and shared responsibility.

alliancing
type: Class
subclass of: collaboration
definition: Alliancing is a collaboration process in which two or more entities form a long-term cooperative relationship based on shared objectives, often in research, industry, or government sectors.

parenting
type: Class
subclass of: collaboration
definition: Partnering is a collaboration process in which two or more entities form a structured partnership to achieve specific research, business, or development goals.

date process ended
type: Class
subclass of: data entity
definition: The date and time at which the experimental process was completed.

assay identifier
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: process identifier
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: assay
subclass of: process identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: assay
definition: Assay identifier is an identifier that uniquely designates a specific assay.

object identifier
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: identifier
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: object
subclass of: identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: object
definition: Object identifier is an identifier that uniquely designates a specific object.

device identifier
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: object identifier
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: device
subclass of: object identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: device
definition: Device identifier is an identifier that uniquely designates a specific device.

equation textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
definition: An equation textual entity is a textual entity that expresses a mathematical equation specifying relationships between quantities or variables.

material deformation mechanism
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: categorical value specification
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: deformation
subclass of: categorical value specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: deformation
definition: A material deformation mechanism is a categorical value specification that identifies and records the specific microstructural or crystallographic process—such as dislocation creep, diffusional flow, or grain boundary sliding—that is determined to be the primary physical cause of the deformation process of a material.

nfdi matwerk consortium
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: NFDI consortium
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: participates in
    some values from: matwerk project
subclass of: NFDI consortium
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: participates in
  some values from: matwerk project
alternative label: National Research Data Infrastructure for Materials Science & Engineering
alternative label: Nationale Forschungsdateninfrastruktur für Materialwissenschaft & Werkstofftechnik @de
definition source: https://nfdi-matwerk.de/
comment: The National Research Data Infrastructure for Materials Science & Engineering (NFDI-MatWerk) is a consortium in Germany dedicated to developing a national infrastructure for managing research data in the field of materials science and engineering. Established in 2021, NFDI-MatWerk focuses on integrating and standardizing data from various sources, including experimental and simulation data, along with their associated metadata. This comprehensive approach supports the entire data lifecycle—from planning and collection to analysis, preservation, sharing, and reuse—aiming to enhance data accessibility, interoperability, and reusability within the scientific community. By providing tools and frameworks for efficient data management, NFDI-MatWerk facilitates innovative research and fosters collaboration among scientists. The consortium also emphasizes the development of standardized metadata and terminologies to ensure seamless data integration and sharing across different platforms and stakeholders. Through these efforts, NFDI-MatWerk aims to advance materials science and engineering by promoting effective data management practices and long-term accessibility of high-quality research data.
definition: NFDI-MatWerk will focus on the research areas of materials science and materials engineering. The key challenges in these fields are the digital mapping of materials and their process and loading parameters. This process touches core aspects of scientific ways of working starting with scientific exchange, data handling and the resulting technological possibilities. The digital transformation of materials science and materials engineering is an opportunity to promote, structure and optimize this exchange - provided that transparent communication standards are created. This fundamental change is therefore being tackled in a joint effort by the consortium and the specialist community.

device type specification
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: categorical value specification
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: device
subclass of: categorical value specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: device
definition: A device type specification is a categorical value specification that classifies a device according to its type.

material failure mechanism
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: categorical value specification
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: failure process
subclass of: categorical value specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: failure process
definition: Material failure mechanism is a categorical value specification that are the underlying physical, chemical, or mechanical processes—such as fatigue, corrosion, or ductile yielding—that cause a component to lose its ability to perform its intended function

infrastructure use case
type: Class
subclass of: service product
alternative label: IUC
definition: An Infrastructure Use Case (IUC) is a service product that defines a specific application scenario, requirement, or implementation of research infrastructure, demonstrating its functionality, benefits, and impact in a given scientific or industrial domain.
example: NFDI MatWerk Infrastructure Use Cases (IUCs) are exmplary scenarios used to demonstrate and validate the functionality of the NFDI-MatWerk infrastructure in real-world research contexts. They illustrate how the digital infrastructure can be applied to various stages of materials science research, including data acquisition, processing, sharing, and analysis. Developed in collaboration with the research community, IUCs provide detailed examples of how researchers can effectively use the infrastructure to enhance their workflows. By showcasing specific applications, IUCs highlight the capabilities and benefits of the infrastructure, guiding its development to meet actual research needs and ensuring that it aligns with the dynamic requirements of materials science and engineering.

obsolete large scale facility
type: Class
term replaced by: large scale facility
comment: A Large-Scale Facility is a service product that provides specialized, high-capacity infrastructure for scientific research, engineering, or computational purposes, supporting large-scale experiments, simulations, and data analysis in various domains.
deprecated: true
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Large-Scale Facility’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Large-Scale Facility’ class and its subclasses were created to define the types of used facilituies and respond to competency questions like: what large-scale facilities support research in field X, which organization provide facility Y, what is the contact point with facility Z, etc.
example: European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ), CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

matwerk participant project
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: project
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: occurrent part of
    some values from: matwerk project
subclass of: project
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occurrent part of
  some values from: matwerk project
definition: Participant Projects (PPs) are projects by NFDI-MatWerk partners that address specific scientific and technological challenges, providing practical examples and feedback for the development and validation of the infrastructure.

developing process
type: Class
subclass of: implementing process
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: implementing process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has specified output
    some values from: Class
      union of: independent continuant
      union of: information content entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: independent continuant
definition: A process that involves the creation, adaptation, or refinement of an entity, with the participation of some participants, leading to specific outcomes.

obsolete laboratory
type: Class
term replaced by: laboratory
comment: A place that provides a controlled environment equipped with specialized instruments and facilities for conducting scientific research, experiments, measurements, and testing across various disciplines.
deprecated: true
example: materials characterization laboratories, chemical analysis labs, high-energy physics laboratories

co developing process
type: Class
subclass of: developing process
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: developing process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has specified output
    some values from: Class
      union of: independent continuant
      union of: information content entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: independent continuant
definition: A developing process that involves the collaborative creation, adaptation, or refinement of an entity, requiring the active participation of at least two agents, leading to shared outcomes.

adapting process
type: Class
subclass of: implementing process
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: implementing process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has specified output
    some values from: Class
      union of: independent continuant
      union of: information content entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: independent continuant
definition: A process that involves modifying or adjusting an existing entity, with the participation of some participants, to improve its suitability for a specific purpose or context, leading to a refined or optimized outcome.

sustainability datum
type: Class
subclass of: specification datum
definition: Sustainability datum represents the duration or persistence of a process, system, or resource over time. It defines how long an entity is expected to remain viable or functional.
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Service’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Sustainability’ class was created to respond to competency questions like: what is the sustainability of a service.
example: Continusly, 10 years, 2-4 years, until 2030

data storage capacity datum
type: Class
subclass of: specification datum
comment: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Service’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the this class was created to respond to competency questions like how much is the storage capacity of a service.
definition: Data storage capacity datum represents the maximum amount of digital information it can hold, typically measured in bytes (e.g., GB, TB, PB).

material state
type: Class
subclass of: categorical value specification
definition: A descriptor defining the processing history or physical condition of the material before or after testing.

as manufactured material state
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: material state
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: object
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: output of
        some values from: manufacturing process
subclass of: material state
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: object
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: output of
      some values from: manufacturing process
definition: The condition of the material immediately after the primary manufacturing process (casting/forging) without further treatment.

as tested material state
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: material state
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: object
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: output of
        some values from: assay
subclass of: material state
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: object
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: output of
      some values from: assay
definition: The specific state of the material at the exact moment the test begins (including all pre-test preparations).

fractured material state
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: material state
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: object
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: output of
        some values from: failure process
subclass of: material state
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: object
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: output of
      some values from: failure process
definition: The condition of the test piece after the creep rupture limit has been reached and the material has separated.

heat treated material state
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: material state
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: object
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: output of
        some values from: heat treatment
subclass of: as manufactured material state
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: object
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: output of
      some values from: heat treatment
definition: The condition of the material resulting from a controlled heating and cooling process to alters its physical properties.

aged material state
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: heat treated material state
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: object
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: output of
        some values from: aging process
subclass of: heat treated material state
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: object
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: output of
      some values from: aging process
definition: State resulting from precipitation hardening (holding at an intermediate temperature) to increase strength.

annealed material state
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: heat treated material state
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: object
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: output of
        some values from: annealing process
subclass of: heat treated material state
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: object
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: output of
      some values from: annealing process
definition: State resulting from heating to a specific temperature and cooling at a controlled rate to remove internal stresses.

normalized material state
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: heat treated material state
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: object
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: output of
        some values from: normalizing process
subclass of: heat treated material state
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: object
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: output of
      some values from: normalizing process
definition: State resulting from heating to an austenitizing temperature and cooling in air to refine the grain structure.

test piece origin
type: Class
subclass of: three-dimensional spatial region
definition: A test piece origin is a 3D spatial region that specifies the spatial location from an object from which a test piece is taken.

operator role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
definition: Operator role is an agent role that is realized by operating, controlling, or supervising a device, instrument, machine, system, or process.

failure process
type: Class
subclass of: process
alternative label: fracture
definition: Failure process is a process that results in the loss, degradation, or cessation of the function, integrity, or performance of a material, component, system, or device.

annealing process
type: Class
subclass of: heat treatment
definition: Annealing process is a heat treatment process that alters the properties or microstructure of a material by heating and controlled cooling.

normalizing process
type: Class
subclass of: heat treatment
definition: Normalizing process is a heat treatment process that alters the microstructure and properties of a material by heating it to a specified temperature and subsequently cooling it in air or under controlled conditions.

crystal plasticity simulation
type: Class
subclass of: multiscale simulation
comment: Crystal plasticity simulation is a simulation process that models the deformation behavior of crystalline materials based on crystallographic slip, microstructural properties, and constitutive mechanical relations.

implementing process
type: Class
subclass of: completely executed planned process
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has specified output
    some values from: Class
      union of: independent continuant
      union of: information content entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: independent continuant
definition: A process that applies, integrates, or refines an entity, encompassing development, co-development, and adaptation, with participant involvement to achieve a functional outcome.

research group role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
definition: Research group role is an agent role that is borne by an organizational unit and is realized through conducting, coordinating, or supporting scientific research activities within one or more research domains.

obsolete reference dataset
type: Class
definition source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2025.120735
term replaced by: experimental dataset
comment: A Reference Dataset is a dataset that serves as a benchmark or standardized collection of data used for validation, comparison, and reproducibility in scientific research and engineering applications.
comment: Reference data of materials - are documented according to certain standards as well as - are curated (i.e., generated, maintained, preserved, validated) according to certain standards - are quantitative data sets (i.e., data + their corresponding metadata) - have been measured or simulated to a particularly high standard, and - are generated for a material that has either experienced a well-documented process or is reference material or its composition and structure has been completely characterized. Reference data of materials can also be derived data from reference data. These data are distributed with a license (e.g., GPL). The here addressed standards for documentation, curation and measurement need to be defined for specific materials characteristics (e.g., creep tests) in terms of domain standards. These domain standards are the result of a steered community process. Standards should integrate as much as possible existing standards (e.g., the individual MatWerk domain standards should be as much as possible consistent).
deprecated: true
example: BAM reference data: results of ASTM E139 -11 creep tests on a reference material of Nimonic 75 nickel-base alloy (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7764161)

obsolete simulation dataset
type: Class
term replaced by: simulation dataset
comment: A Simulation Dataset is a dataset that contains data generated from computational models, numerical simulations, or digital twin environments to predict material behaviors, properties, and interactions.
deprecated: true
example: Examples include DFT simulation datasets, molecular dynamics (MD) trajectory files, and phase-field modeling results.

