Hossein Beygi Nasrabadi, Jörg Waitelonis, Ebrahim Norouzi, Kostiantyn Hubaiev, Harald Sack. NFDI MatWerk Ontology (mwo). Revision: v3.0.2. Retrieved from: http://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/mwo/3.0.2 2026-06-22 The MatWerk ontology represents research data and related activities of the MSE community. The mwo v3 reuses BFO2020 and NFDi core ontologies and focuses on: A) Consortium structure: NFDI MatWerk consortium, its structures (task areas, infrastructure use cases, and participant projects), researches, and organizations B) NFDI resources: software, data portals, metadata schemas, scientific publications, published datasets, workflows, and ontologies C) NFDI MatWerk services, events, educational cources, and international collabrations D) MSE related instruments, facilities, materials, processes, and properties. Further infomration can be found at GitHub: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/mwo NFDI Matwerk Ontology NFDI Matwerk Ontology 3.0.2 A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not. A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold. GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> IAO example of usage example of usage The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition definition textual definition An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology. GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obofoundry.org/obo/obi> editor note A label for a class or property that can be used to refer to the class or property instead of the preferred rdfs:label. Alternative labels should be used to indicate community- or context-specific labels, abbreviations, shorthand forms and the like. GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> alternative label Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition source definition source Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute Person:Alan Ruttenberg term replaced by 'part disjoint with' 'defined by construct' """ PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX : <http://example.org/ CONSTRUCT { [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :part_of ; owl:someValuesFrom ?a ; owl:disjointWith [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :part_of ; owl:someValuesFrom ?b ] ] } WHERE { ?a :part_disjoint_with ?b . } Links an annotation property to a SPARQL CONSTRUCT query which is meant to provide semantics for a shortcut relation. defined by construct Contributor Contributor description license label alternative label An alternative lexical label for a resource. Acronyms, abbreviations, spelling variants, and irregular plural/singular forms may be included among the alternative labels for a concept. Mis-spelled terms are normally included as hidden labels (see skos:hiddenLabel). definition A statement or formal explanation of the meaning of a concept. editorial note A note for an editor, translator or maintainer of the vocabulary. example An example of the use of a concept. preferred label The preferred lexical label for a resource, in a given language. scope note A note that helps to clarify the meaning and/or the use of a concept. readable IRI label term tracker annotation A term tracker annotation is an editor note used to track the history of an entity. For each change, it records the related GitHub issue and pull request. adapted from http://openenergy-platform.org/ontology/oeo/OEO_00020426 has acronym A relation between an entity and its abbreviated form, representing a shortened version of the original term or phrase. my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. part_of part of part of my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has_part has part 206-BFO has realization realized in realized in b has realization c =Def c realizes b As for realizes Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process 059-BFO realizes (Elucidation) realizes is a relation between a process b and realizable entity c such that c inheres in some d & for all t, if b has participant d then c exists & the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c A balding process realizes a disposition to go bald; a studying process realizes a student role; a process of pumping blood realizes the pumping function of a heart Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link> 213-BFO preceded by b preceded by c =Def b precedes c The temporal region occupied by the second half of the match is preceded by the temporal region occupied by the first half of the match 270-BFO precedes (Elucidation) precedes is a relation between occurrents o, o' such that if t is the temporal extent of o & t' is the temporal extent of o' then either the last instant of o is before the first instant of o' or the last instant of o is the first instant of o' & neither o nor o' are temporal instants The temporal region occupied by Mary's birth precedes the temporal region occupied by Mary's death. Each temporal region is its own temporal extent. The temporal extent of a spatiotemporal region is the temporal region it temporally projects onto. The temporal extent of a process or process boundary that occupies temporal region t is t. Precedes defines a strict partial order on occurrents. 143-BFO occurs in b occurs in c =Def b is a process or a process boundary & c is a material entity or site & there exists a spatiotemporal region r & b occupies spatiotemporal region r & for all time t, if b exists at t then c exists at t & there exist spatial regions s and s' where b spatially projects onto s at t & c occupies spatial region s' at t & s is a continuant part of s' at t A process of digestion occurs in the interior of an organism; a process of loading artillery rounds into a tank cannon occurs in the interior of the tank 118-BFO exists at (Elucidation) exists at is a relation between a particular and some temporal region at which the particular exists First World War exists at 1914-1916; Mexico exists at January 1, 2000 202-BFO has occurrent part b has occurrent part c =Def c occurrent part of b Mary's life has occurrent part Mary's 5th birthday 154-BFO has proper occurrent part b has proper occurrent part c =Def b has occurrent part c & b and c are not identical As for has occurrent part. 211-BFO has temporal part b has temporal part c =Def c temporal part of b Your life has temporal part the first year of your life 003-BFO occurrent part of (Elucidation) occurrent part of is a relation between occurrents b and c when b is part of c Mary's 5th birthday is an occurrent part of Mary's life; the first set of the tennis match is an occurrent part of the tennis match 116-BFO proper temporal part of b proper temporal part of c =Def b temporal part of c & not (b = c) As for temporal part of. 005-BFO proper occurrent part of b proper occurrent part of c =Def b occurrent part of c & b and c are not identical As for occurrent part of. 078-BFO temporal part of b temporal part of c =Def b occurrent part of c & (b and c are temporal regions) or (b and c are spatiotemporal regions & b temporally projects onto an occurrent part of the temporal region that c temporally projects onto) or (b and c are processes or process boundaries & b occupies a temporal region that is an occurrent part of the temporal region that c occupies) Your heart beating from 4pm to 5pm today is a temporal part of the process of your heart beating; the 4th year of your life is a temporal part of your life, as is the process boundary which separates the 3rd and 4th years of your life; the first quarter of a game of football is a temporal part of the whole game 080-BFO temporally projects onto (Elucidation) temporally projects onto is a relation between a spatiotemporal region s and some temporal region which is the temporal extent of s The world line of a particle temporally projects onto the temporal region extending from the beginning to the end of the existence of the particle 212-BFO has proper temporal part b has proper temporal part c =Def c proper temporal part of b As for has temporal part. 267-BFO environs contains process b environs c =Def c occurs in b Mouth environs process of mastication; city environs traffic 144-BFO history of (Elucidation) history of is a relation between history b and material entity c such that b is the unique history of c This life is the history of this organism 145-BFO has history b has history c =Def c history of b This organism has history this life 260-BFO specifically depended on by s-depended on by b specifically depended on by c =Def c specifically depends on b Coloured object specifically depended on by colour 012-BFO specifically depends on s-depends on (Elucidation) specifically depends on is a relation between a specifically dependent continuant b and specifically dependent continuant or independent continuant that is not a spatial region c such that b and c share no parts in common & b is of a nature such that at all times t it cannot exist unless c exists & b is not a boundary of c A shape specifically depends on the shaped object; hue, saturation and brightness of a colour sample specifically depends on each other The analogue of specifically depends on for occurrents is has participant. 053-BFO bearer of b bearer of c =Def c inheres in b A patch of ink is the bearer of a colour quality; an organism is the bearer of a temperature quality 051-BFO inheres in b inheres in c =Def b is a specifically dependent continuant & c is an independent continuant that is not a spatial region & b specifically depends on c A shape inheres in a shaped object; a mass inheres in a material entity 132-BFO occupies temporal region p occupies temporal region t =Def p is a process or process boundary & the spatiotemporal region occupied by p temporally projects onto t The Second World War occupies the temporal region September 1, 1939 - September 2, 1945 082-BFO occupies spatiotemporal region (Elucidation) occupies spatiotemporal region is a relation between a process or process boundary p and the spatiotemporal region s which is its spatiotemporal extent A particle emitted by a nuclear reactor occupies the spatiotemporal region which is its trajectory 268-BFO first instant of t first instant of t' =Def t is a temporal instant & t' is a temporal region t' & t precedes all temporal parts of t' other than t An hour starting at midnight yesterday has first instant midnight yesterday 261-BFO has first instant t has first instant t' =Def t' first instant of t The first hour of a year has first instant midnight on December 31 269-BFO last instant of t last instant of t' =Def t is a temporal instant & t' is a temporal region & all temporal parts of t' other than t precede t Last midnight is the last instant of yesterday 215-BFO has last instant t has last instant t' =Def t' last instant of t The last hour of a year has last instant midnight December 31 has measurement unit label This document is about information artifacts and their representations A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic. Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy is about A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named. A primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically 2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive. g denotes r =def r is a portion of reality there is some c that is a concretization of g every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan denotes m is a quality measurement of q at t. When q is a quality, there is a measurement process p that has specified output m, a measurement datum, that is about q 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: The strategy is to be rather specific with this relationship. There are other kinds of measurements that are not of qualities, such as those that measure time. We will add these as separate properties for the moment and see about generalizing later From the second IAO workshop [Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009: not completely current, though bringing in comparison is probably important] This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details. -- From the second IAO workshop, various comments, [commented on by Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009] unit of measure is a quality, e.g. the length of a ruler. [We decided to hedge on what units of measure are, instead talking about measurement unit labels, which are the information content entities that are about whatever measurement units are. For IAO we need that information entity in any case. See the term measurement unit label] [Some struggling with the various subflavors of is_about. We subsequently removed the relation represents, and describes until and only when we have a better theory] a represents b means either a denotes b or a describes describe: a describes b means a is about b and a allows an inference of at least one quality of b We have had a long discussion about denotes versus describes. From the second IAO workshop: An attempt at tieing the quality to the measurement datum more carefully. a is a magnitude means a is a determinate quality particular inhering in some bearer b existing at a time t that can be represented/denoted by an information content entity e that has parts denoting a unit of measure, a number, and b. The unit of measure is an instance of the determinable quality. From the second meeting on IAO: An attempt at defining assay using Barry's "reliability" wording assay: process and has_input some material entity and has_output some information content entity and which is such that instances of this process type reliably generate outputs that describes the input. This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details. is quality measurement of inverse of the relation 'denotes' denoted by relates a process to a time-measurement-datum that represents the duration of the process is duration of inverse of the relation of is quality measurement of 2009/10/19 Alan Ruttenberg. Named 'junk' relation useful in restrictions, but not a real instance relationship is quality measured as see is_input_of example_of_usage The inverse property of is specified input of 8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works. has specified input some Autologous EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed B-LCL (B lymphocyte cell line) is_input_for instance of Chromum Release Assay described at https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay A relation between a completely executed planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. is specified input of The inverse property of is specified output of has specified output A relation between a completely executed planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. is specified output of A cell sorting process achieves the objective specification 'material separation objective' This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. PPPB branch derived achieves_planned_objective This relation obtains between an objective specification and a planned process when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. OBI objective_achieved_by A relation between a value specification and an entity which the specification is about. specifies value of A relation between an information content entity and a value specification that specifies its value. OBI has value specification this fragility is a characteristic of this vase this red color is a characteristic of this apple a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. characteristic of this apple is bearer of this red color this vase is bearer of this fragility Inverse of characteristic_of A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist. has characteristic this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates in this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot this investigation has participant this investigator this process has participant this input material (or this output material) a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. has participant A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant or process, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant or process in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant or process also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants or processes. A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants. is concretized as A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant. A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant or process and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant or process also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants or processes can concretize the same generically dependent continuant. concretizes this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. function of this red color is a quality of this apple a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists. quality of this investigator role is a role of this person a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. role of this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. has function this apple has quality this red color a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist. has quality this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has role a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has disposition inverse of has disposition disposition of my brain is located in my head this rat is located in this cage a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ located in inverse of starts with starts p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p. has input p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p. has output An organism that is a member of a population of organisms is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection. SIO member of has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. SIO has member inverse of has input input of inverse of has output output of A mass measurement assay measures an material's mass characteristic. A radioactivity detection assay measures the amount of radiation (alpha, beta or gamma ray emmissions) coming from a material. A relation between an assay and a characteristic, in which the assay generates a data item which is a measure of a characteristic. assay measures characteristic Inverse of 'assay measures characteristic' characteristic measured by assay relationship between a planned process and the plan specification that it carries out; it is defined as equivalent to the composed relationship (realizes o concretizes) AGB executes inverse of property "implemented by" implements A shortcut for expressing the relation when 'independent continuant' is participant of some 'implementing process' which has output of 'NFDI resource'. The property relates an entity to an agent that has adapted or developed the entity for a specific purpose and actively uses it within a particular context. implemented by A shortcut for expressing the relation when 'NFDI resource' is output of some 'implementing process' which has participant of 'independent continuant'. The property was created on request of NFDI MatWerk community to support respond to competency questions like which tools are 'developed', 'co developed', or 'adopted' in' NFDI MatWerk consortium. The property relates a project to the organization that applied for that has applicant organization inverse of property "has applicant organization" applicant organization of The property is a relation between an entity and a measurement datum. has measurement datum inverse of property "has measurement datum" measurement datum of inverse of property "has measurement unit label" measurement unit label of The property relates an entity to an agent that has modified, customized, or extended it for a specific use case or research purpose. developed by inverse of property "developed by" develops The property relates an entity to agents that collaboratively contributed to its development. co developed by inverse of property "co developed by" co develops The property relates an entity to an agent responsible for its creation or primary development. adapted by inverse of property "adapted by" adapts has broader Relates a concept to a concept that is more general in meaning. By convention, skos:broader is only used to assert an immediate (i.e. direct) hierarchical link between two conceptual resources. has broader transitive skos:broaderTransitive is a transitive superproperty of skos:broader. By convention, skos:broaderTransitive is not used to make assertions. Rather, the properties can be used to draw inferences about the transitive closure of the hierarchical relation, which is useful e.g. when implementing a simple query expansion algorithm in a search application. has exact match skos:exactMatch is used to link two concepts, indicating a high degree of confidence that the concepts can be used interchangeably across a wide range of information retrieval applications. skos:exactMatch is a transitive property, and is a sub-property of skos:closeMatch. has narrower Relates a concept to a concept that is more specific in meaning. By convention, skos:broader is only used to assert an immediate (i.e. direct) hierarchical link between two conceptual resources. has narrower transitive skos:narrowerTransitive is a transitive superproperty of skos:narrower. By convention, skos:narrowerTransitive is not used to make assertions. Rather, the properties can be used to draw inferences about the transitive closure of the hierarchical relation, which is useful e.g. when implementing a simple query expansion algorithm in a search application. URL de descarga URL de téléchargement URL di scarico URL souboru ke stažení URL μεταφόρτωσης download URL downloadURL رابط تحميل ダウンロードURL Ceci est un lien direct à un fichier téléchargeable en un format donnée. Exple fichier CSV ou RDF. Le format est décrit par les propriétés de distribution dcterms:format et/ou dcat:mediaType. La URL de un archivo descargable en el formato dato. Por ejemplo, archivo CSV o archivo RDF. El formato se describe con las propiedades de la distribución dcterms:format y/o dcat:mediaType. Questo è un link diretto al file scaricabile in un dato formato. E.g. un file CSV o un file RDF. Il formato è descritto dal dcterms:format e/o dal dcat:mediaType della distribuzione. The URL of the downloadable file in a given format. E.g. CSV file or RDF file. The format is indicated by the distribution's dcterms:format and/or dcat:mediaType. URL souboru ke stažení v daném formátu, například CSV nebo RDF soubor. Formát je popsán vlastností distribuce dcterms:format a/nebo dcat:mediaType. URL til fil der kan downloades i et bestemt format. Fx en CSV-fil eller en RDF-fil. Formatet for distributionen angives ved hjælp af egenskaberne dcterms:format og/eller dcat:mediaType. dcat:downloadURLはdcat:accessURLの特定の形式です。しかし、DCATプロファイルが非ダウンロード・ロケーションに対してのみaccessURLを用いる場合には、より強い分離を課すことを望む可能性があるため、この含意を強化しないように、DCATは、dcat:downloadURLをdcat:accessURLのサブプロパティーであると定義しません。 