{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "70b4719e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# BBC Visual and Data Journalism Cookbook for Lets-Plot\n",
    "\n",
    "The notebook is based on [this page](https://bbc.github.io/rcookbook/index.html).\n",
    "\n",
    "Data is extracted from the [gapminder](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gapminder/readme/README.html) R package."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "5e5cf787",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.395548Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.395460Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.398380Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.398095Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "\n",
    "from lets_plot import *"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "8052d660-75a7-40d0-ab26-4031161a5ec1",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.399648Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.399575Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.401292Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.401129Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "            <div id=\"NZDZvq\"></div>\n",
       "            <script type=\"text/javascript\" data-lets-plot-script=\"library\">\n",
       "                if(!window.letsPlotCallQueue) {\n",
       "                    window.letsPlotCallQueue = [];\n",
       "                }; \n",
       "                window.letsPlotCall = function(f) {\n",
       "                    window.letsPlotCallQueue.push(f);\n",
       "                };\n",
       "                (function() {\n",
       "                    var script = document.createElement(\"script\");\n",
       "                    script.type = \"text/javascript\";\n",
       "                    script.src = \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/JetBrains/lets-plot@v4.8.0/js-package/distr/lets-plot.min.js\";\n",
       "                    script.onload = function() {\n",
       "                        window.letsPlotCall = function(f) {f();};\n",
       "                        window.letsPlotCallQueue.forEach(function(f) {f();});\n",
       "                        window.letsPlotCallQueue = [];\n",
       "                        \n",
       "                    };\n",
       "                    script.onerror = function(event) {\n",
       "                        window.letsPlotCall = function(f) {};    // noop\n",
       "                        window.letsPlotCallQueue = [];\n",
       "                        var div = document.createElement(\"div\");\n",
       "                        div.style.color = 'darkred';\n",
       "                        div.textContent = 'Error loading Lets-Plot JS';\n",
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       "                    };\n",
       "                    var e = document.getElementById(\"NZDZvq\");\n",
       "                    e.appendChild(script);\n",
       "                })()\n",
       "            </script>\n",
       "            "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "LetsPlot.setup_html()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "68f44f0c",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.402510Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.402439Z",
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    }
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>country</th>\n",
       "      <th>continent</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>lifeExp</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>gdpPercap</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.801</td>\n",
       "      <td>8425333</td>\n",
       "      <td>779.445314</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.332</td>\n",
       "      <td>9240934</td>\n",
       "      <td>820.853030</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.997</td>\n",
       "      <td>10267083</td>\n",
       "      <td>853.100710</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>34.020</td>\n",
       "      <td>11537966</td>\n",
       "      <td>836.197138</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.088</td>\n",
       "      <td>13079460</td>\n",
       "      <td>739.981106</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       country continent  year  lifeExp       pop   gdpPercap\n",
       "0  Afghanistan      Asia  1952   28.801   8425333  779.445314\n",
       "1  Afghanistan      Asia  1957   30.332   9240934  820.853030\n",
       "2  Afghanistan      Asia  1962   31.997  10267083  853.100710\n",
       "3  Afghanistan      Asia  1967   34.020  11537966  836.197138\n",
       "4  Afghanistan      Asia  1972   36.088  13079460  739.981106"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.read_csv(\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/JetBrains/lets-plot-docs/master/data/gapminder.csv\")\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "e6a07a28",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.709702Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.709625Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.712166Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.711994Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "line_size = 1.4\n",
    "\n",
    "def bbc_theme(show_x_axis=True):\n",
    "    def get_element_text(title=False, subtitle=False, size=21):\n",
    "        face = None\n",
    "        margin = None\n",
    "        if title:\n",
    "            size = 33\n",
    "            face = \"bold\"\n",
    "            margin = [11, 0, 0, 0]\n",
    "        if subtitle:\n",
    "            size = 26\n",
    "            margin = [9, 0, 0, 0]\n",
    "        return element_text(family=\"Helvetica\", face=face, size=size, margin=margin)\n",
    "    result = theme(\n",
    "        plot_title=get_element_text(title=True),\n",
    "        plot_subtitle=get_element_text(subtitle=True),\n",
    "        legend_position='top',\n",
    "        legend_background='blank',\n",
    "        legend_title='blank',\n",
    "        legend_text=get_element_text(),\n",
    "        axis_title='blank',\n",
    "        axis_text=get_element_text(),\n",
    "        axis_text_x=element_text(margin=[20, 20]),\n",
    "        axis_text_y=element_text(margin=[10, 5]),\n",
    "        axis_ticks='blank',\n",
    "        axis_line=element_line(size=2*line_size) if show_x_axis else 'blank',\n",
    "        axis_ontop_x=True,\n",
    "        panel_grid_minor='blank',\n",
    "        panel_grid_major_y=element_line(size=line_size*6/5, color='#CBCBCB'),\n",
    "        panel_grid_major_x='blank',\n",