obsolete experimental dataset
type: Class
term replaced by: experimental dataset
comment: An Experimental Dataset is a dataset that contains measured or observed data collected from laboratory experiments, physical tests, or scientific investigations.
deprecated: true

obsolete journal article
type: Class
term replaced by: journal article
comment: A Journal Article is a peer-reviewed scholarly publication that presents original research, review studies, or theoretical discussions, typically published in academic journals.
deprecated: true

obsolete sparql endpoint
type: Class
term replaced by: sparql endpoint
comment: A SPARQL Endpoint is a web application software that provides a queryable interface for accessing and retrieving structured data from RDF-based knowledge graphs using the SPARQL query language.
deprecated: true
example: Wikidata Query Service, DBpedia SPARQL Endpoint, Linked Data Fragments

department role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
definition: Department role is an agent role that is borne by an organizational unit and is realized through carrying out administrative, educational, research, operational, or managerial functions within an organization.

devision role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
definition: Division role is an agent role that is borne by an organizational unit and is realized through carrying out administrative, managerial, operational, or research-related functions within an organization.

institute role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
definition: Institute role is an agent role that is borne by an organization and is realized through conducting, supporting, managing, or promoting research, education, professional activities, or specialized services within one or more domains.

licensing agent role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
definition: Licensing agent role is an agent role that is realized through granting, managing, administering, or overseeing permissions, rights, or licenses related to resources, intellectual property, data, software, or services.

license holder role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
definition: License holder role is an agent role that is realized through holding or exercising rights granted by a license.

licensing process
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: organization
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has role
        some values from: licensing agent role
subclass of: process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: organization
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has role
      some values from: licensing agent role
definition: Licensing process is a process that grants, transfers, manages, or administers permissions or rights for the access, use, distribution, or modification of a resource, dataset, software entity, or other asset.

funding process
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: organization
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has role
        some values from: funding organization role
subclass of: process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: organization
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has role
      some values from: funding organization role
definition: Funding process is a process that allocates, distributes, administers, or provides financial resources to support a project, organization, activity, research effort, or other undertaking.

funding identifier
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: process identifier
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: funding process
subclass of: process identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: funding process
definition: Funding identifier is an identifier that denotes a funding award, funding program, grant, or financial support entity and is used to uniquely reference, distinguish, or track it within an administrative, organizational, or information system context.

obsolete conference paper
type: Class
term replaced by: conference paper
comment: A Conference Paper is a scholarly publication that presents research findings at an academic or professional conference, typically published in conference proceedings.
deprecated: true

obsolete conference poster
type: Class
term replaced by: conference poster
comment: A Conference Poster is a visual presentation of research findings, displayed at an academic or professional conference to facilitate discussion and knowledge exchange.
deprecated: true

obsolete conference abstract
type: Class
Contributor: conference abstract
comment: A Conference Abstract is a brief summary of research findings or scholarly work submitted for presentation at an academic or professional conference, often serving as a precursor to a full paper or presentation.
deprecated: true

obsolete interim report
type: Class
term replaced by: interim report
comment: An Interim Report is a report that provides a temporary or progress-based assessment of an ongoing project, research, or operational activity, documenting current findings, challenges, and future directions before the final report is completed.
deprecated: true

obsolete presentation document
type: Class
term replaced by: presentation document
comment: A Presentation Document is a document that consists of structured visual and textual content designed for conveying information to an audience, typically used in meetings, conferences, and educational settings.
deprecated: true

material identifier
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: identifier
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: material
subclass of: identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: material
alternative label: material designation
definition: Material designation is an identifier assigned to a material to specify its name, Id, classification, composition, or standardized reference in scientific, engineering, or industrial contexts.
example: ASTM A36 for structural steel, UNS C11000 for copper, DIN 1.4404 for stainless steel

obsolete goal textual entity
type: Class
term replaced by: goal textual entity
comment: A goal textual entity is a textual entity that describes the intended objectives, aims, or targets of a project, initiative, organization, or research effort, providing a clear statement of purpose and expected outcomes.
deprecated: true

measure textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
definition: A measure textual entity is a textual entity that describes quantitative or qualitative assessments, metrics, or evaluation criteria used to analyze, compare, or monitor a specific process, performance, or characteristic.

obsolete added value textual entity
type: Class
term replaced by: added value textual entity
comment: An added value textual entity is a textual entity that describes the achievements, benefits, or additional value generated by a project, service, or initiative, highlighting its impact, improvements, or contributions.
deprecated: true
editorial note: In responce to competency questions like what are the added values of project X1 or service X2.

obsolete affiliation
type: Class
term replaced by: affiliation
comment: An affiliation is a textual entity that specifies the organizational or institutional association of an individual, group, or entity, typically used in academic, professional, or research contexts.
deprecated: true
example: FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz-Institute for Information Infrastructure Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods

obsolete repository hosting data portal
type: Class
term replaced by: repository hosting data portal
comment: A Repository Hosting Data Portal is a data portal that provides infrastructure and tools for hosting datasets, code, and publications in a structured and accessible format.
deprecated: true
example: Zenodo, Figshare, Dataverse

obsolete research data repository
type: Class
term replaced by: research data repository
comment: A Research Data Repository is a data portal designed for the preservation, management, and sharing of research datasets, ensuring long-term accessibility and compliance with open science principles.
deprecated: true
example: Open Science Framework (OSF), Harvard Dataverse

material science database
type: Class
subclass of: data portal
definition: A Material Science Database is a data portal that provides access to structured data related to materials science.
example: Materials Project database, NOMAD Archive, Open Quantum Materials Database (OQMD)

material science knowledge base
type: Class
subclass of: data portal
definition: A Material Science Knowledge Base is a data portal that provides structured information, conceptual models, and reasoning capabilities related to materials science research and applications.

obsolete data analysis portal
type: Class
term replaced by: data analysis portal
comment: A data analysis portal is a data portal that provides tools, services, and computational resources for performing data analysis, visualization, and interpretation.
deprecated: true
example: JupyterHub platforms, KNIME analytics portals, R Shiny-based analysis environments

obsolete linked data portal
type: Class
term replaced by: linked data portal
comment: A Linked Data Portal is a data portal that supports the publication, access, and exploration of linked datasets using semantic web technologies and standardized data formats.
deprecated: true
example: Wikidata Query Service, DBpedia, Europeana Linked Open Data portal

obsolete software repository
type: Class
term replaced by: software repository
comment: A Software Repository is a data portal designed to store, manage, and distribute software packages, source code, and related documentation for research, development, and deployment purposes.
deprecated: true
example: GitHub, GitLab, Apache Software Foundation repositories

reporting process
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has specified output
    some values from: report
subclass of: completely executed planned process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has specified output
  some values from: report
definition: A process of collecting, organizing, and presenting information or results in a structured form for communication or documentation.

simulation identifier
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: process identifier
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: computing process
subclass of: process identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: computing process
definition: Simulation identifier is a process identifier that denotes a simulation process and is used to uniquely reference, distinguish, or track that simulation within a scientific, computational, or information system context.

certified reference material role
type: Class
subclass of: role
definition: A role played by a material that provides certified property values to support calibration, validation, or quality assurance activities.

process identifier
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: identifier
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: process
subclass of: identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: process
definition: an identifier that denotes a process and is used to uniquely reference, distinguish, or track that process within a given information system, workflow, or representational context.

project identifier
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: process identifier
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: project
subclass of: process identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: project
definition: an identifier that denotes a project and is used to uniquely reference, distinguish, or track that project within a given organizational, administrative, or information system context.

operator identification
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: written name
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: operator role
subclass of: written name
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: operator role
definition: A textual entity intended to identify a particular operator

workflow identifier
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: process identifier
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: workflow process
subclass of: process identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: workflow process
definition: Workflow identifier is a process identifier that denotes a workflow and is used to uniquely reference, distinguish, or track that workflow within a scientific, organizational, or information system context.

chemical substance identifier
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: identifier
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: chemical substance
subclass of: identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: chemical substance
definition: Chemical substance identifier is an identifier that denotes a chemical substance and is used to uniquely reference, distinguish, or track that chemical substance within a chemical, scientific, or information system context.

CAS registry number
type: Class
subclass of: chemical substance identifier
definition: CAS Registry Number is a chemical substance identifier that denotes an entry in the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry.

crystallographic identifier
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: identifier
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: crystallographic texture
subclass of: identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: crystallographic texture
definition: Crystallographic identifier is an identifier that denotes a crystallographic entity and is used to uniquely reference, distinguish, or track that entity within a crystallographic, materials science, or structural data context.

CSD identifier
type: Class
subclass of: crystallographic identifier
definition: CSD identifier is a crystallographic identifier that denotes an entry in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD).

ICSD identifier
type: Class
subclass of: crystallographic identifier
definition: ICSD identifier is a crystallographic identifier that denotes an entry in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD).

COD identifier
type: Class
subclass of: crystallographic identifier
definition: COD identifier is a crystallographic identifier that denotes an entry in the Crystallography Open Database (COD).

fair digital object
type: Class
subclass of: data entity
definition: FAIR digital object is a data entity that is structured and described in accordance with FAIR principles so that it can be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable by humans and machines.

protocol
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: plan specification
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is concretized as
    some values from: plan
subclass of: plan specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is concretized as
  some values from: plan
definition: Protocol is a plan specification that prescribes the steps, conditions, rules, or procedures for carrying out a process, experiment, workflow, or activity.

specimen preparation protocol
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: protocol
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is concretized as
    some values from: test piece preparation process
subclass of: protocol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is concretized as
  some values from: test piece preparation process
definition: Specimen preparation protocol is a protocol that prescribes the steps, conditions, methods, and requirements for preparing a specimen for analysis, testing, characterization, or experimentation.

calibration protocol
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: protocol
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is concretized as
    some values from: calibration process
subclass of: protocol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is concretized as
  some values from: calibration process
definition: Calibration protocol is a protocol that prescribes the steps, conditions, methods, and requirements for performing a calibration process.

assay protocol
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: protocol
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is concretized as
    some values from: assay
subclass of: protocol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is concretized as
  some values from: assay
definition: Assay protocol is a protocol that prescribes the steps, conditions, methods, and requirements for performing an assay.
example: tensile testing protocol

calibration dataset
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: data collection
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is specified output of
    some values from: calibration process
subclass of: data collection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is specified output of
  some values from: calibration process
definition: Calibration dataset is a dataset that contains data used to calibrate an instrument, device, model, measurement system, or computational workflow.

software license
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
definition: A licence is a legal instrument (usually by way of contract law, with or without printed material) governing the use or redistribution of the resource containing the licence.
definition source: Modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license
label: licence

obsolete NFDI resource
type: Class
deprecated: true
definition: An information content entity that refers to digital creative works and services, and is utilized to organize the resources of NFDI. The most generic kind of a resource and may be associated with any kind of digital creative work, e.g. datasets, collections, metadata; offered products and services, e.g. data portals, data curation, data digitization.
editorial note: 2024-03-25 - Sasha Bruns: This class is useful in nfdicore to provide a unified and structured representation of the diverse range of resources that contribute to the NFDI infrastructure. IMO, it helps to emphasize the scope of resources that can be contributed to the NFDI compared to all information content entites in IAO.
readable IRI label: Resource
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/118

project
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: A process of a scientific or business endeavor that aims to conclude an investigation or to answer a research question.
editorial note: Why "project" as an occurrent: - A project typically has a start and end time. - It involves a sequence of activities, such as planning, conducting experiments, analyzing data, and publishing results. - It has temporal parts (e.g., Phase 1, Phase 2, review stages). So, it aligns well with the occurrent category - more precisely, it can be considered a complex process made up of various subprocesses. But what about the organization or plan behind it? - The institution running or participating the project would be a continuant (consortium). - The project plan might be a generically dependent continuant (a kind of information content entity). - But the project as executed over time is an occurrent.
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/50

person
type: Class
subclass of: agent
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: object
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has role
    some values from: agent role
definition: An object that represents a single human individual.
editorial note: 2024-03-24. Sasha Bruns - the class is not mapped to NCBITaxon_9606 (homo sapiens) due to different scope of the ontologies. "Person" in nfdicore represents entities with specific roles, responsibilities, and attributes within an organization, and is not limited to its biological characteristics.
example: Harald Sack, Tabea Tietz, Sasha Bruns, Etienne Posthumus

place
type: Class
subclass of: site
definition: A site that refers to geographical locations, such as cities, countries, landmarks, and natural environments.
editorial note: A spatial region, e.g. country, city or district.
example: Hessen, Berlin, Schweiz
term tracker annotation: Issue: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/75

consortium
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: organization
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has member
    some values from: Restriction
      on property: has role
      some values from: consortium member role
definition: An organisation that consists of multiple independent groups and individuals, who join together to collaborate on a specific goal.
editorial note: A consortium of autonomous organizations collaborating towards a shared goal, operating within the framework of an agreement.
example: NFDI4Culture, NFDI-MatWerk, DataPLANT.

