NFDIcore Ontology
type: Ontology
version IRI: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/2.0.0
imports: iao.owl
abstract: ### INTRODUCTION The [National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) initiative](https://www.nfdi.de/) has seen the establishment of various consortia, each dedicated to developing a research data infrastructure tailored to its respective domain. To facilitate interoperability across these consortia, the NFDIcore ontology (prefix nfdicore) has been developed and serves as a mid level ontology for representing metadata about NFDI resources such as individuals, organizations, projects, data portals, etc. Recognizing the diverse needs of consortia, NFDIcore establishes mappings to a wide array of standards across domains, including the [Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)](https://basic-formal-ontology.org/) and [schema.org](https://schema.org/), which is crucial for advancing knowledge representation, data exchange, and collaboration across diverse domains. To answer domain-specific research questions, NFDIcore is extended following a modular approach, as e.g. with the culture ontology module [CTO](https://gitlab.rlp.net/adwmainz/nfdi4culture/knowledge-graph/culture-ontology), matwerk ontology module [MWO](https://git.rwth-aachen.de/nfdi-matwerk/ta-oms/mwo), etc. Aligning with [IAO](https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO) and [SCHEMA](https://schema.org/), NFDIcore focuses on describing 3 main concepts: 1. Digital Information Artifacts (nfdicore:Resource), e.g. data sets, data portals, publications, services, software, etc. 2. Independent Continuants that act autonomously (nfdicore:Agent), e.g. organizations and persons 3. Planned processes and events, e.g. nfdicore:Project, nfdicore:Contributing, nfdicore:Event. Current development is managed via [GitHub](https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore). Feel free to give feedback, contribute, or raise issues. ### RESOURCES Within NFDIcore, resources encompass a wide range of digital creative works, including datasets, collections, and metadata, as well as offered products and services such as data portals, data cur…
bibliographic citation: Oleksandra Bruns, Tabea Tietz, Etienne Posthumus, Jörg Waitelonis, Harald Sack. NFDIcore Ontology. Revision: v2.0.0. Retrieved from: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/2.0.0
created: 2024-04-10
creator: Harald Sack
creator: Tabea Tietz
creator: Oleksandra Bruns
creator: Etienne Posthumus
creator: Jörg Waitelonis
license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
status: Ontology Specification
preferred namespace prefix: nfdicore
preferred namespace uri: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/
label: NFDIcore
prior version: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/1.1.1
version info: v2.0.0

nfdicore:acronym
type: AnnotationProperty

best practice
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
inverse of: best practice of
domain: resource
range: specification
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and the specified best practice.

best practice of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
IAO_0000116: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: inverse of property "best practice"

contact point
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: contact point of
domain: Class
  union of: project
  union of: resource
range: agent
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and a contact point.

contact point of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "contact point"

contributor
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: contributor of
domain: resource
range: agent
comment: The property related a resource to a person or an organization responsible for making contributions to a resource.

contributor of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "contributor"

country
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: BFO_0000050
inverse of: country of
domain: Class
  union of: city
  union of: federal state
range: country
comment: The property relates a city or a state to a country where it is located.

country of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: part
comment: inverse of property "country"

data set
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000219
inverse of: data set of
domain: resource
range: dataset
comment: The property is a relation between a resource and a data set.

data set of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
IAO_0000116: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: inverse of property "data set"

export format
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
inverse of: export format of
domain: resource
range: media type
comment: The property relates a resource to the format available for the export of a resource.

export format of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
IAO_0000116: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: inverse of property "export format"

federal state
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: part
inverse of: federal state of
domain: city
range: federal state
comment: The property relates a city to a federal state where it is located.

federal state of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: part of
comment: inverse of property "federal state"

funding organization
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: funding organization of
domain: project
range: organization
comment: The property relates a project to the organization that provided funding for it.

funding organization of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: organization
range: project
comment: inverse of property "funding organization"

license
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
inverse of: license of
domain: resource
range: license
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and a license file.

license of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
comment: inverse of property "license"

location
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: location of
domain: Thing
range: place
comment: The property is a relationship between a thing and a place its located at.

location of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "location"

media type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
inverse of: media type of
domain: resource
range: media type
comment: The property relates a resource to its data format.

media type of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
IAO_0000116: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: inverse of property "media type"

member
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: BFO_0000051
sub property of: part
inverse of: member of
comment: The property is a relationship between a consortium and an organization that is a member of the consortium.

