NFDI MatWerk Ontology
type: Ontology
version IRI: http://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/mwo/mwo.owl/3.0.0
bibliographic citation: Hossein Beygi Nasrabadi, Jörg Waitelonis, Ebrahim Norouzi, Kostiantyn Hubaiev, Harald Sack. NFDI MatWerk Ontology (mwo). Revision: v3.0.0. Retrieved from: http://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/mwo/mwo.owl/3.0.0
contributor: Abril Azócar Guzmán
contributor: Amir Laadhar
contributor: Stefan Sandfeld
contributor: Ahmad Zainul Ihsan
contributor: Angelika Gedsun
contributor: Said Fathalla
contributor: Volker Hofmann
contributor: Felix Fritzen
created: 2025-03-28
creator: Harald Sack
creator: Jörg Waitelonis
creator: Ebrahim Norouzi
creator: Hossein Beygi Nasrabadi
creator: Kostiantyn Hubaiev
description: The MatWerk ontology represents research data and related activities of the MSE community. The mwo v3 reuses BFO2020 and NFDi core ontologies and focuses on: A) Consortium structure: NFDI MatWerk consortium, its structures (task areas, infrastructure use cases, and participant projects), researches, and organizations B) NFDI resources: software, data portals, metadata schemas, scientific publications, published datasets, workflows, and ontologies C) NFDI MatWerk services, events, educational cources, and international collabrations D) MSE related instruments, facilities, materials, processes, and properties. Further infomration can be found at GitHub: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/mwo
license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
label: NFDI Matwerk Ontology
prior version: http://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/mwo/mwo.owl/2.0.0
version info: 3.0.0

Created in
type: AnnotationProperty
is metadata tag: true
has definition: Version in which a concept was created.
in subset: concept_properties

Documentation
type: AnnotationProperty
is metadata tag: true
has definition: 'Documentation' trailing modifier (qualifier, 'documentation') of 'xref' links of 'Format' concepts. When 'true', the link is pointing to a page with explanation, description, documentation, or specification of the given data format.
has related synonym: Specification
in subset: concept_properties

File extension
type: AnnotationProperty
is metadata tag: true
has definition: 'File extension' concept property ('file_extension' metadata tag) lists examples of usual file extensions of formats.
in subset: concept_properties
comment: N.B.: File extensions that are not correspondigly defined at http://filext.com are recorded in EDAM only if not in conflict with http://filext.com, and/or unique and usual within life-science computing.
comment: Separated by bar ('|'), without a dot ('.') prefix, preferrably not all capital characters.

Media type
type: AnnotationProperty
is metadata tag: true
has definition: 'Media type' trailing modifier (qualifier, 'media_type') of 'xref' links of 'Format' concepts. When 'true', the link is pointing to a page specifying a media type of the given data format.
has narrow synonym: MIME type
in subset: concept_properties

editor preferred term~editor preferred label
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: editor preferred label
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: editor preferred term
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: editor preferred term~editor preferred label
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English)
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
label: editor preferred label
label: editor preferred term

example of usage
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: example of usage
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold.
textual definition: A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not.
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
definition source: IAO

has curation status
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: has curation status
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON:Bill Bug
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot

textual definition
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: definition
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: textual definition
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
textual definition: The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
editor note: 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
label: definition

editor note
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: editor note
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obofoundry.org/obo/obi>

term editor
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: term editor
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
editor note: 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115.
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>

alternative label
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: alternative label
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A label for a class or property that can be used to refer to the class or property instead of the preferred rdfs:label. Alternative labels should be used to indicate community- or context-specific labels, abbreviations, shorthand forms and the like.
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
term editor: OBO Operations committee
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
comment: Consider re-defing to: An alternative name for a class or property which can mean the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent, narrow, broad or related).

definition source
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: definition source
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>

curator note
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: curator note
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg

term tracker item
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: term tracker item
example of usage: the URI for an OBI Terms ticket at sourceforge, such as https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/772/
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term.
term editor: Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg
comment: The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term.

ontology term requester
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: ontology term requester
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: The name of the person, project, or organization that motivated inclusion of an ontology term by requesting its addition.
term editor: Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg
comment: The 'term requester' can credit the person, organization or project who request the ontology term.

imported from
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: imported from
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>

OBO foundry unique label
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: OBO foundry unique label
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry.
editor note: The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools .
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON:Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON:Chris Mungall
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition source: GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/>

elucidation
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: elucidation
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Person:Barry Smith
elucidation: Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms

has associated axiom(nl)
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: has associated axiom(nl)
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
elucidation: An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language

has associated axiom(fol)
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: has associated axiom(fol)
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
elucidation: An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax

has axiom label
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: has axiom id
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
elucidation: A URI that is intended to be unique label for an axiom used for tracking change to the ontology. For an axiom expressed in different languages, each expression is given the same URI

description
type: AnnotationProperty

license
type: AnnotationProperty

title
type: AnnotationProperty

label
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: label

readable IRI label
type: AnnotationProperty
sub property of: alternative label

term tracker annotation
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A term tracker annotation is an editor note used to track the history of an entity. For each change, it records the related GitHub issue and pull request.
editorial note: adapted from http://openenergy-platform.org/ontology/oeo/OEO_00020426

has acronym
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A relation between an entity and its abbreviated form, representing a shortened version of the original term or phrase.
sub property of: alternative label

part of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has part
type: TransitiveProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: is part of
example of usage: my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
example of usage: my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
example of usage: this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
textual definition: a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
editor note: Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
editor note: Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
editor note: Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
alternative label: part_of
deprecated: please use BFO2020 property 'is continuant part of' or 'is occurent part of'

has part
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: has part
example of usage: my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
example of usage: my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
example of usage: this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
textual definition: a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
editor note: Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
editor note: Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
editor note: Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
alternative label: has_part
deprecated: please use the BFO2020 property 'has occurent part' or 'has continuant part'

has realization
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: realizes
domain: realizable entity
range: process
alternative label: realized in
definition: b has realization c =Def c realizes b
example: As for realizes

realizes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: process
range: realizable entity
definition: (Elucidation) realizes is a relation between a process b and realizable entity c such that c inheres in some d & for all t, if b has participant d then c exists & the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c
example: A balding process realizes a disposition to go bald; a studying process realizes a student role; a process of pumping blood realizes the pumping function of a heart
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

participates in
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has participant
domain: Class
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
  union of: generically dependent continuant
  union of: Class
    intersection of: independent continuant
    intersection of: Class
      complement of: spatial region
range: process
definition: (Elucidation) participates in holds between some b that is either a specifically dependent continuant or generically dependent continuant or independent continuant that is not a spatial region & some process p such that b participates in p some way
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

has participant
type: ObjectProperty
domain: process
range: Class
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
  union of: generically dependent continuant
  union of: Class
    intersection of: independent continuant
    intersection of: Class
      complement of: spatial region
definition: p has participant c =Def c participates in p
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

is concretized by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: concretizes
domain: generically dependent continuant
range: Class
  union of: process
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
definition: c is concretized by b =Def b concretizes c
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

concretizes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: process
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
range: generically dependent continuant
definition: b concretizes c =Def b is a process or a specifically dependent continuant & c is a generically dependent continuant & there is some time t such that c is the pattern or content which b shares at t with actual or potential copies
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

preceded by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: precedes
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: b preceded by c =Def b precedes c
example: The temporal region occupied by the second half of the match is preceded by the temporal region occupied by the first half of the match

precedes
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: (Elucidation) precedes is a relation between occurrents o, o' such that if t is the temporal extent of o & t' is the temporal extent of o' then either the last instant of o is before the first instant of o' or the last instant of o is the first instant of o' & neither o nor o' are temporal instants
example: The temporal region occupied by Mary's birth precedes the temporal region occupied by Mary's death.
scope note: Each temporal region is its own temporal extent. The temporal extent of a spatiotemporal region is the temporal region it temporally projects onto. The temporal extent of a process or process boundary that occupies temporal region t is t.
scope note: Precedes defines a strict partial order on occurrents.

occurs in
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: environs
domain: Class
  union of: process
  union of: process boundary
range: Class
  union of: site
  union of: material entity
definition: b occurs in c =Def b is a process or a process boundary & c is a material entity or site & there exists a spatiotemporal region r & b occupies spatiotemporal region r & for all time t, if b exists at t then c exists at t & there exist spatial regions s and s' where b spatially projects onto s at t & c occupies spatial region s' at t & s is a continuant part of s' at t
example: A process of digestion occurs in the interior of an organism; a process of loading artillery rounds into a tank cannon occurs in the interior of the tank

generically depends on
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is carrier of
domain: generically dependent continuant
range: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
alternative label: g-depends on
definition: b generically depends on c =Def b is a generically dependent continuant & c is an independent continuant that is not a spatial region & at some time t there inheres in c a specifically dependent continuant which concretizes b at t
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

is carrier of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
range: generically dependent continuant
definition: b is carrier of c =Def there is some time t such that c generically depends on b at t
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

exists at
type: ObjectProperty
domain: entity
range: temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) exists at is a relation between a particular and some temporal region at which the particular exists
example: First World War exists at 1914-1916; Mexico exists at January 1, 2000

has member part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has continuant part
inverse of: member part of
domain: material entity
range: material entity
definition: b has member part c =Def c member part of b
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

has occurrent part
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: occurrent part of
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: b has occurrent part c =Def c occurrent part of b
example: Mary's life has occurrent part Mary's 5th birthday

has temporal part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has occurrent part
inverse of: temporal part of
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: b has temporal part c =Def c temporal part of b
example: Your life has temporal part the first year of your life

location of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: located in
domain: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
range: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
definition: b location of c =Def c located in b
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

material basis of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has material basis
domain: material entity
range: disposition
definition: b material basis of c =Def c has material basis b
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

member part of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: continuant part of
domain: material entity
range: material entity
definition: b member part of c =Def b is an object & c is a material entity & there is some time t such that b continuant part of c at t & there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of c into objects x1, ..., xn (for some n ≠ 1) with b = xi (for some 1 <= i <= n)
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

occurrent part of
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: (Elucidation) occurrent part of is a relation between occurrents b and c when b is part of c
example: Mary's 5th birthday is an occurrent part of Mary's life; the first set of the tennis match is an occurrent part of the tennis match

temporal part of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: occurrent part of
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: b temporal part of c =Def b occurrent part of c & (b and c are temporal regions) or (b and c are spatiotemporal regions & b temporally projects onto an occurrent part of the temporal region that c temporally projects onto) or (b and c are processes or process boundaries & b occupies a temporal region that is an occurrent part of the temporal region that c occupies)
example: Your heart beating from 4pm to 5pm today is a temporal part of the process of your heart beating; the 4th year of your life is a temporal part of your life, as is the process boundary which separates the 3rd and 4th years of your life; the first quarter of a game of football is a temporal part of the whole game

temporally projects onto
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: spatiotemporal region
range: temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) temporally projects onto is a relation between a spatiotemporal region s and some temporal region which is the temporal extent of s
example: The world line of a particle temporally projects onto the temporal region extending from the beginning to the end of the existence of the particle

located in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
range: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
definition: b located in c =Def b is an independent continuant & c is an independent & neither is a spatial region & there is some time t such that the spatial region which b occupies at t is continuant part of the spatial region which c occupies at t
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

continuant part of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has continuant part
domain: continuant
range: continuant
definition: b continuant part of c =Def b and c are continuants & there is some time t such that b and c exist at t & b continuant part of c at t
example: Milk teeth continuant part of human; surgically removed tumour continuant part of organism
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

has continuant part
type: ObjectProperty
domain: continuant
range: continuant
definition: b has continuant part c =Def c continuant part of b
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

environs
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: site
  union of: material entity
range: Class
  union of: process
  union of: process boundary
alternative label: contains process
definition: b environs c =Def c occurs in b
example: Mouth environs process of mastication; city environs traffic

history of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has history
type: FunctionalProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
domain: history
range: material entity
definition: (Elucidation) history of is a relation between history b and material entity c such that b is the unique history of c
example: This life is the history of this organism

has history
type: ObjectProperty
domain: material entity
range: history
definition: b has history c =Def c history of b
example: This organism has history this life

specifically depended on by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: specifically depends on
domain: Class
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
  union of: Class
    intersection of: independent continuant
    intersection of: Class
      complement of: spatial region
range: specifically dependent continuant
alternative label: s-depended on by
definition: b specifically depended on by c =Def c specifically depends on b
example: Coloured object specifically depended on by colour

specifically depends on
type: ObjectProperty
domain: specifically dependent continuant
range: Class
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
  union of: Class
    intersection of: independent continuant
    intersection of: Class
      complement of: spatial region
alternative label: s-depends on
definition: (Elucidation) specifically depends on is a relation between a specifically dependent continuant b and specifically dependent continuant or independent continuant that is not a spatial region c such that b and c share no parts in common & b is of a nature such that at all times t it cannot exist unless c exists & b is not a boundary of c
example: A shape specifically depends on the shaped object; hue, saturation and brightness of a colour sample specifically depends on each other
scope note: The analogue of specifically depends on for occurrents is has participant.

bearer of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: specifically depended on by
inverse of: inheres in
domain: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
range: specifically dependent continuant
definition: b bearer of c =Def c inheres in b
example: A patch of ink is the bearer of a colour quality; an organism is the bearer of a temperature quality

inheres in
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: specifically depends on
domain: specifically dependent continuant
range: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
definition: b inheres in c =Def b is a specifically dependent continuant & c is an independent continuant that is not a spatial region & b specifically depends on c
example: A shape inheres in a shaped object; a mass inheres in a material entity

occupies temporal region
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Class
  union of: process
  union of: process boundary
range: temporal region
definition: p occupies temporal region t =Def p is a process or process boundary & the spatiotemporal region occupied by p temporally projects onto t
example: The Second World War occupies the temporal region September 1, 1939 - September 2, 1945

occupies spatiotemporal region
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Class
  union of: process
  union of: process boundary
range: spatiotemporal region
definition: (Elucidation) occupies spatiotemporal region is a relation between a process or process boundary p and the spatiotemporal region s which is its spatiotemporal extent
example: A particle emitted by a nuclear reactor occupies the spatiotemporal region which is its trajectory

occupies spatial region
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
range: spatial region
definition: b occupies spatial region r =Def b is an independent continuant that is not a spatial region & r is a spatial region & there is some time t such that every continuant part of b occupies some continuant part of r at t and no continuant part of b occupies any spatial region that is not a continuant part of r at t
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

spatially projects onto
type: ObjectProperty
domain: spatiotemporal region
range: spatial region
definition: (Elucidation) spatially projects onto is a relation between some spatiotemporal region b and spatial region c such that at some time t, c is the spatial extent of b at t
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

has material basis
type: ObjectProperty
domain: disposition
range: material entity
definition: b has material basis c =Def b is a disposition & c is a material entity & there is some d bearer of b & there is some time t such that c is a continuant part of d at t & d has disposition b because c is a continuant part of d at t
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

first instant of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has first instant
domain: temporal instant
range: temporal region
definition: t first instant of t' =Def t is a temporal instant & t' is a temporal region t' & t precedes all temporal parts of t' other than t
example: An hour starting at midnight yesterday has first instant midnight yesterday

has first instant
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: temporal region
range: temporal instant
definition: t has first instant t' =Def t' first instant of t
example: The first hour of a year has first instant midnight on December 31

last instant of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has last instant
domain: temporal instant
range: temporal region
definition: t last instant of t' =Def t is a temporal instant & t' is a temporal region & all temporal parts of t' other than t precede t
example: Last midnight is the last instant of yesterday

has last instant
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: temporal region
range: temporal instant
definition: t has last instant t' =Def t' last instant of t
example: The last hour of a year has last instant midnight December 31

is about
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is subject of
domain: information content entity
example of usage: This document is about information artifacts and their representations
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
editor note: 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic.
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy

denotes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
inverse of: denoted by
domain: information content entity
range: entity
example of usage: A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named.
textual definition: A primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically
editor note: 2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive. g denotes r =def r is a portion of reality there is some c that is a concretization of g every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan

is quality measurement of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
inverse of: is quality measured as
domain: measurement datum
range: quality
textual definition: m is a quality measurement of q at t. When q is a quality, there is a measurement process p that has specified output m, a measurement datum, that is about q
editor note: 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: The strategy is to be rather specific with this relationship. There are other kinds of measurements that are not of qualities, such as those that measure time. We will add these as separate properties for the moment and see about generalizing later
editor note: From the second IAO workshop [Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009: not completely current, though bringing in comparison is probably important] This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details. -- From the second IAO workshop, various comments, [commented on by Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009] unit of measure is a quality, e.g. the length of a ruler. [We decided to hedge on what units of measure are, instead talking about measurement unit labels, which are the information content entities that are about whatever measurement units are. For IAO we need that information entity in any case. See the term measurement unit label] [Some struggling with the various subflavors of is_about. We subsequently removed the relation represents, and describes until and only when we have a better theory] a represents b means either a denotes b or a describes describe: a describes b means a is about b and a allows an inference of at least one quality of b We have had a long discussion about denotes versus describes.
editor note: From the second IAO workshop: An attempt at tieing the quality to the measurement datum more carefully. a is a magnitude means a is a determinate quality particular inhering in some bearer b existing at a time t that can be represented/denoted by an information content entity e that has parts denoting a unit of measure, a number, and b. The unit of measure is an instance of the determinable quality.
editor note: From the second meeting on IAO: An attempt at defining assay using Barry's "reliability" wording assay: process and has_input some material entity and has_output some information content entity and which is such that instances of this process type reliably generate outputs that describes the input.
editor note: This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg

denoted by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
domain: entity
range: information content entity
textual definition: inverse of the relation 'denotes'
term editor: Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Mike Conlon
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/206

is quality measured as
type: ObjectProperty
has curation status: metadata complete
textual definition: inverse of the relation of is quality measurement of
editor note: 2009/10/19 Alan Ruttenberg. Named 'junk' relation useful in restrictions, but not a real instance relationship
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg

implements
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: implemented by
domain: independent continuant
range: NFDI resource
comment: inverse of property "implemented by"
editorial note: A shortcut for expressing the relation when 'independent continuant' is participant of some 'implementing process' which has output of 'NFDI resource'.