Είναι ένας σύνδεσμος άμεσης μεταφόρτωσης ενός αρχείου σε μια δεδομένη μορφή. Π.χ. ένα αρχείο CSV ή RDF. Η μορφη αρχείου περιγράφεται από τις ιδιότητες dcterms:format ή/και dcat:mediaType της διανομής. رابط مباشر لملف يمكن تحميله. نوع الملف يتم توصيفه باستخدام الخاصية dcterms:format dcat:mediaType is subject of is described by inverse of the relation 'is about' specified by value A relation between an entity and a value specification which is about this entity. has relational quality a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a relational quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence material has relational quality mass proportion m, and portion of iron has the same relational quality mass proportion m The 'relational quality of' is more strict that 'quality of' from RO, since domain is 'relational quality'. The motivtion to introduce an object property for relational qualities is the following: RO's 'quality of' is functional i.e., a->b, a->c => b=c. The functionality is relevant for most of the SDC -> IC triples, expect for relational qualities, which per definiton can be simultaneously inherited in >=2 ICs. Thus, 'relational quality of' has the same intention to connect SDC to IC, however, without cardinality constraints. relational quality of a relation between a relational quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence mass proportion m is relational qualitiy of material, and the same mass proportion m is relational qualitiy of portion of iron has measurement value A relation between a value specification and a number that quantifies it. A range of 'real' might be better than 'float'. For now we follow 'has measurement value' until we can consider technical issues with SPARQL queries and reasoning. OBI has specified numeric value A relation between a value specification and a literal. This is not an RDF/OWL object property. It is intended to link a value found in e.g. a database column of 'M' (the literal) to an instance of a value specification class, which can then be linked to indicate that this is about the biological gender of a human subject. OBI has specified value A relation between an information content entity and its specific ID. has id A relation between an information content entity and its specific acronym. obsolete has acronym true has value A relation between an information content entity and its specific value. has url A relation between an information content entity and its specific url. OWL format RDF format OWL Functional Syntax Manchester OWL Syntax Turtle N-Triples Notation3 RDF/XML OWL/XML JSON-LD N-Quads Julius Caesar Verdi’s Requiem the Second World War your body mass index BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81 001-BFO entity (Elucidation) An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist Julius Caesar; the Second World War; your body mass index; Verdi's Requiem An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240 008-BFO continuant (Elucidation) A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity A human being; a tennis ball; a cave; a region of space; someone's temperature An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players. 077-BFO occurrent (Elucidation) An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the start or end of such an entity or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region As for process, history, process boundary, spatiotemporal region, zero-dimensional temporal region, one-dimensional temporal region, temporal interval, temporal instant. a chair a heart a leg a molecule a spatial region an atom an orchestra. an organism the bottom right portion of a human torso the interior of your mouth b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) 017-BFO independent continuant b is an independent continuant =Def b is a continuant & there is no c such that b specifically depends on c or b generically depends on c An atom; a molecule; an organism; a heart; a chair; the bottom right portion of a human torso; a leg; the interior of your mouth; a spatial region; an orchestra 035-BFO spatial region (Elucidation) A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant part of the spatial projection of a portion of spacetime at a given time As for zero-dimensional spatial region, one-dimensional spatial region, two-dimensional spatial region, three-dimensional spatial region 100-BFO temporal region (Elucidation) A temporal region is an occurrent over which processes can unfold As for zero-dimensional temporal region and one-dimensional temporal region 039-BFO two-dimensional spatial region (Elucidation) A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is a whole consisting of a surface together with zero or more surfaces which may have spatial regions of lower dimension as parts The surface of a sphere-shaped part of space; an infinitely thin plane in space 095-BFO spatiotemporal region (Elucidation) A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent that is an occurrent part of spacetime The spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumour; the spatiotemporal region occupied by an orbiting satellite 'Spacetime' here refers to the maximal instance of the universal spatiotemporal region. a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart a process of meiosis a process of sleeping the course of a disease the flight of a bird the life of an organism your process of aging. p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war) 083-BFO process event (Elucidation) p is a process means p is an occurrent that has some temporal proper part and for some time t, p has some material entity as participant An act of selling; the life of an organism; a process of sleeping; a process of cell-division; a beating of the heart; a process of meiosis; the taxiing of an aircraft; the programming of a computer an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways. the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type. 062-BFO disposition internally-grounded realizable entity (Elucidation) A disposition b is a realizable entity such that if b ceases to exist then its bearer is physically changed & b's realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer's physical make-up An atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y; the cell wall is disposed to transport cellular material through endocytosis and exocytosis; certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer; children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity. the disposition of your blood to coagulate the function of your reproductive organs the role of being a doctor the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. 058-BFO realizable entity (Elucidation) A realizable entity is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region & which is of a type some instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type The role of being a doctor; the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet; the function of your reproductive organs; the disposition of your blood to coagulate; the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity 037-BFO zero-dimensional spatial region (Elucidation) A zero-dimensional spatial region is one or a collection of more than one spatially disjoint points in space The spatial region occupied at some time instant by the North Pole the ambient temperature of this portion of air the color of a tomato the length of the circumference of your waist the mass of this piece of gold. the shape of your nose the shape of your nostril 055-BFO quality (Elucidation) A quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized The colour of a tomato; the ambient temperature of this portion of air; the length of the circumference of your waist; the shape of your nose; the shape of your nostril; the mass of this piece of gold Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates. the disposition of this fish to decay the function of this heart: to pump blood the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79 the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center the role of being a doctor the shape of this hole. the smell of this portion of mozzarella b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) 050-BFO specifically dependent continuant b is a specifically dependent continuant =Def b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region & which is such that b specifically depends on c (with multiple bearers) John's love for Mary; the ownership relation between John and this statue; the relation of authority between John and his subordinates (with one bearer) The mass of this tomato; the pink colour of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its centre; the smell of this portion of mozzarella; the disposition of this fish to decay; the role of being a doctor; the function of this heart to pump blood; the shape of this hole John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. the priest role the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories the role of a building in serving as a military target the role of a stone in marking a property boundary the role of subject in a clinical trial the student role A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives. 061-BFO role externally-grounded realizable entity (Elucidation) A role b is a realizable entity such that b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be & b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed The priest role; the student role; the role of subject in a clinical trial; the role of a stone in marking a property boundary; the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighbouring administrative territories; the role of a building in serving as a military target 027-BFO fiat object part (Elucidation) A fiat object part b is a material entity & such that if b exists then it is continuant part of some object c & demarcated from the remainder of c by one or more fiat surfaces The upper and lower lobes of the left lung; the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body; the Western hemisphere of the Earth; the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body 038-BFO one-dimensional spatial region (Elucidation) A one-dimensional spatial region is a whole consisting of a line together with zero or more lines which may have points as parts An edge of a cube-shaped portion of space; a line connecting two points; two parallel lines extended in space 025-BFO object aggregate (Elucidation) An object aggregate is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality (≥1) of objects as member parts which together form a unit The aggregate of the musicians in a symphony orchestra and their instruments; the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint; the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere; a collection of cells in a blood biobank 'Exactly' means that there are no parts of the object aggregate other than its member parts. The unit can, at certain times, consist of exactly one object, for example, when a wolf litter loses all but one of its pups, but it must at some time have a plurality of member parts. 040-BFO three-dimensional spatial region (Elucidation) A three-dimensional spatial region is a whole consisting of a spatial volume together with zero or more spatial volumes which may have spatial regions of lower dimension as parts A cube-shaped region of space; a sphere-shaped region of space; the region of space occupied by all and only the planets in the solar system at some point in time 034-BFO site (Elucidation) A site is a three-dimensional immaterial entity whose boundaries either (partially or wholly) coincide with the boundaries of one or more material entities or have locations determined in relation to some material entity A hole in a portion of cheese; a rabbit hole; the Grand Canyon; the Piazza San Marco; the kangaroo-joey-containing hole of a kangaroo pouch; your left nostril (a fiat part - the opening - of your left nasal cavity); the lumen of your gut; the hold of a ship; the interior of the trunk of your car; hole in an engineered floor joist 024-BFO object (Elucidation) An object is a material entity which manifests causal unity & is of a type instances of which are maximal relative to the sort of causal unity manifested An organism; a fish tank; a planet; a laptop; a valve; a block of marble; an ice cube A description of three primary sorts of causal unity is provided in Basic Formal Ontology 2.0. Specification and User Guide The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity. the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule. b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) 074-BFO generically dependent continuant g-dependent continuant (Elucidation) A generically dependent continuant is an entity that exists in virtue of the fact that there is at least one of what may be multiple copies which is the content or the pattern that multiple copies would share The pdf file on your laptop; the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop; the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule; the content that is shared by a string of dots and dashes written on a page and the transmitted Morse code signal; the content of a sentence; an engineering blueprint the function of a hammer to drive in nails the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc. 064-BFO function (Elucidation) A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of its bearer's physical make-up & this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artefacts) in order to realize processes of a certain sort The function of a hammer to drive in nails; the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity 084-BFO process boundary p is a process boundary =Def p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts The boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life 103-BFO one-dimensional temporal region (Elucidation) A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is a whole that has a temporal interval and zero or more temporal intervals and temporal instants as parts The temporal region during which a process occurs An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. Elucidation: An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. 019-BFO material entity (Elucidation) A material entity is an independent continuant has some portion of matter as continuant part A human being; the undetached arm of a human being; an aggregate of human beings 029-BFO continuant fiat boundary (Elucidation) A continuant fiat boundary b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions & such that there is no time t when b has a spatial region as continuant part & whose location is determined in relation to some material entity As for fiat point, fiat line, fiat surface 028-BFO immaterial entity b is an immaterial entity =Def b is an independent continuant which is such that there is no time t when it has a material entity as continuant part As for fiat point, fiat line, fiat surface, site 032-BFO fiat line (Elucidation) A fiat line is a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that is continuous The Equator; all geopolitical boundaries; all lines of latitude and longitude; the median sulcus of your tongue; the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin 057-BFO relational quality b is a relational quality =Def b is a quality & there exists c and d such that c and d are not identical & b specifically depends on c & b specifically depends on d A marriage bond; an instance of love; an obligation between one person and another 033-BFO fiat surface (Elucidation) A fiat surface is a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that is self-connected The surface of the Earth; the plane separating the smoking from the non-smoking zone in a restaurant 031-BFO fiat point (Elucidation) A fiat point is a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that consists of a single point The geographic North Pole; the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona meet; the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system 102-BFO zero-dimensional temporal region (Elucidation) A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is a whole consisting of one or more separated temporal instants as parts A temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary; the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident 138-BFO history (Elucidation) A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by the material part of a material entity The life of an organism from the beginning to the end of its existence 155-BFO temporal interval (Elucidation) A temporal interval is a one-dimensional temporal region that is continuous, thus without gaps or breaks The year 2018. A one-dimensional temporal region can include as parts not only temporal intervals but also temporal instants separated from other parts by gaps. 209-BFO temporal instant (Elucidation) A temporal instant is a zero-dimensional temporal region that has no proper temporal part The millennium A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances. chemical entity A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types. chemical substance completely executed planned process A process that is initiated by an agent who intends to carry out a plan to achieve an objective through one or more actions as described in a plan specification. planned process Examples of measurement unit labels are liters, inches, weight per volume. A measurement unit label is as a label that is part of a scalar measurement datum and denotes a unit of measure. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term measurement unit was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000176) , edited by Chris Stoeckert and Cristian Cocos, and subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definition of this, different, term. 2009-03-16: review of this term done during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI. measurement unit label In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction. A directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved. 2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed." 2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that. Answers the question, why did you do this experiment? goal specification OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch OBI_0000217 objective specification Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2 A directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take. OBI Plan and Planned Process branch action specification A label is a symbol that is part of some other datum and is used to either partially define the denotation of that datum or to provide a means for identifying the datum as a member of the set of data with the same label http://www.golovchenko.org/cgi-bin/wnsearch?q=label#4n datum label Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit. see sourceforge tracker discussion at http://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=1958818&group_id=177891&atid=886178 GROUP: OBI software A model number is an information content entity specifically borne by catalogs, design specifications, advertising materials, inventory systems and similar that is about manufactured objects of the same class. The model number is an alternative term for the class. The manufactered objects may or may not also bear the model number. Model numbers can be encoded in a variety of other information objects, such as bar codes, numerals, or patterns of dots. manufactered items may have more than one model number, sometimes by rebranding, or because companies are sold and the products issued new model numbers model number R, Perl, Java A language in which source code is written that is intended to be executed/run by a software interpreter. Programming languages are ways to write instructions that specify what to do, and sometimes, how to do it. OBI_0000058 group:OBI programming language Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries. An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements. An information content entity that is intended to be one or more truthful statement(s) about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements. 2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers. 2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum. 2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym. 2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/ JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief data data item data entity data item a serial number such as "12324X" a stop sign a written proper name such as "OBI" An information content entity that is a mark(s) or character(s) used as a conventional representation of another entity. 20091104, MC: this needs work and will most probably change 2014-03-31: We would like to have a deeper analysis of 'mark' and 'sign' in the future (see https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/154). based on Oxford English Dictionary symbol Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs. Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs. A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing. An information content entity is an entity that is generically dependent on some artifact and stands in relation of aboutness to some entity. 2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ). Pier: 'data, information or knowledge'. OR 'representation' information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity. IAO OBI_0000142 information content entity information content entity 1 1 10 feet. 3 ml. A scalar measurement datum is a measurement datum that is composed of two parts, numerals and a unit label. 2009-03-16: we decided to keep datum singular in scalar measurement datum, as in this case we explicitly refer to the singular form Would write this as: has_part some 'measurement unit label' and has_part some numeral and has_part exactly 2, except for the fact that this won't let us take advantage of OWL reasoning over the numbers. Instead use has measurment value property to represent the same. Use has measurement unit label (subproperty of has_part) so we can easily say that there is only one of them. scalar measurement datum An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term. 2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it. 