    "        panel_background='blank',\n",
    "        strip_text=element_text(size=26, hjust=0),\n",
    "    )\n",
    "    if show_x_axis:\n",
    "        result += coord_cartesian(ylim=[0, None]) + scale_y_continuous(expand=[.15, 0])\n",
    "    return result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "901f50cc",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Make a line chart"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "e5451129",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.713127Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.713056Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.744006Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.743669Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "   \n",
       "   (function() {\n",
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       "   \n",
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       "   const responsive = false;\n",
       "   \n",
       "   let sizing = {\n",
       "       width_mode: \"MIN\",\n",
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       "       width: null, \n",
       "       height: null \n",
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       "   \n",
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       "   \n",
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       "\"data\":{\n",
       "\"year\":[1952.0,1957.0,1962.0,1967.0,1972.0,1977.0,1982.0,1987.0,1992.0,1997.0,2002.0,2007.0],\n",
       "\"lifeExp\":[36.256,37.207,38.41,39.487,41.766,43.767,45.642,47.457,49.42,47.495,45.009,48.303]\n",
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       "\"panel_grid_major_y\":{\n",
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       "}\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"coord\":{\n",
       "\"name\":\"cartesian\",\n",
       "\"ylim\":[0.0,null],\n",
       "\"flip\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
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       "\"height\":450.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
       "\"text\":\"Living longer\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"Life expectancy in Malawi 1952-2007\"\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"kind\":\"plot\",\n",
       "\"scales\":[{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"x\",\n",
       "\"format\":\"d\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"y\",\n",
       "\"expand\":[0.15,0.0]\n",
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       "\"layers\":[{\n",
       "\"geom\":\"line\",\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"tooltips\":{\n",
       "\"formats\":[{\n",
       "\"field\":\"@year\",\n",
       "\"format\":\"d\"\n",
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       "};\n",
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       "       } else {\n",
       "           fig.updateView({});\n",
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       "       forceImmediateRender || (\n",
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       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
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       "   \n",
       "   if (!renderImmediately || responsive) {\n",
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       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
       "                       observer = null;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "                   renderPlot();\n",
       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
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       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e82ec3490>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "line_df = df[df.country == \"Malawi\"]\n",
    "\n",
    "ggplot(line_df, aes('year', 'lifeExp')) + \\\n",
    "    geom_line(color='#1380A1', size=line_size, \\\n",
    "              tooltips=layer_tooltips().format(\"@year\", \"d\")) + \\\n",
    "    scale_x_continuous(format='d') + \\\n",
    "    bbc_theme() + \\\n",
    "    ggsize(600, 450) + \\\n",
    "    labs(title=\"Living longer\", subtitle=\"Life expectancy in Malawi 1952-2007\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "53679cb7",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
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     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.744869Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.749207Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.749027Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "   <div id=\"24959h\"></div>\n",
       "   <script type=\"text/javascript\" data-lets-plot-script=\"plot\">\n",
       "   \n",
       "   (function() {\n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const forceImmediateRender = false;\n",
       "   const responsive = false;\n",
       "   \n",
       "   let sizing = {\n",
       "       width_mode: \"MIN\",\n",
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       "       width: null, \n",
       "       height: null \n",
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       "   \n",
       "   const preferredWidth = document.body.dataset.letsPlotPreferredWidth;\n",
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       "   \n",
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       "           const plotSpec = {\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "\"year\":[1952.0,1957.0,1962.0,1967.0,1972.0,1977.0,1982.0,1987.0,1992.0,1997.0,2002.0,2007.0],\n",
       "\"lifeExp\":[44.0,50.54896,44.50136,58.38112,63.11888,63.96736,65.525,67.274,68.69,70.426,72.028,72.961]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "\"x\":\"year\",\n",
       "\"y\":\"lifeExp\"\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "\"series_annotations\":[{\n",
       "\"type\":\"str\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"country\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"str\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"continent\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"int\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"year\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"float\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"lifeExp\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"int\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"pop\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"float\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"gdpPercap\"\n",
       "}]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"theme\":{\n",
       "\"axis_ontop_x\":true,\n",