member of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: part of
comment: The property is a relationship between an organization and a consortium it belongs to.
comment: inverse of property "member"

parent organization
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: subsidiary organization
comment: The property is a parental relationship between organizations.

part
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: part of
comment: The generic property is a relationship between a thing and its part.

part of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: BFO_0000050
domain: Thing
range: Thing
comment: The generic property is a relationship between a thing and a thing in which it is physically or logically included.

participant
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: RO_0000057
inverse of: participant of
domain: project
range: agent
comment: The property is a relationship between a project and an agent that participates in the project.

participant of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: RO_0000056
comment: inverse of property "prticipant"

partner organization
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: The property is a partner relationship between organizations. The property is symmetric.

programming language
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
sub property of: SWO_0000741
inverse of: programming language of
domain: software
range: programming language
comment: The property links software to a programming language its written in.

programming language of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "programming language"

publisher
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: publisher of
domain: resource
range: agent
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and an organization or a person responsible for publishing it.

publisher of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "publisher"

related project
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: project
  union of: resource
range: project
comment: The property is a relationship between a project or a resource and related projects.

represented collection
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000219
inverse of: represented collection of
domain: Class
  union of: data portal
  union of: dataset
range: collection
comment: The property is a relationship between a dataset and a collection it represents.

represented collection of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000235
comment: inverse of property "represented collection"

semantic expressivity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: RO_0000086
inverse of: semantic expressivity of
domain: resource
range: semantic expressivity
comment: The property relates a resource to its semantic expressivity spectrum.

semantic expressivity of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: RO_0000080
comment: inverse of property "semantic expressivity"

software
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
inverse of: software of
domain: resource
range: software
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and a software it uses.

software of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
IAO_0000116: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: inverse of property "sofware"

sparql endpoint
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
inverse of: sparql endpoint of
domain: resource
range: resource
comment: The property relates a data resource to its SPARQL Endpoint.

sparql endpoint of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
IAO_0000116: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: inverse of property "sparql endpoint"

specification
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
inverse of: specification of
domain: resource
range: specification
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and the international standard or norm.

specification of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
IAO_0000116: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: inverse of property "specification"

standard
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
inverse of: standard of
domain: resource
range: standard
comment: The property relates a resource to the standard it relies on.

standard of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
IAO_0000116: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: inverse of property "standard"

subject area
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: RO_0000086
inverse of: subject area of
domain: Class
  union of: agent
  union of: project
  union of: resource
range: academic discipline
IAO_0000232: to check for BFO superproperty
comment: The property establishes a connection between a resource, an agent, or a project, and the academic discipline, subject area, or domain within which they operate.

subject area of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: RO_0000080
comment: inverse of property "subject area"

subsidiary organization
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of "parent organization"

technology
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
inverse of: technology of
domain: resource
range: technological means
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and a technology it uses.

technology of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000136
IAO_0000116: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: inverse of property "technology"

url
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000235
inverse of: url of
domain: Thing
range: Thing
comment: The property is a relationship between a thing and a url associated with the thing.

url of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: IAO_0000219
comment: inverse of property "url"

birth date
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: person
range: Literal
comment: The property refers to the date on which a person was born.

death date
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: person
range: Literal
comment: The property refers to the date on which a person passed away.

dissolution date
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: organization
range: Literal
comment: The property refers to the date on which the organization ceased to exist or was formally dissolved.

email address
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: agent
range: Literal
comment: The property relates an agent to their email address.

end date
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: event
comment: The property refers to the moment in time when an event ends.

file extension
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: resource
comment: An identifier for a file format (e.g. txt for a text file) used as a suffix to the file name, don't use dot at start.
example: mp4
example: ttl
example: txt
example: xml

foundation date
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: organization
range: Literal
comment: The property refers to the specific date on which the organization was officially established or founded.

start date
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: event
range: Literal
comment: The property refers to the moment in time when an event begins.