obsolete creative work
type: Class
deprecated: true
definition: An independent continuant or information content entity that refers to a manifestation of someone's creative effort. A creative work refers to a digital intellectual or artistic resource, e.g. a dataset, metadata, a guideline, a software and other materials offering relevant information or instructions within their specific domains.
editorial note: 2024-03-22. Sasha Bruns - Unlike schema:CreativeWork, nfdicore:CreativeWork is specialized to cover digital creative works only. Through the mapping to "schema:CreativeWork and 'information content entity'", we exclude material creative works such as real paintings, architectural objects, and other physical artifacts, which fall outside the scope of nfdicore:CreativeWork.
example: TRANSRAZ Data Model, NFDI4Culture Knowledge Graph, Guide for digital collection management at art museums, NFDI4Culture SPARQL Endpoint, Registry for Tools & Services, RADAR4Culture service, etc.
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/122

obsolete dataset
type: Class
term replaced by: data collection
deprecated: true
definition: An information content entity that refers to a structured collection of data, organized typically for a specific goal such as analysis, research, or reference. Dataset is structured information about a resource provided by an organization or a person.
editorial note: 2024-04-10. Sasha Bruns: nfdicore:dataset and ioa:data set are not equivalent, due to their differing conceptualizations of what constitutes a iao:data item, which is a superclass of iao:data set. In the nfdicore ontology, a dataset may not necessarily align perfectly with the definition of a data item, since this definition implies a level of accuracy that may not always apply to datasets in their entirety. While a nfdicore:dataset may contain data items, it doesn't necessarily qualify as a data item itself under the strict definition provided by ioa:dataset. This differentiation helps us avoid ambiguity and ensures that our modeling aligns with the intended semantics.
example: Fotothek Bibliotheca Hertziana Max-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte 320px static derivates research dataset (https://doi.org/10.17617/3.SVH2BT)

obsolete plan
type: Class
term replaced by: plan
deprecated: true
definition: A realizable entity that represents a structured set of intended actions or steps designed to achieve specific objectives or outcomes.

obsolete publishing process
type: Class
definition source: publishing process
term replaced by: publishing process
deprecated: true
definition: A process of making information, such as literature, music, and software etc., available to the public for sale or for free.

obsolete identifier
type: Class
term replaced by: identifier
deprecated: true
definition: An information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity.

software development
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/APOLLO_SV_00000008
definition: A process that has specified output a software product and that involves the creation of source code.

spokesperson role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: role of
    some values from: person
definition: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when representing, advocating, or communicating on behalf of an organization or group to convey messages or information.

academic event
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: event
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: Restriction
      on property: has role
      some values from: academic organization role
definition: An event that focuses on scholarly activities and the exchange of knowledge, typically involving presentations, discussions, or collaborations among researchers, academics, and students, often in the context of conferences, workshops, seminars, symposia, or colloquia, to advance a specific field of study or interdisciplinary research.

academic organization role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: role of
    some values from: organization
definition: A role inherent in an organization that is realized when coordinating, managing, or supporting academic activities, programs, or research to promote education and knowledge advancement.

industry organization role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: role of
    some values from: organization
definition: A role inherent in an organization that is realized when promoting, regulating, or supporting industry-specific standards, practices, and collaboration to advance sector development and innovation.

obsolete workflow
type: Class
deprecated: true
definition: A plan that specifies a sequence of tasks, processes, or operations, often involving multiple agents, tools, or systems, to achieve a specific goal or produce a desired outcome.
editorial note: A workflow defines the logical order and dependencies of steps, the roles or entities responsible for each step, and the inputs and outputs required for and produced by each task. It is a realizable entity that can be enacted or executed within a defined context, such as a business process, computational framework, or organizational procedure.
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/125

obsolete document
type: Class
example of usage: A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book
definition source: document
term replaced by: document
deprecated: true
definition: A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole

ontology
type: Class
subclass of: data entity
definition: An (nfdi) ontology is a data item that coherently represents all components of an ontology, including its versions, variants, modules and other associated artifacts. It is typically denoted by a name and/or an acronym, which is the term we use to communicate about it.

ontology variant
type: Class
subclass of: ontology module
definition: An ontology variant represents a self-contained, reusable subset of an ontology that provides a specific functionality while maintaining interoperability with the larger ontology. Typically, an ontology is released in different variants, which makes a variant a release artifact.

patent
type: Class
subclass of: document
example of usage: US Patent 6,449,603
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000313
definition: A document that has been accepted by a patent authority

ontology release version
type: Class
subclass of: data entity
definition: An (nfdi) ontology release version represents a particular release of an ontology.

file data item
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: data entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is subject of
    some values from: data format specification
definition: A file data item is a data item that represents a file stored on a hard drive. It might also include essential attributes like its name, location, download URL, size, type, and timestamps for creation, modification, and access. It might also capture permissions and ownership details to control how the file can be accessed or modified.

obsolete report
type: Class
term replaced by: report
deprecated: true
definition: A document that conveys information, data, or findings, typically structured in a formal or semi-formal manner, to communicate the results of an analysis, investigation, observation, or activity.
editorial note: A report is created with the intent of informing specific audiences and may include textual descriptions, visualizations, metrics, or conclusions. It is a realizable entity that is produced and maintained as part of a process or workflow.

source code repository
type: Class
subclass of: document
definition: A document that organizes and stores source code files, associated metadata, and version history to facilitate the management, sharing, and collaborative development of software projects. It serves as a structured collection of information that tracks changes, maintains integrity, and supports workflows such as version control, branching, and merging.
editorial note: The source code repository stands for the CONTENT of the repository, which, e.g., you can copy to your hard drive. This distinguishes it from the website class which e.g. is used to publish the content.

academic discipline
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
definition: An information content entity that specifies the subject area, domain or academic discipline of an entity. An academic discipline, a research field or domain of an entity, e.g. a domain of a data portal or a field of study of a person.
editorial note: 2024-03-26: SB & JW: Following the OMIT Ontology, the academy discilpine is defined as a subclass of bfo:quality (see e.g. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OMIT_0001008)
editorial note: 2024-12-16: TT & JW: An academic discipline is not a quality, as assumed before, but an ICE. A discipline like philosophy or chemistry consists of structured knowledge, theories, and practices. These are abstract entities that represent and encode information.
example: Q12271
example: Architecture, Art History, Musicology, Media Studies, Performing Arts
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/80

service process
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has output
    some values from: service product
definition: A process that organizes activities and resources to deliver a specific service, ensuring its efficiency, reliability, and alignment with intended goals.
term tracker annotation: Issue: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/75

agent
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has role
    some values from: agent role
subclass of: independent continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has role
  some values from: agent role
definition: An independent continuant that acts autonomously and is entrusted with the authority to represent, negotiate, or act on behalf of another agent.
editorial note: A class that represents entities that are capable of autonomous actions, decision-making, or interaction within a given environment, e.g. persons or organizations.
example: Torsten Schrade, Linnaea Söhn, Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz

city
type: Class
subclass of: place
definition: A place that refers to a densely populated urban area.
editorial note: A city or a town where the thing is located.
example: Berlin, Hannover, Kyiv

collection
type: Class
subclass of: object aggregate
definition: A material entity that represents a collection of material entities intended to be understood together as a whole.
editorial note: A tangible collection of valuables published or curated by an organization or a person.
example: A collection of arts displayed at the museum

consortium member role
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: project
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: role of
    all values from: organization
subclass of: agent role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has realization
  some values from: project
definition: A role inherent in an organization that is realized when the organization is a member of a consortium.

contacting process
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: A process in which the contact information of an entity is provided.
readable IRI label: Contacting

contact point role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
definition: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when the agent is a contact point of a resource or a project.

contributing process
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: A process of contibuting or providing information to an endeavor.
readable IRI label: Contributing

contributor role
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: contributing process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: role of
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: agent
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: participates in
        some values from: contributing process
subclass of: agent role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has realization
  some values from: contributing process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: role of
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: agent
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: participates in
      some values from: contributing process
definition: A role inherent in an agent that provides input, resources, or effort to support or enhance a project, work, or process.

country
type: Class
subclass of: place
definition: A place that refers to a defined geographical area distinguished by its territorial boundaries, governance structure, and sovereignty.
editorial note: A country where the thing is located.

database software
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition source: zenodo.10101412
definition: Software that provides large amounts of structured data from repositories and archives to the user. Usually the data can be uploaded, accessed, searched and/or downloaded via a web browser.

data curation service
type: Class
subclass of: service process
definition source: zenodo.10101412
definition: The activity of managing and promoting the use of data from their point of creation to ensure that they are fit for contemporary purpose and available for discovery and reuse. For dynamic datasets this may mean continuous enrichment or updating to keep them fit for purpose. Higher levels of curation will also involve links with annotation and with other published materials

data portal
type: Class
subclass of: website
definition: A website that serves as a centralized platform for accessing, managing, and sharing datasets, information, or resources related to a specific topic, theme, or domain.
editorial note: An online platform that provides access to datasets.
example: Bach digital, KultSam, MusiXplora

event
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: An process that represents an organized happening that unfolds in time.
editorial note: A class that represents entities that occur or unfold in time, typically characterized by a specific organized happening or occurrence with temporal properties.
example: conferences, celebrations, workshops, meetings, or any other specific incident or happening that has been planned somehow.

federal state
type: Class
subclass of: place
definition: A place that refers to a geographical territory forming part of a country.
editorial note: A federal state where the thing is located.
example: Sachsen, Berlin @de

funding organization role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: role of
    some values from: organization
definition: A role inherent in an organization that is realized when the organization serves as a funder to endevaours, e.g. projects.

obsolete software library
type: Class
definition source: zenodo.10101412
term replaced by: software library
deprecated: true
definition: Collection of pre-implemented functions for a specific task that can be accessed via a well-defined interface.

obsolete license
type: Class
term replaced by: software license
deprecated: true
definition: An information content entity that refers to a legal instrument (usually by way of contract law, with or without printed material) governing the use or redistribution of the resource containing the licence.
editorial note: A document that provides legal guidelines for the use of a resource, e.g. a software.
example: cc-by-3, Digital Peer Publishing Lizenz

media type
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
definition: A directive information entity that describes a media type a bearer has.
editorial note: A digital resource format or physical medium.
example: doc, avi, mpeg, epub, txt, MIME-type, record, cassette, VHS, LaserDiscs, CD, DVD, Blu-ray color lithograph, text book