       "\"axis_title\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"axis_text\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":21.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_text_x\":{\n",
       "\"margin\":[20.0,20.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_text_y\":{\n",
       "\"margin\":[10.0,5.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_ticks\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"axis_line\":{\n",
       "\"size\":2.8,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"legend_background\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"legend_text\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":21.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"legend_title\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"legend_position\":\"top\",\n",
       "\"panel_background\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_minor\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_major_x\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_major_y\":{\n",
       "\"color\":\"#CBCBCB\",\n",
       "\"size\":1.6799999999999997,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"plot_title\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
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       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
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       "},\n",
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       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "}\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"coord\":{\n",
       "\"name\":\"cartesian\",\n",
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       "\"flip\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
       "\"width\":600.0,\n",
       "\"height\":450.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
       "\"text\":\"Living longer\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"Life expectancy in China 1952-2007\"\n",
       "},\n",
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       "\"aesthetic\":\"x\",\n",
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       "\"aesthetic\":\"y\",\n",
       "\"expand\":[0.15,0.0]\n",
       "}],\n",
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       "\"geom\":\"line\",\n",
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       "},\n",
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       "\"format\":\"d\"\n",
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       "},\n",
       "\"color\":\"#1380A1\",\n",
       "\"size\":1.4,\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"metainfo_list\":[],\n",
       "\"spec_id\":\"2\"\n",
       "};\n",
       "           window.letsPlotCall(function() { fig = LetsPlot.buildPlotFromProcessedSpecs(plotSpec, containerDiv, sizing); });\n",
       "       } else {\n",
       "           fig.updateView({});\n",
       "       }\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const renderImmediately = \n",
       "       forceImmediateRender || (\n",
       "           sizing.width_mode === 'FIXED' && \n",
       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (!renderImmediately || responsive) {\n",
       "       // Set up observer for initial sizing or continuous monitoring\n",
       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
       "           for (let entry of entries) {\n",
       "               if (entry.contentBoxSize && \n",
       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
       "                   if (!responsive && observer) {\n",
       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
       "                       observer = null;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "                   renderPlot();\n",
       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "               }\n",
       "           }\n",
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       "       \n",
       "       observer.observe(containerDiv);\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   })();\n",
       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e82d05b10>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "line_df = df[df.country == \"China\"]\n",
    "\n",
    "ggplot(line_df, aes('year', 'lifeExp')) + \\\n",
    "    geom_line(color='#1380A1', size=line_size, \\\n",
    "              tooltips=layer_tooltips().format(\"@year\", \"d\")) + \\\n",
    "    scale_x_continuous(format='d') + \\\n",
    "    bbc_theme() + \\\n",
    "    ggsize(600, 450) + \\\n",
    "    labs(title=\"Living longer\", subtitle=\"Life expectancy in China 1952-2007\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a6553da5",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Make a multiple line chart"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "0578594a",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.749915Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.749845Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.754446Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.754271Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
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       "\"height\":450.0\n",
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       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
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       "}\n",
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       "\"metainfo_list\":[],\n",
       "\"spec_id\":\"3\"\n",
       "};\n",
       "           window.letsPlotCall(function() { fig = LetsPlot.buildPlotFromProcessedSpecs(plotSpec, containerDiv, sizing); });\n",
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       "       renderPlot();\n",
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       "   \n",
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       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e82d0c5e0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "multiple_line_df = df[df.country.isin([\"China\", \"United States\"])]\n",
    "\n",
    "multiple_line_plot = ggplot(multiple_line_df, aes('year', 'lifeExp', color='country')) + \\\n",
    "    geom_line(size=line_size, tooltips=layer_tooltips().format(\"@year\", \"d\")) + \\\n",
    "    scale_x_continuous(format='d') + \\\n",
    "    scale_color_manual(values=['#FAAB18', '#1380A1']) + \\\n",
    "    bbc_theme() + \\\n",
    "    ggsize(600, 450) + \\\n",
    "    labs(title=\"Living longer\", subtitle=\"Life expectancy in China and the US\")\n",