academic discipline
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000019
IAO_0000115: A quality of an entity that specifies the subject area, domain or academic discipline of an entity.
IAO_0000116: 2024-03-26: SB & JW: Following the OMIT Ontology, the academy discilpine is defined as a subclass of bfo:quality (see e.g. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OMIT_0001008)
comment: An academic discipline, a research field or domain of an entity, e.g. a domain of a data portal or a field of study of a person.
example: Q12271
example: Architecture, Art History, Musicology, Media Studies, Performing Arts

agent
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000004
IAO_0000115: An independent continuant that acts autonomously and is entrusted with the authority to represent, negotiate, or act on behalf of another agent.
comment: A class that represents entities that are capable of autonomous actions, decision-making, or interaction within a given environment, e.g. persons or organizations.
example: Torsten Schrade, Linnaea Söhn, Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz

city
type: Class
subclass of: place
IAO_0000115: A place that refers to a densely populated urban area.
comment: A city or a town where the thing is located.
example: Berlin, Hannover, Kyiv

collection
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000040
IAO_0000115: A material entity that represents a collection of material entities intended to be understood together as a whole.
comment: A tangible collection of valuables published or curated by an organization or a person.
example: A collection of arts displayed at the museum

consortium
type: Class
subclass of: organization
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: organization
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: part
    some values from: consortium member
IAO_0000115: An organisation that consists of multiple independent groups and individuals, who join together to collaborate on a specific goal.
comment: A consortium of autonomous organizations collaborating towards a shared goal, operating within the framework of an agreement.
example: NFDI4Culture, NFDI-MatWerk, DataPLANT.

consortium member
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: organization
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: RO_0000087
    all values from: consortium member role
IAO_0000115: An organization that has a specific role, responsibilities or contributions within the consortium framework.
comment: A consortium member refers to an individual organization that has a specific role, responsibilities or contributions within the consortium framework.
example: Museums of City Cologne is a member of NFDI4Culture consortium.

consortium member role
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000023
IAO_0000115: A role inhering in an organization that is realized when the organsation is a member of a consortium.
comment: A role inhering in an organization that is realized when the organsation is a member of a consortium.

contact point role
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000023
IAO_0000115: A role inhering in an agent that is realized when the agent is a contact point of a resource or a project.
comment: A role inhering in an agent that is realized when the agent is a contact point of a resource or a project.

contacting
type: Class
subclass of: OBI_0000011
IAO_0000115: A planned process in which the contact information of an entity is provided.
comment: A planned process in which the contact information of an entity is provided.

contributing
type: Class
subclass of: OBI_0000011
IAO_0000115: A planned process of contibuting or providing information to an endeavor.
comment: The contibution or provision of information to an endeavor.

contributor role
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000023
IAO_0000115: A role inhering in an agent that is realized when the agent is a contact point of an entity.
comment: A role inhering in an agent that is realized when the agent is a contact point of an entity.

controlled vocabulary
type: Class
subclass of: semantic expressivity
IAO_0000115: Semantic expressivity that refers to a standardized set of terms and descriptors used to index and retrieve information systematically.
comment: A standardized set of terms and descriptors used to index and retrieve information systematically.
example: the Union List of Artist Names (ULAN), the Cultural Objects Name Authority (CONA)

country
type: Class
subclass of: place
IAO_0000115: A place that refers to a defined geographical area distinguished by its territorial boundaries, governance structure, and sovereignty.
comment: A country where the thing is located.

creative work
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: IAO_0000030
  intersection of: CreativeWork
subclass of: resource
IAO_0000115: An information content entity that refers to a manifestation of someone's creative effort.
IAO_0000116: 2024-03-22. Sasha Bruns - Unlike schema:CreativeWork, nfdicore:CreativeWork is specialized to cover digital creative works only. Through the mapping to "schema:CreativeWork and 'information content entity'", we exclude material creative works such as real paintings, architectural objects, and other physical artifacts, which fall outside the scope of nfdicore:CreativeWork.
comment: A creative work refers to a digital intellectual or artistic resource, e.g. a dataset, metadata, a guideline, a software and other materials offering relevant information or instructions within their specific domains.
example: TRANSRAZ Data Model, NFDI4Culture Knowledge Graph, Guide for digital collection management at art museums, NFDI4Culture SPARQL Endpoint, Registry for Tools & Services, RADAR4Culture service, etc.