MIME-type
type: Class
subclass of: media type
definition: A media type that serves as a standardized identifier for specifying the nature and format of data.
editorial note: The MIME-type template of the resource
example: https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/dicom, https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/video/mp4, https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/text/n3
readable IRI label: MIMEType

obsolete programming language
type: Class
term replaced by: programming language
deprecated: true
definition: A plan specification that is used for implementing software.
editorial note: A formal language used for implementing a software.
example: Java, Ruby, C++, Perl, PHP

obsolete publication
type: Class
term replaced by: publication
deprecated: true
definition: A publication that is the output of a publishing process and a creative process.
editorial note: A published scholarly work that reports on ongoing activity about or within a resource, e.g. a dataset.
example: MusiXplora: Visual analysis of a musicological encyclopedia, Textkategorien in kompositorischen Werkstattdokumenten

publisher role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: publishing process
definition: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when the bearer participates in the publishing of the document.

obsolete software
type: Class
term replaced by: software
deprecated: true
definition: A plan specification that comprises a set of instructions, programs, or algorithms designed to perform specific tasks or functions on a computer or other electronic devices.
editorial note: A computer software provided by an organization or a person.
example: Edirom, Muscat

obsolete specification
type: Class
deprecated: true
definition: A directive information entity that defines the requirements, characteristics, or standards for the design, implementation, or operation of a system, product, or process.Specification is a set of requirements, guidelines, standards contributed by an organization or a person.
editorial note: 2024-03-24. Sasha Bruns: specifications have dual nature - they are both directive information entities guiding actions (plan specification) and digital intellectual resources providing relevant information and guidelines (creative work).
example: Guidelines, technical specifications, design specifications
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/133

standard
type: Class
subclass of: document
definition: A specification that establishes a set of guidelines, criteria, or norms recognized and adopted by internationational community.
editorial note: An international standard and norm that can be used to evaluate or create a resource.
example: ISO 15511, DINI-Zertifikat
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/131 https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/133

storage service
type: Class
subclass of: service process
definition source: zenodo.10101412
definition: Provision of storage space for research data as a service to external users. Access is possible via web protocols.

support service
type: Class
subclass of: service process
definition source: zenodo.10101412
definition: Service with direct user contact for topics going beyond the support for specific single services.

technological method specification
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
definition: A plan specification that refers to a technology method employed for the creation, management, utilization, or control of a digital resource.
editorial note: A technology, e.g. a web application or a programming framework used in a resource.
example: Groovy on Grails, Angular
readable IRI label: TechnologicalMeans

obsolete software application
type: Class
definition source: zenodo.10101412
term replaced by: software application
deprecated: true
definition: Software that can be downloaded and executed locally on the users' hardware.

training service
type: Class
subclass of: service process
definition source: zenodo.10101412
definition: Standalone training for self-study can be considered a technical service (usually a web application). Generally speaking, training materials often come in the form of specific measures or tutorials that are attached to a service and that are designed to improve the user’s service experience. Our joint understanding of training as a stand-alone service, however, is not limited to the above and includes materials designed for education in all fields of research data management.

web application software
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition source: zenodo.10101412
definition: Software that is installed on a server and can be used by users via a web page and the internet, for example Software-as-a-service (SaaS).

website
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: information content entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: output of
    some values from: creative process
definition: An information content entity that represents a collection of interconnected web pages, multimedia content, and digital resources accessible via the World Wide Web.
editorial note: A collection of webpages contributed by an organization or a person.
example: https:\/\/opac.rism.info

creative process
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: person
definition: A process that involves generating, developing, and refining original ideas or concepts through exploration, experimentation, and problem-solving, aiming to produce innovative or expressive outcomes in artistic, scientific, or other creative fields.

workflow process
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: realizes
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: plan
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: concretizes
        some values from: workflow specification
definition: A process that processes tasks, activities, or steps to achieve specific objectives efficiently within an organized workflow system.

service product role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: service process
definition: Role of an immaterial entity that facilitates the delivery or support of a service product, ensuring its proper execution and value realization.

agent role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: role of
    some values from: agent
definition: Role of an independent continuant that is realized through an agent's actions, enabling the agent to perform specific functions or achieve particular outcomes within a system or context.

service provider role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: service process
definition: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when delivering services, managing processes, and ensuring the effective fulfillment of service product requirements.

service product
type: Class
subclass of: immaterial entity
definition: An immaterial entity that provides value through a service offering, delivering intangible benefits or functionality designed to fulfill specific needs or requirements, often in a structured process.

service specification
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
definition: A plan specification that defines the requirements, features, and parameters of a service, outlining its scope, performance, and delivery criteria.

software title
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: title
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: software
definition: A textual entity that uniquely identifies a specific software application, program, or system, often used for branding, categorization, and reference in documentation, licensing, and distribution.

citation
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000301
definition: A textual entity intended to identify a particular publication.

workflow specification
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
definition: A plan specification that defines the sequence, dependencies, roles, and conditions governing the execution of tasks and processes within a workflow, ensuring structured and efficient task coordination, automation, and completion.

project proposal
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: document
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: project
definition: A project proposal is a detailed document that outlines the objectives, scope, requirements, and deliverables of a project. It serves as a blueprint for all stakeholders, ensuring everyone understands what needs to be accomplished.

GND identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: Gemeinsame Normdatei @de
alternative label: Integrated Authority File
definition source: https://www.dnb.de/EN/Professionell/Standardisierung/GND/gnd_node.html
definition: A centrally registered identifier that is issued by the German National Library. The Integrated Authority File (GND) is facilitates the collaborative use and administration of authority data. These authority data represent and describe entities, i.e. persons, corporate bodies, conferences and events, geographic entities, topics and works relating to cultural and academic collections.
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
has acronym: GND

VIAF identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: Integrated Authority File
alternative label: Virtual International Authority File
definition source: https://viaf.org/en
definition: The centrally registered identifier VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) is an international authority file that links and integrates authority records from multiple national libraries and other organizations. It provides a unique identifier for authors, creators, and entities, facilitating better data sharing and cataloging across institutions.
example: https://viaf.org/en/viaf/137346469
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
has acronym: VIAF

GeoNames identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: GeoNames
definition source: https://www.geonames.org/
definition: GeoNames is a geographical database that provides information on places, including names, coordinates, and administrative divisions. It integrates data from multiple sources and is widely used for geolocation, mapping, and geographic information systems (GIS).
example: https://www.geonames.org/2950159
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61

Wikidata identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: Wikidata
definition source: https://www.wikidata.org/
definition: Wikidata is maintained by the Wikimedia Foundation and serves as a central repository for structured data used by Wikipedia, Wikimedia projects, and external applications.
example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1388737
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61

ROR identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
definition source: https://ror.org/
definition: ROR (Research Organization Registry) is a global, open, and community-driven registry of research organizations. It provides unique identifiers for institutions involved in research, enabling better data integration, disambiguation, and interoperability across scholarly communication systems.
example: https://ror.org/01kdxra28
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
has acronym: ROR

ISIL identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations
definition source: https://sigel.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/
definition: ISIL (International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations) is a globally recognized identifier system used to uniquely identify libraries, archives, museums, and other cultural institutions. It facilitates resource sharing, cataloging, and data exchange across institutions and countries.
example: https://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/organisations/DE-4153
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
has acronym: ISIL

FactGrid identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: FactGrid
definition source: https://database.factgrid.de/
definition: FactGrid is a collaborative, structured knowledge database designed for historical research. It operates on Wikibase and focuses on documenting historical entities, events, and relationships.
example: https://database.factgrid.de/entity/Q595
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61

RISM identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: Répertoire International des Sources Musicales @fr
definition source: https://rism.info/
definition: RISM (Répertoire International des Sources Musicales) is an international catalog of historical music sources, including manuscripts, printed music, and treatises. It provides unique identifiers and bibliographic data to support music research and documentation.
example: https://rism.online/sources/201001959/
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
has acronym: RISM

export format specification
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: directive information entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has part
    some values from: MIME-type
definition: A directive information entity that defines the structural, syntactic, and encoding rules for representing data when it is exported from a system.

textual description
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
definition: A textual entity that describe some resource.

title
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
definition: A textual entity that denotes some resource.

act of foundation
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: event
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: organization
definition: The act of foundation refers to the formal establishment or creation of an institution, organization, or entity, typically through a legal, administrative, or ceremonial process.

act of dissolution
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: event
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: organization
definition: The act of dissolution refers to a formal legal or administrative event that officially terminates or dissolves an entity, relationship, or agreement.

ontology namespace
type: Class
subclass of: data entity
definition: A namespace refers to a distinct, unique identifier that is used to distinguish concepts and entities within an ontology from those in other ontologies or systems. It's typically represented as a URL or URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) and ensures that each element within the ontology has a globally unique reference.

creation process
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition source: NCIT C42620
definition: A process by which something is brought into existence; having been brought into existence.
term tracker annotation: issue: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/95

creator role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
definition: A role inherent in an agent that originates, develops, or produces a work, product, or idea.

document part
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
definition: An information content entity that is part of a document.
example: An abstract, introduction, method or results section.

author list
type: Class
subclass of: document part
definition: A part of a document that enumerates the authors of the document

contributor list
type: Class
subclass of: document part
definition: A part of a document that enumerates the contributors of the document

creator list
type: Class
subclass of: document part
definition: A part of a document that enumerates the creators of the document

institution list
type: Class
subclass of: document part
definition: A part of a document that has parts that are institution identifications associated with the authors of the document

uniform resource locator
type: Class
subclass of: identifier
definition: A Uniform Resource Locator (URL), colloquially termed a web address, is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. [Wikipedia]
term tracker annotation: issue: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/95

work package textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
definition: A work package textual entity is a textual entity that describes a structured unit of work within a project, outlining specific tasks, objectives, deliverables, and assigned responsibilities to achieve defined project outcomes.

comment textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
definition: A comment textual entity is a textual entity that provides supplimentary information, feedback, opinions, clarifications, or annotations related to a specific subject.
example: peer review comments on journal articles, user feedback on digital repositories, inline annotations in collaborative documents, explanatory remarks in software code documentation

digital object identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: DOI
definition: A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a centrally registered identifier that provides a unique, persistent reference to digital objects such as publications, datasets, and software, ensuring reliable access and citation.
example: 10.1016/j.compind.2023.104016

NFDI consortium
type: Class
subclass of: consortium
alternative label: National Research Data Infrastructure
alternative label: Nationale Forschungsdateninfrastruktur @de
definition source: https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/funding-initiative/nfdi
definition source: https://www.nfdi.de/
definition: An NFDI Consortium is a collaborative organizational entity within the German National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) initiative, responsible for the development, management, and coordination of research data infrastructures in specific scientific domains.
definition: The National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) is intended to sytematically manage scientifich and research data, provide long-term data storage, backup and accessibility, and network the data (inter-)nationally. The German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Joint Science Conference (GWK) are working together to establish and fund the NFDI, on the basis of the administrative agreement concluded by the Federal Government and the federal states on November 26, 2018. The NFDI is designed as a nationwide network, which is built gradually and cooperatively by the respective communities. The goal is to provide a reliable and sustainable service portfolio that covers generic and disciplinary requirements of research data management in Germany. The NFDI is developed step by step and science-oriented with services available to researchers from vaious disciplines, institutions, and federal states.

academic title
type: Class
subclass of: identifier
definition: An academic title is an identifier that denotes an individual’s academic rank, qualification, or honorary designation within educational and research institutions.
example: Professor, Associate Professor, Dr., PhD, Dr. Ing.

postal code
type: Class
subclass of: identifier
definition: An identifier that denotes some postal delivery route, some aggregate of postal delivery routes or a geographical region and was created for the purpose of sorting and delivering mail.

zone improvement plan code
type: Class
subclass of: postal code
definition: A postal code that is used in the United States for the purpose of sorting and delivering mail, and that denotes some postal delivery route or some aggregate of postal delivery routes.

meeting
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
definition: Av event that brings together individuals or groups for structured discussions, decision-making, planning, or coordination of research, educational, or institutional activities.

data analysis software
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: Data Analysis Software is a subclass of Software designed to process, visualize, and interpret structured and unstructured data using statistical, machine learning, and computational techniques.