    "multiple_line_plot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a3fbd67f-339c-4abf-92de-9b6ebbdcfcff",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Add color scheme (flavor)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "a697b6ef-54ba-4908-9d79-b9e95499bb9b",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.755225Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.755150Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.758600Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.758429Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
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       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e88266920>"
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     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
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    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "multiple_line_plot + \\\n",
    "    theme(plot_margin=[20, 30]) + flavor_high_contrast_dark() + \\\n",
    "    ggsize(700, 500)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "42dcb6ed",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Make a bar chart"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "d6e8a5f8",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
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     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.759181Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.763941Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.763759Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "\"text\":\"Reunion is highest\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"Highest African life expectancy, 2007\"\n",
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       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e82d18d90>"
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     "metadata": {},
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   "source": [
    "bar_df = df[(df.year == 2007)&(df.continent == \"Africa\")]\\\n",
    "           .sort_values(by=['lifeExp'], ascending=False).head(5)\n",
    "\n",
    "bars_plot = ggplot(bar_df, aes(as_discrete('country', order=1), 'lifeExp')) + \\\n",
    "    geom_bar(stat='identity', position='identity', fill='#1380A1') + \\\n",
    "    bbc_theme() + \\\n",
    "    ggsize(640, 480) + \\\n",
    "    labs(title=\"Reunion is highest\", subtitle=\"Highest African life expectancy, 2007\")\n",
    "bars_plot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "f8981a78",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Make a stacked bar chart"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "5fdbdd8c",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
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     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.774352Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.774178Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "   <div id=\"g12vVx\"></div>\n",
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       "\"lifeExpGrouped\":[\"Under 50\",\"50-65\",\"65-80\",\"50-65\",\"65-80\",\"80+\",\"Under 50\",\"50-65\",\"65-80\",\"80+\",\"65-80\",\"80+\",\"80+\"],\n",
       "\"continentPop\":[3.76100713E8,3.86811458E8,1.66627521E8,8502814.0,8.56978229E8,3.3390141E7,3.1889923E7,1.401351679E9,2.237837162E9,1.40875063E8,4.04903083E8,1.81195446E8,2.4549947E7],\n",
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       "\"panel_grid_major_y\":{\n",
       "\"color\":\"#CBCBCB\",\n",
       "\"size\":1.6799999999999997,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
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       "\"plot_title\":{\n",
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       "\"face\":\"bold\",\n",
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       "},\n",
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       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"margin\":[9.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"strip_text\":{\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
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       "\"blank\":false\n",
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       "\"legend_justification\":[0.0,1.0],\n",
       "\"legend_direction\":\"horizontal\"\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"coord\":{\n",
       "\"name\":\"cartesian\",\n",
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       "},\n",
       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
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       "\"height\":480.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
       "\"text\":\"How life expectancy varies\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"% of population by life expectancy band, 2007\"\n",
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       "\"scales\":[{\n",
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       "\"breaks\":[0.0,25.0,50.0,75.0,100.0],\n",
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       "},{\n",
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       "\"formats\":[{\n",
       "\"field\":\"@continentPop\",\n",
       "\"format\":\".2~s\"\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"lines\":[\"population|@continentPop\"]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
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       "\"column\":\"lifeExpGrouped\",\n",
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       "           sizing.width_mode === 'FIXED' && \n",
       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (!renderImmediately || responsive) {\n",
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       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
       "           for (let entry of entries) {\n",
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       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
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       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
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       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
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       "       \n",
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       "   \n",
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       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e82d28f70>"
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     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "stacked_df = df[df.year == 2007].assign(\n",
    "    lifeExpGrouped=lambda df: pd.cut(\n",
    "        df.lifeExp, bins=pd.IntervalIndex.from_tuples([(0, 50), (50, 65), (65, 80), (80, 90)])\n",
    "    ).cat.rename_categories([\"Under 50\", \"50-65\", \"65-80\", \"80+\"])\n",
    ").rename(\n",
    "    columns={'pop': 'continentPop'}\n",