implemented by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: NFDI resource
range: independent continuant
comment: The property relates an entity to an agent that has adapted or developed the entity for a specific purpose and actively uses it within a particular context.
editorial note: A shortcut for expressing the relation when 'NFDI resource' is output of some 'implementing process' which has participant of 'independent continuant'.
editorial note: The property was created on request of NFDI MatWerk community to support respond to competency questions like which tools are 'developed', 'co developed', or 'adopted' in' NFDI MatWerk consortium.

has applicant organization
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has participant
inverse of: applicant organization of
domain: project
range: organization
comment: The property relates a project to the organization that applied for that

applicant organization of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participates in
domain: organization
range: project
comment: inverse of property "has applicant organization"

has measurement datum
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: measurement datum of
range: measurement datum
comment: The property is a relation between an entity and a measurement datum.

measurement datum of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
domain: measurement datum
comment: inverse of property "has measurement datum"

measurement unit label of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
inverse of: has measurement unit label
comment: inverse of property "has measurement unit label"

has measurement unit label
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
comment: The property is a relation between an entity and a measurement unit label.

developed by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: implemented by
inverse of: develops
comment: The property relates an entity to an agent that has modified, customized, or extended it for a specific use case or research purpose.

develops
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: implements
comment: inverse of property "developed by"

co developed by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: implemented by
inverse of: co develops
comment: The property relates an entity to agents that collaboratively contributed to its development.

co develops
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: implements
comment: inverse of property "co developed by"

adapted by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: implemented by
inverse of: adapts
comment: The property relates an entity to an agent responsible for its creation or primary development.

adapts
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: implements
comment: inverse of property "adapted by"

download URL
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Ceci est un lien direct à un fichier téléchargeable en un format donnée. Exple fichier CSV ou RDF. Le format est décrit par les propriétés de distribution dcterms:format et/ou dcat:mediaType. @fr
comment: La URL de un archivo descargable en el formato dato. Por ejemplo, archivo CSV o archivo RDF. El formato se describe con las propiedades de la distribución dcterms:format y/o dcat:mediaType. @es
comment: Questo è un link diretto al file scaricabile in un dato formato. E.g. un file CSV o un file RDF. Il formato è descritto dal dcterms:format e/o dal dcat:mediaType della distribuzione. @it
comment: The URL of the downloadable file in a given format. E.g. CSV file or RDF file. The format is indicated by the distribution's dcterms:format and/or dcat:mediaType.
comment: URL souboru ke stažení v daném formátu, například CSV nebo RDF soubor. Formát je popsán vlastností distribuce dcterms:format a/nebo dcat:mediaType. @cs
comment: URL til fil der kan downloades i et bestemt format. Fx en CSV-fil eller en RDF-fil. Formatet for distributionen angives ved hjælp af egenskaberne dcterms:format og/eller dcat:mediaType. @da
comment: dcat:downloadURLはdcat:accessURLの特定の形式です。しかし、DCATプロファイルが非ダウンロード・ロケーションに対してのみaccessURLを用いる場合には、より強い分離を課すことを望む可能性があるため、この含意を強化しないように、DCATは、dcat:downloadURLをdcat:accessURLのサブプロパティーであると定義しません。 @ja
comment: Είναι ένας σύνδεσμος άμεσης μεταφόρτωσης ενός αρχείου σε μια δεδομένη μορφή. Π.χ. ένα αρχείο CSV ή RDF. Η μορφη αρχείου περιγράφεται από τις ιδιότητες dcterms:format ή/και dcat:mediaType της διανομής. @el
comment: رابط مباشر لملف يمكن تحميله. نوع الملف يتم توصيفه باستخدام الخاصية dcterms:format dcat:mediaType @ar
label: URL de descarga @es
label: URL de téléchargement @fr
label: URL di scarico @it
label: URL souboru ke stažení @cs
label: URL μεταφόρτωσης @el
label: downloadURL @da
label: رابط تحميل @ar
label: ダウンロードURL @ja
editorial note: Status: English Definition text modified by DCAT revision team, Italian, Spanish and Czech translation updated, other translations pending.
editorial note: rdfs:label, rdfs:comment and/or skos:scopeNote have been modified. Non-english versions must be updated.
scope note: El valor es una URL. @es
scope note: La valeur est une URL. @fr
scope note: dcat:downloadURL BY MĚLA být použita pro adresu, ze které je distribuce přímo přístupná, typicky skrze požadavek HTTP Get. @cs
scope note: dcat:downloadURL BØR anvendes til angivelse af den adresse hvor distributionen er tilgængelig direkte, typisk gennem et HTTP Get request. @da
scope note: dcat:downloadURL DOVREBBE essere utilizzato per l'indirizzo a cui questa distribuzione è disponibile direttamente, in genere attraverso una richiesta Get HTTP. @it
scope note: dcat:downloadURL SHOULD be used for the address at which this distribution is available directly, typically through a HTTP Get request.
scope note: Η τιμή είναι ένα URL. @el

has best practice
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: best practice of
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and the specified best practice.

best practice of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
comment: inverse of property "best practice"

has contact point
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has agent
inverse of: contact point of
range: Class
  intersection of: agent
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: contact point role
comment: The property is a relationship between an NFDI resource and a person or organization (agent) as a contact point.

contact point of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is agent of
comment: inverse of property "has contact point"

has contributor
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has agent
inverse of: contributor of
range: Class
  intersection of: agent
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: contributor role
comment: The property related something to a person or an organization responsible for making contributions to that.

contributor of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is agent of
comment: inverse of property "has contributor"

has data set
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: data set of
range: dataset
comment: The property is a relation between a resource and a data set.

data set of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
comment: inverse of property "has data set"

has file format
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: file format of
range: data format specification
comment: The property relates a resource to the format available for the export of a resource.
readable IRI label: exportFormat

file format of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
comment: inverse of property "has file format"
readable IRI label: exportFormatOf

has funding organization
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has participant
inverse of: funding organization of
domain: project
range: Class
  intersection of: organization
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: funding organization role
comment: The property relates a project to the organization that provided funding for it.

funding organization of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participates in
domain: organization
comment: inverse of property "has funding organization"

has license
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: license of
range: license
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and a license file.
editorial note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
readable IRI label: license

license of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
comment: inverse of property "has license"

has location
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: located in
range: place
comment: The property is a relationship between a thing and a place its located at.

has media type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: media type of
range: media type
comment: The property relates a resource to its data format.
readable IRI label: mediaType

media type of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
comment: inverse of property "has media type"
editorial note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).

has input
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has participant
inverse of: is input of
comment: p has input x =Def x is used or consumed in the process of executing p.

has output
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has participant
inverse of: is output of
comment: p has output x =Def x is produced or generated as a result of executing p.

has parent organization
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: continuant part of
domain: organization
range: organization
comment: The property is a parental relationship between organizations.

has programming language
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: programming language of
range: programming language
comment: The property links software to a programming language its written in.
readable IRI label: programmingLanguage

programming language of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
comment: inverse of property "has programming language"

published by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has agent
inverse of: publisher of
domain: information content entity
range: Class
  intersection of: agent
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: publisher role
comment: The property is a relationship between an information content entity and an organization or a person responsible for publishing it.

publisher of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is agent of
comment: inverse of property "has publisher"

resource of project
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participates in
domain: NFDI resource
range: project
comment: The property is a relationship between a project or a resource and related projects.

represents collection
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: denotes
inverse of: represented collection of
range: collection
comment: The property is a relationship between a dataset and a collection it represents.
example: a dataportal is about some collection of pieces of art

represented collection of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: denoted by
comment: inverse of property "represented collection"

has software
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: software of
range: software
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and a software it uses.
readable IRI label: software

software of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
comment: inverse of property "has sofware"
editorial note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).

has sparql endpoint
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: sparql endpoint of
comment: The property relates a data resource to its SPARQL Endpoint.
readable IRI label: sparqlEndpoint

sparql endpoint of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
comment: inverse of property "has sparql endpoint"
editorial note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).

has specification
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: specification of
range: directive information entity
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and the international standard or norm.
readable IRI label: specification

specification of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
comment: inverse of property "has specification"
editorial note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).

has standard
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: standard of
range: standard
comment: The property relates a resource to the standard it relies on.
readable IRI label: standard

standard of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
comment: inverse of property "has standard"
editorial note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).

has subject area
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: subject area of
range: academic discipline
comment: The property establishes a connection between a resource, an agent, or a project, and the academic discipline, subject area, or domain within which they operate.
readable IRI label: subjectArea

subject area of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
comment: inverse of property "has subject area"

has subsidiary organization
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has continuant part
domain: organization
range: organization
comment: The property represents a subsidiary relationship between organizations, where the subject organization owns, controls, or otherwise has a significant influence over the object organization

has technology
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: technology of
range: technological method specification
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and a technology it uses.
readable IRI label: technology

technology of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
comment: inverse of property "has technology"
editorial note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).

is subject of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of the relation 'is about'

has agent
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is agent of
domain: NFDI resource
range: agent
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and an agent.

is agent of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property 'has agent'

is identified by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: denotes
inverse of: has external identifier
comment: inverse property of has external identifier

has external identifier
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: denoted by
range: centrally registered identifier
comment: The property relates a thing to the corresponding entry or related concept of the item in a central register, e.g. GND, VIAF, RISM, Wikidata or ROR.

is output of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participates in
comment: inverse of the relation 'has output'

is input of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participates in
comment: inverse of the relation 'has input'

has creator
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has agent
inverse of: creator of
range: Class
  intersection of: agent
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: creator role
comment: The has creator property links something that was created (like a book, painting, or website) to the person or organization (agent) that made it.

creator of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is agent of
comment: inverse of property "has creator"

is subject of
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Inverse of 'is about'.

has input
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has participant
definition: relation from a process to someone or something physical or digital (continuant) that is a necessary precondition for the process to start

has output
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has participant
definition: relation from a process to someone or something physical or digital (continuant) that participates in the process such that it is generated or modified during the process, and that it exists at the end of the process

has measurement unit label
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has continuant part
imported from: iao.owl
definition: An object property that specifies a relationship between a continuant entity and a measurement unit label that describes the unit associated with one of its quantitative attributes. As a sub-property of "has continuant part", this property indicates that the measurement unit label is an integral and persistent part of the entity, providing a standardized reference for interpreting its measured values.
example: In essence, if an object 𝑋 has a measurement unit label 𝑌, then 𝑌 is an essential and persistent part of 𝑋 that specifies the standard or metric used to measure one of its properties.

in response to
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: responds with
definition: inverse of responds with

responds with
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: realizable entity
range: Responding Process
definition: The realizable entity must be "stimulated" by some Stimulus in order to respond with the Response. The bearer of the realizable entity must participate in Stimulation as well as in Response.

stimulated by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has realization
range: Stimulating Process
definition: inverse of stimulates

has value specification
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has continuant part
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001938
definition: A relation between an information content entity and a value specification that specifies its value.

specifies value of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001927
definition: A relation between a value specification and an entity which the specification is about.

has id
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A relation between an information content entity and its specific ID.

has acronym
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
comment: A relation between an information content entity and its specific acronym.

birth date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
domain: person
range: Literal
comment: The property refers to the date on which a person was born.
editorial note: The range has been set to "Literal" because we expect "untidy" data, i.e. for most datums a structured value cannot be obtained through parsing.

death date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
domain: person
range: Literal
comment: The property refers to the date on which a person passed away.
editorial note: The range has been set to "Literal" because we expect "untidy" data, i.e. for most datums a structured value cannot be obtained through parsing.

dissolution date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
domain: organization
range: Literal
comment: The property refers to the date on which the organization ceased to exist or was formally dissolved.
editorial note: The range has been set to "Literal" because we expect "untidy" data, i.e. for most datums a structured value cannot be obtained through parsing.

file extension
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: NFDI resource
comment: An identifier for a file format (e.g. txt for a text file) used as a suffix to the file name, don't use dot at start.
example: mp4
example: ttl
example: txt
example: xml

foundation date
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: organization
range: Literal
comment: The property refers to the specific date on which the organization was officially established or founded.
editorial note: The range has been set to "Literal" because we expect "untidy" data, i.e. for most datums a structured value cannot be obtained through parsing.

has value
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A relation between an information content entity and its specific value.

has url
type: DatatypeProperty
range: anyURI
comment: A relation between an information content entity and its specific url.

OWL format
type: Class
subclass of: RDF format
Created in: beta12orEarlier
has definition: A serialisation format conforming to the Web Ontology Language (OWL) model.
in subset: edam
in subset: formats

RDF format
type: Class
subclass of: data format specification
Created in: beta12orEarlier
has db xref: Resource Description Framework
has definition: A serialisation format conforming to the Resource Description Framework (RDF) model.
has exact synonym: Resource Description Framework format
has related synonym: RDF
has related synonym: Resource Description Framework
in subset: edam
in subset: formats

OWL Functional Syntax
type: Class
subclass of: OWL format
Created in: 1.2
has definition: A human-readable encoding for the Web Ontology Language (OWL).
in subset: edam
in subset: formats

Manchester OWL Syntax
type: Class
subclass of: OWL format
Created in: 1.2
has definition: A syntax for writing OWL class expressions.
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
comment: This format was influenced by the OWL Abstract Syntax and the DL style syntax.

Turtle
type: Class
subclass of: RDF format
Created in: 1.2
has definition: The Terse RDF Triple Language (Turtle) is a human-friendly serialisation format for RDF (Resource Description Framework) graphs.
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
comment: The SPARQL Query Language incorporates a very similar syntax.

N-Triples
type: Class
subclass of: RDF format
Created in: 1.2
File extension: nt
has definition: A plain text serialisation format for RDF (Resource Description Framework) graphs, and a subset of the Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language) format.
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
comment: N-Triples should not be confused with Notation 3 which is a superset of Turtle.

Notation3
type: Class
subclass of: RDF format
Created in: 1.2
File extension: n3
has definition: A shorthand non-XML serialisation of Resource Description Framework model, designed with human-readability in mind.
has exact synonym: N3
in subset: edam
in subset: formats

RDF/XML
type: Class
subclass of: RDF format
Created in: 1.2
File extension: rdf
has definition: Resource Description Framework (RDF) XML format.
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
comment: RDF/XML is a serialisation syntax for OWL DL, but not for OWL Full.

OWL/XML
type: Class
subclass of: OWL format
Created in: 1.2
has definition: OWL ontology XML serialisation format.
has narrow synonym: OWL
in subset: edam
in subset: formats

JSON-LD
type: Class
subclass of: RDF format
Created in: 1.15
Documentation: json-ld
File extension: jsonld
Media type: ld+json
has db xref: ld+json
has db xref: JSON-LD
has definition: JSON-LD, or JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data, is a method of encoding Linked Data using JSON.
has exact synonym: JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data
in subset: edam
in subset: formats

N-Quads
type: Class
subclass of: RDF format
Created in: 1.24
Documentation: n-quads
File extension: nq
has definition: N-Quads is a line-based, plain text format for encoding an RDF dataset. It includes information about the graph each triple belongs to.
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
comment: N-Quads should not be confused with N-Triples which does not contain graph information.

entity
type: Class
BFO_0000179: entity
BFO_0000180: Entity
example of usage: Julius Caesar
example of usage: Verdi’s Requiem
example of usage: the Second World War
example of usage: your body mass index
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
editor note: Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
elucidation: An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
definition: (Elucidation) An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist
example: Julius Caesar; the Second World War; your body mass index; Verdi's Requiem

Axiom
annotated source: entity
annotated property: editor note
annotated target: Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000004
comment: per discussion with Barry Smith

Axiom
annotated source: entity
annotated property: elucidation
annotated target: An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/001-001

continuant
type: Class
subclass of: entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: continuant part of
  all values from: continuant
disjoint with: occurrent
BFO_0000179: continuant
BFO_0000180: Continuant
textual definition: An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
editor note: Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
elucidation: A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
has associated axiom(nl): if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
has associated axiom(nl): if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
has associated axiom(nl): if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
definition: (Elucidation) A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity
example: A human being; a tennis ball; a cave; a region of space; someone's temperature

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: editor note
annotated target: Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000007

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: elucidation
annotated target: A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/008-002

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated target: if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/126-001

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated target: if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/009-002

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated target: if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/011-002

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/009-002

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/126-001

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/008-002

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/011-002

occurrent
type: Class
subclass of: entity
definition: (Elucidation) An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the start or end of such an entity or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region
example: As for process, history, process boundary, spatiotemporal region, zero-dimensional temporal region, one-dimensional temporal region, temporal interval, temporal instant.

independent continuant
type: Class
subclass of: continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: continuant part of
  all values from: independent continuant
disjoint with: specifically dependent continuant
disjoint with: generically dependent continuant
BFO_0000179: ic
BFO_0000180: IndependentContinuant
example of usage: a chair
example of usage: a heart
example of usage: a leg
example of usage: a molecule
example of usage: a spatial region
example of usage: an atom
example of usage: an orchestra.
example of usage: an organism
example of usage: the bottom right portion of a human torso
example of usage: the interior of your mouth
textual definition: b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
has associated axiom(nl): For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
has associated axiom(nl): For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
comment: A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
definition: b is an independent continuant =Def b is a continuant & there is no c such that b specifically depends on c or b generically depends on c
example: An atom; a molecule; an organism; a heart; a chair; the bottom right portion of a human torso; a leg; the interior of your mouth; a spatial region; an orchestra

Axiom
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: textual definition
annotated target: b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/017-002

Axiom
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated target: For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/134-001

Axiom
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated target: For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/018-002