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan directive information entity A plan specification which describes the inputs and output of mathematical functions as well as workflow of execution for achieving an predefined objective. Algorithms are realized usually by means of implementation as computer programs for execution by automata. algorithm The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting) GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> OBI_0000266 curation status specification Examples of reports are gene lists and investigation reports. These are not published (journal) articles but may be included in a journal article. A document assembled by an author for the purpose of providing information for the audience. A report is the output of a documenting process and has the objective to be consumed by a specific audience. Topic of the report is on something that has completed. A report is not a single figure. Examples of reports are journal article, patent application, grant progress report, case report (not patient record). 2009-03-16: comment from Darren Natale: I am slightly uneasy with the sentence "Topic of the report is on something that has completed." Should it be restricted to those things that are completed? For example, a progress report is (usually) about something that definitely has *not* been completed, or may include (only) projections. I think the definition would not suffer if the whole sentence is deleted. 2009-03-16: this was report of results with definition: A report is a narrative object that is a formal statement of the results of an investigation, or of any matter on which definite information is required, made by some person or body instructed or required to do so. 2009-03-16: work has been done on this term during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI. 2009-08-10 Alan Ruttenberg: Larry Hunter suggests that this be obsoleted and replaced by 'document'. Alan restored as there are OBI dependencies and this merits further discussion disagreement about where reports go. alan: only some gene lists are reports. Is a report all the content of some document? The example of usage suggests that a report may be part of some article. Term needs clarification GROUP: OBI OBI_0000099 report The written source code that implements part of an algorithm. Test - if you know that it was written in a specific language, then it can be source code module. We mean here, roughly, the wording of a document such as a perl script. A source code module is a directive information entity that specifies, using a programming language, some algorithm. OBI_0000039 group:OBI source code module A data format specification is the information content borne by the document published defining the specification. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file 2009-03-16: provenance: term imported from OBI_0000187, which had original definition "A data format specification is a plan which organizes information. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file" OBI branch derived OBI_0000187 data format specification Intensity values in a CEL file or from multiple CEL files comprise a data set (as opposed to the CEL files themselves). A data item that is an aggregate of other data items of the same type that have something in common. Averages and distributions can be determined for data sets. 2009/10/23 Alan Ruttenberg. The intention is that this term represent collections of like data. So this isn't for, e.g. the whole contents of a cel file, which includes parameters, metadata etc. This is more like java arrays of a certain rather specific type 2014-05-05: Data sets are aggregates and thus must include two or more data items. We have chosen not to add logical axioms to make this restriction. data set group:OBI homogenous data collection Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term data about an ontology part PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice. A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts, and that may be concretized as a realizable entity that, if realized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term. 2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications. 2022-01-16 Updated definition to that proposed by Clint Dowloand, IAO Issue 231. Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved OBI Plan and Planned Process branch OBI_0000344 plan specification Examples of measurement data are the recoding of the weight of a mouse as {40,mass,"grams"}, the recording of an observation of the behavior of the mouse {,process,"agitated"}, the recording of the expression level of a gene as measured through the process of microarray experiment {3.4,luminosity,}. A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device. 2/2/2009 is_specified_output of some assay? OBI_0000305 group:OBI measurement datum A version number is an information content entity which is a sequence of characters borne by part of each of a class of manufactured products or its packaging and indicates its order within a set of other products having the same name. Note: we feel that at the moment we are happy with a general version number, and that we will subclass as needed in the future. For example, see 7. genome sequence version version number A serial number is an information content entity which is a unique sequence of characters borne by part of manufactured product or its packaging that is assigned to each individual in some class of products, and so can serve as a way to identify an individual product within the class. Serial numbers can be encoded in a variety of other information objects, such as bar codes, numerals, or patterns of dots. Note: during the call there was some confusion between serial number and model number. We agreed that it would be very helpful for all those terms to have example of usages - please add if you have any :-) serial number The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology. obsolescence reason specification Words, sentences, paragraphs, and the written (non-figure) parts of publications are all textual entities A textual entity is a part of a manifestation (FRBR sense), a generically dependent continuant whose concretizations are patterns of glyphs intended to be interpreted as words, formulas, etc. AR, (IAO call 2009-09-01): a document as a whole is not typically a textual entity, because it has pictures in it - rather there are parts of it that are textual entities. Examples: The title, paragraph 2 sentence 7, etc. MC, 2009-09-14 (following IAO call 2009-09-01): textual entities live at the FRBR (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Requirements_for_Bibliographic_Records) manifestation level. Everything is significant: line break, pdf and html versions of same document are different textual entities. text textual entity L. Hunter A textual entity intended to identify a particular author author identification University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine A textual entity intended to identify a particular institution institutional identification Figure 1: A system diagram describing the modules of the Hanalyzer. Reading methods (green) take external sources of knowledge (blue) and extract information from them, either by parsing structured data or biomedical language processing to extract information from unstructured data. Reading modules are responsible for tracking the provenance of all knowledge. Reasoning methods (yellow) enrich the knowledge that results from reading by, for example, noting two genes that are annotated to the same ontology term or database entry. All knowledge sources, read or reasoned, are assigned a reliability score, and all are combined using that score into a knowledge network (orange) that represents the integration of all sorts of relationship between a pair of genes and a combined reliability score. A data network (also orange) is created from experimental results to be analyzed. The reporting modules (pink) integrate the data and knowledge networks, producing visualizations that can be queried with the associated drill-down tool. A textual entity that describes a figure caption Textual characteristics of traditional and Open Access scientific journals are similar A textual entity that names a document document title Any picture, diagram or table An information content entity consisting of a two dimensional arrangement of information content entities such that the arrangement itself is about something. figure A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole document journal article, newspaper story, book, etc. A document that is the output of a publishing process. published document publication The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities. A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective. Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters denotator type A scalar measurement datum that is the result of measuring a temporal interval 2009/09/28 Alan Ruttenberg. Fucoidan-use-case time measurement datum A textual entity that is used as directive to deliver something to a person, or organization 2010-05-24 Alan Ruttenberg. Use label for the string representation. See issue https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/59 postal address Alan Ruttenberg 1/3/2012 - Provisional id, see issue at https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/130&thanks=130&ts=1325636583 email address A planned process of making information, such as literature, music, and software etc., available to the public for sale or for free. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing publishing process The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed. A symbol that is part of a CRID and that is sufficient to look up a record from the CRID's registry. CRID symbol Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls centrally registered identifier symbol The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed. An information content entity that consists of a CRID symbol and additional information about the CRID registry to which it belongs. 2014-05-05: In defining this term we take no position on what the CRID denotes. In particular do not assume it denotes a *record* in the CRID registry (since the registry might not have 'records'). Alan, IAO call 20101124: potentially the CRID denotes the instance it was associated with during creation. Note, IAO call 20101124: URIs are not always CRID, as not centrally registered. We acknowledge that CRID is a subset of a larger identifier class, but this subset fulfills our current needs. OBI PURLs are CRID as they are registered with OCLC. UPCs (Universal Product Codes from AC Nielsen)are not CRID as they are not centrally registered. CRID Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls centrally registered identifier PubMed is a CRID registry. It has a code set of PubMed identifiers associated with journal articles. A code set of CRID records, each consisting of a CRID symbol and additional information which was recorded in the code set through an assigning a centrally registered identifier process. CRID registry Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls centrally registered identifier registry "Bill Clinton" "The Eiffel Tower" "United States of America" A textual entity that denotes a particular in reality. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/114 written name A software method (also called subroutine, subprogram, procedure, method, function, or routine) is software designed to execute a specific task. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/80 software method A software module is software composed of a collection of software methods. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/80 software module A software library is software composed of a collection of software modules and/or software methods in a form that can be statically or dynamically linked to some software application. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/80 software library A software application is software that can be directly executed by some processing unit. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/80 software application A software script is software whose instructions can be executed using a software interpreter. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/80 software script From Shiba et al. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2013; 1: 45. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3893467/): BAC: Bacterial artificial chromosome; CR: Calretinin; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; MAP: Microtubule-associated protein; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; NSC: Neural stem cell; PDA: Patent ductus arteriosus; PMG: Polymicrogyria; PNH: Periventricular nodular heterotopia; VSD: Ventricular septal defect. A textual entity listing abbreviations and their expansions that are used in a document. abbreviation textual entity From Takon. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2011; 10: 25. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204268/): IT [the author] is the lead paediatrician for ADHD services in East Hertfordshire, UK, where she runs a weekly joint ADHD clinic with the Child and Adolescent psychiatrist and works within an ADHD specialist team. IT also sees children with other neurodisability issues who may have comorbid ADHD, where the presentation may be more complex and challenging to manage. IT has vast experience in managing children with complex ADHD. She has 18 years of experience in paediatrics and also has extensive experience in the use of psychopharmacologic agents in managing children with ADHD. A textual entity expression information about an author of a document. This information may include biographical information and may discuss how the authors' professional experiences are relevant to the work described in the document. author information textual entity From: Fu and Lin. Identification of gene-oriented exon orthology between human and mouse. BMC Genomics. 2012; 13(Suppl 1): S10. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303729/): Exon orthology; alternative splicing; exon duplication; intron-exon structure. A textual entity listing keywords indicating the major theme(s) of a document. keyword textual entity Excerpt from Žitnik and Zupan. Bioinformatics. 2015 Jun 15; 31(12): i230–i239. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4542780/): Our work presented here is similar in spirit to our recently developed methodology for data fusion via collective matrix factorization (Žitnik and Zupan, 2015). A textual entity that discusses work from other publications and expresses their relevancy to the content of a document. related work textual entity From Qi et al. BMC Bioinformatics. 2014; 15: 11. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897912/): • Operating systems: Platform independent • Programming language: Matlab, R, Python • Other requirements: None • License: GNU GPL v3 • Any restrictions to use by non-academics: None A textual entity that expresses the requirements necessary to use a resource, e.g. software. requirements textual entity A centrally registered identifier that is issued by ORCID (https://orcid.org/) and used to persistantly identify oneself as a human researcher or contributor. "You can connect your iD with your professional information — affiliations, grants, publications, peer review, and more. You can use your iD to share your information with other systems, ensuring you get recognition for all your contributions, saving you time and hassle, and reducing the risk of errors." [https://orcid.org/] This class was originally defined in Apollo_SV (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/APOLLO_SV_00000496) but due to it being more in scope of IAO, it was decided to add it to IAO and deprecate its Apollo_SV equivalent. (2022-10-25) ORCID ID ORCiD Open Researcher and Contributor ID Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier https://orcid.org/ ORCID identifier A data entity that consists of multiple data entities. data set data collection An information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity. proper name identifier An identifier referring to an individual entity that is ascribed personhood by the user of the identifier. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name personal name A personal name that specifies and differentiates between members of a group of individuals, especially in a family, all of whose members usually share the same family name (surname). A given name is purposefully given, usually by a child's parents at or near birth, in contrast to an inherited one such as a family name first name http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name given name An identifier that is typically a part of a person's name which has been passed, according to law or custom, from one or both parents to their children. last name surname http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_name family name An information content entity that is a collection of other information content entities that has been created to identify or annotate things in a specified domain, and where the intention of its creators is that the collection has a one-to-one correspondence with those things. code map code system codeset coding system controlled vocabulary code set I have placed this under 'data about an ontology part', but this can be discussed. I think this is OK if 'part' is interpreted reflexively, as an ontology module is the whole ontology rather than part of it. ontology file ontology module An ontology module that comprises only of asserted axioms local to the ontology, excludes import directives, and excludes axioms or declarations from external ontologies. base ontology module An ontology module that is intended to be directly edited, typically managed in source control, and typically not intended for direct consumption by end-users. source ontology module editors ontology module An ontology module that is intended to be the primary release product and the one consumed by the majority of tools. TODO: Add logical axioms that state that a main release ontology module is derived from (directly or indirectly) an editors module main release ontology module An ontology module that contains axioms generated by a reasoner. The generated axioms are typically direct SubClassOf axioms, but other possibilities are available. reasoned ontology module When a specimen of blood is assayed for glucose concentration, the blood has the evaluant role. When measuring the mass of a mouse, the evaluant is the mouse. When measuring the time of DNA replication, the evaluant is the DNA. When measuring the intensity of light on a surface, the evaluant is the light source. a role that inheres in a material entity that is realized in an assay in which data is generated about the bearer of the evaluant role Role call - 17nov-08: JF and MC think an evaluant role is always specified input of a process. Even in the case where we have an assay taking blood as evaluant and outputting blood, the blood is not the specified output at the end of the assay (the concentration of glucose in the blood is) examples of features that could be described in an evaluant: quality.... e.g. "contains 10 pg/ml IL2", or "no glucose detected") OBI evaluant role Assay the wavelength of light emitted by excited Neon atoms. Count of geese flying over a house. A planned process that has the objective to produce information about a material entity (the evaluant) by examining it. 12/3/12: BP: the reference to the 'physical examination' is included to point out that a prediction is not an assay, as that does not require physical examiniation. Discussion on OBI call 2023-05-01 resulted in an agreement to revise the textual definition of 'assay'. https://github.com/obi-ontology/obi/issues/1683. OBI branch derived assay liver section; a portion of a culture of cells; a nemotode or other animal once no longer a subject (generally killed); portion of blood from a patient. A role borne by a material entity that is obtained during a specimen collection process and that can be realized by performing measurements or observations on the specimen. 22Jun09. The definition includes whole organisms, and can include a human. The link between specimen role and study subject role has been removed. A specimen taken as part of a case study is not considered to be a population representative, while a specimen taken as representing a population, e.g. person taken from a cohort, blood specimen taken from an animal) would be considered a population representative and would also bear material sample role. Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation. blood taken from animal: animal continues in study, whereas blood has role specimen. something taken from study subject, leaves the study and becomes the specimen. parasite example - when parasite in people we study people, people are subjects and parasites are specimen - when parasite extracted, they become subject in the following study specimen can later be subject. OBI specimen role PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods. An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members. BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now. GROUP: OBI organization The plan of researcher X to perform an experiment according to a protocol. A plan is a realizable entity that is the inheres in a bearer who is committed to realizing it as a completely executed planned process. This class is included to make clear how the plan specification, the plan, and the planned process relate. OBI will however only subclass and work under the 'plan specification', and 'planned process' class, as we want to avoid to get deep into discussions of 'intend' etc. branch derived plan drawing blood from a patient for analysis, collecting a piece of a plant for depositing in a herbarium, buying meat from a butcher in order to measure its protein content in an investigation, collecting a stone from a site A planned process with the objective to obtain a material entity for potential use as an input upon which measurements or observations are performed. Definition updated following discussion on 2024-10-07 OBI dev call. Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation. Philly2013: A specimen collection can have as part a material entity acquisition, such as ordering from a bank. The distinction is that specimen collection necessarily involves the creation of a specimen role. However ordering cell lines cells from ATCC for use in an investigation is NOT a specimen collection, because the cell lines already have a specimen role. Philly2013: The specimen_role for the specimen is created during the specimen collection process. label changed to 'specimen collection process' on 10/27/2014, details see tracker: http://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/716/ specimen collection specimen collection process The objective to collect bits of excrement in the rainforest. The objective to obtain a blood sample from a patient. A objective specification that is fulfilled by obtaining a material entity for potential use as an input upon which measurements or observations are performed. OBI recommends against subclassing this term in order to avoid further parallel hierarchies between this term and specimen collection process. Bjoern Peters specimen collection objective A time measurement datum when an observation is made or a sample is taken from a material as measured from some reference point. time point MO_738 timepoint sampling time measurement datum A time measurement datum that is the measure of the time when the specimens are collected. collection date NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group specimen collection time measurement datum Gigascience. 