data portal
type: Class
subclass of: website
IAO_0000115: A website that serves as a centralized platform for accessing, managing, and sharing datasets, information, or resources related to a specific topic, theme, or domain.
comment: An online platform that provides access to datasets.
example: Bach digital, KultSam, MusiXplora

dataset
type: Class
subclass of: creative work
IAO_0000115: A creative work that refers to a structured collection of data, organized typically for a specific goal such as analysis, research, or reference.
IAO_0000116: 2024-04-10. Sasha Bruns: nfdicore:dataset and ioa:data set are not equivalent, due to their differing conceptualizations of what constitutes a iao:data item, which is a superclass of iao:data set. In the nfdicore ontology, a dataset may not necessarily align perfectly with the definition of a data item, since this definition implies a level of accuracy that may not always apply to datasets in their entirety. While a nfdicore:dataset may contain data items, it doesn't necessarily qualify as a data item itself under the strict definition provided by ioa:dataset. This differentiation helps us avoid ambiguity and ensures that our modeling aligns with the intended semantics.
comment: Structured information about a resource provided by an organization or a person.
example: Fotothek Bibliotheca Hertziana Max-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte 320px static derivates research dataset (https://doi.org/10.17617/3.SVH2BT)

event
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000003
IAO_0000115: An occurent that represents an occurence or happening that unfolds in time.
comment: A class that represents entities that occur or unfold in time, typically characterized by a specific happening or occurrence with temporal properties. Events encompass a wide range of occurrences, including but not limited to happenings, incidents, activities, or processes.
example: conferences, wars, strikes, celebrations, accidents, workshops, meetings, or any other specific incident or happening.

federal state
type: Class
subclass of: place
IAO_0000115: A place that refers to a geographical territory forming part of a country.
comment: A federal state where the thing is located.
example: Sachsen, Berlin @de

funding organization role
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000023
IAO_0000115: A role inhering in an organization that is realized when the organization serves as a funder to endevaours, e.g. projects.
comment: A role inhering in an organization that is realized when the organization serves as a funder to endevaours, e.g. projects.

glossary
type: Class
subclass of: semantic expressivity
IAO_0000115: Semantic expressivity that refers to a list of terms and their definitions within a specific domain or academic discipline.
comment: A compilation of terms and their definitions within a specific domain or academic discipline.
example: ICOM Museum Glossary

license
type: Class
subclass of: IAO_0000030
IAO_0000115: An information content entity that refers to a legal instrument (usually by way of contract law, with or without printed material) governing the use or redistribution of the resource containing the licence.
comment: A document that provides legal guidelines for the use of a resource, e.g. a software.
example: cc-by-3, Digital Peer Publishing Lizenz

MIME-type
type: Class
subclass of: media type
IAO_0000115: A media type that serves as a standardized identifier for specifying the nature and format of data.
comment: The MIME-type template of the resource (see https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml)
example: https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/dicom, https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/video/mp4, https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/text/n3

media type
type: Class
subclass of: IAO_0000033
IAO_0000115: A directive information entity that describes a media type a bearer has.
comment: A digital resource format or physical medium.
example: doc, avi, mpeg, epub, txt, MIME-type, record, cassette, VHS, LaserDiscs, CD, DVD, Blu-ray color lithograph, text book

ontology
type: Class
subclass of: semantic expressivity
IAO_0000115: Semantic expressivity that refers to a semantic framework that represents knowledge about a domain, including concepts, entities, properties, and relationships, in a structured and machine-understandable manner.
comment: A semantic framework that represents knowledge about a domain, including concepts, entities, properties, and relationships, in a structured and formalized manner, enabling machine-understandable reasoning and inference.
example: CIDOC-CRM, BFO, nfdicore

organization
type: Class
subclass of: agent
IAO_0000115: An agent that refers to a group of individuals, which structures and coordinates the activities of individuals or groups toward achieving common goal within a defined framework.
comment: An organization of some kind, e.g. research organization or business organization
example: University Library in Leipzig, Museums of City Cologne

person
type: Class
subclass of: agent
IAO_0000115: An agent that represents a single human individual.
IAO_0000116: 2024-03-24. Sasha Bruns - the class is not mapped to NCBITaxon_9606 (homo sapiens) due to different scope of the ontologies. "Person" in nfdicore represents entities with specific roles, responsibilities, and attributes within an organization, and is not limited to its biological characteristics.
comment: A resource that represents a single person.
example: Harald Sack, Tabea Tietz, Sasha Bruns, Etienne Posthumus

place
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000029
IAO_0000115: A site that refers to geographical locations, such as cities, countries, landmarks, and natural environments.
comment: A spatial region, e.g. country, city or district.
example: Hessen, Berlin, Schweiz

programming language
type: Class
subclass of: technological means
IAO_0000115: A technological means that is used for implementing software.
comment: A formal language used for implementing a software.
example: Java, Ruby, C++, Perl, PHP