Axiom
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/134-001

Axiom
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/018-002

Axiom
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/017-002

spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: immaterial entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: continuant part of
  all values from: spatial region
definition: (Elucidation) A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant part of the spatial projection of a portion of spacetime at a given time
example: As for zero-dimensional spatial region, one-dimensional spatial region, two-dimensional spatial region, three-dimensional spatial region

temporal region
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occurrent part of
  all values from: temporal region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: temporal part of
  all values from: temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) A temporal region is an occurrent over which processes can unfold
example: As for zero-dimensional temporal region and one-dimensional temporal region

two-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has continuant part
  all values from: Class
    union of: two-dimensional spatial region
    union of: zero-dimensional spatial region
    union of: one-dimensional spatial region
definition: (Elucidation) A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is a whole consisting of a surface together with zero or more surfaces which may have spatial regions of lower dimension as parts
example: The surface of a sphere-shaped part of space; an infinitely thin plane in space

spatiotemporal region
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occurrent part of
  all values from: spatiotemporal region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: temporal part of
  all values from: spatiotemporal region
definition: (Elucidation) A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent that is an occurrent part of spacetime
example: The spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumour; the spatiotemporal region occupied by an orbiting satellite
scope note: 'Spacetime' here refers to the maximal instance of the universal spatiotemporal region.

process
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has occurrent part
  all values from: Class
    union of: process
    union of: process boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occurrent part of
  all values from: process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: temporal part of
  all values from: process
alternative label: event
definition: (Elucidation) p is a process means p is an occurrent that has some temporal proper part and for some time t, p has some material entity as participant
example: An act of selling; the life of an organism; a process of sleeping; a process of cell-division; a beating of the heart; a process of meiosis; the taxiing of an aircraft; the programming of a computer

disposition
type: Class
subclass of: realizable entity
disjoint with: role
BFO_0000179: disposition
BFO_0000180: Disposition
example of usage: an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
example of usage: certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
example of usage: children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
example of usage: the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
elucidation: b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
has associated axiom(nl): If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
alternative label: internally-grounded realizable entity
definition: (Elucidation) A disposition b is a realizable entity such that if b ceases to exist then its bearer is physically changed & b's realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer's physical make-up
example: An atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y; the cell wall is disposed to transport cellular material through endocytosis and exocytosis; certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer; children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways

Axiom
annotated source: disposition
annotated property: elucidation
annotated target: b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/062-002

Axiom
annotated source: disposition
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated target: If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/063-002

Axiom
annotated source: disposition
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/063-002

Axiom
annotated source: disposition
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/062-002

realizable entity
type: Class
subclass of: specifically dependent continuant
disjoint with: quality
BFO_0000179: realizable
BFO_0000180: RealizableEntity
example of usage: the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
example of usage: the disposition of your blood to coagulate
example of usage: the function of your reproductive organs
example of usage: the role of being a doctor
example of usage: the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
textual definition: A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
elucidation: To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
has associated axiom(nl): All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
definition: (Elucidation) A realizable entity is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region & which is of a type some instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type
example: The role of being a doctor; the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet; the function of your reproductive organs; the disposition of your blood to coagulate; the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity

Axiom
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated property: elucidation
annotated target: To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/058-002

Axiom
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated target: All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/060-002

Axiom
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/060-002

Axiom
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/058-002

zero-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has continuant part
  all values from: zero-dimensional spatial region
definition: (Elucidation) A zero-dimensional spatial region is one or a collection of more than one spatially disjoint points in space
example: The spatial region occupied at some time instant by the North Pole

quality
type: Class
subclass of: specifically dependent continuant
BFO_0000179: quality
BFO_0000180: Quality
example of usage: the ambient temperature of this portion of air
example of usage: the color of a tomato
example of usage: the length of the circumference of your waist
example of usage: the mass of this piece of gold.
example of usage: the shape of your nose
example of usage: the shape of your nostril
elucidation: a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
has associated axiom(nl): If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
definition: (Elucidation) A quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized
example: The colour of a tomato; the ambient temperature of this portion of air; the length of the circumference of your waist; the shape of your nose; the shape of your nostril; the mass of this piece of gold

Axiom
annotated source: quality
annotated property: elucidation
annotated target: a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/055-001

Axiom
annotated source: quality
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated target: If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/105-001

Axiom
annotated source: quality
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/055-001

Axiom
annotated source: quality
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/105-001

specifically dependent continuant
type: Class
subclass of: continuant
disjoint with: generically dependent continuant
BFO_0000179: sdc
BFO_0000180: SpecificallyDependentContinuant
example of usage: Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
example of usage: of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
example of usage: of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
example of usage: the disposition of this fish to decay
example of usage: the function of this heart: to pump blood
example of usage: the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
example of usage: the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
example of usage: the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
example of usage: the role of being a doctor
example of usage: the shape of this hole.
example of usage: the smell of this portion of mozzarella
textual definition: b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n > 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i < j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004])
textual definition: b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
editor note: Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004]
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
comment: A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
definition: b is a specifically dependent continuant =Def b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region & which is such that b specifically depends on c
example: (with multiple bearers) John's love for Mary; the ownership relation between John and this statue; the relation of authority between John and his subordinates
example: (with one bearer) The mass of this tomato; the pink colour of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its centre; the smell of this portion of mozzarella; the disposition of this fish to decay; the role of being a doctor; the function of this heart to pump blood; the shape of this hole

Axiom
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated property: textual definition
annotated target: b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n > 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i < j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/131-004

Axiom
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated property: textual definition
annotated target: b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/050-003

Axiom
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated property: editor note
annotated target: Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000005
comment: per discussion with Barry Smith

Axiom
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/131-004

Axiom
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/050-003

role
type: Class
subclass of: realizable entity
BFO_0000179: role
BFO_0000180: Role
example of usage: John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
example of usage: the priest role
example of usage: the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
example of usage: the role of a building in serving as a military target
example of usage: the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
example of usage: the role of subject in a clinical trial
example of usage: the student role
textual definition: A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
elucidation: b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
alternative label: externally-grounded realizable entity
definition: (Elucidation) A role b is a realizable entity such that b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be & b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed
example: The priest role; the student role; the role of subject in a clinical trial; the role of a stone in marking a property boundary; the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighbouring administrative territories; the role of a building in serving as a military target

Axiom
annotated source: role
annotated property: elucidation
annotated target: b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/061-001

Axiom
annotated source: role
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/061-001

fiat object part
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
definition: (Elucidation) A fiat object part b is a material entity & such that if b exists then it is continuant part of some object c & demarcated from the remainder of c by one or more fiat surfaces
example: The upper and lower lobes of the left lung; the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body; the Western hemisphere of the Earth; the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body

one-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has continuant part
  all values from: Class
    union of: zero-dimensional spatial region
    union of: one-dimensional spatial region
definition: (Elucidation) A one-dimensional spatial region is a whole consisting of a line together with zero or more lines which may have points as parts
example: An edge of a cube-shaped portion of space; a line connecting two points; two parallel lines extended in space

object aggregate
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
definition: (Elucidation) An object aggregate is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality (≥1) of objects as member parts which together form a unit
example: The aggregate of the musicians in a symphony orchestra and their instruments; the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint; the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere; a collection of cells in a blood biobank
scope note: 'Exactly' means that there are no parts of the object aggregate other than its member parts.
scope note: The unit can, at certain times, consist of exactly one object, for example, when a wolf litter loses all but one of its pups, but it must at some time have a plurality of member parts.

three-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has continuant part
  all values from: spatial region
definition: (Elucidation) A three-dimensional spatial region is a whole consisting of a spatial volume together with zero or more spatial volumes which may have spatial regions of lower dimension as parts
example: A cube-shaped region of space; a sphere-shaped region of space; the region of space occupied by all and only the planets in the solar system at some point in time

site
type: Class
subclass of: immaterial entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: continuant part of
  all values from: Class
    union of: site
    union of: material entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has continuant part
  all values from: Class
    union of: site
    union of: continuant fiat boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occupies spatial region
  all values from: three-dimensional spatial region
definition: (Elucidation) A site is a three-dimensional immaterial entity whose boundaries either (partially or wholly) coincide with the boundaries of one or more material entities or have locations determined in relation to some material entity
example: A hole in a portion of cheese; a rabbit hole; the Grand Canyon; the Piazza San Marco; the kangaroo-joey-containing hole of a kangaroo pouch; your left nostril (a fiat part - the opening - of your left nasal cavity); the lumen of your gut; the hold of a ship; the interior of the trunk of your car; hole in an engineered floor joist

object
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
definition: (Elucidation) An object is a material entity which manifests causal unity & is of a type instances of which are maximal relative to the sort of causal unity manifested
example: An organism; a fish tank; a planet; a laptop; a valve; a block of marble; an ice cube
scope note: A description of three primary sorts of causal unity is provided in Basic Formal Ontology 2.0. Specification and User Guide

generically dependent continuant
type: Class
subclass of: continuant
BFO_0000179: gdc
BFO_0000180: GenericallyDependentContinuant
example of usage: The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
example of usage: the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
example of usage: the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
textual definition: b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
comment: A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
alternative label: g-dependent continuant
definition: (Elucidation) A generically dependent continuant is an entity that exists in virtue of the fact that there is at least one of what may be multiple copies which is the content or the pattern that multiple copies would share
example: The pdf file on your laptop; the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop; the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule; the content that is shared by a string of dots and dashes written on a page and the transmitted Morse code signal; the content of a sentence; an engineering blueprint

Axiom
annotated source: generically dependent continuant
annotated property: textual definition
annotated target: b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/074-001

Axiom
annotated source: generically dependent continuant
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/074-001

function
type: Class
subclass of: disposition
BFO_0000179: function
BFO_0000180: Function
example of usage: the function of a hammer to drive in nails
example of usage: the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
example of usage: the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
elucidation: A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
definition: (Elucidation) A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of its bearer's physical make-up & this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artefacts) in order to realize processes of a certain sort
example: The function of a hammer to drive in nails; the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity

Axiom
annotated source: function
annotated property: elucidation
annotated target: A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/064-001

Axiom
annotated source: function
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/064-001

process boundary
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has occurrent part
  all values from: process boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has temporal part
  all values from: process boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occurrent part of
  all values from: Class
    union of: process
    union of: process boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: temporal part of
  all values from: Class
    union of: process
    union of: process boundary
definition: p is a process boundary =Def p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts
example: The boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life

one-dimensional temporal region
type: Class
subclass of: temporal region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has temporal part
  all values from: Class
    union of: one-dimensional temporal region
    union of: zero-dimensional temporal region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: temporal part of
  all values from: one-dimensional temporal region
disjoint with: zero-dimensional temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is a whole that has a temporal interval and zero or more temporal intervals and temporal instants as parts
example: The temporal region during which a process occurs

material entity
type: Class
subclass of: independent continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: continuant part of
  all values from: material entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has continuant part
  all values from: Class
    union of: site
    union of: material entity
    union of: continuant fiat boundary
disjoint with: immaterial entity
definition: (Elucidation) A material entity is an independent continuant has some portion of matter as continuant part
example: A human being; the undetached arm of a human being; an aggregate of human beings

continuant fiat boundary
type: Class
subclass of: immaterial entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: location of
  all values from: continuant fiat boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has continuant part
  all values from: continuant fiat boundary
definition: (Elucidation) A continuant fiat boundary b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions & such that there is no time t when b has a spatial region as continuant part & whose location is determined in relation to some material entity
example: As for fiat point, fiat line, fiat surface

immaterial entity
type: Class
subclass of: independent continuant
definition: b is an immaterial entity =Def b is an independent continuant which is such that there is no time t when it has a material entity as continuant part
example: As for fiat point, fiat line, fiat surface, site

fiat line
type: Class
subclass of: continuant fiat boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has continuant part
  all values from: Class
    union of: fiat line
    union of: fiat point
definition: (Elucidation) A fiat line is a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that is continuous
example: The Equator; all geopolitical boundaries; all lines of latitude and longitude; the median sulcus of your tongue; the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin

relational quality
type: Class
subclass of: quality
definition: b is a relational quality =Def b is a quality & there exists c and d such that c and d are not identical & b specifically depends on c & b specifically depends on d
example: A marriage bond; an instance of love; an obligation between one person and another

fiat surface
type: Class
subclass of: continuant fiat boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has continuant part
  all values from: continuant fiat boundary
definition: (Elucidation) A fiat surface is a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that is self-connected
example: The surface of the Earth; the plane separating the smoking from the non-smoking zone in a restaurant

fiat point
type: Class
subclass of: continuant fiat boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has continuant part
  all values from: fiat point
definition: (Elucidation) A fiat point is a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that consists of a single point
example: The geographic North Pole; the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona meet; the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system

zero-dimensional temporal region
type: Class
subclass of: temporal region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has temporal part
  all values from: zero-dimensional temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is a whole consisting of one or more separated temporal instants as parts
example: A temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary; the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident

history
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: (Elucidation) A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by the material part of a material entity
example: The life of an organism from the beginning to the end of its existence

temporal interval
type: Class
subclass of: one-dimensional temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) A temporal interval is a one-dimensional temporal region that is continuous, thus without gaps or breaks
example: The year 2018.
scope note: A one-dimensional temporal region can include as parts not only temporal intervals but also temporal instants separated from other parts by gaps.

temporal instant
type: Class
subclass of: zero-dimensional temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) A temporal instant is a zero-dimensional temporal region that has no proper temporal part
example: The millennium

measurement unit label
type: Class
subclass of: datum label
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: measurement unit label
example of usage: Examples of measurement unit labels are liters, inches, weight per volume.
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A measurement unit label is as a label that is part of a scalar measurement datum and denotes a unit of measure.
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: a term measurement unit was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000176) , edited by Chris Stoeckert and Cristian Cocos, and subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definition of this, different, term.
editor note: 2009-03-16: review of this term done during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI.
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot

objective specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: objective specification
example of usage: In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction.
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: A directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved.
editor note: 2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed."
editor note: 2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that.
editor note: Answers the question, why did you do this experiment?
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Barry Smith
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Jennifer Fostel
alternative label: goal specification
definition source: OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch
definition source: OBI_0000217

action specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
example of usage: Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: A directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: OBI Plan and Planned Process branch

datum label
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: datum label
has curation status: metadata incomplete
textual definition: A label is a symbol that is part of some other datum and is used to either partially define the denotation of that datum or to provide a means for identifying the datum as a member of the set of data with the same label
editor note: http://www.golovchenko.org/cgi-bin/wnsearch#4n
term editor: GROUP: IAO
curator note: 9/22/11 BP: changed the rdfs:label for this class from 'label' to 'datum label' to convey that this class is not intended to cover all kinds of labels (stickers, radiolabels, etc.), and not even all kind of textual labels, but rather the kind of labels occuring in a datum.

model number
type: Class
subclass of: symbol
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: model number
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A model number is an information content entity specifically borne by catalogs, design specifications, advertising materials, inventory systems and similar that is about manufactured objects of the same class. The model number is an alternative term for the class. The manufactered objects may or may not also bear the model number. Model numbers can be encoded in a variety of other information objects, such as bar codes, numerals, or patterns of dots.
editor note: manufactered items may have more than one model number, sometimes by rebranding, or because companies are sold and the products issued new model numbers
term editor: Person: Alan Ruttenberg

programming language
type: Class
equivalent class: programming language
subclass of: plan specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: programming language
example of usage: R, Perl, Java
has curation status: metadata complete
textual definition: A language in which source code is written that is intended to be executed/run by a software interpreter. Programming languages are ways to write instructions that specify what to do, and sometimes, how to do it.
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
definition source: OBI_0000058
definition source: group:OBI

data item
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: data item
example of usage: Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries.
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
editor note: 2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers.
editor note: 2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum.
editor note: 2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym.
editor note: JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief
editor note: 2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
term editor: PERSON: Jonathan Rees
alternative label: data

symbol
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: symbol
example of usage: a serial number such as "12324X"
example of usage: a stop sign
example of usage: a written proper name such as "OBI"
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: An information content entity that is a mark(s) or character(s) used as a conventional representation of another entity.
editor note: 20091104, MC: this needs work and will most probably change
editor note: 2014-03-31: We would like to have a deeper analysis of 'mark' and 'sign' in the future (see https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/154).
term editor: PERSON: James A. Overton
term editor: PERSON: Jonathan Rees
definition source: based on Oxford English Dictionary

information content entity
type: Class
subclass of: generically dependent continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: information content entity
example of usage: Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs.
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
textual definition: An information content entity is an entity that is generically dependent on some artifact and stands in relation of aboutness to some entity.
editor note: 2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ).
editor note: information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity.
term editor: PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
definition source: OBI_0000142
definition source: IAO
imported from: iao.owl
imported from: ogms.owl

directive information entity
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: realizable entity
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process.
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
editor note: 2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it.
editor note: 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO
editor note: Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters

curation status specification
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: example to be eventually removed
  one of: metadata complete
  one of: organizational term
  one of: ready for release
  one of: metadata incomplete
  one of: uncurated
  one of: pending final vetting
  one of: to be replaced with external ontology term
  one of: requires discussion
subclass of: data about an ontology part
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: curation status specification
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
editor note: Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
term editor: PERSON:Bill Bug
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
definition source: OBI_0000266

data format specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: data format specification
has curation status: metadata incomplete
textual definition: A data format specification is the information content borne by the document published defining the specification. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: term imported from OBI_0000187, which had original definition "A data format specification is a plan which organizes information. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file"
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch
definition source: OBI branch derived
definition source: OBI_0000187

data about an ontology part
type: Class
subclass of: data item
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: data about an ontology part
textual definition: Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg

plan specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: objective specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: action specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: plan specification
example of usage: PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice.
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts, and that may be concretized as a realizable entity that, if realized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified.
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
editor note: 2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications.
editor note: 2022-01-16 Updated definition to that proposed by Clint Dowloand, IAO Issue 231.
editor note: Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: Clint Dowland
definition source: OBI Plan and Planned Process branch
definition source: OBI_0000344
comment: 2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them

measurement datum
type: Class
subclass of: data item
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: measurement datum
example of usage: Examples of measurement data are the recoding of the weight of a mouse as {40,mass,"grams"}, the recording of an observation of the behavior of the mouse {,process,"agitated"}, the recording of the expression level of a gene as measured through the process of microarray experiment {3.4,luminosity,}.
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device.
editor note: 2/2/2009 is_specified_output of some assay?
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
definition source: OBI_0000305
definition source: group:OBI

version number
type: Class
subclass of: symbol
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: version number
has curation status: metadata incomplete
textual definition: A version number is an information content entity which is a sequence of characters borne by part of each of a class of manufactured products or its packaging and indicates its order within a set of other products having the same name.
editor note: Note: we feel that at the moment we are happy with a general version number, and that we will subclass as needed in the future. For example, see 7. genome sequence version
term editor: GROUP: IAO

serial number
type: Class
subclass of: symbol
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: serial number
has curation status: metadata incomplete
textual definition: A serial number is an information content entity which is a unique sequence of characters borne by part of manufactured product or its packaging that is assigned to each individual in some class of products, and so can serve as a way to identify an individual product within the class. Serial numbers can be encoded in a variety of other information objects, such as bar codes, numerals, or patterns of dots.
editor note: Note: during the call there was some confusion between serial number and model number. We agreed that it would be very helpful for all those terms to have example of usages - please add if you have any :-)
term editor: GROUP: IAO

obsolescence reason specification
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: failed exploratory term
  one of: placeholder removed
  one of: terms merged
  one of: term imported
  one of: term split
  one of: out of scope
subclass of: data about an ontology part
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: obsolescence reason specification
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
editor note: The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot

textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: textual entity
example of usage: Words, sentences, paragraphs, and the written (non-figure) parts of publications are all textual entities
has curation status: metadata incomplete
textual definition: A textual entity is a part of a manifestation (FRBR sense), a generically dependent continuant whose concretizations are patterns of glyphs intended to be interpreted as words, formulas, etc.
editor note: AR, (IAO call 2009-09-01): a document as a whole is not typically a textual entity, because it has pictures in it - rather there are parts of it that are textual entities. Examples: The title, paragraph 2 sentence 7, etc.
editor note: MC, 2009-09-14 (following IAO call 2009-09-01): textual entities live at the FRBR (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Requirements_for_Bibliographic_Records) manifestation level. Everything is significant: line break, pdf and html versions of same document are different textual entities.
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
alternative label: text

author identification
type: Class
subclass of: written name
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: author identification
example of usage: L. Hunter
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A textual entity intended to identify a particular author
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter

institutional identification
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: institutional identification
example of usage: University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A textual entity intended to identify a particular institution
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter

caption
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: figure
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: caption
example of usage: Figure 1: A system diagram describing the modules of the Hanalyzer. Reading methods (green) take external sources of knowledge (blue) and extract information from them, either by parsing structured data or biomedical language processing to extract information from unstructured data. Reading modules are responsible for tracking the provenance of all knowledge. Reasoning methods (yellow) enrich the knowledge that results from reading by, for example, noting two genes that are annotated to the same ontology term or database entry. All knowledge sources, read or reasoned, are assigned a reliability score, and all are combined using that score into a knowledge network (orange) that represents the integration of all sorts of relationship between a pair of genes and a combined reliability score. A data network (also orange) is created from experimental results to be analyzed. The reporting modules (pink) integrate the data and knowledge networks, producing visualizations that can be queried with the associated drill-down tool.
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A textual entity that describes a figure
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter

document title
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: document title
example of usage: Textual characteristics of traditional and Open Access scientific journals are similar
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A textual entity that names a document
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter

figure
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: figure
example of usage: Any picture, diagram or table
has curation status: metadata complete
textual definition: An information content entity consisting of a two dimensional arrangement of information content entities such that the arrangement itself is about something.
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter

denotator type
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: universal
  one of: defined class
  one of: named class expression
subclass of: data about an ontology part
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: denotator type
example of usage: The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities.
textual definition: A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters

postal address
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
has curation status: metadata incomplete
textual definition: A textual entity that is used as directive to deliver something to a person, or organization
editor note: 2010-05-24 Alan Ruttenberg. Use label for the string representation. See issue https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/59

email address
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: email address
has curation status: metadata incomplete
editor note: Alan Ruttenberg 1/3/2012 - Provisional id, see issue at https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/130&thanks=130&ts=1325636583
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: Person:Chris Stoeckart

centrally registered identifier symbol
type: Class
subclass of: symbol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part of
  some values from: centrally registered identifier
example of usage: The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed.
has curation status: metadata complete
textual definition: A symbol that is part of a CRID and that is sufficient to look up a record from the CRID's registry.
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bill Hogan
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
alternative label: CRID symbol
definition source: Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls

centrally registered identifier
type: Class
subclass of: identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: centrally registered identifier symbol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: centrally registered identifier registry
example of usage: The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed.
has curation status: metadata complete
textual definition: An information content entity that consists of a CRID symbol and additional information about the CRID registry to which it belongs.
editor note: 2014-05-05: In defining this term we take no position on what the CRID denotes. In particular do not assume it denotes a *record* in the CRID registry (since the registry might not have 'records').
editor note: Alan, IAO call 20101124: potentially the CRID denotes the instance it was associated with during creation.
editor note: Note, IAO call 20101124: URIs are not always CRID, as not centrally registered. We acknowledge that CRID is a subset of a larger identifier class, but this subset fulfills our current needs. OBI PURLs are CRID as they are registered with OCLC. UPCs (Universal Product Codes from AC Nielsen)are not CRID as they are not centrally registered.
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bill Hogan
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
alternative label: CRID
definition source: Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls

centrally registered identifier registry
type: Class
subclass of: code set
example of usage: PubMed is a CRID registry. It has a code set of PubMed identifiers associated with journal articles.
has curation status: metadata complete
textual definition: A code set of CRID records, each consisting of a CRID symbol and additional information which was recorded in the code set through an assigning a centrally registered identifier process.
term editor: Justin Whorton
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bill Hogan
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
alternative label: CRID registry
definition source: Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/237

written name
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: written name
example of usage: "Bill Clinton"
example of usage: "The Eiffel Tower"
example of usage: "United States of America"
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A textual entity that denotes a particular in reality.
term editor: PERSON: Bill Hogan
definition source: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/114
curator note: The qualifier "written" is to set it apart from spoken names. Also, note the restrictions to particulars. We are not naming universals. We could however, be naming, attributive collections which are particulars, so "All people located in the boundaries of the city of Little Rock, AR on June 18, 2011 at 9:50a CDT" would be a name.

abbreviation textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: abbreviation textual entity
example of usage: From Shiba et al. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2013; 1: 45. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3893467/): BAC: Bacterial artificial chromosome; CR: Calretinin; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; MAP: Microtubule-associated protein; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; NSC: Neural stem cell; PDA: Patent ductus arteriosus; PMG: Polymicrogyria; PNH: Periventricular nodular heterotopia; VSD: Ventricular septal defect.
textual definition: A textual entity listing abbreviations and their expansions that are used in a document.
term editor: PERSON: Bill Baumgartner
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/183

author information textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: author information textual entity
example of usage: From Takon. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2011; 10: 25. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204268/): IT [the author] is the lead paediatrician for ADHD services in East Hertfordshire, UK, where she runs a weekly joint ADHD clinic with the Child and Adolescent psychiatrist and works within an ADHD specialist team. IT also sees children with other neurodisability issues who may have comorbid ADHD, where the presentation may be more complex and challenging to manage. IT has vast experience in managing children with complex ADHD. She has 18 years of experience in paediatrics and also has extensive experience in the use of psychopharmacologic agents in managing children with ADHD.
textual definition: A textual entity expression information about an author of a document. This information may include biographical information and may discuss how the authors' professional experiences are relevant to the work described in the document.
term editor: PERSON: Bill Baumgartner
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/183

keyword textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: keyword textual entity
example of usage: From: Fu and Lin. Identification of gene-oriented exon orthology between human and mouse. BMC Genomics. 2012; 13(Suppl 1): S10. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303729/): Exon orthology; alternative splicing; exon duplication; intron-exon structure.
textual definition: A textual entity listing keywords indicating the major theme(s) of a document.
term editor: PERSON: Bill Baumgartner
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/183

related work textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: related work textual entity
example of usage: Excerpt from Žitnik and Zupan. Bioinformatics. 2015 Jun 15; 31(12): i230–i239. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4542780/): Our work presented here is similar in spirit to our recently developed methodology for data fusion via collective matrix factorization (Žitnik and Zupan, 2015).
textual definition: A textual entity that discusses work from other publications and expresses their relevancy to the content of a document.
term editor: PERSON: Bill Baumgartner
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/183

requirements textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: requirements textual entity
example of usage: From Qi et al. BMC Bioinformatics. 2014; 15: 11. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897912/): • Operating systems: Platform independent • Programming language: Matlab, R, Python • Other requirements: None • License: GNU GPL v3 • Any restrictions to use by non-academics: None
textual definition: A textual entity that expresses the requirements necessary to use a resource, e.g. software.
term editor: PERSON: Bill Baumgartner
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/183

ORCID identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A centrally registered identifier that is issued by ORCID (https://orcid.org/) and used to persistantly identify oneself as a human researcher or contributor.
editor note: "You can connect your iD with your professional information — affiliations, grants, publications, peer review, and more. You can use your iD to share your information with other systems, ensuring you get recognition for all your contributions, saving you time and hassle, and reducing the risk of errors." [https://orcid.org/]
editor note: This class was originally defined in Apollo_SV (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/APOLLO_SV_00000496) but due to it being more in scope of IAO, it was decided to add it to IAO and deprecate its Apollo_SV equivalent. (2022-10-25)
term editor: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1595-3213
alternative label: ORCID ID
alternative label: ORCiD
alternative label: Open Researcher and Contributor ID
alternative label: Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier
definition source: https://orcid.org/
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/259

given name
type: Class
subclass of: identifier
textual definition: A personal name that specifies and differentiates between members of a group of individuals, especially in a family, all of whose members usually share the same family name (surname). A given name is purposefully given, usually by a child's parents at or near birth, in contrast to an inherited one such as a family name
term editor: Justin Whorton
term editor: Mathias Brochhausen
alternative label: first name
definition source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/237

family name
type: Class
subclass of: identifier
textual definition: An identifier that is typically a part of a person's name which has been passed, according to law or custom, from one or both parents to their children.
term editor: Justin Whorton
term editor: Mathias Brochhausen
alternative label: last name
alternative label: surname
definition source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_name
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/237

code set
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
textual definition: An information content entity that is a collection of other information content entities that has been created to identify or annotate things in a specified domain, and where the intention of its creators is that the collection has a one-to-one correspondence with those things.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: Justin Whorton
term editor: Mathias Brochhausen
alternative label: code map
alternative label: code system
alternative label: codeset
alternative label: coding system
alternative label: controlled vocabulary
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/237
contributor: Alan Ruttenberg
contributor: Clint Dowland
contributor: Matt Diller
contributor: Sarah Bost
contributor: William R. Hogan
comment: Code sets might include non-entities/things (e.g. missing thumbs).
comment: Does not imply absence vs. presence of any taxonomy.
comment: Does not imply that aggregated entities denote particulars, universals, or defined classes (a.k.a. attributive collections) or even that they denote only one of these three types of entities.
comment: Each aggregated entity is often (but not necessarily) associated with a text string—variously called a “description,” “name,” “title,” or “label”—that helps humans reach the target of denotation. When there is no such string, it is almost always because the entities take the form of human language words. For example, a “sex” or “gender” code set could contain “MALE” and “FEMALE,” or even “M” and “F” (by convention, we understand what these mean).
comment: For National Drug Codes (NDCs) and similar code sets, there doesn’t even have to be a single, fully-concretized copy somewhere (for example, for NDCs there is no centralized database or repository where they all live as one instance of concretization of code set). The code set can be “distributively” concretized. This seems like an unusual exception, but it also likely applies to Universal Product Codes (UPCs) and their follow on Global Trade Item Numbers (GTINs).
comment: For each given domain, there can potentially exist multiple code sets. The multiplicity of code sets is partially due to the different specific purposes of those code sets.
comment: Many code sets are created for a specific purpose in addition to merely identifying or annotating core ideas of a specified domain.
comment: The information content entities do not denote each other.

ontology module
type: Class
subclass of: data about an ontology part
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: ontology module
editor note: I have placed this under 'data about an ontology part', but this can be discussed. I think this is OK if 'part' is interpreted reflexively, as an ontology module is the whole ontology rather than part of it.
alternative label: ontology file
curator note: This class and it's subclasses are applied to OWL ontologies. Using an rdf:type triple will result in problems with OWL-DL. I propose that dcterms:type is instead used to connect an ontology URI with a class from this hierarchy. The class hierarchy is not disjoint, so multiple assertions can be made about a single ontology.

base ontology module
type: Class
subclass of: ontology variant
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: base ontology module
textual definition: An ontology module that comprises only of asserted axioms local to the ontology, excludes import directives, and excludes axioms or declarations from external ontologies.

editors ontology module
type: Class
subclass of: ontology module
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: editors ontology module
textual definition: An ontology module that is intended to be directly edited, typically managed in source control, and typically not intended for direct consumption by end-users.
alternative label: source ontology module

main release ontology module
type: Class
subclass of: ontology variant
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: main release ontology module
textual definition: An ontology module that is intended to be the primary release product and the one consumed by the majority of tools.
editor note: TODO: Add logical axioms that state that a main release ontology module is derived from (directly or indirectly) an editors module

reasoned ontology module
type: Class
subclass of: ontology variant
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: reasoned ontology module
textual definition: An ontology module that contains axioms generated by a reasoner. The generated axioms are typically direct SubClassOf axioms, but other possibilities are available.

expert discussion
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
comment: An event that involves a focused exchange of knowledge, opinions, and insights among specialists in a particular field to address complex topics, evaluate research findings, or explore emerging trends.

event frequency datum
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: specification datum
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    all values from: event
subclass of: specification datum
comment: Event frequency datum describes how often an events occurs within a given time interval
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Events’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘event frequency’ class was created to respond to competency questions like which frequency ab event take places?
example: annual, weekly, twice per year, 72 beats per minute, every four years

matwerk project
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: the matwerk project
subclass of: project
comment: A MatWerk project is a project within the NFDI MatWerk consortium that involves coordinated research, development, or infrastructure activities aimed at advancing materials science and engineering through data-driven methodologies and digitalization.

collaboration
type: Class
subclass of: process
comment: A collaboration is a process in which multiple entities, such as individuals, organizations, or institutions, work together toward shared goals, contributing resources, expertise, or services to achieve mutual benefits.
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘International Collaboration’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Collaboration’ class and its subclasses were created to defind the type of collaborations, and respond to competency questions like: what type of collaboration exists between organizations A and B, which agents are involved in collaboration C, which collaborations has agent D, etc.

strategic collaboration
type: Class
subclass of: collaboration
comment: Strategic Collaboration is a collaboration process in which multiple entities align their long-term objectives and resources to achieve significant mutual benefits in research, business, or policy initiatives.

networking
type: Class
subclass of: collaboration
comment: Networking is a collaboration process that involves building and maintaining professional, academic, or organizational relationships to exchange knowledge, expertise, or resources.

project collaboration
type: Class
subclass of: collaboration
comment: Project Collaboration is a collaboration process in which multiple entities contribute expertise, resources, and labor toward the successful completion of a specific project.

joint efforting
type: Class
subclass of: collaboration
comment: Joint Efforting is a collaboration process in which multiple entities combine efforts, knowledge, or labor toward a common goal, often in research, policy-making, or community initiatives.

joint servicing
type: Class
subclass of: collaboration
comment: Joint Servicing is a collaboration process in which two or more entities jointly provide or maintain a service, ensuring operational efficiency and shared responsibility.

alliancing
type: Class
subclass of: collaboration
comment: Alliancing is a collaboration process in which two or more entities form a long-term cooperative relationship based on shared objectives, often in research, industry, or government sectors.

parenting
type: Class
subclass of: collaboration
comment: Partnering is a collaboration process in which two or more entities form a structured partnership to achieve specific research, business, or development goals.

nfdi matwerk consortium
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: nfdi consortium
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: participates in
    some values from: matwerk project
subclass of: nfdi consortium
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: participates in
  some values from: matwerk project
alternative label: National Research Data Infrastructure for Materials Science & Engineering
alternative label: Nationale Forschungsdateninfrastruktur für Materialwissenschaft & Werkstofftechnik @de
definition source: https://nfdi-matwerk.de/
comment: NFDI-MatWerk will focus on the research areas of materials science and materials engineering. The key challenges in these fields are the digital mapping of materials and their process and loading parameters. This process touches core aspects of scientific ways of working starting with scientific exchange, data handling and the resulting technological possibilities. The digital transformation of materials science and materials engineering is an opportunity to promote, structure and optimize this exchange - provided that transparent communication standards are created. This fundamental change is therefore being tackled in a joint effort by the consortium and the specialist community.
comment: The National Research Data Infrastructure for Materials Science & Engineering (NFDI-MatWerk) is a consortium in Germany dedicated to developing a national infrastructure for managing research data in the field of materials science and engineering. Established in 2021, NFDI-MatWerk focuses on integrating and standardizing data from various sources, including experimental and simulation data, along with their associated metadata. This comprehensive approach supports the entire data lifecycle—from planning and collection to analysis, preservation, sharing, and reuse—aiming to enhance data accessibility, interoperability, and reusability within the scientific community. By providing tools and frameworks for efficient data management, NFDI-MatWerk facilitates innovative research and fosters collaboration among scientists. The consortium also emphasizes the development of standardized metadata and terminologies to ensure seamless data integration and sharing across different platforms and stakeholders. Through these efforts, NFDI-MatWerk aims to advance materials science and engineering by promoting effective data management practices and long-term accessibility of high-quality research data.