2012 Dec 27;1(1):18. doi: 10.1186/2047-217X-1-18. PMID: 23587118. See Table 4 computation run time is a time measurement datum which corresponds the time expressed in second, minute, hour necessary for a computer program to complete a process execution, for example genome assembly. It is an important metrics as it indicates the resource occupancy and computer program efficiency. computation run time datum PRS,AGB computation run time A value specification that is specifies one category out of a fixed number of nominal categories categorical value specification 1 1 A value specification that consists of two parts: a numeral and a unit label scalar value specification The value of 'positive' in a classification scheme of "positive or negative"; the value of '20g' on the quantitative scale of mass. An information content entity that specifies a value within a classification scheme or on a quantitative scale. This term is currently a descendant of 'information content entity', which requires that it 'is about' something. A value specification of '20g' for a measurement data item of the mass of a particular mouse 'is about' the mass of that mouse. However there are cases where a value specification is not clearly about any particular. In the future we may change 'value specification' to remove the 'is about' requirement. value specification A textual entity that is used to denote a sequence assembly. NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group sequence assembly name Blood cells collected from multiple donors over the course of a study. A material entity that has two or more specimens as its parts. Details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/778/ OBIB, OBI collection of specimens A data item that is the date when a process was initiated. date process started Specimen collection duration of 3 nights that a trap is set out for collection of mosquitoes. Urine collected over a 24 hour period of specimen collection duration. A time measurement datum that is the count of collection cycles over which a specimen collection process occurs. specimen collection duration VEuPathDB specimen collection duration Biobanking of blood taken and stored in a freezer for potential future investigations stores specimen; collecting a stone from a site. A material entity that is collected for potential use as an input upon which measurements or observations are performed. GROUP: OBI Biomaterial Branch specimen The application of a clustering protocol to microarray data or the application of a statistical testing method on a primary data set to determine a p-value. A completely executed planned process that produces output data from input data. data analysis data processing Branch editors data transformation normalize objective An objective specification to transformation input data into output data Modified definition in 2013 Philly OBI workshop PERSON: James Malone data transformation objective A sequence_feature with an extent greater than zero. A nucleotide region is composed of bases and a polypeptide region is composed of amino acids. primary structure of sequence macromolecule sequence region A sequence of nucleotides that has been algorithmically derived from an alignment of two or more different sequences. sequence_assembly A region of the genome of known length that is composed by ordering and aligning two or more different regions. assembly A region which is the result of some arbitrary experimental procedure. The procedure may be carried out with biological material or inside a computer. experimental_feature A unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence. time unit expert discussion An event that involves a focused exchange of knowledge, opinions, and insights among specialists in a particular field to address complex topics, evaluate research findings, or explore emerging trends. event frequency datum Event frequency datum describes how often an events occurs within a given time interval HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Events’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘event frequency’ class was created to respond to competency questions like which frequency ab event take places? annual, weekly, twice per year, 72 beats per minute, every four years matwerk project A MatWerk project is a project within the NFDI MatWerk consortium that involves coordinated research, development, or infrastructure activities aimed at advancing materials science and engineering through data-driven methodologies and digitalization. collaboration A collaboration is a process in which multiple entities, such as individuals, organizations, or institutions, work together toward shared goals, contributing resources, expertise, or services to achieve mutual benefits. HBN: Concerning the content of ‘International Collaboration’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Collaboration’ class and its subclasses were created to defind the type of collaborations, and respond to competency questions like: what type of collaboration exists between organizations A and B, which agents are involved in collaboration C, which collaborations has agent D, etc. strategic collaboration Strategic Collaboration is a collaboration process in which multiple entities align their long-term objectives and resources to achieve significant mutual benefits in research, business, or policy initiatives. networking Networking is a collaboration process that involves building and maintaining professional, academic, or organizational relationships to exchange knowledge, expertise, or resources. project collaboration Project Collaboration is a collaboration process in which multiple entities contribute expertise, resources, and labor toward the successful completion of a specific project. joint efforting Joint Efforting is a collaboration process in which multiple entities combine efforts, knowledge, or labor toward a common goal, often in research, policy-making, or community initiatives. joint servicing Joint Servicing is a collaboration process in which two or more entities jointly provide or maintain a service, ensuring operational efficiency and shared responsibility. alliancing Alliancing is a collaboration process in which two or more entities form a long-term cooperative relationship based on shared objectives, often in research, industry, or government sectors. parenting Partnering is a collaboration process in which two or more entities form a structured partnership to achieve specific research, business, or development goals. date process ended The date and time at which the experimental process was completed. assay identifier Assay identifier is an identifier that uniquely designates a specific assay. object identifier Object identifier is an identifier that uniquely designates a specific object. device identifier Device identifier is an identifier that uniquely designates a specific device. equation textual entity An equation textual entity is a textual entity that expresses a mathematical equation specifying relationships between quantities or variables. material deformation mechanism A material deformation mechanism is a categorical value specification that identifies and records the specific microstructural or crystallographic process—such as dislocation creep, diffusional flow, or grain boundary sliding—that is determined to be the primary physical cause of the deformation process of a material. National Research Data Infrastructure for Materials Science & Engineering Nationale Forschungsdateninfrastruktur für Materialwissenschaft & Werkstofftechnik https://nfdi-matwerk.de/ The National Research Data Infrastructure for Materials Science & Engineering (NFDI-MatWerk) is a consortium in Germany dedicated to developing a national infrastructure for managing research data in the field of materials science and engineering. Established in 2021, NFDI-MatWerk focuses on integrating and standardizing data from various sources, including experimental and simulation data, along with their associated metadata. This comprehensive approach supports the entire data lifecycle—from planning and collection to analysis, preservation, sharing, and reuse—aiming to enhance data accessibility, interoperability, and reusability within the scientific community. By providing tools and frameworks for efficient data management, NFDI-MatWerk facilitates innovative research and fosters collaboration among scientists. The consortium also emphasizes the development of standardized metadata and terminologies to ensure seamless data integration and sharing across different platforms and stakeholders. Through these efforts, NFDI-MatWerk aims to advance materials science and engineering by promoting effective data management practices and long-term accessibility of high-quality research data. nfdi matwerk consortium NFDI-MatWerk will focus on the research areas of materials science and materials engineering. The key challenges in these fields are the digital mapping of materials and their process and loading parameters. This process touches core aspects of scientific ways of working starting with scientific exchange, data handling and the resulting technological possibilities. The digital transformation of materials science and materials engineering is an opportunity to promote, structure and optimize this exchange - provided that transparent communication standards are created. This fundamental change is therefore being tackled in a joint effort by the consortium and the specialist community. device type specification A device type specification is a categorical value specification that classifies a device according to its type. material failure mechanism Material failure mechanism is a categorical value specification that are the underlying physical, chemical, or mechanical processes—such as fatigue, corrosion, or ductile yielding—that cause a component to lose its ability to perform its intended function IUC infrastructure use case An Infrastructure Use Case (IUC) is a service product that defines a specific application scenario, requirement, or implementation of research infrastructure, demonstrating its functionality, benefits, and impact in a given scientific or industrial domain. NFDI MatWerk Infrastructure Use Cases (IUCs) are exmplary scenarios used to demonstrate and validate the functionality of the NFDI-MatWerk infrastructure in real-world research contexts. They illustrate how the digital infrastructure can be applied to various stages of materials science research, including data acquisition, processing, sharing, and analysis. Developed in collaboration with the research community, IUCs provide detailed examples of how researchers can effectively use the infrastructure to enhance their workflows. By showcasing specific applications, IUCs highlight the capabilities and benefits of the infrastructure, guiding its development to meet actual research needs and ensuring that it aligns with the dynamic requirements of materials science and engineering. A Large-Scale Facility is a service product that provides specialized, high-capacity infrastructure for scientific research, engineering, or computational purposes, supporting large-scale experiments, simulations, and data analysis in various domains. obsolete large scale facility true HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Large-Scale Facility’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Large-Scale Facility’ class and its subclasses were created to define the types of used facilituies and respond to competency questions like: what large-scale facilities support research in field X, which organization provide facility Y, what is the contact point with facility Z, etc. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ), CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) matwerk participant project Participant Projects (PPs) are projects by NFDI-MatWerk partners that address specific scientific and technological challenges, providing practical examples and feedback for the development and validation of the infrastructure. developing process A process that involves the creation, adaptation, or refinement of an entity, with the participation of some participants, leading to specific outcomes. A place that provides a controlled environment equipped with specialized instruments and facilities for conducting scientific research, experiments, measurements, and testing across various disciplines. obsolete laboratory true materials characterization laboratories, chemical analysis labs, high-energy physics laboratories co developing process A developing process that involves the collaborative creation, adaptation, or refinement of an entity, requiring the active participation of at least two agents, leading to shared outcomes. adapting process A process that involves modifying or adjusting an existing entity, with the participation of some participants, to improve its suitability for a specific purpose or context, leading to a refined or optimized outcome. sustainability datum Sustainability datum represents the duration or persistence of a process, system, or resource over time. It defines how long an entity is expected to remain viable or functional. HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Service’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Sustainability’ class was created to respond to competency questions like: what is the sustainability of a service. Continusly, 10 years, 2-4 years, until 2030 HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Service’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the this class was created to respond to competency questions like how much is the storage capacity of a service. data storage capacity datum Data storage capacity datum represents the maximum amount of digital information it can hold, typically measured in bytes (e.g., GB, TB, PB). material state A descriptor defining the processing history or physical condition of the material before or after testing. as manufactured material state The condition of the material immediately after the primary manufacturing process (casting/forging) without further treatment. as tested material state The specific state of the material at the exact moment the test begins (including all pre-test preparations). fractured material state The condition of the test piece after the creep rupture limit has been reached and the material has separated. heat treated material state The condition of the material resulting from a controlled heating and cooling process to alters its physical properties. aged material state State resulting from precipitation hardening (holding at an intermediate temperature) to increase strength. annealed material state State resulting from heating to a specific temperature and cooling at a controlled rate to remove internal stresses. normalized material state State resulting from heating to an austenitizing temperature and cooling in air to refine the grain structure. test piece origin A test piece origin is a 3D spatial region that specifies the spatial location from an object from which a test piece is taken. operator role Operator role is an agent role that is realized by operating, controlling, or supervising a device, instrument, machine, system, or process. fracture failure process Failure process is a process that results in the loss, degradation, or cessation of the function, integrity, or performance of a material, component, system, or device. annealing process Annealing process is a heat treatment process that alters the properties or microstructure of a material by heating and controlled cooling. normalizing process Normalizing process is a heat treatment process that alters the microstructure and properties of a material by heating it to a specified temperature and subsequently cooling it in air or under controlled conditions. Crystal plasticity simulation is a simulation process that models the deformation behavior of crystalline materials based on crystallographic slip, microstructural properties, and constitutive mechanical relations. crystal plasticity simulation implementing process A process that applies, integrates, or refines an entity, encompassing development, co-development, and adaptation, with participant involvement to achieve a functional outcome. research group role Research group role is an agent role that is borne by an organizational unit and is realized through conducting, coordinating, or supporting scientific research activities within one or more research domains. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2025.120735 A Reference Dataset is a dataset that serves as a benchmark or standardized collection of data used for validation, comparison, and reproducibility in scientific research and engineering applications. Reference data of materials - are documented according to certain standards as well as - are curated (i.e., generated, maintained, preserved, validated) according to certain standards - are quantitative data sets (i.e., data + their corresponding metadata) - have been measured or simulated to a particularly high standard, and - are generated for a material that has either experienced a well-documented process or is reference material or its composition and structure has been completely characterized. Reference data of materials can also be derived data from reference data. These data are distributed with a license (e.g., GPL). The here addressed standards for documentation, curation and measurement need to be defined for specific materials characteristics (e.g., creep tests) in terms of domain standards. These domain standards are the result of a steered community process. Standards should integrate as much as possible existing standards (e.g., the individual MatWerk domain standards should be as much as possible consistent). obsolete reference dataset true BAM reference data: results of ASTM E139 -11 creep tests on a reference material of Nimonic 75 nickel-base alloy (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7764161) A Simulation Dataset is a dataset that contains data generated from computational models, numerical simulations, or digital twin environments to predict material behaviors, properties, and interactions. obsolete simulation dataset true Examples include DFT simulation datasets, molecular dynamics (MD) trajectory files, and phase-field modeling results. An Experimental Dataset is a dataset that contains measured or observed data collected from laboratory experiments, physical tests, or scientific investigations. obsolete experimental dataset true A Journal Article is a peer-reviewed scholarly publication that presents original research, review studies, or theoretical discussions, typically published in academic journals. obsolete journal article http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000013 true A SPARQL Endpoint is a web application software that provides a queryable interface for accessing and retrieving structured data from RDF-based knowledge graphs using the SPARQL query language. obsolete sparql endpoint true Wikidata Query Service, DBpedia SPARQL Endpoint, Linked Data Fragments department role Department role is an agent role that is borne by an organizational unit and is realized through carrying out administrative, educational, research, operational, or managerial functions within an organization. devision role Division role is an agent role that is borne by an organizational unit and is realized through carrying out administrative, managerial, operational, or research-related functions within an organization. institute role Institute role is an agent role that is borne by an organization and is realized through conducting, supporting, managing, or promoting research, education, professional activities, or specialized services within one or more domains. licensing agent role Licensing agent role is an agent role that is realized through granting, managing, administering, or overseeing permissions, rights, or licenses related to resources, intellectual property, data, software, or services. license holder role License holder role is an agent role that is realized through holding or exercising rights granted by a license. licensing process Licensing process is a process that grants, transfers, manages, or administers permissions or rights for the access, use, distribution, or modification of a resource, dataset, software entity, or other asset. funding process Funding process is a process that allocates, distributes, administers, or provides financial resources to support a project, organization, activity, research effort, or other undertaking. funding identifier Funding identifier is an identifier that denotes a funding award, funding program, grant, or financial support entity and is used to uniquely reference, distinguish, or track it within an administrative, organizational, or information system context. A Conference Paper is a scholarly publication that presents research findings at an academic or professional conference, typically published in conference proceedings. obsolete conference paper true A Conference Poster is a visual presentation of research findings, displayed at an academic or professional conference to facilitate discussion and knowledge exchange. obsolete conference poster true A Conference Abstract is a brief summary of research findings or scholarly work submitted for presentation at an academic or professional conference, often serving as a precursor to a full paper or presentation. obsolete conference abstract true An Interim Report is a report that provides a temporary or progress-based assessment of an ongoing project, research, or operational activity, documenting current findings, challenges, and future directions before the final report is completed. obsolete interim report true A Presentation Document is a document that consists of structured visual and textual content designed for conveying information to an audience, typically used in meetings, conferences, and educational settings. obsolete presentation document true material designation material identifier Material designation is an identifier assigned to a material to specify its name, Id, classification, composition, or standardized reference in scientific, engineering, or industrial contexts. ASTM A36 for structural steel, UNS C11000 for copper, DIN 1.4404 for stainless steel A goal textual entity is a textual entity that describes the intended