electronic lab notebook
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: An Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) is a subclass of Software that provides a digital platform for recording, managing, and sharing experimental procedures, observations, and research data in scientific workflows.

image processing software
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: Image Processing Software is a subclass of Software that enables the manipulation, enhancement, analysis, and visualization of images obtained from experimental, computational, or simulation-based sources.

operating system
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: An Operating System (OS) is a software system that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between users and the computer hardware, enabling the execution of application programs.
editorial note: Concerning the content of ‘Software’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Operating System’ class wase created to respond to competency questions like what operating systems are compatible with a specific software.
example: Windows, Linux, MacOS

simulation software
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: Simulation Software is a subclass of Software that facilitates the modeling and numerical simulation of physical, chemical, or computational systems to study behaviors, interactions, and performance under different conditions
example: Examples include COMSOL Multiphysics, LAMMPS, Quantum ESPRESSO, and ANSYS.

workflow management software
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition: Workflow Management Software is a subclass of Software that provides tools for designing, automating, executing, and monitoring scientific or computational workflows in research and engineering domains.

event implementation specification
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: categorical value specification
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: event
definition: An event implementation specification is a type of Directive Information Entity that provides formal guidelines, constraints, and details on how an event should be executed. It specifies the mode of implementation, including logistical, technical, and procedural aspects required to carry out an event successfully.
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Event’ datasheets and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Event Implementation Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like what are the implementation formats of a given event.
example: Specifications for organizing conferences, training workshops, and academic seminars in different formats such as virtual, in-person, or hybrid settings.

funding specification
type: Class
subclass of: categorical value specification
definition: A funding specification is a directive information entity that provides structured guidelines, policies, and requirements for securing, managing, and allocating financial resources for various activities, projects, or organizations.
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Service’ datasheets and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Funding Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like what funding models exist for a given service.

information access specification
type: Class
subclass of: categorical value specification
definition: An information access specification is a directive information entity that defines the policies, conditions, and mechanisms governing the accessibility of digital or physical information resources for users or organizations.
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Publication’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Information Access Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like: what access policies apply to a specific publication document, which resources are available under open access, etc.

ontology version IRI
type: Class
subclass of: identifier
definition: An ontology version IRI is a unique identifier that points to a specific version of an ontology. It helps distinguish between different updates or revisions of the same ontology. This ensures consistent referencing and compatibility across systems using the ontology.
term tracker annotation: issue: issue: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/95

obsolete metadata specification
type: Class
deprecated: true
definition: A Metadata Specification is a detailed document that describes metadata structures, guidelines, and usage policies for standardization and adoption.
example: metadata schema and standards
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/132 https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/133

TGN identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
definition: The TGN Identifier refers to a unique ID within the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN), which is a controlled vocabulary developed to standardize geographic names for use in cultural heritage and library contexts. The TGN is part of the Getty Vocabulary Program by the Getty Research Institute.
example: http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7003712
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/100
has acronym: TGN

status specification
type: Class
subclass of: categorical value specification
definition: A status specification is a directive information entity that defines the current state, progress, or condition of an entity, process, or project based on predefined criteria and operational guidelines.
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Service’ and 'International collabrations' datasheets and their related knowledge graphs, the ‘Status Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like: what is the current status of a service or collaboration project, which collabrations are in an active state, etc.

co organizer role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
definition: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when collaborating in planning, managing, and executing an event, project, or initiative alongside one or more primary organizers.

co spokesperson role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: role of
    some values from: person
definition: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when shareing the responsibilities of representing an organization, group, or initiative, typically communicating its views, policies, or findings to the public.

collaboration partner role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
definition: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when engageing in cooperative work with another individual or organization toward a shared goal, such as research, development, or business initiatives.

manufacturer role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
definition: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when being responsible for producing goods, components, or materials through industrial or commercial processes.
example: Siemens as a manufacturer of industrial automation equipment or Intel as a manufacturer of semiconductor chips

organizer role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
definition: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when being responsible for planning, managing, and executing an event, project, or structured activity.
example: event management firms organizing scientific symposiums or non-profit organizations coordinating community outreach programs

speaker role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: role of
    some values from: person
definition: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when delivers presentations, lectures, or speeches at events, conferences, or public gatherings.
example: invited speakers at scientific symposiums, keynote presenters at technology expos, and guest lecturers at universities

LCNAF identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
definition: The LCNAF Identifier refers to a unique identifier assigned to entries in the Library of Congress Name Authority File (LCNAF). This file is a standardized authority database maintained by the Library of Congress, used to establish and control the names of people, organizations, geographic places, and titles in bibliographic records.
example: http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n78095332
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/101
has acronym: LCNAF

BnF identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
definition: The BnF Identifier refers to a unique identifier assigned to an authority record in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) catalog. It is part of the BnF’s authority files, used to standardize names of people, organizations, titles, places, and subjects across bibliographic records.
example: https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123735831
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/102
has acronym: BnF

sparql endpoint
type: Class
subclass of: web application software
definition: A SPARQL Endpoint is a web application software that provides a queryable interface for accessing and retrieving structured data from RDF-based knowledge graphs using the SPARQL query language.
example: Wikidata Query Service, DBpedia SPARQL Endpoint, Linked Data Fragments

consortium partner role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
definition: An agent role that exresses that an organization inhering that role actively collaborates within a consortium, contributing expertise, resources, or infrastructure to support shared research, development, or innovation goals.

DDB organization identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
definition: Identifier for institutions registered with the German Digital Library (Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek)
definition: Identifikator für Institutionen, die bei der Deutschen Digitalen Bibliothek registriert sind @de
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/104

re3data repository identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
definition: identifier for a data repository in the re3data registry
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/106

evaluated process
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is subject of
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: data collection
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: is specified output of
        some values from: evaluating process
subclass of: process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is subject of
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: data collection
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is specified output of
      some values from: evaluating process
definition: evaluated process p is a process that stands in the relation of being assessed, measured, judged, or appraised by an evaluating process that produces data about p
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/pull/150

added value textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
definition: An added value textual entity is a textual entity that describes the achievements, benefits, or additional value generated by a project, service, or initiative, highlighting its impact, improvements, or contributions.
editorial note: In responce to competency questions like what are the added values of project X1 or service X2.
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

affiliation
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
definition: An affiliation is a textual entity that specifies the organizational or institutional association of an individual, group, or entity, typically used in academic, professional, or research contexts.
example: FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz-Institute for Information Infrastructure Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods

goal textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
definition: A goal textual entity is a textual entity that describes the intended objectives, aims, or targets of a project, initiative, organization, or research effort, providing a clear statement of purpose and expected outcomes.
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

conference abstract
type: Class
subclass of: publication
definition: A Conference Abstract is a brief summary of research findings or scholarly work submitted for presentation at an academic or professional conference, often serving as a precursor to a full paper or presentation.
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

conference paper
type: Class
subclass of: publication
definition: A Conference Paper is a scholarly publication that presents research findings at an academic or professional conference, typically published in conference proceedings.
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

conference poster
type: Class
subclass of: publication
definition: A Conference Poster is a visual presentation of research findings, displayed at an academic or professional conference to facilitate discussion and knowledge exchange.
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

evaluating process
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: process in which an agent or system applies criteria, standards, or methods to determine the value, quality, correctness, performance, or status of a target entity
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/pull/150

interim report
type: Class
subclass of: report
definition: An Interim Report is a report that provides a temporary or progress-based assessment of an ongoing project, research, or operational activity, documenting current findings, challenges, and future directions before the final report is completed.
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

research data repository
type: Class
subclass of: data portal
definition: A Research Data Repository is a data portal designed for the preservation, management, and sharing of research datasets, ensuring long-term accessibility and compliance with open science principles.
example: Open Science Framework (OSF), Harvard Dataverse
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

repository hosting data portal
type: Class
subclass of: data portal
definition: A Repository Hosting Data Portal is a data portal that provides infrastructure and tools for hosting datasets, code, and publications in a structured and accessible format.
example: Zenodo, Figshare, Dataverse
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

experimental dataset
type: Class
subclass of: data collection
definition: An Experimental Dataset is a dataset that contains measured or observed data collected from laboratory experiments, physical tests, or scientific investigations.
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

reference dataset
type: Class
subclass of: data collection
definition source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2025.120735
definition: A Reference Dataset is a dataset that serves as a benchmark or standardized collection of data used for validation, comparison, and reproducibility in scientific research and engineering applications.
definition: Reference data of materials - are documented according to certain standards as well as - are curated (i.e., generated, maintained, preserved, validated) according to certain standards - are quantitative data sets (i.e., data + their corresponding metadata) - have been measured or simulated to a particularly high standard, and - are generated for a material that has either experienced a well-documented process or is reference material or its composition and structure has been completely characterized. Reference data of materials can also be derived data from reference data. These data are distributed with a license (e.g., GPL). The here addressed standards for documentation, curation and measurement need to be defined for specific materials characteristics (e.g., creep tests) in terms of domain standards. These domain standards are the result of a steered community process. Standards should integrate as much as possible existing standards (e.g., the individual MatWerk domain standards should be as much as possible consistent).
example: BAM reference data: results of ASTM E139 -11 creep tests on a reference material of Nimonic 75 nickel-base alloy (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7764161)
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

simulation dataset
type: Class
subclass of: data collection
definition: A Simulation Dataset is a dataset that contains data generated from computational models, numerical simulations, or digital twin environments to predict material behaviors, properties, and interactions.
example: Examples include DFT simulation datasets, molecular dynamics (MD) trajectory files, and phase-field modeling results.
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

large scale facility
type: Class
subclass of: service product
definition: A Large-Scale Facility is a service product that provides specialized, high-capacity infrastructure for scientific research, engineering, or computational purposes, supporting large-scale experiments, simulations, and data analysis in various domains.
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Large-Scale Facility’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Large-Scale Facility’ class and its subclasses were created to define the types of used facilituies and respond to competency questions like: what large-scale facilities support research in field X, which organization provide facility Y, what is the contact point with facility Z, etc.
example: European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ), CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

presentation document
type: Class
subclass of: document
definition: A Presentation Document is a document that consists of structured visual and textual content designed for conveying information to an audience, typically used in meetings, conferences, and educational settings.
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

laboratory
type: Class
subclass of: place
definition: A place that provides a controlled environment equipped with specialized instruments and facilities for conducting scientific research, experiments, measurements, and testing across various disciplines.
example: materials characterization laboratories, chemical analysis labs, high-energy physics laboratories
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/120

journal article
type: Class
subclass of: publication
definition: A Journal Article is a peer-reviewed scholarly publication that presents original research, review studies, or theoretical discussions, typically published in academic journals.
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

software repository
type: Class
subclass of: data portal
definition: A Software Repository is a data portal designed to store, manage, and distribute software packages, source code, and related documentation for research, development, and deployment purposes.
example: GitHub, GitLab, Apache Software Foundation repositories
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

linked data portal
type: Class
subclass of: data portal
definition: A Linked Data Portal is a data portal that supports the publication, access, and exploration of linked datasets using semantic web technologies and standardized data formats.
example: Wikidata Query Service, DBpedia, Europeana Linked Open Data portal
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

data analysis portal
type: Class
subclass of: data portal
definition: A data analysis portal is a data portal that provides tools, services, and computational resources for performing data analysis, visualization, and interpretation.
example: JupyterHub platforms, KNIME analytics portals, R Shiny-based analysis environments
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119

workshop
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
definition: An event focused on interactive learning, where participants engage in hands-on activities or group work to develop specific skills or knowledge.

conference
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
definition: An event where experts and scholars gather to present research, exchange ideas, and discuss advancements in a particular field.

hackathon
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
definition: An event where participants collaborate intensively over a short period to develop technological solutions, such as software or hardware projects.