    ").groupby(['continent', 'lifeExpGrouped'], observed=False).continentPop.sum().reset_index().query('continentPop > 0').assign(\n",
    "    continentPopPercentage=lambda df: 100 * df.groupby('continent', group_keys=True).continentPop.apply(\n",
    "        lambda x: x / float(x.sum())\n",
    "    ).values\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "ggplot(stacked_df, aes('continent', 'continentPopPercentage', fill='lifeExpGrouped')) + \\\n",
    "    geom_bar(stat='identity', size=0, tooltips=layer_tooltips().line('population|@continentPop')\\\n",
    "                                                               .format('@continentPop', '.2~s')) + \\\n",
    "    scale_y_continuous(breaks=list(range(0, 101, 25)), format='{d}%') + \\\n",
    "    scale_fill_viridis() + \\\n",
    "    bbc_theme() + \\\n",
    "    theme(legend_justification=[0, 1], legend_position=[-.02, 1.02], legend_direction='horizontal') + \\\n",
    "    ggsize(640, 480) + \\\n",
    "    labs(title=\"How life expectancy varies\", subtitle=\"% of population by life expectancy band, 2007\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "cc92d098",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Make a grouped bar chart"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "670f7764",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
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     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.774999Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.782293Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.782117Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "   <div id=\"64VyKq\"></div>\n",
       "   <script type=\"text/javascript\" data-lets-plot-script=\"plot\">\n",
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       "\"country\":[\"Oman\",\"Vietnam\",\"Yemen, Rep.\",\"Indonesia\",\"Libya\",\"Oman\",\"Vietnam\",\"Yemen, Rep.\",\"Indonesia\",\"Libya\"],\n",
       "\"year\":[1967.0,1967.0,1967.0,1967.0,1967.0,2007.0,2007.0,2007.0,2007.0,2007.0],\n",
       "\"lifeExp\":[46.988,47.838,36.984,45.964,50.227,75.64,74.249,62.698,70.65,73.952]\n",
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       "\"column\":\"gap\"\n",
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       "},\n",
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       "\"axis_ontop_x\":true,\n",
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       "\"axis_text_x\":{\n",
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       "},\n",
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       "},\n",
       "\"axis_ticks\":\"blank\",\n",
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       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
       "\"text\":\"We're living longer\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"Biggest life expectancy rise, 1967-2007\"\n",
       "},\n",
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       "\"scales\":[{\n",
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       "}\n",
       "}],\n",
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       "};\n",
       "           window.letsPlotCall(function() { fig = LetsPlot.buildPlotFromProcessedSpecs(plotSpec, containerDiv, sizing); });\n",
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       "           sizing.width_mode === 'FIXED' && \n",
       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
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       "   \n",
       "   if (!renderImmediately || responsive) {\n",
       "       // Set up observer for initial sizing or continuous monitoring\n",
       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
       "           for (let entry of entries) {\n",
       "               if (entry.contentBoxSize && \n",
       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
       "                   if (!responsive && observer) {\n",
       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
       "                       observer = null;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "                   renderPlot();\n",
       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "               }\n",
       "           }\n",
       "       });\n",
       "       \n",
       "       observer.observe(containerDiv);\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   })();\n",
       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e82d29060>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "grouped_bar_df = pd.melt(\n",
    "    df[df.year.isin([1967, 2007])][['country', 'year', 'lifeExp']].pivot(\n",
    "        index='country', columns='year', values='lifeExp'\n",
    "    ).assign(\n",
    "        gap=lambda df: df[2007] - df[1967]\n",
    "    ).sort_values(\n",
    "        by='gap', ascending=False\n",
    "    ).head(5).reset_index(),\n",
    "    id_vars=['country', 'gap'],\n",
    "    value_vars=[1967, 2007],\n",
    "    value_name='lifeExp'\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "ggplot(grouped_bar_df, aes(as_discrete('country', order=1), 'lifeExp', \\\n",
    "                           group='year', fill=as_discrete('year'))) + \\\n",
    "    geom_bar(stat='identity', position='dodge') + \\\n",
    "    bbc_theme() + \\\n",
    "    scale_fill_manual(values=['#1380A1', '#FAAB18'], format='d') + \\\n",
    "    ggsize(720, 480) + \\\n",
    "    labs(title=\"We're living longer\", subtitle=\"Biggest life expectancy rise, 1967-2007\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b8006abe",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Make a dumbbell chart"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "0416ee54",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.783040Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.782967Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.788851Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.788676Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e82d8e5c0>"
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     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dumbbell_df = df[df.year.isin([1967, 2007])][['country', 'year', 'lifeExp']].pivot(\n",
    "    index='country', columns='year', values='lifeExp'\n",
    ").assign(\n",
    "    gap=lambda df: df[2007] - df[1967]\n",
    ").sort_values(\n",
    "    by='gap'\n",
    ").tail(10).reset_index()\n",
    "dumbbell_df.columns = dumbbell_df.columns.map(str)\n",
    "\n",
    "ggplot(dumbbell_df) + \\\n",
    "    geom_segment(aes(x='1967', xend='2007', y='country', yend='country'), \\\n",
    "                 color='#DDDDDD', size=3) + \\\n",
    "    geom_point(aes(x='1967', y='country'), color='#FAAB18', size=5) + \\\n",