infrastructure use case
type: Class
subclass of: service product
alternative label: IUC
comment: An Infrastructure Use Case (IUC) is a service product that defines a specific application scenario, requirement, or implementation of research infrastructure, demonstrating its functionality, benefits, and impact in a given scientific or industrial domain.
example: NFDI MatWerk Infrastructure Use Cases (IUCs) are exmplary scenarios used to demonstrate and validate the functionality of the NFDI-MatWerk infrastructure in real-world research contexts. They illustrate how the digital infrastructure can be applied to various stages of materials science research, including data acquisition, processing, sharing, and analysis. Developed in collaboration with the research community, IUCs provide detailed examples of how researchers can effectively use the infrastructure to enhance their workflows. By showcasing specific applications, IUCs highlight the capabilities and benefits of the infrastructure, guiding its development to meet actual research needs and ensuring that it aligns with the dynamic requirements of materials science and engineering.

large scale facility
type: Class
subclass of: service product
comment: A Large-Scale Facility is a service product that provides specialized, high-capacity infrastructure for scientific research, engineering, or computational purposes, supporting large-scale experiments, simulations, and data analysis in various domains.
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Large-Scale Facility’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Large-Scale Facility’ class and its subclasses were created to define the types of used facilituies and respond to competency questions like: what large-scale facilities support research in field X, which organization provide facility Y, what is the contact point with facility Z, etc.
example: European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ), CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

matwerk participant project
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: project
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: occurrent part of
    some values from: matwerk project
subclass of: project
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occurrent part of
  some values from: matwerk project
comment: Participant Projects (PPs) are projects by NFDI-MatWerk partners that address specific scientific and technological challenges, providing practical examples and feedback for the development and validation of the infrastructure.

developing process
type: Class
subclass of: implementing process
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: implementing process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: independent continuant
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has output
    some values from: NFDI resource
comment: A process that involves the creation, adaptation, or refinement of an entity, with the participation of some participants, leading to specific outcomes.

laboratory
type: Class
subclass of: place
comment: A place that provides a controlled environment equipped with specialized instruments and facilities for conducting scientific research, experiments, measurements, and testing across various disciplines.
example: materials characterization laboratories, chemical analysis labs, high-energy physics laboratories

co developing process
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: developing process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has output
    some values from: NFDI resource
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    min qualified cardinality: 2
    on class: independent continuant
comment: A developing process that involves the collaborative creation, adaptation, or refinement of an entity, requiring the active participation of at least two agents, leading to shared outcomes.

adapting process
type: Class
subclass of: implementing process
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: implementing process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: independent continuant
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has output
    some values from: NFDI resource
comment: A process that involves modifying or adjusting an existing entity, with the participation of some participants, to improve its suitability for a specific purpose or context, leading to a refined or optimized outcome.

sustainability datum
type: Class
subclass of: specification datum
comment: Sustainability datum represents the duration or persistence of a process, system, or resource over time. It defines how long an entity is expected to remain viable or functional.
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Service’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Sustainability’ class was created to respond to competency questions like: what is the sustainability of a service.
example: Continusly, 10 years, 2-4 years, until 2030

data storage capacity datum
type: Class
subclass of: specification datum
comment: Data storage capacity datum represents the maximum amount of digital information it can hold, typically measured in bytes (e.g., GB, TB, PB).
comment: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Service’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the this class was created to respond to competency questions like how much is the storage capacity of a service.

computational materials science
type: Class
subclass of: materials science
comment: Computational Materials Science is a sub-discipline of Materials Science that applies computational methods and simulations to study and predict material properties and behaviors.
example: Molecular dynamics simulations of metal alloys and first-principles calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT)

materials mechanical behavior
type: Class
subclass of: materials science
definition source: Meyers, M. A., & Chawla, K. K. (2009). Mechanical Behavior of Materials. Cambridge University Press.
comment: Materials Mechanical Behavior is a sub-discipline of Material Science that examines how materials respond to applied forces, including elasticity, plasticity, hardness, toughness, and fracture mechanics.
example: Investigating stress-strain behavior in metals, polymer viscoelasticity, and ceramic fracture toughness are part of Materials Mechanical Behavior.

materials deformation processes
type: Class
subclass of: materials science
definition source: Dieter, G. E. (1986). Mechanical Metallurgy. McGraw-Hill.
comment: Materials Deformation Processes is a sub-discipline of Material Science that studies how materials change shape under external forces, including plastic deformation, elastic deformation, and failure mechanisms.
example: Research on metal forming, fatigue behavior, creep deformation, and fracture mechanics falls under Materials Deformation Processes.

materials characterization
type: Class
subclass of: materials science
comment: Materials Characterization is a sub-discipline of Material Science that focuses on analyzing and measuring the structure, composition, and properties of materials using experimental techniques and analytical tools.
example: Techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are widely used in Materials Characterization.

materials thermodynamics
type: Class
subclass of: materials science
definition source: Gaskell, D. R. (2008). Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Materials. CRC Press.
comment: Materials Thermodynamics is a sub-discipline of Material Science that examines the energy interactions, phase equilibria, and thermodynamic stability of materials.
example: Studies of phase diagrams, Gibbs free energy, and diffusion kinetics in alloys and ceramics belong to Materials Thermodynamics.

materials design
type: Class
subclass of: materials science
definition source: Ashby, M. F. (2010). Materials Selection in Mechanical Design. Butterworth-Heinemann.
comment: Materials Design is a sub-discipline of Material Science that focuses on developing and optimizing materials for specific applications based on composition, structure, and property relationships.
example: The development of lightweight aerospace alloys, biomaterials for medical implants, and high-strength composites are examples of Materials Design.

materials surface science
type: Class
subclass of: materials science
definition source: Zangwill, A. (1988). Physics at Surfaces. Cambridge University Press.
comment: Materials Surface Science is a sub-discipline of Material Science that explores the properties, chemistry, and interactions at material surfaces and interfaces.
example: Studying corrosion mechanisms, thin film deposition, and tribology (friction, wear, and lubrication) falls under Materials Surface Science.

materials microstructural
type: Class
subclass of: materials science
definition source: Reed-Hill, R. E. (1992). Physical Metallurgy Principles. PWS Publishing.
comment: Materials Microstructural is a sub-discipline of Material Science that studies the internal structure of materials at micro- and nano-scales, including grains, phases, and defects.
example: Studies using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to analyze dislocations and grain boundaries fall under Materials Microstructural.

data driven material science
type: Class
subclass of: materials science
comment: Data-Driven Material Science is a sub-discipline of Material Science that utilizes data analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence techniques to analyze material properties, optimize material design, and accelerate materials discovery.
example: Using neural networks to predict the mechanical properties of composites, applying high-throughput screening methods for new material synthesis, and employing AI-driven materials informatics platforms are examples of Data-Driven Material Science.

materials processing
type: Class
subclass of: materials science
definition source: Kalpakjian, S., & Schmid, S. R. (2016). Manufacturing Engineering and Technology. Pearson.
comment: Materials Processing is a sub-discipline of Material Science that investigates techniques for transforming raw materials into functional products through methods such as casting, welding, and additive manufacturing.
example: Processes like powder metallurgy, hot rolling, laser sintering, and electrochemical machining are studied under Materials Processing.

implementing process
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: independent continuant
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has output
    some values from: NFDI resource
comment: A process that applies, integrates, or refines an entity, encompassing development, co-development, and adaptation, with participant involvement to achieve a functional outcome.

reference dataset
type: Class
subclass of: dataset
definition source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2025.120735
comment: A Reference Dataset is a dataset that serves as a benchmark or standardized collection of data used for validation, comparison, and reproducibility in scientific research and engineering applications.
comment: Reference data of materials - are documented according to certain standards as well as - are curated (i.e., generated, maintained, preserved, validated) according to certain standards - are quantitative data sets (i.e., data + their corresponding metadata) - have been measured or simulated to a particularly high standard, and - are generated for a material that has either experienced a well-documented process or is reference material or its composition and structure has been completely characterized. Reference data of materials can also be derived data from reference data. These data are distributed with a license (e.g., GPL). The here addressed standards for documentation, curation and measurement need to be defined for specific materials characteristics (e.g., creep tests) in terms of domain standards. These domain standards are the result of a steered community process. Standards should integrate as much as possible existing standards (e.g., the individual MatWerk domain standards should be as much as possible consistent).
example: BAM reference data: results of ASTM E139 -11 creep tests on a reference material of Nimonic 75 nickel-base alloy (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7764161)

simulation dataset
type: Class
subclass of: dataset
comment: A Simulation Dataset is a dataset that contains data generated from computational models, numerical simulations, or digital twin environments to predict material behaviors, properties, and interactions.
example: Examples include DFT simulation datasets, molecular dynamics (MD) trajectory files, and phase-field modeling results.

experimental dataset
type: Class
subclass of: dataset
comment: An Experimental Dataset is a dataset that contains measured or observed data collected from laboratory experiments, physical tests, or scientific investigations.

journal article
type: Class
subclass of: publication
comment: A Journal Article is a peer-reviewed scholarly publication that presents original research, review studies, or theoretical discussions, typically published in academic journals.

sparql endpoint
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: sparql endpoint of
  some values from: entity
subclass of: information content entity
subclass of: web application software
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: sparql endpoint of
  some values from: entity
comment: A SPARQL Endpoint is a web application software that provides a queryable interface for accessing and retrieving structured data from RDF-based knowledge graphs using the SPARQL query language.
example: Wikidata Query Service, DBpedia SPARQL Endpoint, Linked Data Fragments

conference paper
type: Class
subclass of: publication
comment: A Conference Paper is a scholarly publication that presents research findings at an academic or professional conference, typically published in conference proceedings.

conference poster
type: Class
subclass of: publication
comment: A Conference Poster is a visual presentation of research findings, displayed at an academic or professional conference to facilitate discussion and knowledge exchange.

conference abstract
type: Class
subclass of: publication
comment: A Conference Abstract is a brief summary of research findings or scholarly work submitted for presentation at an academic or professional conference, often serving as a precursor to a full paper or presentation.

interim report
type: Class
subclass of: report
comment: An Interim Report is a report that provides a temporary or progress-based assessment of an ongoing project, research, or operational activity, documenting current findings, challenges, and future directions before the final report is completed.

presentation document
type: Class
subclass of: document
comment: A Presentation Document is a document that consists of structured visual and textual content designed for conveying information to an audience, typically used in meetings, conferences, and educational settings.

material designation
type: Class
subclass of: identifier
comment: Material designation is an identifier assigned to a material to specify its name, Id, classification, composition, or standardized reference in scientific, engineering, or industrial contexts.
example: ASTM A36 for structural steel, UNS C11000 for copper, DIN 1.4404 for stainless steel

goal textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
comment: A goal textual entity is a textual entity that describes the intended objectives, aims, or targets of a project, initiative, organization, or research effort, providing a clear statement of purpose and expected outcomes.

measure textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
comment: A measure textual entity is a textual entity that describes quantitative or qualitative assessments, metrics, or evaluation criteria used to analyze, compare, or monitor a specific process, performance, or characteristic.

added value textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
comment: An added value textual entity is a textual entity that describes the achievements, benefits, or additional value generated by a project, service, or initiative, highlighting its impact, improvements, or contributions.
editorial note: In responce to competency questions like what are the added values of project X1 or service X2.

affiliation
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
comment: An affiliation is a textual entity that specifies the organizational or institutional association of an individual, group, or entity, typically used in academic, professional, or research contexts.
example: FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz-Institute for Information Infrastructure Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods

repository hosting data portal
type: Class
subclass of: data portal
comment: A Repository Hosting Data Portal is a data portal that provides infrastructure and tools for hosting datasets, code, and publications in a structured and accessible format.
example: Zenodo, Figshare, Dataverse

research data repository
type: Class
subclass of: data portal
comment: A Research Data Repository is a data portal designed for the preservation, management, and sharing of research datasets, ensuring long-term accessibility and compliance with open science principles.
example: Open Science Framework (OSF), Harvard Dataverse

material science database
type: Class
subclass of: data portal
comment: A Material Science Database is a data portal that provides access to structured data related to materials science.
example: Materials Project database, NOMAD Archive, Open Quantum Materials Database (OQMD)

material science knowledge base
type: Class
subclass of: data portal
comment: A Material Science Knowledge Base is a data portal that provides structured information, conceptual models, and reasoning capabilities related to materials science research and applications.

data analysis portal
type: Class
subclass of: data portal
comment: A data analysis portal is a data portal that provides tools, services, and computational resources for performing data analysis, visualization, and interpretation.
example: JupyterHub platforms, KNIME analytics portals, R Shiny-based analysis environments

linked data portal
type: Class
subclass of: data portal
comment: A Linked Data Portal is a data portal that supports the publication, access, and exploration of linked datasets using semantic web technologies and standardized data formats.
example: Wikidata Query Service, DBpedia, Europeana Linked Open Data portal

software repository
type: Class
subclass of: data portal
comment: A Software Repository is a data portal designed to store, manage, and distribute software packages, source code, and related documentation for research, development, and deployment purposes.
example: GitHub, GitLab, Apache Software Foundation repositories

software license
type: Class
equivalent class: license
subclass of: information content entity
textual definition: A licence is a legal instrument (usually by way of contract law, with or without printed material) governing the use or redistribution of the resource containing the licence.
definition source: Modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license
creator: James Malone
label: licence

NFDI resource
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  union of: creative work
  union of: service product
subclass of: continuant
comment: An information content entity that refers to digital creative works and services, and is utilized to organize the resources of NFDI. The most generic kind of a resource and may be associated with any kind of digital creative work, e.g. datasets, collections, metadata; offered products and services, e.g. data portals, data curation, data digitization.
editorial note: 2024-03-25 - Sasha Bruns: This class is useful in nfdicore to provide a unified and structured representation of the diverse range of resources that contribute to the NFDI infrastructure. IMO, it helps to emphasize the scope of resources that can be contributed to the NFDI compared to all information content entites in IAO.
readable IRI label: Resource

project
type: Class
subclass of: process
comment: A process of a scientific or business endeavor that aims to conclude an investigation or to answer a research question.
editorial note: A scientific or business endeavor that aims to conclude an investigation or to answer a research question.

organization
type: Class
subclass of: agent
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: immaterial entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: agent role
comment: An immaterial entity that refers to a group of individuals, which structures and coordinates the activities of individuals or groups toward achieving common goal within a defined framework.
editorial note: An organization of some kind, e.g. research organization or business organization
example: University Library in Leipzig, Museums of City Cologne

person
type: Class
subclass of: agent
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: object
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: agent role
comment: An object that represents a single human individual.
editorial note: 2024-03-24. Sasha Bruns - the class is not mapped to NCBITaxon_9606 (homo sapiens) due to different scope of the ontologies. "Person" in nfdicore represents entities with specific roles, responsibilities, and attributes within an organization, and is not limited to its biological characteristics.
example: Harald Sack, Tabea Tietz, Sasha Bruns, Etienne Posthumus

place
type: Class
subclass of: site
comment: A site that refers to geographical locations, such as cities, countries, landmarks, and natural environments.
editorial note: A spatial region, e.g. country, city or district.
example: Hessen, Berlin, Schweiz
term tracker annotation: Issue: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/75

consortium
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: organization
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has continuant part
    some values from: consortium member
comment: An organisation that consists of multiple independent groups and individuals, who join together to collaborate on a specific goal.
editorial note: A consortium of autonomous organizations collaborating towards a shared goal, operating within the framework of an agreement.
example: NFDI4Culture, NFDI-MatWerk, DataPLANT.

consortium member
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: organization
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    all values from: consortium member role
subclass of: organization
comment: An organization that has a specific role, responsibilities or contributions within the consortium framework.
editorial note: A consortium member refers to an individual organization that has a specific role, responsibilities or contributions within the consortium framework.
example: Museums of City Cologne is a member of NFDI4Culture consortium.

creative work
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Class
    union of: independent continuant
    union of: information content entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: has output
    some values from: creative process
subclass of: NFDI resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: has output
  some values from: creative process
comment: An independent continuant or information content entity that refers to a manifestation of someone's creative effort. A creative work refers to a digital intellectual or artistic resource, e.g. a dataset, metadata, a guideline, a software and other materials offering relevant information or instructions within their specific domains.
editorial note: 2024-03-22. Sasha Bruns - Unlike schema:CreativeWork, nfdicore:CreativeWork is specialized to cover digital creative works only. Through the mapping to "schema:CreativeWork and 'information content entity'", we exclude material creative works such as real paintings, architectural objects, and other physical artifacts, which fall outside the scope of nfdicore:CreativeWork.
example: TRANSRAZ Data Model, NFDI4Culture Knowledge Graph, Guide for digital collection management at art museums, NFDI4Culture SPARQL Endpoint, Registry for Tools & Services, RADAR4Culture service, etc.

dataset
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
comment: An information content entity that refers to a structured collection of data, organized typically for a specific goal such as analysis, research, or reference. Dataset is structured information about a resource provided by an organization or a person.
editorial note: 2024-04-10. Sasha Bruns: nfdicore:dataset and ioa:data set are not equivalent, due to their differing conceptualizations of what constitutes a iao:data item, which is a superclass of iao:data set. In the nfdicore ontology, a dataset may not necessarily align perfectly with the definition of a data item, since this definition implies a level of accuracy that may not always apply to datasets in their entirety. While a nfdicore:dataset may contain data items, it doesn't necessarily qualify as a data item itself under the strict definition provided by ioa:dataset. This differentiation helps us avoid ambiguity and ensures that our modeling aligns with the intended semantics.
example: Fotothek Bibliotheca Hertziana Max-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte 320px static derivates research dataset (https://doi.org/10.17617/3.SVH2BT)

plan
type: Class
equivalent class: plan
subclass of: realizable entity
comment: A realizable entity that represents a structured set of intended actions or steps designed to achieve specific objectives or outcomes.