objectives, aims, or targets of a project, initiative, organization, or research effort, providing a clear statement of purpose and expected outcomes. obsolete goal textual entity true measure textual entity A measure textual entity is a textual entity that describes quantitative or qualitative assessments, metrics, or evaluation criteria used to analyze, compare, or monitor a specific process, performance, or characteristic. An added value textual entity is a textual entity that describes the achievements, benefits, or additional value generated by a project, service, or initiative, highlighting its impact, improvements, or contributions. obsolete added value textual entity true In responce to competency questions like what are the added values of project X1 or service X2. An affiliation is a textual entity that specifies the organizational or institutional association of an individual, group, or entity, typically used in academic, professional, or research contexts. obsolete affiliation true FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz-Institute for Information Infrastructure Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods A Repository Hosting Data Portal is a data portal that provides infrastructure and tools for hosting datasets, code, and publications in a structured and accessible format. obsolete repository hosting data portal true Zenodo, Figshare, Dataverse A Research Data Repository is a data portal designed for the preservation, management, and sharing of research datasets, ensuring long-term accessibility and compliance with open science principles. obsolete research data repository true Open Science Framework (OSF), Harvard Dataverse material science database A Material Science Database is a data portal that provides access to structured data related to materials science. Materials Project database, NOMAD Archive, Open Quantum Materials Database (OQMD) material science knowledge base A Material Science Knowledge Base is a data portal that provides structured information, conceptual models, and reasoning capabilities related to materials science research and applications. A data analysis portal is a data portal that provides tools, services, and computational resources for performing data analysis, visualization, and interpretation. obsolete data analysis portal true JupyterHub platforms, KNIME analytics portals, R Shiny-based analysis environments A Linked Data Portal is a data portal that supports the publication, access, and exploration of linked datasets using semantic web technologies and standardized data formats. obsolete linked data portal true Wikidata Query Service, DBpedia, Europeana Linked Open Data portal A Software Repository is a data portal designed to store, manage, and distribute software packages, source code, and related documentation for research, development, and deployment purposes. obsolete software repository true GitHub, GitLab, Apache Software Foundation repositories reporting process A process of collecting, organizing, and presenting information or results in a structured form for communication or documentation. simulation identifier Simulation identifier is a process identifier that denotes a simulation process and is used to uniquely reference, distinguish, or track that simulation within a scientific, computational, or information system context. certified reference material role A role played by a material that provides certified property values to support calibration, validation, or quality assurance activities. process identifier an identifier that denotes a process and is used to uniquely reference, distinguish, or track that process within a given information system, workflow, or representational context. project identifier an identifier that denotes a project and is used to uniquely reference, distinguish, or track that project within a given organizational, administrative, or information system context. operator identification A textual entity intended to identify a particular operator workflow identifier Workflow identifier is a process identifier that denotes a workflow and is used to uniquely reference, distinguish, or track that workflow within a scientific, organizational, or information system context. chemical substance identifier Chemical substance identifier is an identifier that denotes a chemical substance and is used to uniquely reference, distinguish, or track that chemical substance within a chemical, scientific, or information system context. CAS registry number CAS Registry Number is a chemical substance identifier that denotes an entry in the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry. crystallographic identifier Crystallographic identifier is an identifier that denotes a crystallographic entity and is used to uniquely reference, distinguish, or track that entity within a crystallographic, materials science, or structural data context. CSD identifier CSD identifier is a crystallographic identifier that denotes an entry in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). ICSD identifier ICSD identifier is a crystallographic identifier that denotes an entry in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD). COD identifier COD identifier is a crystallographic identifier that denotes an entry in the Crystallography Open Database (COD). fair digital object FAIR digital object is a data entity that is structured and described in accordance with FAIR principles so that it can be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable by humans and machines. protocol Protocol is a plan specification that prescribes the steps, conditions, rules, or procedures for carrying out a process, experiment, workflow, or activity. specimen preparation protocol Specimen preparation protocol is a protocol that prescribes the steps, conditions, methods, and requirements for preparing a specimen for analysis, testing, characterization, or experimentation. calibration protocol Calibration protocol is a protocol that prescribes the steps, conditions, methods, and requirements for performing a calibration process. assay protocol Assay protocol is a protocol that prescribes the steps, conditions, methods, and requirements for performing an assay. tensile testing protocol calibration dataset Calibration dataset is a dataset that contains data used to calibrate an instrument, device, model, measurement system, or computational workflow. A licence is a legal instrument (usually by way of contract law, with or without printed material) governing the use or redistribution of the resource containing the licence. Modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license licence software license obsolete NFDI resource true An information content entity that refers to digital creative works and services, and is utilized to organize the resources of NFDI. The most generic kind of a resource and may be associated with any kind of digital creative work, e.g. datasets, collections, metadata; offered products and services, e.g. data portals, data curation, data digitization. 2024-03-25 - Sasha Bruns: This class is useful in nfdicore to provide a unified and structured representation of the diverse range of resources that contribute to the NFDI infrastructure. IMO, it helps to emphasize the scope of resources that can be contributed to the NFDI compared to all information content entites in IAO. Resource https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/118 project A process of a scientific or business endeavor that aims to conclude an investigation or to answer a research question. Why "project" as an occurrent: - A project typically has a start and end time. - It involves a sequence of activities, such as planning, conducting experiments, analyzing data, and publishing results. - It has temporal parts (e.g., Phase 1, Phase 2, review stages). So, it aligns well with the occurrent category - more precisely, it can be considered a complex process made up of various subprocesses. But what about the organization or plan behind it? - The institution running or participating the project would be a continuant (consortium). - The project plan might be a generically dependent continuant (a kind of information content entity). - But the project as executed over time is an occurrent. https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/50 person An object that represents a single human individual. 2024-03-24. Sasha Bruns - the class is not mapped to NCBITaxon_9606 (homo sapiens) due to different scope of the ontologies. "Person" in nfdicore represents entities with specific roles, responsibilities, and attributes within an organization, and is not limited to its biological characteristics. Harald Sack, Tabea Tietz, Sasha Bruns, Etienne Posthumus place A site that refers to geographical locations, such as cities, countries, landmarks, and natural environments. A spatial region, e.g. country, city or district. Hessen, Berlin, Schweiz Issue: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/75 consortium An organisation that consists of multiple independent groups and individuals, who join together to collaborate on a specific goal. A consortium of autonomous organizations collaborating towards a shared goal, operating within the framework of an agreement. NFDI4Culture, NFDI-MatWerk, DataPLANT. obsolete creative work true An independent continuant or information content entity that refers to a manifestation of someone's creative effort. A creative work refers to a digital intellectual or artistic resource, e.g. a dataset, metadata, a guideline, a software and other materials offering relevant information or instructions within their specific domains. 2024-03-22. Sasha Bruns - Unlike schema:CreativeWork, nfdicore:CreativeWork is specialized to cover digital creative works only. Through the mapping to "schema:CreativeWork and 'information content entity'", we exclude material creative works such as real paintings, architectural objects, and other physical artifacts, which fall outside the scope of nfdicore:CreativeWork. TRANSRAZ Data Model, NFDI4Culture Knowledge Graph, Guide for digital collection management at art museums, NFDI4Culture SPARQL Endpoint, Registry for Tools & Services, RADAR4Culture service, etc. https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/122 obsolete dataset true An information content entity that refers to a structured collection of data, organized typically for a specific goal such as analysis, research, or reference. Dataset is structured information about a resource provided by an organization or a person. 2024-04-10. Sasha Bruns: nfdicore:dataset and ioa:data set are not equivalent, due to their differing conceptualizations of what constitutes a iao:data item, which is a superclass of iao:data set. In the nfdicore ontology, a dataset may not necessarily align perfectly with the definition of a data item, since this definition implies a level of accuracy that may not always apply to datasets in their entirety. While a nfdicore:dataset may contain data items, it doesn't necessarily qualify as a data item itself under the strict definition provided by ioa:dataset. This differentiation helps us avoid ambiguity and ensures that our modeling aligns with the intended semantics. Fotothek Bibliotheca Hertziana Max-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte 320px static derivates research dataset (https://doi.org/10.17617/3.SVH2BT) obsolete plan true A realizable entity that represents a structured set of intended actions or steps designed to achieve specific objectives or outcomes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000444 obsolete publishing process true A process of making information, such as literature, music, and software etc., available to the public for sale or for free. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0020000 obsolete identifier true An information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/APOLLO_SV_00000008 software development A process that has specified output a software product and that involves the creation of source code. spokesperson role A role inherent in an agent that is realized when representing, advocating, or communicating on behalf of an organization or group to convey messages or information. academic event An event that focuses on scholarly activities and the exchange of knowledge, typically involving presentations, discussions, or collaborations among researchers, academics, and students, often in the context of conferences, workshops, seminars, symposia, or colloquia, to advance a specific field of study or interdisciplinary research. academic organization role A role inherent in an organization that is realized when coordinating, managing, or supporting academic activities, programs, or research to promote education and knowledge advancement. industry organization role A role inherent in an organization that is realized when promoting, regulating, or supporting industry-specific standards, practices, and collaboration to advance sector development and innovation. obsolete workflow true A plan that specifies a sequence of tasks, processes, or operations, often involving multiple agents, tools, or systems, to achieve a specific goal or produce a desired outcome. A workflow defines the logical order and dependencies of steps, the roles or entities responsible for each step, and the inputs and outputs required for and produced by each task. It is a realizable entity that can be enacted or executed within a defined context, such as a business process, computational framework, or organizational procedure. https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/125 A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000310 obsolete document true A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole ontology An (nfdi) ontology is a data item that coherently represents all components of an ontology, including its versions, variants, modules and other associated artifacts. It is typically denoted by a name and/or an acronym, which is the term we use to communicate about it. ontology variant An ontology variant represents a self-contained, reusable subset of an ontology that provides a specific functionality while maintaining interoperability with the larger ontology. Typically, an ontology is released in different variants, which makes a variant a release artifact. US Patent 6,449,603 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000313 patent A document that has been accepted by a patent authority ontology release version An (nfdi) ontology release version represents a particular release of an ontology. file data item A file data item is a data item that represents a file stored on a hard drive. It might also include essential attributes like its name, location, download URL, size, type, and timestamps for creation, modification, and access. It might also capture permissions and ownership details to control how the file can be accessed or modified. obsolete report true A document that conveys information, data, or findings, typically structured in a formal or semi-formal manner, to communicate the results of an analysis, investigation, observation, or activity. A report is created with the intent of informing specific audiences and may include textual descriptions, visualizations, metrics, or conclusions. It is a realizable entity that is produced and maintained as part of a process or workflow. source code repository A document that organizes and stores source code files, associated metadata, and version history to facilitate the management, sharing, and collaborative development of software projects. It serves as a structured collection of information that tracks changes, maintains integrity, and supports workflows such as version control, branching, and merging. The source code repository stands for the CONTENT of the repository, which, e.g., you can copy to your hard drive. This distinguishes it from the website class which e.g. is used to publish the content. academic discipline An information content entity that specifies the subject area, domain or academic discipline of an entity. An academic discipline, a research field or domain of an entity, e.g. a domain of a data portal or a field of study of a person. 2024-03-26: SB & JW: Following the OMIT Ontology, the academy discilpine is defined as a subclass of bfo:quality (see e.g. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OMIT_0001008) 2024-12-16: TT & JW: An academic discipline is not a quality, as assumed before, but an ICE. A discipline like philosophy or chemistry consists of structured knowledge, theories, and practices. These are abstract entities that represent and encode information. Architecture, Art History, Musicology, Media Studies, Performing Arts https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/80 service process A process that organizes activities and resources to deliver a specific service, ensuring its efficiency, reliability, and alignment with intended goals. Issue: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/75 agent An independent continuant that acts autonomously and is entrusted with the authority to represent, negotiate, or act on behalf of another agent. A class that represents entities that are capable of autonomous actions, decision-making, or interaction within a given environment, e.g. persons or organizations. Torsten Schrade, Linnaea Söhn, Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz city A place that refers to a densely populated urban area. A city or a town where the thing is located. Berlin, Hannover, Kyiv collection A material entity that represents a collection of material entities intended to be understood together as a whole. A tangible collection of valuables published or curated by an organization or a person. A collection of arts displayed at the museum consortium member role A role inherent in an organization that is realized when the organization is a member of a consortium. contacting process A process in which the contact information of an entity is provided. Contacting contact point role A role inherent in an agent that is realized when the agent is a contact point of a resource or a project. contributing process A process of contibuting or providing information to an endeavor. Contributing contributor role A role inherent in an agent that provides input, resources, or effort to support or enhance a project, work, or process. country A place that refers to a defined geographical area distinguished by its territorial boundaries, governance structure, and sovereignty. A country where the thing is located. database software Software that provides large amounts of structured data from repositories and archives to the user. Usually the data can be uploaded, accessed, searched and/or downloaded via a web browser. data curation service The activity of managing and promoting the use of data from their point of creation to ensure that they are fit for contemporary purpose and available for discovery and reuse. For dynamic datasets this may mean continuous enrichment or updating to keep them fit for purpose. Higher levels of curation will also involve links with annotation and with other published materials data portal A website that serves as a centralized platform for accessing, managing, and sharing datasets, information, or resources related to a specific topic, theme, or domain. An online platform that provides access to datasets. Bach digital, KultSam, MusiXplora event An process that represents an organized happening that unfolds in time. A class that represents entities that occur or unfold in time, typically characterized by a specific organized happening or occurrence with temporal properties. conferences, celebrations, workshops, meetings, or any other specific incident or happening that has been planned somehow. federal state A place that refers to a geographical territory forming part of a country. A federal state where the thing is located. Sachsen, Berlin funding organization role A role inherent in an organization that is realized when the organization serves as a funder to endevaours, e.g. projects. obsolete software library http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000593 true Collection of pre-implemented functions for a specific task that can be accessed via a well-defined interface. obsolete license true An information content entity that refers to a legal instrument (usually by way of contract law, with or without printed material) governing the use or redistribution of the resource containing the licence. A document that provides legal guidelines for the use of a resource, e.g. a software. cc-by-3, Digital Peer Publishing Lizenz media type A directive information entity that describes a media type a bearer has. A digital resource format or physical medium. doc, avi, mpeg, epub, txt, MIME-type, record, cassette, VHS, LaserDiscs, CD, DVD, Blu-ray color lithograph, text book MIME-type https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml A media type that serves as a standardized identifier for specifying the nature and format of data. The MIME-type template of the resource https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/dicom, https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/video/mp4, https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/text/n3 MIMEType obsolete programming language true A plan specification that is used for implementing software. A formal language used for implementing a software. Java, Ruby, C++, Perl, PHP obsolete publication true A publication that is the output of a publishing process and a creative process. A published scholarly work that reports on ongoing activity about or within a resource, e.g. a dataset. MusiXplora: Visual analysis of a musicological encyclopedia, Textkategorien in kompositorischen Werkstattdokumenten publisher role A role inherent in an agent that is realized when the bearer participates in the publishing of the document. obsolete software true A plan specification that comprises a set of instructions, programs, or algorithms designed to perform specific tasks or functions on a computer or other electronic devices. A computer software provided by an organization or a person. Edirom, Muscat obsolete specification true A directive information entity that defines the requirements, characteristics, or standards for the design, implementation, or operation of a system, product, or process.Specification is a set of requirements, guidelines, standards contributed by an organization or a person. 