lecture
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
definition: An event where a subject matter expert delivers a formal presentation to inform or educate an audience about a specific topic.

course
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
definition: An event structured as a program of study, offering instruction on a particular subject, often leading to certification or academic credit.

summer school
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
definition: An event held during the summer, providing specialized courses or workshops to supplement regular academic studies or offer additional learning opportunities.

seminar
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
definition: An event where a small group of participants discuss a specific topic in depth, often involving presentations and interactive discussions.

symposium
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
definition: An event where researchers and experts present and discuss their work, often centered around a specific theme or area of study.

panel discussion
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
definition: An event featuring a group of experts who share their insights and engage in a moderated discussion on a particular subject, followed by audience questions.

data handling process
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: A process that involves the collection, organization, cleaning, analysis, storage, and sharing of data to ensure its accuracy, accessibility, and usefulness for decision-making, research, or other applications. Data handling encompasses all stages from raw data generation to its final visualization or publication.

data producing process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
definition: A data handling process where raw data is generated through experiments, observations, or data collection tools, often as the initial step in the data lifecycle.

data processing process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
definition: A data handling process where raw data is cleaned, transformed, and analyzed to extract meaningful insights, patterns, or trends.

dataset creation process
type: Class
subclass of: completely executed planned process
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: data handling process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has specified output
    some values from: data collection
definition: A data handling process involving the organization and structuring of data into datasets for easier access, analysis, and sharing.

dataset documenting process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
definition: A data handling process where metadata, descriptions, and details about datasets are recorded to ensure clarity, context, and proper usage by others.

data cleaning process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
definition: A data handling process where incorrect, incomplete, or irrelevant data is identified and corrected or removed to improve the quality of the dataset.

data transformation process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
definition: A data handling process involving the conversion of data into a different format, structure, or scale to make it compatible with analysis tools or systems.

data integration process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
definition: A data handling process where data from multiple sources are combined or merged to create a cohesive and comprehensive dataset for analysis.

data storage process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
definition: A data handling process where data is securely stored in databases or other systems, ensuring it can be retrieved and accessed as needed.

data visualization process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
definition: A data handling process where data is represented visually through charts, graphs, or other formats to aid in understanding and decision-making.

obsolete software method
type: Class
definition source: software method
term replaced by: software method
deprecated: true
definition: A software method (also called subroutine, subprogram, procedure, method, function, or routine) is software designed to execute a specific task.

obsolete software module
type: Class
definition source: software module
term replaced by: software module
deprecated: true
definition: A software module is software composed of a collection of software methods.

obsolete software script
type: Class
definition source: software script
term replaced by: software script
deprecated: true
definition: A software script is software whose instructions can be executed using a software interpreter.

material
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: portion of matter
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has characteristic
    some values from: material property
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has quality
    some values from: intensive quality
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: output of
    some values from: process
label: Material @de
definition: A material is a portion of matter that may participate in some manufacturing process and whose shape is not relevant for its participation in the manufacturing process.

portion of matter
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
definition: A material entity that is not demarcated by any physical discontinuities. At some finer level of granularity it is an object aggregate, at some coarser level of granularity it is a fiat object part,but at this level of granularity it is neither.

engineered material
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: material
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is specified output of
    some values from: manufacturing process
subclass of: material
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is specified output of
  some values from: manufacturing process
definition: An engineered material is a material that is output of a manufacturing process.

material property
type: Class
subclass of: disposition
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has realization
  some values from: stimulating process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: characteristic of
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: portion of matter
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: participates in
      some values from: process
definition: a disposition of a portion of matter that is realized in a compatible process and whose realization is grounded in the portions intensive qualities

ASTM grainsize
type: Class
subclass of: grain size
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is quality measured as
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: measurement datum
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is specified output of
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: process
        intersection of: Restriction
editor note: TODO: axiom needs refinement
definition: The ASTM grain size is a quality that is measured through a process that follows the ASTM standard.

aggregate state
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: specified by value
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: aggregate state value
subclass of: intensive quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: specified by value
  some values from: aggregate state value
definition: an intensive quality representing the physical state of a material, such as solid, liquid, or gasous

aging process
type: Class
subclass of: process
label: Alterungsprozess @de
definition: Das Aging oder Auslagern ist ein Anlassvorgang, der den Martensit (Härtungsgefüge) wieder duktil und verformbar macht. Dabei wird ein Agingvorgang genutzt, nämlich die Bildung von Ausscheidungen in Form von FeXCY - Carbiden @de
definition: The process of hardening an alloy by a method that causes a constituent to precipitate from solid solution.
example: The Process of austenitizing and quenching a steel alloy to achieve a martensitic microstructure for hardness increase.

mechanical process
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: is a process in which forces, moments, or imposed displacements to objects or object aggregates occur and/or the equivalent (stresses, strains) to materials or portions of matter

changing properties of material
type: Class
subclass of: manufacturing process
definition source: Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Page 5, 3.1.6 Stoffeigenschaften ändern - Definition
definition source: Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Seite 5, 3.1.6 Stoffeigenschaften ändern - Definition @de
label: Stoffeigenschaft Ändern @de
definition: A manufacturing process that modifies the characteristics of the material from which a workpiece is made, including by processes at the submicroscopic or atomic scale, such as atomic diffusion, dislocation formation and movement in the atomic lattice or chemical reactions, whereby the resulting shape changes are not characteristic of these processes.
definition: Ein Herstellungsprozess, der die Merkmale des Materials, aus dem ein Werkstück gefertigt ist, modifiziert, was unter anderem durch Vorgänge im submikroskopischen oder atomaren Bereich erfolgt, wie etwa durch Atomdiffusion, die Versetzungsentstehung und -bewegung im Atomgitter oder durch chemische Reaktionen, wobei die dabei auftretenden Formveränderungen nicht charakteristisch für diese Verfahren sind. @de
example: Heat Treatment

computing process
type: Class
subclass of: completely executed planned process
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has specified input
    some values from: information content entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has specified output
    some values from: information content entity
editor note: The subclass trees of "Computing Process" are currently still proposals and serve as a working basis for the discussion round with the simulation/workflow domain experts.
label: Datenverarbeitung @de
label: Rechenprozess @de
definition: A process that involves the systematic use of computational methods and tools to perform simulations, analyses, or data transformations to achieve specific scientific or engineering goals.
definition: Ein Prozess, der die systematische Verwendung von rechnerischen Methoden und Werkzeugen umfasst, um Simulationen, Analysen oder Datenumwandlungen durchzuführen, um spezifische wissenschaftliche oder technische Ziele zu erreichen. @de

crystal structure
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: specified by value
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: bravais lattice (3D)
subclass of: intensive quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: specified by value
  some values from: bravais lattice (3D)
definition: an intensive qualtty of a crystal that embodies the periodic geometric arrangement of entities in a crystal lattice.

defect density
type: Class
subclass of: intensive quality
definition: an intensive quality describing the number of defects per unit volume or area in a material, which can affect its mechanical and electronic properties

deformation
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: The deformation is a process describing a change in the shape, size, or structure of a material often under the influence of stress or force.

density
type: Class
subclass of: intensive quality
definition: The density is a universal intensive quality representing the unit mass of a portion of matter per unit volume.

device
type: Class
subclass of: object
label: Gerät @de
definition: A device is an object that is designed to perform a specific function or task involving measurement, manipulation, processing, or analysis.
definition: Ein physisches oder virtuelles Objekt, das verwendet wird, um eine bestimmte Funktion oder Aufgabe auszuführen, häufig im Zusammenhang mit der Messung, Manipulation oder Analyse von Materialien. @de

device role
type: Class
subclass of: role
label: Rolle eines Gerätes @de
definition: Rolle, die ein Geräte inne haben kann. @de

functional material
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: material
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: part of
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: object
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has function
        some values from: function
subclass of: material
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part of
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: object
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has function
      some values from: function
editor note: Classified by the role in a system.
definition: A functional material F is an engineered material which has the disposition to be used for an object O (O consists of F) and O's function is other/more than mechanical load carrying.

crystallite
type: Class
subclass of: crystal
label: kristallit @de
definition: A crystal grain is a crystal that is part of a polycrystal.

heat treatment
type: Class
subclass of: changing properties of material
definition source: Official definition can be found in: DIN EN ISO 4885:2018 Wärmebehandlung Page 21, 3.108 Wärmebehandlung - Definition
definition source: Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN EN ISO 4885:2018 Wärmebehandlung Seite 21, 3.108 Wärmebehandlung - Definition @de
label: Wärmebehandlung @de
definition: A changing properties of material process in which a solid (ferrous) product is fully or partially exposed to specific time-temperature sequences through a series of process steps with the aim of modifying its properties and/or its internal structure.
definition: Ein Stoffeigenschaft Ändern Prozess, bei dem durch eine Reihe von Verfahrensschritten ein festes (Eisen-)Produkt ganz oder teilweise bestimmten Zeit-Temperatur-Abfolgen ausgesetzt wird, mit dem Ziel, seine Eigenschaften und/oder seine innere Struktur zu modifizieren. @de
example: Annealing, Ageing, Hardening

manufacturing process
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: completely executed planned process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has specified input
    some values from: Class
      union of: object aggregate
      union of: object
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has specified output
    some values from: Class
      union of: object aggregate
      union of: object
subclass of: completely executed planned process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has specified input
  some values from: Class
    union of: object aggregate
    union of: object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has specified output
  some values from: Class
    union of: object aggregate
    union of: object
label: Herstellungsprozess @de
definition: A planned process that is driven by the primary intent to transform objects A manufacturing process is always a transformative process.
definition: Ein geplannter Prozess, der von der primären Absicht angetrieben wird, Objekte zu transformieren. Ein Herstellungsprozess ist immer ein Transformationsprozess. @de

mechanical property
type: Class
subclass of: material property
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has realization
  some values from: mechanical process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: characteristic of
  some values from: material
definition: A mechanical property is a material property which is a characteristic of material M. Mechanical property has realization in a stimulating process (in most cases, application of mechanical load), and the stimulating process is an occurent part of another process, in which an object O that is an instance of M participates.

mechanical property analyzing process
type: Class
subclass of: assay
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: assay measures characteristic
  some values from: mechanical property
label: Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren @de
definition: An assay that evaluates the mechanical characteristics of materials, such as strength, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties, often through tests that measure response to forces and loads.
definition: Eine Analyse, die die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Materialien bewertet, wie z.B. Festigkeit, Härte, Elastizität und Zugfestigkeit, oft durch Tests, die die Reaktion auf Kräfte und Lasten messen. @de

crystallographic texture
type: Class
subclass of: intensive quality
definition: an intensive quality describing the arrangement and orientation of grains in a polychrystal

microstructure
type: Class
subclass of: portion of matter
definition: A microstructure is a portion of matter that represents the small-scale structure of a material, including grains, phases, and defects, visible under a microscope.

multiscale simulation
type: Class
subclass of: simulation process
label: Multiskalensimulation @de
definition: A simulation process that integrates models at different scales to study a system's behavior.
definition: Ein Simulationsprozess, der Modelle auf verschiedenen Skalen integriert, um das Verhalten eines Systems zu untersuchen. @de
example: Studying the interaction between microstructural and macroscopic properties in metallic alloys.

connected material entity aggregate
type: Class
subclass of: object aggregate
definition: An object aggregate that is a mereological sum of separate material entities, which adhere to one another through chemical bonds or physical junctions that go beyond gravity.
example: the atoms of a molecule, the molecules forming the membrane of a cell, the epidermis in a human body

pressure
type: Class
subclass of: intensive quality
disjoint with: temperature
definition: an intensive quality describing the force exerted per unit area in or on a material.