publishing process
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000444
comment: A process of making information, such as literature, music, and software etc., available to the public for sale or for free.

identifier
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0020000
comment: An information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity.

software development
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/APOLLO_SV_00000008
comment: A process that has specified output a software product and that involves the creation of source code.

spokesperson role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: person
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when representing, advocating, or communicating on behalf of an organization or group to convey messages or information.

academic event
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: event
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: agent
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: bearer of
        some values from: academic organization role
comment: An event that focuses on scholarly activities and the exchange of knowledge, typically involving presentations, discussions, or collaborations among researchers, academics, and students, often in the context of conferences, workshops, seminars, symposia, or colloquia, to advance a specific field of study or interdisciplinary research.

academic organization role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: organization
comment: A role inherent in an organization that is realized when coordinating, managing, or supporting academic activities, programs, or research to promote education and knowledge advancement.

industry organization role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: organization
comment: A role inherent in an organization that is realized when promoting, regulating, or supporting industry-specific standards, practices, and collaboration to advance sector development and innovation.

workflow
type: Class
subclass of: plan
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: plan
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: workflow process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: concretizes
    some values from: workflow specification
comment: A plan that specifies a sequence of tasks, processes, or operations, often involving multiple agents, tools, or systems, to achieve a specific goal or produce a desired outcome.
editorial note: A workflow defines the logical order and dependencies of steps, the roles or entities responsible for each step, and the inputs and outputs required for and produced by each task. It is a realizable entity that can be enacted or executed within a defined context, such as a business process, computational framework, or organizational procedure.

document
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
example of usage: A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000310
comment: A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole

ontology
type: Class
subclass of: data item
comment: An (nfdi) ontology is a data item that coherently represents all components of an ontology, including its versions, variants, modules and other associated artifacts. It is typically denoted by a name and/or an acronym, which is the term we use to communicate about it.

ontology variant
type: Class
subclass of: ontology module
comment: An ontology variant represents a self-contained, reusable subset of an ontology that provides a specific functionality while maintaining interoperability with the larger ontology. Typically, an ontology is released in different variants, which makes a variant a release artifact.

patent
type: Class
subclass of: document
example of usage: US Patent 6,449,603
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000313
comment: A document that has been accepted by a patent authority

ontology release version
type: Class
subclass of: data item
comment: An (nfdi) ontology release version represents a particular release of an ontology.

file data item
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: data item
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is subject of
    some values from: data format specification
comment: A file data item is a data item that represents a file stored on a hard drive. It might also include essential attributes like its name, location, download URL, size, type, and timestamps for creation, modification, and access. It might also capture permissions and ownership details to control how the file can be accessed or modified.

report
type: Class
subclass of: document
comment: A document that conveys information, data, or findings, typically structured in a formal or semi-formal manner, to communicate the results of an analysis, investigation, observation, or activity.
editorial note: A report is created with the intent of informing specific audiences and may include textual descriptions, visualizations, metrics, or conclusions. It is a realizable entity that is produced and maintained as part of a process or workflow.

source code repository
type: Class
subclass of: document
comment: A document that organizes and stores source code files, associated metadata, and version history to facilitate the management, sharing, and collaborative development of software projects. It serves as a structured collection of information that tracks changes, maintains integrity, and supports workflows such as version control, branching, and merging.

academic discipline
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
comment: An information content entity that specifies the subject area, domain or academic discipline of an entity. An academic discipline, a research field or domain of an entity, e.g. a domain of a data portal or a field of study of a person.
editorial note: 2024-03-26: SB & JW: Following the OMIT Ontology, the academy discilpine is defined as a subclass of bfo:quality (see e.g. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OMIT_0001008)
editorial note: 2024-12-16: TT & JW: An academic discipline is not a quality, as assumed before, but an ICE. A discipline like philosophy or chemistry consists of structured knowledge, theories, and practices. These are abstract entities that represent and encode information.
example: Q12271
example: Architecture, Art History, Musicology, Media Studies, Performing Arts
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/80

service process
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has output
    some values from: service product
comment: A process that organizes activities and resources to deliver a specific service, ensuring its efficiency, reliability, and alignment with intended goals.
term tracker annotation: Issue: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/75

agent
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: agent role
subclass of: independent continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: bearer of
  some values from: agent role
comment: An independent continuant that acts autonomously and is entrusted with the authority to represent, negotiate, or act on behalf of another agent.
editorial note: A class that represents entities that are capable of autonomous actions, decision-making, or interaction within a given environment, e.g. persons or organizations.
example: Torsten Schrade, Linnaea Söhn, Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz

city
type: Class
subclass of: place
comment: A place that refers to a densely populated urban area.
editorial note: A city or a town where the thing is located.
example: Berlin, Hannover, Kyiv

collection
type: Class
subclass of: object aggregate
comment: A material entity that represents a collection of material entities intended to be understood together as a whole.
editorial note: A tangible collection of valuables published or curated by an organization or a person.
example: A collection of arts displayed at the museum

consortium member role
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: project
subclass of: agent role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has realization
  some values from: project
comment: A role inherent in an organization that is realized when the organization is a member of a consortium.

contacting process
type: Class
subclass of: process
comment: A process in which the contact information of an entity is provided.
readable IRI label: Contacting

contact point role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when the agent is a contact point of a resource or a project.

contributing process
type: Class
subclass of: process
comment: A process of contibuting or providing information to an endeavor.
readable IRI label: Contributing

contributor role
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: contributing process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: agent
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: participates in
        some values from: contributing process
subclass of: agent role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has realization
  some values from: contributing process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inheres in
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: agent
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: participates in
      some values from: contributing process
comment: A role inherent in an agent that provides input, resources, or effort to support or enhance a project, work, or process.

country
type: Class
subclass of: place
comment: A place that refers to a defined geographical area distinguished by its territorial boundaries, governance structure, and sovereignty.
editorial note: A country where the thing is located.

database software
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Software that provides large amounts of structured data from repositories and archives to the user. Usually the data can be uploaded, accessed, searched and/or downloaded via a web browser.

data curation service
type: Class
subclass of: service process
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: The activity of managing and promoting the use of data from their point of creation to ensure that they are fit for contemporary purpose and available for discovery and reuse. For dynamic datasets this may mean continuous enrichment or updating to keep them fit for purpose. Higher levels of curation will also involve links with annotation and with other published materials

data portal
type: Class
subclass of: website
comment: A website that serves as a centralized platform for accessing, managing, and sharing datasets, information, or resources related to a specific topic, theme, or domain.
editorial note: An online platform that provides access to datasets.
example: Bach digital, KultSam, MusiXplora

event
type: Class
subclass of: process
comment: An process that represents an organized happening that unfolds in time.
editorial note: A class that represents entities that occur or unfold in time, typically characterized by a specific organized happening or occurrence with temporal properties.
example: conferences, celebrations, workshops, meetings, or any other specific incident or happening that has been planned somehow.

federal state
type: Class
subclass of: place
comment: A place that refers to a geographical territory forming part of a country.
editorial note: A federal state where the thing is located.
example: Sachsen, Berlin @de

funding organization role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: organization
comment: A role inherent in an organization that is realized when the organization serves as a funder to endevaours, e.g. projects.

software library
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Collection of pre-implemented functions for a specific task that can be accessed via a well-defined interface.

license
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
comment: An information content entity that refers to a legal instrument (usually by way of contract law, with or without printed material) governing the use or redistribution of the resource containing the licence.
editorial note: A document that provides legal guidelines for the use of a resource, e.g. a software.
example: cc-by-3, Digital Peer Publishing Lizenz

media type
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
comment: A directive information entity that describes a media type a bearer has.
editorial note: A digital resource format or physical medium.
example: doc, avi, mpeg, epub, txt, MIME-type, record, cassette, VHS, LaserDiscs, CD, DVD, Blu-ray color lithograph, text book

MIME-type
type: Class
subclass of: media type
comment: A media type that serves as a standardized identifier for specifying the nature and format of data.
editorial note: The MIME-type template of the resource
example: https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/dicom, https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/video/mp4, https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/text/n3
readable IRI label: MIMEType

electrical engineering
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the study, design, and application of electrical systems and technologies. Electrical engineering involves the development of devices, circuits, and systems for power generation, communication, electronics, and automation.

process engineering
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the design, optimization, and operation of industrial processes to transform raw materials into valuable products. Process engineering applies principles of chemistry, physics, and engineering to improve efficiency, sustainability, and safety in industries such as manufacturing, energy, and pharmaceuticals.

programming language
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
comment: A plan specification that is used for implementing software.
editorial note: A formal language used for implementing a software.
example: Java, Ruby, C++, Perl, PHP

publication
type: Class
subclass of: document
comment: A publication that is the output of a publishing process and a creative process.
editorial note: A published scholarly work that reports on ongoing activity about or within a resource, e.g. a dataset.
example: MusiXplora: Visual analysis of a musicological encyclopedia, Textkategorien in kompositorischen Werkstattdokumenten

publisher role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: publishing process
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when the bearer participates in the publishing of the document.

software
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: plan specification
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: has output
    some values from: creative process
comment: A plan specification that comprises a set of instructions, programs, or algorithms designed to perform specific tasks or functions on a computer or other electronic devices.
editorial note: A computer software provided by an organization or a person.
example: Edirom, Muscat

specification
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: directive information entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: has output
    some values from: creative process
comment: A directive information entity that defines the requirements, characteristics, or standards for the design, implementation, or operation of a system, product, or process.Specification is a set of requirements, guidelines, standards contributed by an organization or a person.
editorial note: 2024-03-24. Sasha Bruns: specifications have dual nature - they are both directive information entities guiding actions (plan specification) and digital intellectual resources providing relevant information and guidelines (creative work).
example: Guidelines, technical specifications, design specifications

standard
type: Class
subclass of: specification
comment: A specification that establishes a set of guidelines, criteria, or norms recognized and adopted by internationational community.
editorial note: An international standard and norm that can be used to evaluate or create a resource.
example: ISO 15511, DINI-Zertifikat

storage service
type: Class
subclass of: service process
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Provision of storage space for research data as a service to external users. Access is possible via web protocols.

support service
type: Class
subclass of: service process
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Service with direct user contact for topics going beyond the support for specific single services.

technological method specification
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
comment: A plan specification that refers to a technology method employed for the creation, management, utilization, or control of a digital resource.
editorial note: A technology, e.g. a web application or a programming framework used in a resource.
example: Groovy on Grails, Angular
readable IRI label: TechnologicalMeans

software application
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Software that can be downloaded and executed locally on the users' hardware.

training service
type: Class
subclass of: service process
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Standalone training for self-study can be considered a technical service (usually a web application). Generally speaking, training materials often come in the form of specific measures or tutorials that are attached to a service and that are designed to improve the user’s service experience. Our joint understanding of training as a stand-alone service, however, is not limited to the above and includes materials designed for education in all fields of research data management.

web application software
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Software that is installed on a server and can be used by users via a web page and the internet, for example Software-as-a-service (SaaS).

website
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: information content entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: has output
    some values from: creative process
comment: An information content entity that represents a collection of interconnected web pages, multimedia content, and digital resources accessible via the World Wide Web.
editorial note: A collection of webpages contributed by an organization or a person.
example: https:\/\/opac.rism.info

creative process
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: person
comment: A process that involves generating, developing, and refining original ideas or concepts through exploration, experimentation, and problem-solving, aiming to produce innovative or expressive outcomes in artistic, scientific, or other creative fields.

workflow process
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: realizes
    some values from: workflow
comment: A process that defines and coordinates sequential tasks, activities, or steps to achieve specific objectives efficiently within an organized workflow system.

service product role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: service process
comment: Role of an immaterial entity that facilitates the delivery or support of a service product, ensuring its proper execution and value realization.

agent role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: agent
comment: Role of an independent continuant that is realized through an agent's actions, enabling the agent to perform specific functions or achieve particular outcomes within a system or context.

service provider role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: service process
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when delivering services, managing processes, and ensuring the effective fulfillment of service product requirements.

contributor
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: contributor role
comment: An agent that contributes knowledge, skills, or resources to a project, task, or initiative, actively aiding in its completion or success.

service product
type: Class
subclass of: NFDI resource
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: immaterial entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: has input
    some values from: service process
comment: An immaterial entity that provides value through a service offering, delivering intangible benefits or functionality designed to fulfill specific needs or requirements, often in a structured process.

service specification
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
comment: A plan specification that defines the requirements, features, and parameters of a service, outlining its scope, performance, and delivery criteria.

software title
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: textual entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: software
comment: A textual entity that uniquely identifies a specific software application, program, or system, often used for branding, categorization, and reference in documentation, licensing, and distribution.

citation
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000301
comment: A textual entity intended to identify a particular publication.

workflow specification
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
comment: A plan specification that defines the sequence, dependencies, roles, and conditions governing the execution of tasks and processes within a workflow, ensuring structured and efficient task coordination, automation, and completion.

project proposal
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: document
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: project
comment: A project proposal is a detailed document that outlines the objectives, scope, requirements, and deliverables of a project. It serves as a blueprint for all stakeholders, ensuring everyone understands what needs to be accomplished.

contact point
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: contact point role
comment: An agent that serves as a designated interface for communication, facilitating the exchange of information, support, or services between individuals, organizations, or systems.
example: :ex_1 a "nfdi:contact point" . :ex_1 "nfdi:is subject of" :email_1 . :email_1 a "iao:email address" . :email_1 "nfdi:has value" "test@example.org" .

GND identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: GND
alternative label: Gemeinsame Normdatei @de
alternative label: Integrated Authority File
definition source: https://www.dnb.de/EN/Professionell/Standardisierung/GND/gnd_node.html
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: A centrally registered identifier that is issued by the German National Library. The Integrated Authority File (GND) is facilitates the collaborative use and administration of authority data. These authority data represent and describe entities, i.e. persons, corporate bodies, conferences and events, geographic entities, topics and works relating to cultural and academic collections.

VIAF identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: Integrated Authority File
alternative label: VIAF
alternative label: Virtual International Authority File
definition source: https://viaf.org/en
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: The centrally registered identifier VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) is an international authority file that links and integrates authority records from multiple national libraries and other organizations. It provides a unique identifier for authors, creators, and entities, facilitating better data sharing and cataloging across institutions.
example: https://viaf.org/en/viaf/137346469

GeoNames identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: GeoNames
definition source: https://www.geonames.org/
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: GeoNames is a geographical database that provides information on places, including names, coordinates, and administrative divisions. It integrates data from multiple sources and is widely used for geolocation, mapping, and geographic information systems (GIS).
example: https://www.geonames.org/2950159

Wikidata identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: Wikidata
definition source: https://www.wikidata.org/
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: Wikidata is maintained by the Wikimedia Foundation and serves as a central repository for structured data used by Wikipedia, Wikimedia projects, and external applications.
example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1388737

ROR identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: ROR
definition source: https://ror.org/
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: ROR (Research Organization Registry) is a global, open, and community-driven registry of research organizations. It provides unique identifiers for institutions involved in research, enabling better data integration, disambiguation, and interoperability across scholarly communication systems.
example: https://ror.org/01kdxra28

ISIL identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: ISIL
alternative label: International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations
definition source: https://sigel.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: ISIL (International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations) is a globally recognized identifier system used to uniquely identify libraries, archives, museums, and other cultural institutions. It facilitates resource sharing, cataloging, and data exchange across institutions and countries.
example: https://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/organisations/DE-4153

FactGrid identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: FactGrid
definition source: https://database.factgrid.de/
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: FactGrid is a collaborative, structured knowledge database designed for historical research. It operates on Wikibase and focuses on documenting historical entities, events, and relationships.
example: https://database.factgrid.de/entity/Q595

RISM identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: RISM
alternative label: Répertoire International des Sources Musicales @fr
definition source: https://rism.info/
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: RISM (Répertoire International des Sources Musicales) is an international catalog of historical music sources, including manuscripts, printed music, and treatises. It provides unique identifiers and bibliographic data to support music research and documentation.
example: https://rism.online/sources/201001959/

export format specification
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: directive information entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has continuant part
    some values from: MIME-type
comment: A directive information entity that defines the structural, syntactic, and encoding rules for representing data when it is exported from a system.

description
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
comment: A textual entity that describe some resource.

title
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
comment: A textual entity that denotes some resource.

act of foundation
type: Class
subclass of: event
comment: The act of foundation refers to the formal establishment or creation of an institution, organization, or entity, typically through a legal, administrative, or ceremonial process.

act of dissolution
type: Class
subclass of: event
comment: The act of dissolution refers to a formal legal or administrative event that officially terminates or dissolves an entity, relationship, or agreement.

ontology namespace
type: Class
subclass of: data item
comment: A namespace refers to a distinct, unique identifier that is used to distinguish concepts and entities within an ontology from those in other ontologies or systems. It's typically represented as a URL or URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) and ensures that each element within the ontology has a globally unique reference.

creator role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
comment: A role inherent in an agent that originates, develops, or produces a work, product, or idea.

document part
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
comment: An information content entity that is part of a document.
example: An abstract, introduction, method or results section.

author list
type: Class
subclass of: document part
comment: A part of a document that enumerates the authors of the document

contributor list
type: Class
subclass of: document part
comment: A part of a document that enumerates the contributors of the document

creator list
type: Class
subclass of: document part
comment: A part of a document that enumerates the creators of the document

institution list
type: Class
subclass of: document part
comment: A part of a document that has parts that are institution identifications associated with the authors of the document

work package textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
comment: A work package textual entity is a textual entity that describes a structured unit of work within a project, outlining specific tasks, objectives, deliverables, and assigned responsibilities to achieve defined project outcomes.