    "    geom_point(aes(x='2007', y='country'), color='#1380A1', size=5) + \\\n",
    "    bbc_theme(show_x_axis=False) + \\\n",
    "    ggsize(640, 400) + \\\n",
    "    labs(title=\"We're living longer\", subtitle=\"Biggest life expectancy rise, 1967-2007\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e82e5c79",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Make a histogram"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "a6aafe43",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
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     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.789456Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.794322Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.794141Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "               }\n",
       "           }\n",
       "       });\n",
       "       \n",
       "       observer.observe(containerDiv);\n",
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       "   \n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e82db08b0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hist_df = df[df.year == 2007]\n",
    "\n",
    "breaks = list(range(40, 91, 10))\n",
    "labels = ['{0} years'.format(y) if y == 90 else str(y) for y in breaks]\n",
    "\n",
    "ggplot(hist_df, aes('lifeExp')) + \\\n",
    "    geom_histogram(binwidth=5, color='white', fill='#1380A1') + \\\n",
    "    scale_x_continuous(limits=[35, 95], breaks=breaks, labels=labels) + \\\n",
    "    bbc_theme() + \\\n",
    "    ggsize(600, 450) + \\\n",
    "    labs(title = \"How life expectancy varies\", subtitle=\"Distribution of life expectancy in 2007\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "803cf5de",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Make changes to the legend"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "d74c82fe",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Remove the legend"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "id": "a2130a1f",
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    "execution": {
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     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.798601Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.798420Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
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    "multiple_line_plot + scale_color_manual(values=['#FAAB18', '#1380A1'], guide='none')"
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     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.802053Z"
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   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Change the position of the legend"
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "id": "e28cac8f",
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       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":21.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_text_x\":{\n",
       "\"margin\":[20.0,20.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_text_y\":{\n",
       "\"margin\":[10.0,5.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_ticks\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"axis_line\":{\n",
       "\"size\":2.8,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"legend_background\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"legend_text\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":21.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"legend_title\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"legend_position\":\"right\",\n",
       "\"panel_background\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_minor\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_major_x\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_major_y\":{\n",
       "\"color\":\"#CBCBCB\",\n",
       "\"size\":1.6799999999999997,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"plot_title\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"face\":\"bold\",\n",
       "\"size\":33.0,\n",
       "\"margin\":[11.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"plot_subtitle\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"margin\":[9.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"strip_text\":{\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"hjust\":0.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "}\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"coord\":{\n",
       "\"name\":\"cartesian\",\n",
       "\"ylim\":[0.0,null],\n",
       "\"flip\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
       "\"width\":600.0,\n",
       "\"height\":450.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
       "\"text\":\"Living longer\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"Life expectancy in China and the US\"\n",
       "},\n",
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       "\"scales\":[{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"x\",\n",
       "\"format\":\"d\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"color\",\n",
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       "},{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"y\",\n",
       "\"expand\":[0.15,0.0]\n",
       "}],\n",
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       "\"geom\":\"line\",\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"tooltips\":{\n",
       "\"formats\":[{\n",
       "\"field\":\"@year\",\n",
       "\"format\":\"d\"\n",
       "}]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"size\":1.4,\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"metainfo_list\":[],\n",
       "\"spec_id\":\"12\"\n",
       "};\n",
       "           window.letsPlotCall(function() { fig = LetsPlot.buildPlotFromProcessedSpecs(plotSpec, containerDiv, sizing); });\n",
       "       } else {\n",
       "           fig.updateView({});\n",
       "       }\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const renderImmediately = \n",
       "       forceImmediateRender || (\n",
       "           sizing.width_mode === 'FIXED' && \n",
       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (!renderImmediately || responsive) {\n",
       "       // Set up observer for initial sizing or continuous monitoring\n",
       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
       "           for (let entry of entries) {\n",
       "               if (entry.contentBoxSize && \n",
       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
       "                   if (!responsive && observer) {\n",
       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