sample role
type: Class
subclass of: role
editor note: ANMERKUNG: Ein Sample ist ein Teil (oder das Ganze) eines Probestücks. Das Probestück wird bei der Herstellung eines industriell verwendeten Produktes gezielt für die Überprüfung des Produkteigenschaften bereitgestellt. CAVE: Diese Anmerkung beschreibt das Objekt, welches die Rolle, die durch diese owl:Class definiert wird, realisiert. ANMERKUNG: Die exakte Wortwahl der EN 10021 wurde verallgemeinert. @de
editor note: In certain cases, the sample can be the specimen or the test piece itself.
editor note: Mitunter kann der Probenabschnitt (Sample) unmittelbar als Prüfling (Specimen) oder Probe dienen. @de
editor note: NOTE: A Sample is a part (or the whole) of a Sample product. The Sample product is specifically produced portion of an industrially used and traded product for the purpose of determining the properties/quality of the product. CAVE: This note describes the object, that realizes the role defined by this owl:Class. NOTE: The wording used in EN 10021 was generalized.
definition source: EN 10021:2006-12 (European standardization committee: CEN/TC 459/SC 12/WG 4)
label: Probe-Rolle @de
definition: Role of an object, which is a quantity of material taken from a (sample) product, that is sufficient for the purpose of obtaining test pieces.
definition: Rolle eines Objektes, das eine von einem Probestück/Material entnommene Menge ist, welche (vom Umfang her) geeignet ist Proben (Test Pieces) herzustellen. @de

simulation process
type: Class
subclass of: computing process
label: Simulationsprozess @de
definition: A computing process that models the behavior of a system over time using mathematical or computational techniques.
definition: Ein Datenverarbeitungsprozess, der das Verhalten eines Systems im Laufe der Zeit mit mathematischen oder rechnerischen Techniken modelliert @de

specific surface area
type: Class
subclass of: intensive quality
definition: an intensive quality embodying the total surface area of a material per unit of mass or volume.

stimulating process
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: realizes
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Class
        union of: disposition
        union of: material property
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: characteristic of
        some values from: portion of matter
subclass of: process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: realizes
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: Class
      union of: disposition
      union of: material property
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: characteristic of
      some values from: portion of matter
definition: The stimulating process is a process describing the application of an external influence, such as force, heat, or radiation, to study material response.

structural property analyzing process
type: Class
subclass of: assay
label: Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren @de
definition: An assay that examines the external and internal structure and morphology of materials, including the arrangement of atoms, crystals, grains, and phases, often using techniques like microscopy and diffraction.
definition: Eine Analyse, die die äußere und innere Struktur und Morphologie von Materialien untersucht, einschließlich der Anordnung von Atomen, Kristallen, Körnern und Phasen, oft unter Verwendung von Techniken wie Mikroskopie und Beugung. @de

temperature
type: Class
subclass of: intensive quality
definition: The temperature is a fundamental intensive quality representing the average atomic or molcular movement or vibration of a portion of matter.

test piece role
type: Class
subclass of: role
editor note: ANMERKUNG: Ein Test Piece ist ein Teilstück (potenziell alles) eines Specimens, welches die Bedingungen erfüllt, die durch ein anzuwendendes Prüfverfahren gestellt werden. Ein Specimen erfüllt diese Anforderungen im Allgemeinen erst nach weiterer Bearbeitung. CAVE: Diese Anmerkung beschreibt das Objekt, welches die Rolle, die durch diese owl:Class definiert wird, realisiert. ANMERKUNG: Die exakte Wortwahl der EN 10021 wurde verallgemeinert. @de
editor note: In certain cases, the test piece can be the sample or the specimen itself.
editor note: Mitunter kann der Probenabschnitt (Sample) oder der Prüfling (Specimen) unmittelbar als Probe dienen. @de
editor note: NOTE: A Test Piece is a piece that is taken from a specimen (potentially the whole specimen), which fulfills the requirements, that are set by the test procedure in which the test piece is about to be used. A specimen fulfills this requierements generally speaking only after further treatment/processing. CAVE: This note describes the object, that realizes the role defined by this owl:Class. NOTE: The wording used in EN 10021 was generalized.
definition source: EN 10021:2006-12 (European standardization committee: CEN/TC 459/SC 12/WG 4)
label: Proben-Rolle @de
definition: Role of object which is a part taken from a specimen or sample; the part has specified dimensions, is machined or un-machined, brought to a required condition for submission to a given test
definition: Rolle eines Objekts, welches eine Probe ist, die aus einem Prüfling (Specimen) oder Probenabschnitt (Sample) entnommen wurde; die Probe hat festgelegte Dimensionen, kann maschinell bearbeitet sein, wurde in einen für die Verwendung in einem Prüfverfahren notwendigen Zustand gebracht @de

calibration process
type: Class
subclass of: completely executed planned process
definition: A process of comparing measurement values delivered by an instrument or system with known reference standards to ensure accuracy and traceability.

test piece preparation process
type: Class
subclass of: planned process
definition source: https://www.britannica.com/science/sample-preparation
definition: A planned processes in which a representative piece of material is extracted from a larger amount and readied for analysis.

crystal
type: Class
subclass of: object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has quality
  some values from: crystal structure
definition: A crystal is an object that has a quality "crystal structure".

composition data item
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: data entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: composition
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has member
  some values from: fraction value specification
editor note: See editior note of composition to underatand the difference between composition and chemical composition data items. To understand the difference between the composition and the composition data item, one has to understand the difference between SDCs and GDCs in BFO. A triple "material entity has quality compsition", conveys the fact such quality exists without telling us what are fractions of compounds in this material entity. A triple "compostion is subject of composition data item" conveys that there's an information about values of these fractions. Think of comosition data item as a pdf where the composition is documented.
definition: Composition data item is an information content entity that is about composition of a material enity. It has members fraction value specifications which specifiy values of propotions of compounds, which are parts of the material enity.
example: Nitric acid solution has quality composition, and the composition data item is about this composition.The composition data item has members fraction specifications of nitric acid, e.g., 4 vol.%, and distilled water. These fraction specifications specify value of pure substances of nitric acid and distilled water, respectively. Furthermore, these fraction specifications specify values of relational qualities (volume) proportion of nitric acid and (volume) proportion of distilled water.

porosity
type: Class
subclass of: intensive quality
definition: itensive quality embodiying the fraction of the materials (enclosing) spatial region occupied by pores.

metallic grain structures
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: bainite
  one of: austenite
  one of: ferrite
  one of: ledeburite
  one of: pearlite
  one of: widmanstatten structure
  one of: martensite
subclass of: categorical value specification
definition: The metallic grain structures is a categorical value specification that specifies value of the metallic grain structure quality. It describes the morphology of polycrystalline metallic materials. Polycrystalline metallic materials will typically form their grain structures as one of those categories or a transition or mixture state of those.

bravais lattice (3D)
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: bravais lattice triclinic primitive
  one of: bravais lattice monoclinic primitive
  one of: bravais lattice monoclinic base-centered
  one of: bravais lattice orthorombic primitive
  one of: bravais lattice orthorhombic base-centered
  one of: bravais lattice orthorhombic body-centered
  one of: bravais lattice orthorhombic face-centered
  one of: bravais lattice tetragonal primitive
  one of: bravais lattice tetragonal body-centered
  one of: bravais lattice hexagonal rhombohedral primitive
  one of: bravais lattice hexagonal hexagonal primitive
  one of: bravais lattice cubic primitive
  one of: bravais lattice cubic body-centered
  one of: bravais lattice cubic face-centered
subclass of: categorical value specification
definition: The bravais lattice is a categorical value specification that specifies value of the crystal structure quality. It describes the possible geometric arrangement of lattice points in a crystal. The present descriptor is limited to the 14 possible three-dimensional arrangements.

proportion
type: Class
subclass of: relational quality
definition: A proportion is a relational quality between two entities (the whole and the part) which quantifies the relation between the whole and its part.

polycrystal
type: Class
subclass of: connected material entity aggregate
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: crystallite
definition: A polycrystal is a connected material entity aggregate that consists of multiple crystal grains joined through crystallographic interfaces.

grain size distribution
type: Class
subclass of: intensive quality
definition: An intensive quality describing the lower length scale object aggregate (grains) that is part of the material.

aggregate state value
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: aggregate state solid
  one of: aggregate state liquid
  one of: aggregate state gaseous
  one of: aggregate state plasma
  one of: aggregate state atom gas
  one of: aggregate state supercritical fluid
  one of: aggregate state mesomorphic
  one of: aggregate state suprafluid
  one of: aggregate state suprasolid
subclass of: categorical value specification
definition: The aggregate state value is a categorical value specification that specifies value of the aggregate state quality.

intensive quality
type: Class
subclass of: quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: quality of
  some values from: portion of matter
definition: An intensive quality is a quality that inheres in only portion of matter and thus is independent of the bearers (system-) size.

order scale value
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: short range order
  one of: medium range order
  one of: long range order
  one of: no range order
subclass of: categorical value specification
definition: possible values of characteristic length over which structural correlations persist in a material

order scale
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: specified by value
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: order scale value
subclass of: intensive quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: specified by value
  some values from: order scale value
definition: characteristic length over which structural correlations persist in a material

grain size
type: Class
subclass of: intensive quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: quality of
  some values from: polycrystal
editor note: size values of indiviudal grains are properties of the respective objects
definition: an intensive quality epitomizing the average size of the grains of a polycrystal

composition
type: Class
subclass of: intensive quality
editor note: There's a dfference between composition and chemical compositon for the following reason: chemical compositon is relevant when the mass/volume/mole proportions of chemical elements(!) are identified, whlist composition includes proportions of molecules, other pure chemical substances, or even proptions of objects (in an object aggregate).
definition: Composition is an intensive quality which defines types and proportions of compounds present in a material entity and is subject of some composition data item.
example: 4 vol.% nitric acid solution, Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) Block Copolymer with 50 vol.% of both styrene and butadiene

metallic grain structure
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: specified by value
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: metallic grain structures
subclass of: intensive quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: specified by value
  some values from: metallic grain structures
definition: intensive quality epitomizing the distinct phases in the microscopic structure of a metallic material.

fraction value specification
type: Class
subclass of: scalar value specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: specifies value of
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: proportion
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: relational quality of
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: material entity
        intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: member of
  all values from: composition data item
definition: Fraction value specification is a value specification that contains information about quantitative share of a part relative to a specified whole.
example: 2.05 wt.% of carbon in steel, 4 vol.% of nitric acid in a solution

device specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
definition: A directive information entity that outlines the technical requirements, features, constraints, and performance criteria of a specific device, guiding its design, manufacturing, operation, or maintenance.

material specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
definition: A directive information entity that defines the composition, properties, performance criteria, and acceptable standards for a material, guiding its selection, processing, and application in a specific context.

specification datum
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
definition: A directive information entity that provides information of a setpoint of some value, i.e., it is an intended value.
example: The setpoint value of a ultimate tensile strength of some steel material

example to be eventually removed
type: NamedIndividual

failed exploratory term
type: NamedIndividual
definition: The term was initially used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology, but in retrospect failed to do a good job.
definition: The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job
editor note: Terms created as placeholders with the expectation of being permanent should instead be deprecated using the "placeholder removed" (obo:IAO_0000226) justification.

metadata complete
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.

organizational term
type: NamedIndividual
definition: The term was created to ease viewing/sorting terms for development purposes, but will not be included in a release.

ready for release
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."

metadata incomplete
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.

uncurated
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.

pending final vetting
type: NamedIndividual
definition: All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.

placeholder removed
type: NamedIndividual
definition: The term was created to temporarily stand in for a semantic purpose, but is no longer needed, typically due to another permanent term being defined.
editor note: This reason is appropriate for a temporary term even if no permanent term is defined; for example if the need for the term no longer exists. If a permanent (replacement) term is defined, the deprecated term should reference the replacement with IAO:0100001. If no replacement is defined, it may be appropriate to reference alternative terms with oboInOwl:consider.