project
type: Class
subclass of: OBI_0000011
IAO_0000115: A planned process of a scientific or business endeavor that aims to conclude an investigation or to answer a research question.
comment: A scientific or business endeavor that aims to conclude an investigation or to answer a research question.
example: Freischütz digital, Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi

publication
type: Class
subclass of: creative work
IAO_0000115: A creative work that is the output of a publishing process.
comment: A published scholarly work that reports on ongoing activity about or within a resource, e.g. a dataset.
example: MusiXplora: Visual analysis of a musicological encyclopedia, Textkategorien in kompositorischen Werkstattdokumenten

publisher role
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000023
IAO_0000115: A role inhering in an agent that is realized when the bearer participates in the publishing of the document.
comment: A role inhering in an agent that is realized when the bearer participates in the publishing of the document.

resource
type: Class
subclass of: IAO_0000030
IAO_0000115: An information content entity that refers to digital creative works and services, and is utilized to organize the resources of NFDI.
IAO_0000116: 2024-03-25 - Sasha Bruns: This class is useful in nfdicore to provide a unified and structured representation of the diverse range of resources that contribute to the NFDI infrastructure. IMO, it helps to emphasize the scope of resources that can be contributed to the NFDI compared to all information content entites in IAO.
comment: The most generic kind of a resource and may be associated with any kind of digital creative work, e.g. datasets, collections, metadata; offered products and services, e.g. data portals, data curation, data digitization.

semantic expressivity
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000019
IAO_0000115: A quality of a resource that defines the degree of expressivity in the semantic representation of a resource.
comment: The class represents the degree of expressivity in the semantic representation of a resource, such as an ontology, taxonomy, or glossary. It specifies the extent to which the resource captures and conveys the meaning, relationships, and semantics of concepts within a knowledge domain.
example: controlled vocabulary, ontology, taxonomy

service
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: IAO_0000030
  intersection of: Service
subclass of: resource
IAO_0000115: An information content entity that refers to offerings provided by individuals or organizations to facilitate and contribute to the specific goals.
comment: Services are resources offered by organizations or people to support and contribute to the predefined goals of a project. Services may encompass a diverse range of contributions such as data curation, specialized expertise, skill and various other forms of support.
example: Data curation for HeiDATA, Expertise for the development and application of LIDO

software
type: Class
subclass of: creative work
IAO_0000115: A creative work that comprises a set of instructions, programs, or algorithms designed to perform specific tasks or functions on a computer or other electronic devices.
comment: A computer software provided by an organization or a person.
example: Edirom, Muscat

specification
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: IAO_0000104
  intersection of: creative work
IAO_0000115: A creative work that defines the requirements, characteristics, or standards for the design, implementation, or operation of a system, product, or process.
IAO_0000116: 2024-03-24. Sasha Bruns: specifications have dual nature - they are both directive information entities guiding actions (plan specification) and digital intellectual resources providing relevant information and guidelines (creative work).
comment: A set of requirements, guidelines, standards contributed by an organization or a person.
example: Guidelines, technical specifications, design specifications

standard
type: Class
subclass of: specification
IAO_0000115: A specification that establishes a set of guidelines, criteria, or norms recognized and adopted by internationational community.
comment: An international standard and norm that can be used to evaluate or create a resource.
example: ISO 15511, DINI-Zertifikat

taxonomy
type: Class
subclass of: semantic expressivity
IAO_0000115: Semantic expressivity that refers to a hierarchical classification system that organizes concepts into a tree-like structure.
comment: A hierarchical classification system that organizes concepts into a tree-like structure based on their shared characteristics and relationships.
example: Linnaean Taxonomy, Iconclass

technological means
type: Class
subclass of: IAO_0000104
IAO_0000115: A plan specification that refers to technology employed for the creation, management, utilization, or control of a resource.
comment: A technology, e.g. a web application or a programming framework used in a resource.
example: Groovy on Grails, Angular

thesaurus
type: Class
subclass of: controlled vocabulary
IAO_0000115: A controlled vocabulary organized hierarchically and provided with associative relationships, such as synonyms, broader terms, and narrower terms.
comment: A hierarchical controlled vocabulary enriched with associative relationships, including synonyms, broader terms, and narrower terms.
example: Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus, UNESCO Thesaurus for cultural and scientific documentation