2024-03-24. Sasha Bruns: specifications have dual nature - they are both directive information entities guiding actions (plan specification) and digital intellectual resources providing relevant information and guidelines (creative work). Guidelines, technical specifications, design specifications https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/133 standard A specification that establishes a set of guidelines, criteria, or norms recognized and adopted by internationational community. An international standard and norm that can be used to evaluate or create a resource. ISO 15511, DINI-Zertifikat https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/131 https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/133 storage service Provision of storage space for research data as a service to external users. Access is possible via web protocols. support service Service with direct user contact for topics going beyond the support for specific single services. technological method specification A plan specification that refers to a technology method employed for the creation, management, utilization, or control of a digital resource. A technology, e.g. a web application or a programming framework used in a resource. Groovy on Grails, Angular TechnologicalMeans obsolete software application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000594 true Software that can be downloaded and executed locally on the users' hardware. training service Standalone training for self-study can be considered a technical service (usually a web application). Generally speaking, training materials often come in the form of specific measures or tutorials that are attached to a service and that are designed to improve the user’s service experience. Our joint understanding of training as a stand-alone service, however, is not limited to the above and includes materials designed for education in all fields of research data management. web application software Software that is installed on a server and can be used by users via a web page and the internet, for example Software-as-a-service (SaaS). website An information content entity that represents a collection of interconnected web pages, multimedia content, and digital resources accessible via the World Wide Web. A collection of webpages contributed by an organization or a person. https:\/\/opac.rism.info creative process A process that involves generating, developing, and refining original ideas or concepts through exploration, experimentation, and problem-solving, aiming to produce innovative or expressive outcomes in artistic, scientific, or other creative fields. workflow process A process that processes tasks, activities, or steps to achieve specific objectives efficiently within an organized workflow system. service product role Role of an immaterial entity that facilitates the delivery or support of a service product, ensuring its proper execution and value realization. agent role Role of an independent continuant that is realized through an agent's actions, enabling the agent to perform specific functions or achieve particular outcomes within a system or context. service provider role A role inherent in an agent that is realized when delivering services, managing processes, and ensuring the effective fulfillment of service product requirements. service product An immaterial entity that provides value through a service offering, delivering intangible benefits or functionality designed to fulfill specific needs or requirements, often in a structured process. service specification A plan specification that defines the requirements, features, and parameters of a service, outlining its scope, performance, and delivery criteria. software title A textual entity that uniquely identifies a specific software application, program, or system, often used for branding, categorization, and reference in documentation, licensing, and distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000301 citation A textual entity intended to identify a particular publication. workflow specification A plan specification that defines the sequence, dependencies, roles, and conditions governing the execution of tasks and processes within a workflow, ensuring structured and efficient task coordination, automation, and completion. project proposal A project proposal is a detailed document that outlines the objectives, scope, requirements, and deliverables of a project. It serves as a blueprint for all stakeholders, ensuring everyone understands what needs to be accomplished. Gemeinsame Normdatei Integrated Authority File https://www.dnb.de/EN/Professionell/Standardisierung/GND/gnd_node.html GND identifier A centrally registered identifier that is issued by the German National Library. The Integrated Authority File (GND) is facilitates the collaborative use and administration of authority data. These authority data represent and describe entities, i.e. persons, corporate bodies, conferences and events, geographic entities, topics and works relating to cultural and academic collections. https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61 GND Integrated Authority File Virtual International Authority File https://viaf.org/en VIAF identifier The centrally registered identifier VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) is an international authority file that links and integrates authority records from multiple national libraries and other organizations. It provides a unique identifier for authors, creators, and entities, facilitating better data sharing and cataloging across institutions. https://viaf.org/en/viaf/137346469 https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61 VIAF GeoNames https://www.geonames.org/ GeoNames identifier GeoNames is a geographical database that provides information on places, including names, coordinates, and administrative divisions. It integrates data from multiple sources and is widely used for geolocation, mapping, and geographic information systems (GIS). https://www.geonames.org/2950159 https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61 Wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/ Wikidata identifier Wikidata is maintained by the Wikimedia Foundation and serves as a central repository for structured data used by Wikipedia, Wikimedia projects, and external applications. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1388737 https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61 https://ror.org/ ROR identifier ROR (Research Organization Registry) is a global, open, and community-driven registry of research organizations. It provides unique identifiers for institutions involved in research, enabling better data integration, disambiguation, and interoperability across scholarly communication systems. https://ror.org/01kdxra28 https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61 ROR International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations https://sigel.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/ ISIL identifier ISIL (International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations) is a globally recognized identifier system used to uniquely identify libraries, archives, museums, and other cultural institutions. It facilitates resource sharing, cataloging, and data exchange across institutions and countries. https://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/organisations/DE-4153 https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61 ISIL FactGrid https://database.factgrid.de/ FactGrid identifier FactGrid is a collaborative, structured knowledge database designed for historical research. It operates on Wikibase and focuses on documenting historical entities, events, and relationships. https://database.factgrid.de/entity/Q595 https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61 Répertoire International des Sources Musicales https://rism.info/ RISM identifier RISM (Répertoire International des Sources Musicales) is an international catalog of historical music sources, including manuscripts, printed music, and treatises. It provides unique identifiers and bibliographic data to support music research and documentation. https://rism.online/sources/201001959/ https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61 RISM export format specification A directive information entity that defines the structural, syntactic, and encoding rules for representing data when it is exported from a system. textual description A textual entity that describe some resource. title A textual entity that denotes some resource. act of foundation The act of foundation refers to the formal establishment or creation of an institution, organization, or entity, typically through a legal, administrative, or ceremonial process. act of dissolution The act of dissolution refers to a formal legal or administrative event that officially terminates or dissolves an entity, relationship, or agreement. ontology namespace A namespace refers to a distinct, unique identifier that is used to distinguish concepts and entities within an ontology from those in other ontologies or systems. It's typically represented as a URL or URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) and ensures that each element within the ontology has a globally unique reference. creation process A process by which something is brought into existence; having been brought into existence. issue: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/95 creator role A role inherent in an agent that originates, develops, or produces a work, product, or idea. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part An information content entity that is part of a document. An abstract, introduction, method or results section. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000321 author list A part of a document that enumerates the authors of the document contributor list A part of a document that enumerates the contributors of the document creator list A part of a document that enumerates the creators of the document http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000322 institution list A part of a document that has parts that are institution identifications associated with the authors of the document uniform resource locator http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001068 A Uniform Resource Locator (URL), colloquially termed a web address, is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. [Wikipedia] issue: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/95 work package textual entity A work package textual entity is a textual entity that describes a structured unit of work within a project, outlining specific tasks, objectives, deliverables, and assigned responsibilities to achieve defined project outcomes. comment textual entity A comment textual entity is a textual entity that provides supplimentary information, feedback, opinions, clarifications, or annotations related to a specific subject. peer review comments on journal articles, user feedback on digital repositories, inline annotations in collaborative documents, explanatory remarks in software code documentation DOI digital object identifier A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a centrally registered identifier that provides a unique, persistent reference to digital objects such as publications, datasets, and software, ensuring reliable access and citation. 10.1016/j.compind.2023.104016 National Research Data Infrastructure Nationale Forschungsdateninfrastruktur https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/funding-initiative/nfdi https://www.nfdi.de/ NFDI consortium An NFDI Consortium is a collaborative organizational entity within the German National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) initiative, responsible for the development, management, and coordination of research data infrastructures in specific scientific domains. The National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) is intended to sytematically manage scientifich and research data, provide long-term data storage, backup and accessibility, and network the data (inter-)nationally. The German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Joint Science Conference (GWK) are working together to establish and fund the NFDI, on the basis of the administrative agreement concluded by the Federal Government and the federal states on November 26, 2018. The NFDI is designed as a nationwide network, which is built gradually and cooperatively by the respective communities. The goal is to provide a reliable and sustainable service portfolio that covers generic and disciplinary requirements of research data management in Germany. The NFDI is developed step by step and science-oriented with services available to researchers from vaious disciplines, institutions, and federal states. academic title An academic title is an identifier that denotes an individual’s academic rank, qualification, or honorary designation within educational and research institutions. Professor, Associate Professor, Dr., PhD, Dr. Ing. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000646 postal code An identifier that denotes some postal delivery route, some aggregate of postal delivery routes or a geographical region and was created for the purpose of sorting and delivering mail. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000648 zone improvement plan code A postal code that is used in the United States for the purpose of sorting and delivering mail, and that denotes some postal delivery route or some aggregate of postal delivery routes. meeting Av event that brings together individuals or groups for structured discussions, decision-making, planning, or coordination of research, educational, or institutional activities. data analysis software Data Analysis Software is a subclass of Software designed to process, visualize, and interpret structured and unstructured data using statistical, machine learning, and computational techniques. electronic lab notebook An Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) is a subclass of Software that provides a digital platform for recording, managing, and sharing experimental procedures, observations, and research data in scientific workflows. image processing software Image Processing Software is a subclass of Software that enables the manipulation, enhancement, analysis, and visualization of images obtained from experimental, computational, or simulation-based sources. operating system An Operating System (OS) is a software system that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between users and the computer hardware, enabling the execution of application programs. Concerning the content of ‘Software’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Operating System’ class wase created to respond to competency questions like what operating systems are compatible with a specific software. Windows, Linux, MacOS simulation software Simulation Software is a subclass of Software that facilitates the modeling and numerical simulation of physical, chemical, or computational systems to study behaviors, interactions, and performance under different conditions Examples include COMSOL Multiphysics, LAMMPS, Quantum ESPRESSO, and ANSYS. workflow management software Workflow Management Software is a subclass of Software that provides tools for designing, automating, executing, and monitoring scientific or computational workflows in research and engineering domains. event implementation specification An event implementation specification is a type of Directive Information Entity that provides formal guidelines, constraints, and details on how an event should be executed. It specifies the mode of implementation, including logistical, technical, and procedural aspects required to carry out an event successfully. HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Event’ datasheets and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Event Implementation Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like what are the implementation formats of a given event. Specifications for organizing conferences, training workshops, and academic seminars in different formats such as virtual, in-person, or hybrid settings. funding specification A funding specification is a directive information entity that provides structured guidelines, policies, and requirements for securing, managing, and allocating financial resources for various activities, projects, or organizations. HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Service’ datasheets and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Funding Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like what funding models exist for a given service. information access specification An information access specification is a directive information entity that defines the policies, conditions, and mechanisms governing the accessibility of digital or physical information resources for users or organizations. HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Publication’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Information Access Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like: what access policies apply to a specific publication document, which resources are available under open access, etc. ontology version IRI An ontology version IRI is a unique identifier that points to a specific version of an ontology. It helps distinguish between different updates or revisions of the same ontology. This ensures consistent referencing and compatibility across systems using the ontology. issue: issue: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/95 obsolete metadata specification true A Metadata Specification is a detailed document that describes metadata structures, guidelines, and usage policies for standardization and adoption. metadata schema and standards https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/132 https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/133 TGN identifier The TGN Identifier refers to a unique ID within the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN), which is a controlled vocabulary developed to standardize geographic names for use in cultural heritage and library contexts. The TGN is part of the Getty Vocabulary Program by the Getty Research Institute. http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7003712 https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/100 TGN status specification A status specification is a directive information entity that defines the current state, progress, or condition of an entity, process, or project based on predefined criteria and operational guidelines. HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Service’ and 'International collabrations' datasheets and their related knowledge graphs, the ‘Status Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like: what is the current status of a service or collaboration project, which collabrations are in an active state, etc. co organizer role A role inherent in an agent that is realized when collaborating in planning, managing, and executing an event, project, or initiative alongside one or more primary organizers. co spokesperson role A role inherent in an agent that is realized when shareing the responsibilities of representing an organization, group, or initiative, typically communicating its views, policies, or findings to the public. collaboration partner role A role inherent in an agent that is realized when engageing in cooperative work with another individual or organization toward a shared goal, such as research, development, or business initiatives. manufacturer role A role inherent in an agent that is realized when being responsible for producing goods, components, or materials through industrial or commercial processes. Siemens as a manufacturer of industrial automation equipment or Intel as a manufacturer of semiconductor chips organizer role A role inherent in an agent that is realized when being responsible for planning, managing, and executing an event, project, or structured activity. event management firms organizing scientific symposiums or non-profit organizations coordinating community outreach programs speaker role A role inherent in an agent that is realized when delivers presentations, lectures, or speeches at events, conferences, or public gatherings. invited speakers at scientific symposiums, keynote presenters at technology expos, and guest lecturers at universities LCNAF identifier The LCNAF Identifier refers to a unique identifier assigned to entries in the Library of Congress Name Authority File (LCNAF). This file is a standardized authority database maintained by the Library of Congress, used to establish and control the names of people, organizations, geographic places, and titles in bibliographic records. http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n78095332 https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/101 LCNAF BnF identifier The BnF Identifier refers to a unique identifier assigned to an authority record in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) catalog. It is part of the BnF’s authority files, used to standardize names of people, organizations, titles, places, and subjects across bibliographic records. https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123735831 https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/102 BnF sparql endpoint A SPARQL Endpoint is a web application software that provides a queryable interface for accessing and retrieving structured data from RDF-based knowledge graphs using the SPARQL query language. Wikidata Query Service, DBpedia SPARQL Endpoint, Linked Data Fragments consortium partner role An agent role that exresses that an organization inhering that role actively collaborates within a consortium, contributing expertise, resources, or infrastructure to support shared research, development, or innovation goals. DDB organization identifier https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P13081 Identifier for institutions registered with the German Digital Library (Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek) Identifikator für Institutionen, die bei der Deutschen Digitalen Bibliothek registriert sind https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/104 re3data repository identifier https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P5874 identifier for a data repository in the re3data registry https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/106 evaluated process evaluated process p is a process that stands in the relation of being assessed, measured, judged, or appraised by an evaluating process that produces data about p https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/pull/150 added value textual entity An added value textual entity is a textual entity that describes the achievements, benefits, or additional value generated by a project, service, or initiative, highlighting its impact, improvements, or contributions. In responce to competency questions like what are the added values of project X1 or service X2. https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 affiliation An affiliation is a textual entity that specifies the organizational or institutional association