comment textual entity
type: Class
subclass of: textual entity
comment: A comment textual entity is a textual entity that provides supplimentary information, feedback, opinions, clarifications, or annotations related to a specific subject.
example: peer review comments on journal articles, user feedback on digital repositories, inline annotations in collaborative documents, explanatory remarks in software code documentation

digital object identifier
type: Class
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
alternative label: DOI
comment: A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a centrally registered identifier that provides a unique, persistent reference to digital objects such as publications, datasets, and software, ensuring reliable access and citation.
example: 10.1016/j.compind.2023.104016

consortium partner
type: Class
subclass of: organization
comment: A Consortium Partner is an organization that actively collaborates within a consortium, contributing expertise, resources, or infrastructure to support shared research, development, or innovation goals.
example: universities, research institutions, industry partners, and funding agencies collaborating in NFDI MatWerk, Horizon Europe projects, and other large-scale research initiatives

nfdi consortium
type: Class
subclass of: consortium
alternative label: National Research Data Infrastructure
alternative label: Nationale Forschungsdateninfrastruktur @de
definition source: https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/funding-initiative/nfdi
definition source: https://www.nfdi.de/
comment: An NFDI Consortium is a collaborative organizational entity within the German National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) initiative, responsible for the development, management, and coordination of research data infrastructures in specific scientific domains.
comment: The National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) is intended to sytematically manage scientifich and research data, provide long-term data storage, backup and accessibility, and network the data (inter-)nationally. The German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Joint Science Conference (GWK) are working together to establish and fund the NFDI, on the basis of the administrative agreement concluded by the Federal Government and the federal states on November 26, 2018. The NFDI is designed as a nationwide network, which is built gradually and cooperatively by the respective communities. The goal is to provide a reliable and sustainable service portfolio that covers generic and disciplinary requirements of research data management in Germany. The NFDI is developed step by step and science-oriented with services available to researchers from vaious disciplines, institutions, and federal states.

academic title
type: Class
subclass of: identifier
comment: An academic title is an identifier that denotes an individual’s academic rank, qualification, or honorary designation within educational and research institutions.
example: Professor, Associate Professor, Dr., PhD, Dr. Ing.

postal code
type: Class
subclass of: identifier
comment: An identifier that denotes some postal delivery route, some aggregate of postal delivery routes or a geographical region and was created for the purpose of sorting and delivering mail.

zone improvement plan code
type: Class
subclass of: postal code
comment: A postal code that is used in the United States for the purpose of sorting and delivering mail, and that denotes some postal delivery route or some aggregate of postal delivery routes.

meeting
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
comment: Av event that brings together individuals or groups for structured discussions, decision-making, planning, or coordination of research, educational, or institutional activities.

data analysis software
type: Class
subclass of: software
comment: Data Analysis Software is a subclass of Software designed to process, visualize, and interpret structured and unstructured data using statistical, machine learning, and computational techniques.

electronic lab notebook
type: Class
subclass of: software
comment: An Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) is a subclass of Software that provides a digital platform for recording, managing, and sharing experimental procedures, observations, and research data in scientific workflows.

image processing software
type: Class
subclass of: software
comment: Image Processing Software is a subclass of Software that enables the manipulation, enhancement, analysis, and visualization of images obtained from experimental, computational, or simulation-based sources.

operating system
type: Class
subclass of: software
comment: An Operating System (OS) is a software system that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between users and the computer hardware, enabling the execution of application programs.
editorial note: Concerning the content of ‘Software’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Operating System’ class wase created to respond to competency questions like what operating systems are compatible with a specific software.
example: Windows, Linux, MacOS

simulation software
type: Class
subclass of: software
comment: Simulation Software is a subclass of Software that facilitates the modeling and numerical simulation of physical, chemical, or computational systems to study behaviors, interactions, and performance under different conditions
example: Examples include COMSOL Multiphysics, LAMMPS, Quantum ESPRESSO, and ANSYS.

workflow management software
type: Class
subclass of: software
comment: Workflow Management Software is a subclass of Software that provides tools for designing, automating, executing, and monitoring scientific or computational workflows in research and engineering domains.

event implementation specification
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: specification
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: event
subclass of: information content entity
subclass of: specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: event
comment: An event implementation specification is a type of Directive Information Entity that provides formal guidelines, constraints, and details on how an event should be executed. It specifies the mode of implementation, including logistical, technical, and procedural aspects required to carry out an event successfully.
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Event’ datasheets and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Event Implementation Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like what are the implementation formats of a given event.
example: Specifications for organizing conferences, training workshops, and academic seminars in different formats such as virtual, in-person, or hybrid settings.

funding specification
type: Class
subclass of: specification
comment: A funding specification is a directive information entity that provides structured guidelines, policies, and requirements for securing, managing, and allocating financial resources for various activities, projects, or organizations.
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Service’ datasheets and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Funding Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like what funding models exist for a given service.

information access specification
type: Class
subclass of: specification
comment: An information access specification is a directive information entity that defines the policies, conditions, and mechanisms governing the accessibility of digital or physical information resources for users or organizations.
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Publication’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Information Access Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like: what access policies apply to a specific publication document, which resources are available under open access, etc.

metadata specification
type: Class
subclass of: specification
comment: A Metadata Specification is a detailed document that describes metadata structures, guidelines, and usage policies for standardization and adoption.
example: metadata schema and standards

status specification
type: Class
subclass of: specification
comment: A status specification is a directive information entity that defines the current state, progress, or condition of an entity, process, or project based on predefined criteria and operational guidelines.
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Service’ and 'International collabrations' datasheets and their related knowledge graphs, the ‘Status Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like: what is the current status of a service or collaboration project, which collabrations are in an active state, etc.

co organizer role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when collaborating in planning, managing, and executing an event, project, or initiative alongside one or more primary organizers.

co spokesperson role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: person
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when shareing the role of representing an organization, group, or initiative, typically communicating its views, policies, or findings to the public.

collaboration partner role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when engageing in cooperative work with another individual or organization toward a shared goal, such as research, development, or business initiatives.

manufacturer role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when being responsible for producing goods, components, or materials through industrial or commercial processes.
example: Siemens as a manufacturer of industrial automation equipment or Intel as a manufacturer of semiconductor chips

organizer role
type: Class
subclass of: agent role
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when being responsible for planning, managing, and executing an event, project, or structured activity.
example: event management firms organizing scientific symposiums or non-profit organizations coordinating community outreach programs

speaker role
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: person
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when delivers presentations, lectures, or speeches at events, conferences, or public gatherings.
example: invited speakers at scientific symposiums, keynote presenters at technology expos, and guest lecturers at universities

artificial intelligence
type: Class
subclass of: computer science
definition source: Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2020). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Pearson.
comment: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that focuses on creating systems capable of performing tasks that require human-like intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving.
example: Deep learning for image recognition, reinforcement learning in robotics, and natural language processing fall under Artificial Intelligence.

theoretical computer science
type: Class
subclass of: computer science
comment: Theoretical Computer Science is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that focuses on mathematical models of computation, computational complexity, and algorithmic problem-solving
example: Studies on Turing machines, complexity classes (P vs NP), and formal languages belong to Theoretical Computer Science.

software engineering
type: Class
subclass of: computer science
comment: Software Engineering is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that applies engineering principles to the design, development, testing, and maintenance of software systems.
example: Agile software development, DevOps practices, and software architecture design fall under Software Engineering.

data science
type: Class
subclass of: computer science
definition source: Provost, F., & Fawcett, T. (2013). Data Science for Business. O'Reilly Media.
comment: Data Science is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that integrates statistical methods, machine learning, and data processing techniques to extract insights and knowledge from structured and unstructured data.
example: Predictive analytics, big data visualization, and recommendation systems are part of Data Science.

cybersecurity
type: Class
subclass of: computer science
definition source: Stallings, W. (2020). Network Security Essentials. Pearson.
comment: Cybersecurity is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that focuses on protecting computer systems, networks, and data from cyber threats, vulnerabilities, and unauthorized access.
example: Encryption techniques, intrusion detection systems, and ethical hacking studies belong to Cybersecurity.

humanity
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline focused on human culture, thought, and creativity, encompassing disciplines like literature, philosophy, and the arts.

social science
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline that studies society and human behavior through disciplines like sociology, psychology, and economics.

biology
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline that studies living organisms, their structures, functions, growth, and interactions with their environment. Biology explores the diversity of life, from microscopic organisms to complex ecosystems, and seeks to understand the underlying processes of life, evolution, and heredity.

medicine
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illnesses and injuries. Medicine involves the study of human health, medical technologies, pharmaceuticals, and patient care to improve well-being and extend life.

agriculture
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the science, practice, and business of cultivating plants, raising animals, and producing food, fiber, and other products. Agriculture involves the study of soil management, crop production, livestock care, and sustainable farming practices to ensure food security and environmental sustainability.

natural science
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline that studies the natural world through observation, experimentation, and analysis. Natural science includes fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, and earth sciences, aiming to understand the laws and processes governing the universe and life on Earth.

chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline that studies the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter. Chemistry focuses on understanding how substances interact, transform, and combine to form new materials, playing a crucial role in fields such as medicine, energy, and environmental science.

physic
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline that explores the fundamental principles governing the behavior of matter, energy, and the forces of nature. Physics seeks to understand the laws of the universe, from subatomic particles to cosmic phenomena, through experimentation, observation, and mathematical modeling.

mathematics
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline that involves the study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns, using abstract concepts and logical reasoning. Mathematics is fundamental to various fields, including science, engineering, economics, and technology, providing tools for problem-solving, analysis, and modeling.

geoscience
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the study of the Earth’s structure, processes, and materials, including the atmosphere, oceans, and landforms. Geoscience encompasses fields such as geology, meteorology, and environmental science to understand Earth’s history, natural resources, and natural hazards.

mechanical engineering
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the design, analysis, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. Mechanical engineering applies principles of physics, materials science, and mathematics to develop machines, tools, and devices used in industries such as transportation, energy, and robotics.

materials science
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline that explores the properties, performance, and applications of materials, focusing on the relationship between a material's structure and its characteristics. Materials science and engineering involves the design, development, and testing of materials for use in a wide range of industries, including aerospace, electronics, and manufacturing.

computer science
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the study of algorithms, data structures, programming, and computational systems. Computer science explores how to design, develop, and analyze software and hardware solutions to solve complex problems and advance technology.

construction engineering
type: Class
subclass of: academic discipline
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the planning, design, and management of construction projects, including buildings, infrastructure, and other structures. Construction engineering integrates principles of civil engineering, project management, and materials science to ensure safety, efficiency, and sustainability in construction processes.

workshop
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
comment: An event focused on interactive learning, where participants engage in hands-on activities or group work to develop specific skills or knowledge.

conference
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
comment: An event where experts and scholars gather to present research, exchange ideas, and discuss advancements in a particular field.

hackathon
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
comment: An event where participants collaborate intensively over a short period to develop technological solutions, such as software or hardware projects.

lecture
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
comment: An event where a subject matter expert delivers a formal presentation to inform or educate an audience about a specific topic.

course
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
comment: An event structured as a program of study, offering instruction on a particular subject, often leading to certification or academic credit.

summer school
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
comment: An event held during the summer, providing specialized courses or workshops to supplement regular academic studies or offer additional learning opportunities.

seminar
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
comment: An event where a small group of participants discuss a specific topic in depth, often involving presentations and interactive discussions.

symposium
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
comment: An event where researchers and experts present and discuss their work, often centered around a specific theme or area of study.

panel discussion
type: Class
subclass of: academic event
comment: An event featuring a group of experts who share their insights and engage in a moderated discussion on a particular subject, followed by audience questions.

data handling process
type: Class
subclass of: process
comment: A process that involves the collection, organization, cleaning, analysis, storage, and sharing of data to ensure its accuracy, accessibility, and usefulness for decision-making, research, or other applications. Data handling encompasses all stages from raw data generation to its final visualization or publication.

data producing process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
comment: A data handling process where raw data is generated through experiments, observations, or data collection tools, often as the initial step in the data lifecycle.

data processing process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
comment: A data handling process where raw data is cleaned, transformed, and analyzed to extract meaningful insights, patterns, or trends.

dataset creation process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
comment: A data handling process involving the organization and structuring of data into datasets for easier access, analysis, and sharing.

dataset documenting process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
comment: A data handling process where metadata, descriptions, and details about datasets are recorded to ensure clarity, context, and proper usage by others.

data cleaning process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
comment: A data handling process where incorrect, incomplete, or irrelevant data is identified and corrected or removed to improve the quality of the dataset.

data transformation process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
comment: A data handling process involving the conversion of data into a different format, structure, or scale to make it compatible with analysis tools or systems.

data integration process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
comment: A data handling process where data from multiple sources are combined or merged to create a cohesive and comprehensive dataset for analysis.

data storage process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
comment: A data handling process where data is securely stored in databases or other systems, ensuring it can be retrieved and accessed as needed.

data visualization process
type: Class
subclass of: data handling process
comment: A data handling process where data is represented visually through charts, graphs, or other formats to aid in understanding and decision-making.

software method
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000591
comment: A software method (also called subroutine, subprogram, procedure, method, function, or routine) is software designed to execute a specific task.

software module
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000592
comment: A software module is software composed of a collection of software methods.

software script
type: Class
subclass of: software
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000595
comment: A software script is software whose instructions can be executed using a software interpreter.

Material
type: Class
subclass of: Portion Of Matter
comment: Instances of Portions Of Matter whose shape is relevant for their dispostion to participate in a Manufacturing Process may be SemiFinishedProdcuts.
comment: The sum of portions of matter of the same type form a portion of matter of that type.
alternative label: Portion of Material
definition: A Material is a Portion Of Matter that may participate in some Manifacturing Process and whose shape is not relevant for its participation in the Manifacuring Process.

Portion Of Matter
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
comment: It is also representing a distinct physical or conceptual part of a material or substance. The open energy ontology OEO defines portion of matter as a subclass of object aggregate, which implies countability. Our portion is not (precisely) countable and thus bearer of intensive properties.
comment: Lome explanation for portion of matter: "What is a molecule cluster at the cellular level? Contrary to the molecular level, at the cellular level of granularity the boundary of each molecule is outside of the level of granular focus. What forms a discontinuous cluster of countable individual molecules and thus bona fide objects at the molecular level, is a continuous and non-countable molecular substance at coarser levels of granularity. At these coarser levels, the individual molecules cannot be differentiated and demarcated anymore and the cluster as a whole possesses only fiat inner boundaries."
definition: A material entity that is not demarcated by any physical discontinuities. At some finer level of granularity it is an object aggregate, at some coarser level of granularity it is a fiat object part,but at this level of granularity it is neither.

Engineered Material
type: Class
subclass of: Material
comment: We recognize that some of the materials in the subclasses also occur naturally. However, these are not within the scope of our consideration for technical use.
definition: An Engineered Material is a Material that is output of a Manufacturing Process.

Behavioral Material Property
type: Class
subclass of: realizable entity
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: material entity
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: participates in
        some values from: Class
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: participates in
        some values from: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: responds with
    some values from: Responding Process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: stimulated by
    some values from: Stimulating Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inheres in
  all values from: Material
comment: Technical materials are complex object aggregates. The properties that are determined for those object aggregates are intrinsically associated with the methodologies employed in the measurement process. This is in contrast to typical 'physical' properties, which like e.g. mass that can be determined to high accuracy independently of the measurement process. As a consequence, the behavoiral material properties in the ontology are differeciated according to their measurement method, e.g. Brinell hardness and Vickers hardness are different types of indentation hardness rather than different measures/quantification (GDC) of the materials property 'indentation hardness'. The 'unit idenifieres' of such properties (e.g. "HV1", "HV10", "HBW") are strictly speaking not units but rather references to the measurement methodology used to determine a numeric value that quantifies the property.
definition: A property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size. (Callister, W.D., Rethwisch, D.G., Materials Science and Engineering, Wiley, 2014) We only deal with intensive (system-size independent) materrial properties. Extensive properties that depend on the testpiece/specimen/probe size should be found in the respective testing method modules.

plan
type: Class
subclass of: realizable entity
definition: A plan is a realizable entity that is the inheres in a bearer who is committed to realizing it as a planned process.

computing process
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: realizes
    some values from: plan
has curation status: requires discussion
editor note: The subclass trees of "Computing Process" are currently still proposals and serve as a working basis for the discussion round with the simulation/workflow domain experts.
term editor: PMDco Team
label: Datenverarbeitung @de
label: Rechenprozess @de
definition: A process that involves the systematic use of computational methods and tools to perform simulations, analyses, or data transformations to achieve specific scientific or engineering goals.
definition: Ein Prozess, der die systematische Verwendung von rechnerischen Methoden und Werkzeugen umfasst, um Simulationen, Analysen oder Datenumwandlungen durchzuführen, um spezifische wissenschaftliche oder technische Ziele zu erreichen. @de

Device
type: Class
subclass of: object
term editor: PMDco Team
label: Gerät @de
definition: A physical or virtual entity used to perform a specific function or task, often involving measurement, manipulation, or analysis of materials.
definition: Ein physisches oder virtuelles Objekt, das verwendet wird, um eine bestimmte Funktion oder Aufgabe auszuführen, häufig im Zusammenhang mit der Messung, Manipulation oder Analyse von Materialien. @de

Device Role
type: Class
subclass of: role
term editor: Role inhering in a device.
label: Rolle eines Gerätes @de
definition: Rolle, die ein Geräte inne haben kann. @de

Manufacturing Process
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has input
    some values from: material entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has output
    some values from: material entity
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: realizes
    some values from: plan
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has input
  some values from: material entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has output
  some values from: material entity
label: Herstellungsprozess @de
definition: A planned process that is driven by the primary intent to transform objects A manufacturing process is always a transformative process.
definition: Ein geplannter Prozess, der von der primären Absicht angetrieben wird, Objekte zu transformieren. Ein Herstellungsprozess ist immer ein Transformationsprozess. @de

Mechanical Property Analyzing Process
type: Class
subclass of: assay
term editor: PMDco Team
label: Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren @de
definition: An assay that evaluates the mechanical characteristics of materials, such as strength, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties, often through tests that measure response to forces and loads.
definition: Eine Analyse, die die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Materialien bewertet, wie z.B. Festigkeit, Härte, Elastizität und Zugfestigkeit, oft durch Tests, die die Reaktion auf Kräfte und Lasten messen. @de

Microstructure
type: Class
subclass of: object aggregate
definition: The microstructure represents the small-scale structure of a material, including grains, phases, and defects, visible under a microscope.