terms merged
type: NamedIndividual
definition: The term has been combined with one or more other terms to create a more encompassing (merged) term.
editor note: An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.
editor note: The deprecated term should reference the merged term with obo:IAO_0100001. The replacement term should reference the original terms as sources using obo:RO_0001000 (derives_from). An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.

term imported
type: NamedIndividual
definition: The term has been replaced by a term imported from another ontology.
editor note: This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.
editor note: This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. The deprecated term should reference the imported term with obo:IAO_0100001.

term split
type: NamedIndividual
definition: The term has been split into two or more new terms.
editor note: This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.
editor note: This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split. The deprecated term should reference the replacement terms with obo:IAO_0100001.

universal
type: NamedIndividual
editor note: Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents.
definition source: A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf

defined class
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
editor note: "definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.

named class expression
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
editor note: named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions

to be replaced with external ontology term
type: NamedIndividual
definition: Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
definition source: group:OBI

requires discussion
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
definition source: group:OBI

out of scope
type: NamedIndividual
definition: The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not.
editor note: This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples are: un-necessary grouping classes in disease ontologies, a phenotype term added on the assumption it was a disease.
editor note: This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples in disease ontologies are: unnecessary class grouping; mistaked creation of a disease associated to a phenotype.

matwerk task area organization
type: NamedIndividual
type: nfdi matwerk consortium
comment: A NFDI MatWerk organization that focuses on specific aspects of research data infrastructure, such as data management, interoperability, and workflow development, to support materials science and engineering.

matwerk participant project organization
type: NamedIndividual
type: nfdi matwerk consortium
comment: A NFDI MatWerk organization that contributes domain-specific research and expertise, integrating real-world scientific challenges to validate and enhance the infrastructure.

matwerk infrastructure use case organization
type: NamedIndividual
type: nfdi matwerk consortium
comment: A NFDI MatWerk organization that demonstrates how the developed infrastructure can be applied to solve practical research problems, ensuring usability and impact.

the matwerk project
type: NamedIndividual
type: project

electrical engineering
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline that focuses on the study, design, and application of electrical systems and technologies. Electrical engineering involves the development of devices, circuits, and systems for power generation, communication, electronics, and automation.

process engineering
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline that focuses on the design, optimization, and operation of industrial processes to transform raw materials into valuable products. Process engineering applies principles of chemistry, physics, and engineering to improve efficiency, sustainability, and safety in industries such as manufacturing, energy, and pharmaceuticals.

artificial intelligence
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
broader: computer science
definition source: Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2020). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Pearson.
definition: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that focuses on creating systems capable of performing tasks that require human-like intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving.
example: Deep learning for image recognition, reinforcement learning in robotics, and natural language processing fall under Artificial Intelligence.

theoretical computer science
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
broader: computer science
definition: Theoretical Computer Science is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that focuses on mathematical models of computation, computational complexity, and algorithmic problem-solving
example: Studies on Turing machines, complexity classes (P vs NP), and formal languages belong to Theoretical Computer Science.

software engineering
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
broader: computer science
definition: Software Engineering is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that applies engineering principles to the design, development, testing, and maintenance of software systems.
example: Agile software development, DevOps practices, and software architecture design fall under Software Engineering.

data science
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
broader: computer science
definition source: Provost, F., & Fawcett, T. (2013). Data Science for Business. O'Reilly Media.
definition: Data Science is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that integrates statistical methods, machine learning, and data processing techniques to extract insights and knowledge from structured and unstructured data.
example: Predictive analytics, big data visualization, and recommendation systems are part of Data Science.

cybersecurity
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
broader: computer science
definition source: Stallings, W. (2020). Network Security Essentials. Pearson.
definition: Cybersecurity is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that focuses on protecting computer systems, networks, and data from cyber threats, vulnerabilities, and unauthorized access.
example: Encryption techniques, intrusion detection systems, and ethical hacking studies belong to Cybersecurity.

active status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
definition: Active Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is currently operational, ongoing, or in execution.

cancelled status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
definition: Cancelled Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project has been terminated before reaching completion due to internal or external factors.

Dr.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
definition: Doctor (PhD or equivalent academic doctorate)

Dr.-Ing.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
definition: Doctor of Engineering (German doctorate in engineering).

finished status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
definition: Finished Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project has successfully reached its intended goal and is considered complete.

hybrid implementation
type: NamedIndividual
type: event implementation specification
definition: Hybrid Implementation is an event implementation specification that defines the organization of an event that integrates both physical (on-site) and virtual (online) participation modes

internal access
type: NamedIndividual
type: information access specification
definition: Internal Access is an information access specification that defines policies and mechanisms restricting access to information exclusively within an organization, institution, or research group.

M.Sc.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
definition: Master of Science (graduate degree in science/engineering).

on site implementation
type: NamedIndividual
type: event implementation specification
definition: On-Site Implementation is an event implementation specification that defines the organization of an event that occurs exclusively at a physical location with in-person attendance.

online implementation
type: NamedIndividual
type: event implementation specification
definition: Online Implementation is an event implementation specification that defines the organization of an event conducted entirely through virtual platforms, enabling remote participation via digital communication technologies.

open access
type: NamedIndividual
type: information access specification
definition: Open Access is an information access specification that defines policies allowing unrestricted public access to information resources, ensuring free availability without subscription or payment barriers.

organizational funding
type: NamedIndividual
type: funding specification
definition: Organizational Funding is a funding specification that defines the financial structures, budgets, and resource allocation strategies for sustaining the operations of an organization or institution.

paused status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
definition: Paused Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is temporarily halted but may resume at a later stage.

paywall access
type: NamedIndividual
type: information access specification
definition: Paywall Access is an information access specification that defines policies requiring users to purchase, subscribe, or obtain institutional licenses to access digital or physical information resources.

PD. Dr.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
definition: Privatdozent (Dr. with habilitation, qualified to teach at a university)

PD. Dr. habil.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
definition: Privatdozent with Habilitation (higher academic qualification in Germany)

planning status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
definition: Planning Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is in a preparatory or strategic development phase before execution.

Prof.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
definition: Professor (academic title for a senior faculty member).

Prof. Dr.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
definition: Professor with a doctorate.

Prof. Dr.-Ing.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
definition: Professor with a doctorate in engineering.

project funding
type: NamedIndividual
type: funding specification
definition: Project Funding is a funding specification that defines the financial mechanisms, grants, and investment strategies used to support specific research, development, or innovation projects.

restricted access
type: NamedIndividual
type: information access specification
definition: Restricted Access is an information access specification that defines policies limiting access to specific users, organizations, or groups based on predefined criteria such as confidentiality, security, or legal regulations.

self funding
type: NamedIndividual
type: funding specification
definition: Self-Funding is a funding specification that defines the use of personal, internal, or independently generated financial resources to support activities, projects, or organizations without relying on external funding sources.

test phase status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
definition: Test Phase Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is undergoing testing, evaluation, or validation before finalization.

Dr. Dr.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
definition: Two Doctor degrees (PhD or equivalent academic doctorate)

humanity
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline focused on human culture, thought, and creativity, encompassing disciplines like literature, philosophy, and the arts.

social science
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline that studies society and human behavior through disciplines like sociology, psychology, and economics.

biology
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline that studies living organisms, their structures, functions, growth, and interactions with their environment. Biology explores the diversity of life, from microscopic organisms to complex ecosystems, and seeks to understand the underlying processes of life, evolution, and heredity.

medicine
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline that focuses on the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illnesses and injuries. Medicine involves the study of human health, medical technologies, pharmaceuticals, and patient care to improve well-being and extend life.

agriculture
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline that focuses on the science, practice, and business of cultivating plants, raising animals, and producing food, fiber, and other products. Agriculture involves the study of soil management, crop production, livestock care, and sustainable farming practices to ensure food security and environmental sustainability.

natural science
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline that studies the natural world through observation, experimentation, and analysis. Natural science includes fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, and earth sciences, aiming to understand the laws and processes governing the universe and life on Earth.

chemistry
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline that studies the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter. Chemistry focuses on understanding how substances interact, transform, and combine to form new materials, playing a crucial role in fields such as medicine, energy, and environmental science.

physics
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline that explores the fundamental principles governing the behavior of matter, energy, and the forces of nature. Physics seeks to understand the laws of the universe, from subatomic particles to cosmic phenomena, through experimentation, observation, and mathematical modeling.

mathematics
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline that involves the study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns, using abstract concepts and logical reasoning. Mathematics is fundamental to various fields, including science, engineering, economics, and technology, providing tools for problem-solving, analysis, and modeling.

geoscience
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline that focuses on the study of the Earth’s structure, processes, and materials, including the atmosphere, oceans, and landforms. Geoscience encompasses fields such as geology, meteorology, and environmental science to understand Earth’s history, natural resources, and natural hazards.

mechanical engineering
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline that focuses on the design, analysis, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. Mechanical engineering applies principles of physics, materials science, and mathematics to develop machines, tools, and devices used in industries such as transportation, energy, and robotics.

materials science
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline that explores the properties, performance, and applications of materials, focusing on the relationship between a material's structure and its characteristics. Materials science and engineering involves the design, development, and testing of materials for use in a wide range of industries, including aerospace, electronics, and manufacturing.

computer science
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline that focuses on the study of algorithms, data structures, programming, and computational systems. Computer science explores how to design, develop, and analyze software and hardware solutions to solve complex problems and advance technology.

construction engineering
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic discipline
definition: An academic discipline that focuses on the planning, design, and management of construction projects, including buildings, infrastructure, and other structures. Construction engineering integrates principles of civil engineering, project management, and materials science to ensure safety, efficiency, and sustainability in construction processes.

bravais lattice triclinic primitive
type: NamedIndividual

bravais lattice monoclinic primitive
type: NamedIndividual

bravais lattice monoclinic base-centered
type: NamedIndividual

bravais lattice orthorombic primitive
type: NamedIndividual

bravais lattice orthorhombic base-centered
type: NamedIndividual

bravais lattice orthorhombic body-centered
type: NamedIndividual

bravais lattice orthorhombic face-centered
type: NamedIndividual

bravais lattice tetragonal primitive
type: NamedIndividual

bravais lattice tetragonal body-centered
type: NamedIndividual

bravais lattice hexagonal rhombohedral primitive
type: NamedIndividual

bravais lattice hexagonal hexagonal primitive
type: NamedIndividual

bravais lattice cubic primitive
type: NamedIndividual

bravais lattice cubic body-centered
type: NamedIndividual

bravais lattice cubic face-centered
type: NamedIndividual

bainite
type: NamedIndividual

austenite
type: NamedIndividual

ferrite
type: NamedIndividual

ledeburite
type: NamedIndividual

pearlite
type: NamedIndividual

widmanstatten structure
type: NamedIndividual

martensite
type: NamedIndividual

aggregate state solid
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A state where the bonds between entities transmit shear forces.

aggregate state liquid
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A state where the bonds of the entities transmit no shear force.

aggregate state gaseous
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A state where the entities have no bonding.

aggregate state plasma
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An aggregate state where the entities are atom nuclei and have no bonds.

aggregate state atom gas
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A gaseous state where the gas entities are atoms.

aggregate state supercritical fluid
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A state with strong bindings between entities that do not transmit shear force.

aggregate state mesomorphic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A state where some bonds transmit shear stresses and some do not.

aggregate state suprafluid
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A state with frictionless binding that transmits no shear force between entities.

aggregate state suprasolid
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A state that exhibits suprafluid and solid properties.

short range order
type: NamedIndividual
definition: periodic arrangement of structural features up to a few entities

medium range order
type: NamedIndividual
definition: periodic arrangement of structural features of many entities

long range order
type: NamedIndividual
definition: periodic arrangement of structural features of virtually all entities

no range order
type: NamedIndividual
definition: no periodic arrangement of structural features of entites

Dilek Yargan

Etienne Posthumus

Tabea Tietz

Oleksandra Bruns