       "                       observer = null;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "                   renderPlot();\n",
       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "               }\n",
       "           }\n",
       "       });\n",
       "       \n",
       "       observer.observe(containerDiv);\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   })();\n",
       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e82d8f250>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "multiple_line_plot + theme(legend_position='right')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "7511eafa",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Make changes to the axes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "44145a11",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Flip the coordinates of a plot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "id": "0f57c8e3",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.806540Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.806470Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.809345Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.809174Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "   <div id=\"DUeHMG\"></div>\n",
       "   <script type=\"text/javascript\" data-lets-plot-script=\"plot\">\n",
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       "   \n",
       "   const forceImmediateRender = false;\n",
       "   const responsive = false;\n",
       "   \n",
       "   let sizing = {\n",
       "       width_mode: \"MIN\",\n",
       "       height_mode: \"SCALED\",\n",
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       "       height: null \n",
       "   };\n",
       "   \n",
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       "       sizing = {\n",
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       "           width: parseFloat(preferredWidth)\n",
       "       };\n",
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       "   \n",
       "   const containerDiv = document.getElementById(\"DUeHMG\");\n",
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       "\"data\":{\n",
       "\"country\":[\"Reunion\",\"Libya\",\"Tunisia\",\"Mauritius\",\"Algeria\"],\n",
       "\"lifeExp\":[76.442,73.952,73.923,72.801,72.301]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
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       "\"column\":\"lifeExp\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"int\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"pop\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"float\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"gdpPercap\"\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"mapping_annotations\":[{\n",
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       "\"label\":\"country\",\n",
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       "},\n",
       "\"aes\":\"x\",\n",
       "\"annotation\":\"as_discrete\"\n",
       "}]\n",
       "},\n",
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       "\"axis_text_y\":{\n",
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       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"hjust\":0.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "}\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"coord\":{\n",
       "\"name\":\"flip\",\n",
       "\"flip\":true\n",
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       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
       "\"width\":640.0,\n",
       "\"height\":480.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
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       "},\n",
       "\"position\":\"identity\",\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"fill\":\"#1380A1\",\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "}],\n",
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       "   const renderImmediately = \n",
       "       forceImmediateRender || (\n",
       "           sizing.width_mode === 'FIXED' && \n",
       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (!renderImmediately || responsive) {\n",
       "       // Set up observer for initial sizing or continuous monitoring\n",
       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
       "           for (let entry of entries) {\n",
       "               if (entry.contentBoxSize && \n",
       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
       "                   if (!responsive && observer) {\n",
       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
       "                       observer = null;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "                   renderPlot();\n",
       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "               }\n",
       "           }\n",
       "       });\n",
       "       \n",
       "       observer.observe(containerDiv);\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   })();\n",
       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e82dc2fb0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bars_plot = bars_plot + coord_flip()\n",
    "bars_plot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "6d05b53d",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Change the plot limits"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "id": "fbca645d",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.809959Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.809891Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.812862Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.812693Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "   <div id=\"WF1foH\"></div>\n",
       "   <script type=\"text/javascript\" data-lets-plot-script=\"plot\">\n",
       "   \n",
       "   (function() {\n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const forceImmediateRender = false;\n",
       "   const responsive = false;\n",
       "   \n",
       "   let sizing = {\n",
       "       width_mode: \"MIN\",\n",
       "       height_mode: \"SCALED\",\n",
       "       width: null, \n",
       "       height: null \n",
       "   };\n",
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       "   if (preferredWidth !== undefined) {\n",
       "       sizing = {\n",
       "           width_mode: 'FIXED',\n",
       "           height_mode: 'SCALED',\n",
       "           width: parseFloat(preferredWidth)\n",
       "       };\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const containerDiv = document.getElementById(\"WF1foH\");\n",
       "   let fig = null;\n",
       "   \n",
       "   function renderPlot() {\n",
       "       if (fig === null) {\n",