Responding Process
type: Class
subclass of: process
disjoint with: Stimulating Process
definition: The responding process is a process describing the reaction of a material or system to an applied stimulus.

Sample Role
type: Class
subclass of: role
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: Sample Role
has curation status: requires discussion
editor note: ANMERKUNG: Ein Sample ist ein Teil (oder das Ganze) eines Probestücks. Das Probestück wird bei der Herstellung eines industriell verwendeten Produktes gezielt für die Überprüfung des Produkteigenschaften bereitgestellt. CAVE: Diese Anmerkung beschreibt das Objekt, welches die Rolle, die durch diese owl:Class definiert wird, realisiert. ANMERKUNG: Die exakte Wortwahl der EN 10021 wurde verallgemeinert. @de
editor note: In certain cases, the sample can be the specimen or the test piece itself.
editor note: Mitunter kann der Probenabschnitt (Sample) unmittelbar als Prüfling (Specimen) oder Probe dienen. @de
editor note: NOTE: A Sample is a part (or the whole) of a Sample product. The Sample product is specifically produced portion of an industrially used and traded product for the purpose of determining the properties/quality of the product. CAVE: This note describes the object, that realizes the role defined by this owl:Class. NOTE: The wording used in EN 10021 was generalized.
term editor: PERSON: Matthias Jung
definition source: EN 10021:2006-12 (European standardization committee: CEN/TC 459/SC 12/WG 4)
label: Probe-Rolle @de
definition: Role of an object, which is a quantity of material taken from a (sample) product, that is sufficient for the purpose of obtaining test pieces.
definition: Rolle eines Objektes, das eine von einem Probestück/Material entnommene Menge ist, welche (vom Umfang her) geeignet ist Proben (Test Pieces) herzustellen. @de

Specimen Role
type: Class
subclass of: role
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: Specimen Role
has curation status: requires discussion
editor note: ANMERKUNG: Ein Specimen ist ein Teilstück (potenziell alles) eines Samples, welches für die Herstellung von Test Pieces bearbeitet wurde, jedoch nicht zwingend das Test Piece selbst darstellt. CAVE: Diese Anmerkung beschreibt das Objekt, welches die Rolle, die durch diese owl:Class definiert wird, realisiert. ANMERKUNG: Die exakte Wortwahl der EN 10021 wurde verallgemeinert. @de
editor note: In certain cases, the specimen can be the sample or the test piece itself.
editor note: Mitunter kann der Probenabschnitt (Sample) unmittelbar als Prüfling (Specimen) oder der Prüfling (Specimen) unmittelbar als Probe (Test Piece) dienen. @de
editor note: NOTE: A Specimen is a part (potentially the whole) taken from a Sample, which was somehow machined/altered for the production of Test Pieces; it does not necessarily represent the Test Piece itself. CAVE: This note describes the object, that realizes the role defined by this owl:Class. NOTE: The wording used in EN 10021 was generalized.
term editor: PERSON: Matthias Jung
definition source: EN 10021:2006-12 (European standardization committee: CEN/TC 459/SC 12/WG 4)
label: Prüfling-Rolle @de
definition: Role of an object which has been taken from a sample by forming and/or machining and/or heat treatment for the pupose of producing test pieces.
definition: Rolle eines Objektes, das aus einem Probenabschnitt (Sample) entnommen wurde (durch Umformen und/oder maschinelles Bearbeiten und/oder Wärmebehandlung) mit dem Zweck Proben (Test Pieces) aus diesem Objekt herzustellen. @de

Stimulating Process
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: The stimulating process is a process describing the application of an external influence, such as force, heat, or radiation, to study material response.

Structural Property Analyzing Process
type: Class
subclass of: assay
term editor: PMDco Team
label: Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren @de
definition: An assay that examines the external and internal structure and morphology of materials, including the arrangement of atoms, crystals, grains, and phases, often using techniques like microscopy and diffraction.
definition: Eine Analyse, die die äußere und innere Struktur und Morphologie von Materialien untersucht, einschließlich der Anordnung von Atomen, Kristallen, Körnern und Phasen, oft unter Verwendung von Techniken wie Mikroskopie und Beugung. @de

Test Piece Role
type: Class
subclass of: role
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: Test Piece Role
has curation status: requires discussion
editor note: ANMERKUNG: Ein Test Piece ist ein Teilstück (potenziell alles) eines Specimens, welches die Bedingungen erfüllt, die durch ein anzuwendendes Prüfverfahren gestellt werden. Ein Specimen erfüllt diese Anforderungen im Allgemeinen erst nach weiterer Bearbeitung. CAVE: Diese Anmerkung beschreibt das Objekt, welches die Rolle, die durch diese owl:Class definiert wird, realisiert. ANMERKUNG: Die exakte Wortwahl der EN 10021 wurde verallgemeinert. @de
editor note: In certain cases, the test piece can be the sample or the specimen itself.
editor note: Mitunter kann der Probenabschnitt (Sample) oder der Prüfling (Specimen) unmittelbar als Probe dienen. @de
editor note: NOTE: A Test Piece is a piece that is taken from a specimen (potentially the whole specimen), which fulfills the requirements, that are set by the test procedure in which the test piece is about to be used. A specimen fulfills this requierements generally speaking only after further treatment/processing. CAVE: This note describes the object, that realizes the role defined by this owl:Class. NOTE: The wording used in EN 10021 was generalized.
term editor: PERSON: Matthias Jung
definition source: EN 10021:2006-12 (European standardization committee: CEN/TC 459/SC 12/WG 4)
label: Proben-Rolle @de
definition: Rolle eines Objekts, welches eine Probe ist, die aus einem Prüfling (Specimen) oder Probenabschnitt (Sample) entnommen wurde; die Probe hat festgelegte Dimensionen, kann maschinell bearbeitet sein, wurde in einen für die Verwendung in einem Prüfverfahren notwendigen Zustand gebracht @de
definition: role of object which is a part taken from a specimen or sample; the part has specified dimensions, is machined or un-machined, brought to a required condition for submission to a given test

assay
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: realizes
    some values from: plan
example of usage: Assay the wavelength of light emitted by excited Neon atoms. Count of geese flying over a house.
alternative label: measuring
alternative label: scientific observation
imported from: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070
label: Analyse @de
definition: A planned process that has the objective to produce information about a material entity (the evaluant) by examining it.
definition: Ein geplanter Prozess, der das Ziel hat, Informationen über eine materielle Einheit (den Bewertungsgegenstand) zu gewinnen, indem er diese untersucht. @de

Chemical Composition Specification
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
definition: A 'chemical composition specification' is an information content entity that 'specifies the value of' the chemical components of a material. The chemical components that are quanitfied are the 'portions of atomic species' or 'portions of matter' that the material 'consists of'. A 'chemical composition specification' 'has continuant parts' that quantify the mass proportions or molar proportions that the material 'conists of'.
example: A 'portion of steel' has a quality 'chemical composition CC'. The 'chemical composition specification CCS' specifies the value of CC and 'has continuant part' some 'scalar value specifications SVS_Fe and SVS_C'. SVS_Fe 'specifies the value of' the relational property 'mass proportion' that inheres in the 'portion of steel' as well as the 'portion of iron' that the steel 'consists of'. SVS_C 'specifies the value of' the relational property 'mass proportion' that inheres in the 'proportion of steel' as well as the 'portion of carbon' that the steel 'consists of'.

Metallic Grain Structures
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: Bainite
  one of: Austenite
  one of: Ferrite
  one of: Ledeburite
  one of: Pearlite
  one of: Widmanstatten structure
  one of: Martensite
subclass of: Nature constant
definition: Metallic grain structures are descriptors for the morphology of polycrystalline metallic materials. Polycrystalline metallic materials will typically form their grain structures as one of those categories or a transition or mixture state of those.

Nature constant
type: Class
subclass of: generically dependent continuant
definition: A nature constant is a generically dependent continuant whose value, magintude or configuration is determined by nature including physics and mathematics.
example: Examples of nature constants are the speed of light, pi, and the 14 Bravais lattices.

Bravais Lattice (3D)
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: Bravais Lattice Triclinic Primitve
  one of: Bravais Lattice Monoclinic Primitive
  one of: Bravais Lattice Monoclinic Base-centered
  one of: Bravais Lattice Orthorombic Primitive
  one of: Bravais Lattice Orthorhombic Base-centered
  one of: Bravais Lattice Orthorhombic Body-centered
  one of: Bravais Lattice Orthorhombic Face-centered
  one of: Bravais Lattice Tetragonal Primitive
  one of: Bravais Lattice Tetragonal Body-centered
  one of: Bravais Lattice Hexagonal Rhombohedral Primitive
  one of: Bravais Lattice Hexagonal Hexagonal Primitive
  one of: Bravais Lattice Cubic Primitive
  one of: Bravais Lattice Cubic Body-centered
  one of: Bravais Lattice Cubic Face-centered
subclass of: Nature constant
definition: The Bravais Lattice is a nature constant that describes the possible geometric arrangement of lattice points in a crystal. The present descriptor is limited to the 14 possible three-dimensional arrangements. TODO: possibly extend for 2D (Graphene etc) More elaborate crystal descriptions may be found in http://emmo.info/domain-crystallography/crystallography or https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/disos/cso

Aggregate state value
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: Aggregate state solid
  one of: Aggregate state liquid
  one of: Aggregate state gasous
  one of: Aggregate state plasma
  one of: Aggregate state atom gas
  one of: Aggregate state supercritical fluid
  one of: Aggregate state mesomorphic
  one of: Aggregate state suprafluid
  one of: Aggregate state suprasolid
subclass of: Nature constant
definition: The aggregate state type is a nature constant that concretizes the aggregatge state quality.

device specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
definition: A directive information entity that outlines the technical requirements, features, constraints, and performance criteria of a specific device, guiding its design, manufacturing, operation, or maintenance.

material specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
definition: A directive information entity that defines the composition, properties, performance criteria, and acceptable standards for a material, guiding its selection, processing, and application in a specific context.

specification datum
type: Class
subclass of: data item
definition: A data item that provides specification for entities

example to be eventually removed
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: example to be eventually removed

failed exploratory term
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: failed exploratory term
textual definition: The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg

metadata complete
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: metadata complete
textual definition: Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.

organizational term
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: organizational term
textual definition: Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release

ready for release
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: ready for release
textual definition: Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."

metadata incomplete
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: metadata incomplete
textual definition: Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.

uncurated
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: uncurated
textual definition: Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.

pending final vetting
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: pending final vetting
textual definition: All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.

placeholder removed
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: placeholder removed

terms merged
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: terms merged
editor note: An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.

term imported
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: term imported
editor note: This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.

term split
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: term split
editor note: This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.

universal
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: universal
editor note: Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf

defined class
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: defined class
textual definition: A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
editor note: "definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg

named class expression
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: named class expression
textual definition: A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
editor note: named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg

to be replaced with external ontology term
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: to be replaced with external ontology term
textual definition: Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: group:OBI

requires discussion
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: requires discussion
textual definition: A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: group:OBI

out of scope
type: NamedIndividual
textual definition: The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not.
editor note: This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples are: un-necessary grouping classes in disease ontologies, a phenotype term added on the assumption it was a disease.
term editor: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/77
ontology term requester: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432

matwerk task area organization
type: NamedIndividual
type: nfdi matwerk consortium
comment: A NFDI MatWerk organization that focuses on specific aspects of research data infrastructure, such as data management, interoperability, and workflow development, to support materials science and engineering.

matwerk participant project organization
type: NamedIndividual
type: nfdi matwerk consortium
comment: A NFDI MatWerk organization that contributes domain-specific research and expertise, integrating real-world scientific challenges to validate and enhance the infrastructure.

matwerk infrastructure use case organization
type: NamedIndividual
type: nfdi matwerk consortium
comment: A NFDI MatWerk organization that demonstrates how the developed infrastructure can be applied to solve practical research problems, ensuring usability and impact.

the matwerk project
type: NamedIndividual
type: project

active status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
comment: Active Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is currently operational, ongoing, or in execution.

cancelled status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
comment: Cancelled Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project has been terminated before reaching completion due to internal or external factors.

Dr.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Doctor (PhD or equivalent academic doctorate)

Dr.-Ing.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Doctor of Engineering (German doctorate in engineering).

finished status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
comment: Finished Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project has successfully reached its intended goal and is considered complete.

hybrid implementation
type: NamedIndividual
type: event implementation specification
comment: Hybrid Implementation is an event implementation specification that defines the organization of an event that integrates both physical (on-site) and virtual (online) participation modes

internal access
type: NamedIndividual
type: information access specification
comment: Internal Access is an information access specification that defines policies and mechanisms restricting access to information exclusively within an organization, institution, or research group.

M.Sc.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Master of Science (graduate degree in science/engineering).

on site implementation
type: NamedIndividual
type: event implementation specification
comment: On-Site Implementation is an event implementation specification that defines the organization of an event that occurs exclusively at a physical location with in-person attendance.

online implementation
type: NamedIndividual
type: event implementation specification
comment: Online Implementation is an event implementation specification that defines the organization of an event conducted entirely through virtual platforms, enabling remote participation via digital communication technologies.

open access
type: NamedIndividual
type: information access specification
comment: Open Access is an information access specification that defines policies allowing unrestricted public access to information resources, ensuring free availability without subscription or payment barriers.

organizational funding
type: NamedIndividual
type: funding specification
comment: Organizational Funding is a funding specification that defines the financial structures, budgets, and resource allocation strategies for sustaining the operations of an organization or institution.

paused status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
comment: Paused Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is temporarily halted but may resume at a later stage.

paywall access
type: NamedIndividual
type: information access specification
comment: Paywall Access is an information access specification that defines policies requiring users to purchase, subscribe, or obtain institutional licenses to access digital or physical information resources.

PD. Dr.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Privatdozent (Dr. with habilitation, qualified to teach at a university)

PD. Dr. habil.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Privatdozent with Habilitation (higher academic qualification in Germany)

planning status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
comment: Planning Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is in a preparatory or strategic development phase before execution.

Prof.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Professor (academic title for a senior faculty member).

Prof. Dr.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Professor with a doctorate.

Prof. Dr.-Ing.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Professor with a doctorate in engineering.

project funding
type: NamedIndividual
type: funding specification
comment: Project Funding is a funding specification that defines the financial mechanisms, grants, and investment strategies used to support specific research, development, or innovation projects.

restricted access
type: NamedIndividual
type: information access specification
comment: Restricted Access is an information access specification that defines policies limiting access to specific users, organizations, or groups based on predefined criteria such as confidentiality, security, or legal regulations.

self funding
type: NamedIndividual
type: funding specification
comment: Self-Funding is a funding specification that defines the use of personal, internal, or independently generated financial resources to support activities, projects, or organizations without relying on external funding sources.

test phase status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
comment: Test Phase Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is undergoing testing, evaluation, or validation before finalization.

Dr. Dr.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Two Doctor degrees (PhD or equivalent academic doctorate)

Bravais Lattice Triclinic Primitve
type: NamedIndividual

Bravais Lattice Monoclinic Primitive
type: NamedIndividual

Bravais Lattice Monoclinic Base-centered
type: NamedIndividual

Bravais Lattice Orthorombic Primitive
type: NamedIndividual

Bravais Lattice Orthorhombic Base-centered
type: NamedIndividual

Bravais Lattice Orthorhombic Body-centered
type: NamedIndividual

Bravais Lattice Orthorhombic Face-centered
type: NamedIndividual

Bravais Lattice Tetragonal Primitive
type: NamedIndividual

Bravais Lattice Tetragonal Body-centered
type: NamedIndividual

Bravais Lattice Hexagonal Rhombohedral Primitive
type: NamedIndividual

Bravais Lattice Hexagonal Hexagonal Primitive
type: NamedIndividual

Bravais Lattice Cubic Primitive
type: NamedIndividual

Bravais Lattice Cubic Body-centered
type: NamedIndividual

Bravais Lattice Cubic Face-centered
type: NamedIndividual

Bainite
type: NamedIndividual

Austenite
type: NamedIndividual

Ferrite
type: NamedIndividual

Ledeburite
type: NamedIndividual

Pearlite
type: NamedIndividual

Widmanstatten structure
type: NamedIndividual

Martensite
type: NamedIndividual

Aggregate state solid
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A state where the bonds between entites trasmit shear forces.

Aggregate state liquid
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A state where the bonds of the entites transmit no shear force.

Aggregate state gasous
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A state where the entities have no bonding.

Aggregate state plasma
type: NamedIndividual
definition: An aggregate state where the entites are atom nuclei and have no bonds.

Aggregate state atom gas
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A gaseous state where the gas entities are atoms.

Aggregate state supercritical fluid
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A state with strong bindings between entites that do not transmit shear force.

Aggregate state mesomorphic
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A state where some bonds transmit shear stresses and some do not.

Aggregate state suprafluid
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A state with frictionless binding that transmits no shear force between entites.

Aggregate state suprasolid
type: NamedIndividual
definition: A state that exhibits suprafluid and solid properties.

Harald Sack

Tabea Tietz

Oleksandra Bruns

Etienne Posthumus