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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"source": [
"# Heat Capacity\n",
"\n",
"The heat capacity of a material/object describes the temperature change of the object if heat is added to (or removed from) the object. \n",
"\n",
"In geothermics, the heat capacity is of particular interest, as we extract heat from a system (the geothermal reservoir) and thus cool it. The heat capacity directly tells us, how much energy we theoretically can extract, if the reservoir body is cooled by X Kelvin. For example, imagine a cubic kilometer granite with a temperature of 200 °C. If this 1 km³ is cooled down by 20 °C (so 200 °C -> 180 °C) the available energy equals 1 billion litres oil. \n",
"Or: Cooling down 1 km³ granite by 20 °C provides about 10 MW electrical power for a period of about 20 years.\n",
"\n",
"Heat capacity changes over temperature ranges. But if the temperature change is sufficiently small, it can be defined as: \n",
"$$ C = \\frac{Q}{\\Delta T} \\qquad \\textrm{in $\\frac{J}{K}$} $$ \n",
"\n",
"It is an extensive quantity, meaning it is size-dependent (being the size of our observed system). Logical, if you imagine 1 cm³ granite cooled down by 20 °C would provide way less energy.\n",
"\n",
"Thus we usually look at heat capacity as an intensive property, which is independent of the extent of our system. For doing this, we have to relate heat capacity to a quantity, such as mass or volume. The **specific heat capacity** $c_p$ (related to mass) is maybe the most often used formulation. It has the unit $\\frac{J}{kg K}$. The specific heat capacity (also isobaric heat capacity), can easily be measured in a lab (it is one response function, see the notebook about Legendre transformation and Maxwell relations). \n",
"\n",
"In this notebook, we look at measurements of the specific heat capacity over a temperature range and fit an expression (a polynom), which describes the change in specific heat capacity with temperature for a particular rock sample.\n",
"\n",
"The specific heat capacity was measured in a temperature sweep from 40 °C to 250 °C. Measured specific heat capacities and temperatures are used for a nonlinear regression in order to fit a polynom of form (Hirono and Hamada, 2010): \n",
"\n",
"$$c_p(T) = a + bT + cT^2 + dT^{-1} + eT^{-2}$$ \n",
"\n",
"with $c_p$ in J kg$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$ and $T$ in K. \n",
"\n",
"We can also use a simpler equation to fit the $c_p$ data (Clauser 2003): \n",
"\n",
"$$c_p(T) = a + bT + cT^2$$ \n",
"\n",
"with $c_p$ in J kg$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$ and $T$ in °C. \n",
"\n",
"Here we will use the formulation of Hirono and Hamada."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# import libraries\n",
"import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
"import numpy as np\n",
"import pandas as p\n",
"%matplotlib inline\n",
"\n",
"# for plotting stile, we utilize the seaborn library\n",
"import seaborn as sns\n",
"sns.set_context('talk')\n",
"sns.set_style('ticks')\n",
"from scipy import optimize"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# define the function\n",
"def fun(x,a,b,c,d,e):\n",
" return a + b*x + c*x**2 + d/x + e/x**2"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"The function `fun` returns the specific heat capacity with known parameters a to e. x in the function is a temperature range, i.e. a vector. However, for calculating the specific heat capacity over a certain temperature range, we need to assess the coefficients a to e. \n",
"We do this by fitting the polynom to measured data. First off, let's import the data and give it a look:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 5,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
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"\n",
"\n",
"
\n",
" \n",
" \n",
" | \n",
" Temp[C] | \n",
" cp[J/kgK] | \n",
"
\n",
" \n",
" \n",
" \n",
" | 0 | \n",
" 40.0 | \n",
" 881.113 | \n",
"
\n",
" \n",
" | 1 | \n",
" 45.0 | \n",
" 889.392 | \n",
"
\n",
" \n",
" | 2 | \n",
" 50.0 | \n",
" 896.739 | \n",
"
\n",
" \n",
" | 3 | \n",
" 55.0 | \n",
" 904.091 | \n",
"
\n",
" \n",
" | 4 | \n",
" 60.0 | \n",
" 911.635 | \n",
"
\n",
" \n",
"
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"