website
type: Class
subclass of: creative work
IAO_0000115: A creative work that represents a collection of interconnected web pages, multimedia content, and digital resources accessible via the World Wide Web.
comment: A collection of webpages contributed by an organization or a person.
example: https:\/\/opac.rism.info

consulting & funding
type: Class
subclass of: service
IAO_0000115: A service that contributes to providing expert guidance in broad range of topics, including securing funding and navigating the application process for research projects.
comment: Services that aim at providing expert advice, guidance, and support to agents, particular with securing funding opportunities for their efforts. This may include providing individual support for a broad range of research data and software concerns to scholars, institutions and data providers, assistance in identifying suitable funding sources, crafting grant proposals, and navigating the application process.
example: Flex Funds, NFDI4Culture Helpdesk

information & documentation
type: Class
subclass of: service
IAO_0000115: A service that contributes to organizing and managing research data.
comment: Services related to organizing, cataloging, and managing research data and information. This includes developing metadata schemas, creating data dictionaries, establishing standardized data formats, and ensuring data quality and integrity
example: Registry for Tools & Services, Culture Information Portal

learning & teaching
type: Class
subclass of: service
IAO_0000115: A service that contributes to educating agents on research data management.
comment: Services that aim to support agents in developing essential skills and competencies related to research data management. This includes organizing training workshops, webinars, and educational resources, providing personalized consultations, mentoring programs, and community engagement initiatives.
example: Educational Resource Finder

linkage & enrichment
type: Class
subclass of: service
IAO_0000115: A service that contributes to integrating research data with external sources and data enrichment.
comment: Services that focus on enhancing research data by integrating it with external datasets, vocabularies, and ontologies. This involves establishing interoperability frameworks, data integration pipelines, and semantic enrichment techniques to connect disparate datasets and enable cross-disciplinary research.
example: Culture Knowledge Graph, Semantic Kompakkt, Wikibase4Research

participation & collaboration
type: Class
subclass of: service
IAO_0000115: A service that contributes to fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and community engagement within the research community.
comment: Services that focus on fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, knowledge exchange, and community engagement within the research ecosystem. This includes organizing networking events, collaborative projects, and virtual platforms for researchers to connect, share ideas, and collaborate on common research challenges.
example: Forum for Data Standards and Data Quality, Expert Forum for sustainable Software Development in NFDI4Culture, Linked Open Data Working Group

publication & dissemination
type: Class
subclass of: service
IAO_0000115: A service that contributes to sharing and publication of research findings.
comment: Services that aim at facilitating the sharing and dissemination of research findings and outputs with wider audiences. This includes supporting agents in preparing resources for publication, production, publishing, sprint services, etc.
example: NextGen Books

storage & preservation
type: Class
subclass of: service
IAO_0000115: A service that contributes to long-term archiving and data integrity through secure storage and preservation strategies.
comment: Services that focus on the long-term archiving and preservation of research data and digital assets. This involves providing secure storage infrastructures, backup solutions, and preservation strategies to prevent data loss over time.
example: RADAR4Culture, Curated Repository List

Funding Organization
is rule enabled: true
type: Imp
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: organization
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/o
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: project
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: funding organization role
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/f
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: RO_0000087
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/o
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/f
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: BFO_0000054
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/f
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: RO_0000056
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/o
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: funding organization
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/o

Publisher
is rule enabled: true
type: Imp
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: agent
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: resource
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: IAO_0000444
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: publisher role
  argument1: pr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: RO_0000056
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: RO_0000056
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: RO_0000087
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: pr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: BFO_0000054
  argument1: pr
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: publisher of
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r

Contact Point of Resource
is rule enabled: true
type: Imp
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: agent
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: resource
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: contacting
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: contact point role
  argument1: cr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: RO_0000087
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: cr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: RO_0000056
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: RO_0000056
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: BFO_0000054
  argument1: cr
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: contact point of
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r

Contact Point of Project
is rule enabled: true
type: Imp
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: agent
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: project
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: contact point role
  argument1: cr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: RO_0000087
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: cr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: RO_0000056
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: BFO_0000054
  argument1: cr
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: contact point of
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p

Contributor
is rule enabled: true
type: Imp
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: agent
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: resource
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: contributing
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: contributor role
  argument1: cr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: RO_0000056
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: RO_0000056
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: RO_0000087
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: cr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: BFO_0000054
  argument1: cr
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: contributor of
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r