of an individual, group, or entity, typically used in academic, professional, or research contexts. FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz-Institute for Information Infrastructure Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods goal textual entity A goal textual entity is a textual entity that describes the intended objectives, aims, or targets of a project, initiative, organization, or research effort, providing a clear statement of purpose and expected outcomes. https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 conference abstract A Conference Abstract is a brief summary of research findings or scholarly work submitted for presentation at an academic or professional conference, often serving as a precursor to a full paper or presentation. https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 conference paper A Conference Paper is a scholarly publication that presents research findings at an academic or professional conference, typically published in conference proceedings. https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 conference poster A Conference Poster is a visual presentation of research findings, displayed at an academic or professional conference to facilitate discussion and knowledge exchange. https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 evaluating process process in which an agent or system applies criteria, standards, or methods to determine the value, quality, correctness, performance, or status of a target entity https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/pull/150 interim report An Interim Report is a report that provides a temporary or progress-based assessment of an ongoing project, research, or operational activity, documenting current findings, challenges, and future directions before the final report is completed. https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 research data repository A Research Data Repository is a data portal designed for the preservation, management, and sharing of research datasets, ensuring long-term accessibility and compliance with open science principles. Open Science Framework (OSF), Harvard Dataverse https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 repository hosting data portal A Repository Hosting Data Portal is a data portal that provides infrastructure and tools for hosting datasets, code, and publications in a structured and accessible format. Zenodo, Figshare, Dataverse https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 experimental dataset An Experimental Dataset is a dataset that contains measured or observed data collected from laboratory experiments, physical tests, or scientific investigations. https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2025.120735 reference dataset A Reference Dataset is a dataset that serves as a benchmark or standardized collection of data used for validation, comparison, and reproducibility in scientific research and engineering applications. Reference data of materials - are documented according to certain standards as well as - are curated (i.e., generated, maintained, preserved, validated) according to certain standards - are quantitative data sets (i.e., data + their corresponding metadata) - have been measured or simulated to a particularly high standard, and - are generated for a material that has either experienced a well-documented process or is reference material or its composition and structure has been completely characterized. Reference data of materials can also be derived data from reference data. These data are distributed with a license (e.g., GPL). The here addressed standards for documentation, curation and measurement need to be defined for specific materials characteristics (e.g., creep tests) in terms of domain standards. These domain standards are the result of a steered community process. Standards should integrate as much as possible existing standards (e.g., the individual MatWerk domain standards should be as much as possible consistent). BAM reference data: results of ASTM E139 -11 creep tests on a reference material of Nimonic 75 nickel-base alloy (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7764161) https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 simulation dataset A Simulation Dataset is a dataset that contains data generated from computational models, numerical simulations, or digital twin environments to predict material behaviors, properties, and interactions. Examples include DFT simulation datasets, molecular dynamics (MD) trajectory files, and phase-field modeling results. https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 large scale facility A Large-Scale Facility is a service product that provides specialized, high-capacity infrastructure for scientific research, engineering, or computational purposes, supporting large-scale experiments, simulations, and data analysis in various domains. HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Large-Scale Facility’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Large-Scale Facility’ class and its subclasses were created to define the types of used facilituies and respond to competency questions like: what large-scale facilities support research in field X, which organization provide facility Y, what is the contact point with facility Z, etc. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ), CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 presentation document A Presentation Document is a document that consists of structured visual and textual content designed for conveying information to an audience, typically used in meetings, conferences, and educational settings. https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 laboratory A place that provides a controlled environment equipped with specialized instruments and facilities for conducting scientific research, experiments, measurements, and testing across various disciplines. materials characterization laboratories, chemical analysis labs, high-energy physics laboratories https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/120 journal article http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000013 A Journal Article is a peer-reviewed scholarly publication that presents original research, review studies, or theoretical discussions, typically published in academic journals. https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 software repository A Software Repository is a data portal designed to store, manage, and distribute software packages, source code, and related documentation for research, development, and deployment purposes. GitHub, GitLab, Apache Software Foundation repositories https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 linked data portal A Linked Data Portal is a data portal that supports the publication, access, and exploration of linked datasets using semantic web technologies and standardized data formats. Wikidata Query Service, DBpedia, Europeana Linked Open Data portal https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 data analysis portal A data analysis portal is a data portal that provides tools, services, and computational resources for performing data analysis, visualization, and interpretation. JupyterHub platforms, KNIME analytics portals, R Shiny-based analysis environments https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/119 workshop An event focused on interactive learning, where participants engage in hands-on activities or group work to develop specific skills or knowledge. conference An event where experts and scholars gather to present research, exchange ideas, and discuss advancements in a particular field. hackathon An event where participants collaborate intensively over a short period to develop technological solutions, such as software or hardware projects. lecture An event where a subject matter expert delivers a formal presentation to inform or educate an audience about a specific topic. course An event structured as a program of study, offering instruction on a particular subject, often leading to certification or academic credit. summer school An event held during the summer, providing specialized courses or workshops to supplement regular academic studies or offer additional learning opportunities. seminar An event where a small group of participants discuss a specific topic in depth, often involving presentations and interactive discussions. symposium An event where researchers and experts present and discuss their work, often centered around a specific theme or area of study. panel discussion An event featuring a group of experts who share their insights and engage in a moderated discussion on a particular subject, followed by audience questions. data handling process A process that involves the collection, organization, cleaning, analysis, storage, and sharing of data to ensure its accuracy, accessibility, and usefulness for decision-making, research, or other applications. Data handling encompasses all stages from raw data generation to its final visualization or publication. data producing process A data handling process where raw data is generated through experiments, observations, or data collection tools, often as the initial step in the data lifecycle. data processing process A data handling process where raw data is cleaned, transformed, and analyzed to extract meaningful insights, patterns, or trends. dataset creation process A data handling process involving the organization and structuring of data into datasets for easier access, analysis, and sharing. dataset documenting process A data handling process where metadata, descriptions, and details about datasets are recorded to ensure clarity, context, and proper usage by others. data cleaning process A data handling process where incorrect, incomplete, or irrelevant data is identified and corrected or removed to improve the quality of the dataset. data transformation process A data handling process involving the conversion of data into a different format, structure, or scale to make it compatible with analysis tools or systems. data integration process A data handling process where data from multiple sources are combined or merged to create a cohesive and comprehensive dataset for analysis. data storage process A data handling process where data is securely stored in databases or other systems, ensuring it can be retrieved and accessed as needed. data visualization process A data handling process where data is represented visually through charts, graphs, or other formats to aid in understanding and decision-making. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000591 obsolete software method true A software method (also called subroutine, subprogram, procedure, method, function, or routine) is software designed to execute a specific task. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000592 obsolete software module true A software module is software composed of a collection of software methods. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000595 obsolete software script true A software script is software whose instructions can be executed using a software interpreter. Material material A material is a portion of matter that may participate in some manufacturing process and whose shape is not relevant for its participation in the manufacturing process. portion of matter A material entity that is not demarcated by any physical discontinuities. At some finer level of granularity it is an object aggregate, at some coarser level of granularity it is a fiat object part,but at this level of granularity it is neither. engineered material An engineered material is a material that is output of a manufacturing process. material property a disposition of a portion of matter that is realized in a compatible process and whose realization is grounded in the portions intensive qualities TODO: axiom needs refinement ASTM grainsize The ASTM grain size is a quality that is measured through a process that follows the ASTM standard. 1 aggregate state an intensive quality representing the physical state of a material, such as solid, liquid, or gasous Alterungsprozess aging process Das Aging oder Auslagern ist ein Anlassvorgang, der den Martensit (Härtungsgefüge) wieder duktil und verformbar macht. Dabei wird ein Agingvorgang genutzt, nämlich die Bildung von Ausscheidungen in Form von FeXCY - Carbiden The process of hardening an alloy by a method that causes a constituent to precipitate from solid solution. The Process of austenitizing and quenching a steel alloy to achieve a martensitic microstructure for hardness increase. mechanical process is a process in which forces, moments, or imposed displacements to objects or object aggregates occur and/or the equivalent (stresses, strains) to materials or portions of matter Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Page 5, 3.1.6 Stoffeigenschaften ändern - Definition Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Seite 5, 3.1.6 Stoffeigenschaften ändern - Definition Stoffeigenschaft Ändern changing properties of material A manufacturing process that modifies the characteristics of the material from which a workpiece is made, including by processes at the submicroscopic or atomic scale, such as atomic diffusion, dislocation formation and movement in the atomic lattice or chemical reactions, whereby the resulting shape changes are not characteristic of these processes. Ein Herstellungsprozess, der die Merkmale des Materials, aus dem ein Werkstück gefertigt ist, modifiziert, was unter anderem durch Vorgänge im submikroskopischen oder atomaren Bereich erfolgt, wie etwa durch Atomdiffusion, die Versetzungsentstehung und -bewegung im Atomgitter oder durch chemische Reaktionen, wobei die dabei auftretenden Formveränderungen nicht charakteristisch für diese Verfahren sind. Heat Treatment The subclass trees of "Computing Process" are currently still proposals and serve as a working basis for the discussion round with the simulation/workflow domain experts. Datenverarbeitung Rechenprozess computing process A process that involves the systematic use of computational methods and tools to perform simulations, analyses, or data transformations to achieve specific scientific or engineering goals. Ein Prozess, der die systematische Verwendung von rechnerischen Methoden und Werkzeugen umfasst, um Simulationen, Analysen oder Datenumwandlungen durchzuführen, um spezifische wissenschaftliche oder technische Ziele zu erreichen. 1 crystal structure an intensive qualtty of a crystal that embodies the periodic geometric arrangement of entities in a crystal lattice. defect density an intensive quality describing the number of defects per unit volume or area in a material, which can affect its mechanical and electronic properties deformation The deformation is a process describing a change in the shape, size, or structure of a material often under the influence of stress or force. density The density is a universal intensive quality representing the unit mass of a portion of matter per unit volume. Gerät device A device is an object that is designed to perform a specific function or task involving measurement, manipulation, processing, or analysis. Ein physisches oder virtuelles Objekt, das verwendet wird, um eine bestimmte Funktion oder Aufgabe auszuführen, häufig im Zusammenhang mit der Messung, Manipulation oder Analyse von Materialien. Rolle eines Gerätes device role Rolle, die ein Geräte inne haben kann. Classified by the role in a system. functional material A functional material F is an engineered material which has the disposition to be used for an object O (O consists of F) and O's function is other/more than mechanical load carrying. crystallite kristallit A crystal grain is a crystal that is part of a polycrystal. Official definition can be found in: DIN EN ISO 4885:2018 Wärmebehandlung Page 21, 3.108 Wärmebehandlung - Definition Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN EN ISO 4885:2018 Wärmebehandlung Seite 21, 3.108 Wärmebehandlung - Definition Wärmebehandlung heat treatment A changing properties of material process in which a solid (ferrous) product is fully or partially exposed to specific time-temperature sequences through a series of process steps with the aim of modifying its properties and/or its internal structure. Ein Stoffeigenschaft Ändern Prozess, bei dem durch eine Reihe von Verfahrensschritten ein festes (Eisen-)Produkt ganz oder teilweise bestimmten Zeit-Temperatur-Abfolgen ausgesetzt wird, mit dem Ziel, seine Eigenschaften und/oder seine innere Struktur zu modifizieren. Annealing, Ageing, Hardening Herstellungsprozess manufacturing process A planned process that is driven by the primary intent to transform objects A manufacturing process is always a transformative process. Ein geplannter Prozess, der von der primären Absicht angetrieben wird, Objekte zu transformieren. Ein Herstellungsprozess ist immer ein Transformationsprozess. mechanical property A mechanical property is a material property which is a characteristic of material M. Mechanical property has realization in a stimulating process (in most cases, application of mechanical load), and the stimulating process is an occurent part of another process, in which an object O that is an instance of M participates. Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren mechanical property analyzing process An assay that evaluates the mechanical characteristics of materials, such as strength, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties, often through tests that measure response to forces and loads. Eine Analyse, die die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Materialien bewertet, wie z.B. Festigkeit, Härte, Elastizität und Zugfestigkeit, oft durch Tests, die die Reaktion auf Kräfte und Lasten messen. crystallographic texture an intensive quality describing the arrangement and orientation of grains in a polychrystal microstructure A microstructure is a portion of matter that represents the small-scale structure of a material, including grains, phases, and defects, visible under a microscope. Multiskalensimulation multiscale simulation A simulation process that integrates models at different scales to study a system's behavior. Ein Simulationsprozess, der Modelle auf verschiedenen Skalen integriert, um das Verhalten eines Systems zu untersuchen. Studying the interaction between microstructural and macroscopic properties in metallic alloys. connected material entity aggregate An object aggregate that is a mereological sum of separate material entities, which adhere to one another through chemical bonds or physical junctions that go beyond gravity. the atoms of a molecule, the molecules forming the membrane of a cell, the epidermis in a human body pressure an intensive quality describing the force exerted per unit area in or on a material. ANMERKUNG: Ein Sample ist ein Teil (oder das Ganze) eines Probestücks. Das Probestück wird bei der Herstellung eines industriell verwendeten Produktes gezielt für die Überprüfung des Produkteigenschaften bereitgestellt. CAVE: Diese Anmerkung beschreibt das Objekt, welches die Rolle, die durch diese owl:Class definiert wird, realisiert. ANMERKUNG: Die exakte Wortwahl der EN 10021 wurde verallgemeinert. In certain cases, the sample can be the specimen or the test piece itself. Mitunter kann der Probenabschnitt (Sample) unmittelbar als Prüfling (Specimen) oder Probe dienen. NOTE: A Sample is a part (or the whole) of a Sample product. The Sample product is specifically produced portion of an industrially used and traded product for the purpose of determining the properties/quality of the product. CAVE: This note describes the object, that realizes the role defined by this owl:Class. NOTE: The wording used in EN 10021 was generalized. EN 10021:2006-12 (European standardization committee: CEN/TC 459/SC 12/WG 4) Probe-Rolle sample role Role of an object, which is a quantity of material taken from a (sample) product, that is sufficient for the purpose of obtaining test pieces. Rolle eines Objektes, das eine von einem Probestück/Material entnommene Menge ist, welche (vom Umfang her) geeignet ist Proben (Test Pieces) herzustellen. Simulationsprozess simulation process A computing process that models the behavior of a system over time using mathematical or computational techniques. Ein Datenverarbeitungsprozess, der das Verhalten eines Systems im Laufe der Zeit mit mathematischen oder rechnerischen Techniken modelliert specific surface area an intensive quality embodying the total surface area of a material per unit of mass or volume. stimulating process The stimulating process is a process describing the application of an external influence, such as force, heat, or radiation, to study material response. Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren structural property analyzing process An assay that examines the external and internal structure and morphology of materials, including the arrangement of atoms, crystals, grains, and phases, often using techniques like microscopy and diffraction. Eine Analyse, die die äußere und innere Struktur und Morphologie von Materialien untersucht, einschließlich der Anordnung von Atomen, Kristallen, Körnern und Phasen, oft unter Verwendung von Techniken wie Mikroskopie und Beugung. temperature The temperature is a fundamental intensive quality representing the average atomic or molcular movement or vibration of a portion of matter. ANMERKUNG: Ein Test Piece ist ein Teilstück (potenziell alles) eines Specimens, welches die Bedingungen erfüllt, die durch ein anzuwendendes Prüfverfahren gestellt werden. Ein Specimen erfüllt diese Anforderungen im Allgemeinen erst nach weiterer Bearbeitung. CAVE: Diese Anmerkung beschreibt das Objekt, welches die Rolle, die durch diese owl:Class definiert wird, realisiert. ANMERKUNG: Die exakte Wortwahl der EN 10021 wurde verallgemeinert. In certain cases, the test piece can be the sample or the specimen itself. Mitunter kann der Probenabschnitt (Sample) oder der Prüfling (Specimen) unmittelbar als Probe dienen. NOTE: A Test Piece is a piece that is taken from a specimen (potentially the whole specimen), which fulfills the requirements, that are set by the test procedure in which the test piece is about to be used. A specimen fulfills this requierements generally speaking only after further treatment/processing. CAVE: This note describes the object, that realizes the role defined by this owl:Class. NOTE: The wording used in EN 10021 was generalized. EN 10021:2006-12 (European standardization committee: CEN/TC 459/SC 12/WG 4) Proben-Rolle test piece role Role of object which is a part taken from a specimen or sample; the part has specified dimensions, is machined or un-machined, brought to a required condition for submission to a given test Rolle eines Objekts, welches eine Probe ist, die aus einem Prüfling (Specimen) oder Probenabschnitt (Sample) entnommen wurde; die Probe hat festgelegte Dimensionen, kann maschinell bearbeitet sein, wurde in einen für die Verwendung in einem Prüfverfahren notwendigen Zustand gebracht calibration process A process of comparing measurement values delivered by an instrument or system with known reference standards to ensure accuracy and traceability. https://www.britannica.com/science/sample-preparation test piece preparation process A planned processes in which a representative piece of material is extracted from a larger amount and readied for analysis.  crystal A crystal is an object that has a quality "crystal structure". See editior note of composition to underatand the difference between composition and chemical composition data items. To understand the difference between the composition and the composition data item, one has to understand the difference between SDCs and GDCs in BFO. A triple "material entity has quality compsition", conveys the fact such quality exists without telling us what are fractions of compounds in this material entity. A triple "compostion is subject of composition data item" conveys that there's an information about values of these fractions. Think of comosition data item as a pdf where the composition is documented. composition data item Composition data item is an information content entity that is about composition of a material enity. It has members fraction value specifications which specifiy values of propotions of compounds, which are parts of the material enity. Nitric acid solution has quality composition, and the composition data item is about this composition.The composition data item has members fraction specifications of nitric acid, e.g., 4 vol.%, and distilled water. These fraction specifications specify value of pure substances of nitric acid and distilled water, respectively. Furthermore, these fraction specifications specify values of relational qualities (volume) proportion of nitric acid and (volume) proportion of distilled water. porosity itensive quality embodiying the fraction of the materials (enclosing) spatial region occupied by pores. metallic grain structures The metallic grain structures is a categorical value specification that specifies value of the metallic grain structure quality. It describes the morphology of polycrystalline metallic materials. Polycrystalline metallic materials will typically form their grain structures as one of those categories or a transition or mixture state of those. bravais lattice (3D) The bravais lattice is a categorical value specification that specifies value of the crystal structure quality. It describes the possible geometric arrangement of lattice points in a crystal. The present descriptor is limited to the 14 possible three-dimensional arrangements. proportion A proportion is a relational quality between two entities (the whole and the part) which quantifies the relation between the whole and its part. polycrystal A polycrystal is a connected material entity aggregate that consists of multiple crystal grains joined through crystallographic interfaces. grain size distribution An intensive quality describing the lower length scale object aggregate (grains) that is part of the material. aggregate state value The aggregate state value is a categorical value specification that specifies value of the aggregate state quality. intensive quality An intensive quality is a quality that inheres in only portion of matter and thus is independent of the bearers (system-) size. order scale value possible values of characteristic length over which structural correlations persist in a material 1 order scale characteristic length over which structural correlations persist in a material size values of indiviudal grains are properties of the respective objects grain size an intensive quality epitomizing the average size of the grains of a polycrystal There's a dfference between composition and chemical compositon for the following reason: chemical compositon is relevant when the mass/volume/mole proportions of chemical elements(!) are identified, whlist composition includes proportions of molecules, other pure chemical substances, or even proptions of objects (in an object aggregate). composition Composition is an intensive quality which defines types and proportions of compounds present in a material entity and is subject of some composition data item. 4 vol.% nitric acid solution, Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) Block Copolymer with 50 vol.% of both styrene and butadiene 1 metallic grain structure intensive quality epitomizing the distinct phases in the microscopic structure of a metallic material. fraction value specification Fraction value specification is a value specification that contains information about quantitative share of a part relative to a specified whole. 2.05 wt.% of carbon in steel, 4 vol.% of nitric acid in a solution device specification A directive information entity that outlines the technical requirements, features, constraints, and performance criteria of a specific device, guiding its design, manufacturing, operation, or maintenance. material specification A directive information entity that defines the composition, properties, performance criteria, and acceptable standards for a material, guiding its selection, processing, and application in a specific context. specification datum A directive information entity that provides information of a setpoint of some value, i.e., it is an intended value. The setpoint value of a ultimate tensile strength of some steel material example to be eventually removed The term was initially used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology, but in retrospect failed to do a good job. The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job Terms created as placeholders with the expectation of being permanent should instead be deprecated using the "placeholder removed" (obo:IAO_0000226) justification. failed exploratory term Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete. metadata complete The term was created to ease viewing/sorting terms for development purposes, but will not be included in a release. organizational term Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release." ready for release Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors. metadata incomplete Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term. uncurated All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor. pending final vetting The term was created to temporarily stand in for a semantic purpose, but is no longer needed, typically due to another permanent term being defined. This reason is appropriate for a temporary term even if no permanent term is defined; for example if the need for the term no longer exists. If a permanent (replacement) term is defined, the deprecated term should reference the replacement with IAO:0100001. If no replacement is defined, it may be appropriate to reference alternative terms with oboInOwl:consider. placeholder removed The term has been combined with one or more other terms to create a more encompassing (merged) term. An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge. The deprecated term should reference the merged term with obo:IAO_0100001. The replacement term should reference the original terms as sources using obo:RO_0001000 (derives_from). An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge. terms merged The term has been replaced by a term imported from another ontology. This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use. This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. The deprecated term should reference the imported term with obo:IAO_0100001. term imported The term has been split into two or more new terms. This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created. This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split. The deprecated term should reference the replacement terms with obo:IAO_0100001. term split Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents. A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf universal A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal "definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal. defined class A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression. named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions named class expression Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology. group:OBI to be replaced with external ontology term A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues. group:OBI requires discussion The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not. This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples are: un-necessary grouping classes in disease ontologies, a phenotype term added on the assumption it was a disease. This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples in disease ontologies are: unnecessary class grouping; mistaked creation of a disease associated to a phenotype. out of scope A NFDI MatWerk organization that focuses on specific aspects of research data infrastructure, such as data management, interoperability, and workflow development, to support materials science and engineering. https://nfdi-matwerk.de/project/structure matwerk task area organization A NFDI MatWerk organization that contributes domain-specific research and expertise, integrating real-world scientific challenges to validate and enhance the infrastructure. https://nfdi-matwerk.de/project/structure matwerk participant project organization A NFDI MatWerk organization that demonstrates how the developed infrastructure can be applied to solve practical research problems, ensuring usability and impact. https://nfdi-matwerk.de/project/structure matwerk infrastructure use case organization the matwerk project electrical engineering https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline that focuses on the study, design, and application of electrical systems and technologies. Electrical engineering involves the development of devices, circuits, and systems for power generation, communication, electronics, and automation. process engineering https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline that focuses on the design, optimization, and operation of industrial processes to transform raw materials into valuable products. Process engineering applies principles of chemistry, physics, and engineering to improve efficiency, sustainability, and safety in industries such as manufacturing, energy, and pharmaceuticals. Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2020). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Pearson. artificial intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that focuses on creating systems capable of performing tasks that require human-like intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving. Deep learning for image recognition, reinforcement learning in robotics, and natural language processing fall under Artificial Intelligence. theoretical computer science Theoretical Computer Science is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that focuses on mathematical models of computation, computational complexity, and algorithmic problem-solving Studies on Turing machines, complexity classes (P vs NP), and formal languages belong to Theoretical Computer Science. software engineering Software Engineering is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that applies engineering principles to the design, development, testing, and maintenance of software systems. Agile software development, DevOps practices, and software architecture design fall under Software Engineering. Provost, F., & Fawcett, T. (2013). Data Science for Business. O'Reilly Media. data science Data Science is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that integrates statistical methods, machine learning, and data processing techniques to extract insights and knowledge from structured and unstructured data. Predictive analytics, big data visualization, and recommendation systems are part of Data Science. Stallings, W. (2020). Network Security Essentials. Pearson. cybersecurity Cybersecurity is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that focuses on protecting computer systems, networks, and data from cyber threats, vulnerabilities, and unauthorized access. Encryption techniques, intrusion detection systems, and ethical hacking studies belong to Cybersecurity. active status Active Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is currently operational, ongoing, or in execution. cancelled status Cancelled Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project has been terminated before reaching completion due to internal or external factors. Dr. Doctor (PhD or equivalent academic doctorate) Dr.-Ing. Doctor of Engineering (German doctorate in engineering). finished status Finished Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project has successfully reached its intended goal and is considered complete. hybrid implementation Hybrid Implementation is an event implementation specification that defines the organization of an event that integrates both physical (on-site) and virtual (online) participation modes internal access Internal Access is an information access specification that defines policies and mechanisms restricting access to information exclusively within an organization, institution, or research group. M.Sc. Master of Science (graduate degree in science/engineering). on site implementation On-Site Implementation is an event implementation specification that defines the organization of an event that occurs exclusively at a physical location with in-person attendance. online implementation Online Implementation is an event implementation specification that defines the organization of an event conducted entirely through virtual platforms, enabling remote participation via digital communication technologies. open access Open Access is an information access specification that defines policies allowing unrestricted public access to information resources, ensuring free availability without subscription or payment barriers. organizational funding Organizational Funding is a funding specification that defines the financial structures, budgets, and resource allocation strategies for sustaining the operations of an organization or institution. paused status Paused Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is temporarily halted but may resume at a later stage. paywall access Paywall Access is an information access specification that defines policies requiring users to purchase, subscribe, or obtain institutional licenses to access digital or physical information resources. PD. Dr. Privatdozent (Dr. with habilitation, qualified to teach at a university) PD. Dr. habil. Privatdozent with Habilitation (higher academic qualification in Germany) planning status Planning Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is in a preparatory or strategic development phase before execution. Prof. Professor (academic title for a senior faculty member). Prof. Dr. Professor with a doctorate. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Professor with a doctorate in engineering. project funding Project Funding is a funding specification that defines the financial mechanisms, grants, and investment strategies used to support specific research, development, or innovation projects. restricted access Restricted Access is an information access specification that defines policies limiting access to specific users, organizations, or groups based on predefined criteria such as confidentiality, security, or legal regulations. self funding Self-Funding is a funding specification that defines the use of personal, internal, or independently generated financial resources to support activities, projects, or organizations without relying on external funding sources. test phase status Test Phase Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is undergoing testing, evaluation, or validation before finalization. Dr. Dr. Two Doctor degrees (PhD or equivalent academic doctorate) humanity https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline focused on human culture, thought, and creativity, encompassing disciplines like literature, philosophy, and the arts. social science https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline that studies society and human behavior through disciplines like sociology, psychology, and economics. biology https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline that studies living organisms, their structures, functions, growth, and interactions with their environment. Biology explores the diversity of life, from microscopic organisms to complex ecosystems, and seeks to understand the underlying processes of life, evolution, and heredity. medicine https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline that focuses on the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illnesses and injuries. Medicine involves the study of human health, medical technologies, pharmaceuticals, and patient care to improve well-being and extend life. agriculture https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline that focuses on the science, practice, and business of cultivating plants, raising animals, and producing food, fiber, and other products. Agriculture involves the study of soil management, crop production, livestock care, and sustainable farming practices to ensure food security and environmental sustainability. natural science https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline that studies the natural world through observation, experimentation, and analysis. Natural science includes fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, and earth sciences, aiming to understand the laws and processes governing the universe and life on Earth. chemistry https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline that studies the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter. Chemistry focuses on understanding how substances interact, transform, and combine to form new materials, playing a crucial role in fields such as medicine, energy, and environmental science. physics https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline that explores the fundamental principles governing the behavior of matter, energy, and the forces of nature. Physics seeks to understand the laws of the universe, from subatomic particles to cosmic phenomena, through experimentation, observation, and mathematical modeling. mathematics https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline that involves the study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns, using abstract concepts and logical reasoning. Mathematics is fundamental to various fields, including science, engineering, economics, and technology, providing tools for problem-solving, analysis, and modeling. geoscience https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline that focuses on the study of the Earth’s structure, processes, and materials, including the atmosphere, oceans, and landforms. Geoscience encompasses fields such as geology, meteorology, and environmental science to understand Earth’s history, natural resources, and natural hazards. mechanical engineering https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline that focuses on the design, analysis, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. Mechanical engineering applies principles of physics, materials science, and mathematics to develop machines, tools, and devices used in industries such as transportation, energy, and robotics. materials science https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline that explores the properties, performance, and applications of materials, focusing on the relationship between a material's structure and its characteristics. Materials science and engineering involves the design, development, and testing of materials for use in a wide range of industries, including aerospace, electronics, and manufacturing. computer science https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline that focuses on the study of algorithms, data structures, programming, and computational systems. Computer science explores how to design, develop, and analyze software and hardware solutions to solve complex problems and advance technology. construction engineering https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/proposal-funding-process/interdisciplinarity/subject-area-structure An academic discipline that focuses on the planning, design, and management of construction projects, including buildings, infrastructure, and other structures. Construction engineering integrates principles of civil engineering, project management, and materials science to ensure safety, efficiency, and sustainability in construction processes. bravais lattice triclinic primitive bravais lattice monoclinic primitive bravais lattice monoclinic base-centered bravais lattice orthorombic primitive bravais lattice orthorhombic base-centered bravais lattice orthorhombic body-centered bravais lattice orthorhombic face-centered bravais lattice tetragonal primitive bravais lattice tetragonal body-centered bravais lattice hexagonal rhombohedral primitive bravais lattice hexagonal hexagonal primitive bravais lattice cubic primitive bravais lattice cubic body-centered bravais lattice cubic face-centered bainite austenite ferrite ledeburite pearlite widmanstatten structure martensite aggregate state solid A state where the bonds between entities transmit shear forces. aggregate state liquid A state where the bonds of the entities transmit no shear force. aggregate state gaseous A state where the entities have no bonding. aggregate state plasma An aggregate state where the entities are atom nuclei and have no bonds. aggregate state atom gas A gaseous state where the gas entities are atoms. aggregate state supercritical fluid A state with strong bindings between entities that do not transmit shear force. aggregate state mesomorphic A state where some bonds transmit shear stresses and some do not. aggregate state suprafluid A state with frictionless binding that transmits no shear force between entities. aggregate state suprasolid A state that exhibits suprafluid and solid properties. short range order periodic arrangement of structural features up to a few entities medium range order periodic arrangement of structural features of many entities long range order periodic arrangement of structural features of virtually all entities no range order no periodic arrangement of structural features of entites Harald Sack Jörg Waitelonis Abril Azócar Guzmán Amir Laadhar Stefan Sandfeld Dilek Yargan Etienne Posthumus Ahmad Zainul Ihsan Angelika Gedsun Tabea Tietz Ebrahim Norouzi Said Fathalla Hossein Beygi Nasrabadi Volker Hofmann Oleksandra Bruns Kostiantyn Hubaiev Felix Fritzen