       "           const plotSpec = {\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "\"country\":[\"Reunion\",\"Libya\",\"Tunisia\",\"Mauritius\",\"Algeria\"],\n",
       "\"lifeExp\":[76.442,73.952,73.923,72.801,72.301]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "\"x\":\"country\",\n",
       "\"y\":\"lifeExp\"\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "\"series_annotations\":[{\n",
       "\"type\":\"str\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"country\"\n",
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       "\"column\":\"continent\"\n",
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       "\"type\":\"int\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"year\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"float\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"lifeExp\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"int\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"pop\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"float\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"gdpPercap\"\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"mapping_annotations\":[{\n",
       "\"parameters\":{\n",
       "\"label\":\"country\",\n",
       "\"order\":1.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"aes\":\"x\",\n",
       "\"annotation\":\"as_discrete\"\n",
       "}]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"theme\":{\n",
       "\"axis_ontop_x\":true,\n",
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       "\"axis_text\":{\n",
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       "\"size\":21.0,\n",
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       "\"axis_text_x\":{\n",
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       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_text_y\":{\n",
       "\"margin\":[10.0,5.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_ticks\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"axis_line\":{\n",
       "\"size\":2.8,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"legend_background\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"legend_text\":{\n",
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       "\"size\":21.0,\n",
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       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
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       "\"margin\":[9.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"strip_text\":{\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"hjust\":0.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "}\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"coord\":{\n",
       "\"name\":\"flip\",\n",
       "\"flip\":true\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
       "\"width\":640.0,\n",
       "\"height\":480.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
       "\"text\":\"Reunion is highest\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"Highest African life expectancy, 2007\"\n",
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       "\"limits\":[0.0,500.0]\n",
       "}],\n",
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       "\"geom\":\"bar\",\n",
       "\"stat\":\"identity\",\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"position\":\"identity\",\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"fill\":\"#1380A1\",\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"metainfo_list\":[],\n",
       "\"spec_id\":\"14\"\n",
       "};\n",
       "           window.letsPlotCall(function() { fig = LetsPlot.buildPlotFromProcessedSpecs(plotSpec, containerDiv, sizing); });\n",
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       "           fig.updateView({});\n",
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       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const renderImmediately = \n",
       "       forceImmediateRender || (\n",
       "           sizing.width_mode === 'FIXED' && \n",
       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (!renderImmediately || responsive) {\n",
       "       // Set up observer for initial sizing or continuous monitoring\n",
       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
       "           for (let entry of entries) {\n",
       "               if (entry.contentBoxSize && \n",
       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
       "                   if (!responsive && observer) {\n",
       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
       "                       observer = null;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "                   renderPlot();\n",
       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "               }\n",
       "           }\n",
       "       });\n",
       "       \n",
       "       observer.observe(containerDiv);\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   })();\n",
       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e82d8f1f0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bars_plot + ylim(0, 500)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a01a020e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Change the axis text manually"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "id": "f159c466",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.813432Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.813364Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.816733Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.816566Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "   <div id=\"kvsLo3\"></div>\n",
       "   <script type=\"text/javascript\" data-lets-plot-script=\"plot\">\n",
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       "   (function() {\n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const forceImmediateRender = false;\n",
       "   const responsive = false;\n",
       "   \n",
       "   let sizing = {\n",
       "       width_mode: \"MIN\",\n",
       "       height_mode: \"SCALED\",\n",
       "       width: null, \n",
       "       height: null \n",
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       "       sizing = {\n",
       "           width_mode: 'FIXED',\n",
       "           height_mode: 'SCALED',\n",
       "           width: parseFloat(preferredWidth)\n",
       "       };\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const containerDiv = document.getElementById(\"kvsLo3\");\n",
       "   let fig = null;\n",
       "   \n",
       "   function renderPlot() {\n",
       "       if (fig === null) {\n",
       "           const plotSpec = {\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "\"country\":[\"Reunion\",\"Libya\",\"Tunisia\",\"Mauritius\",\"Algeria\"],\n",
       "\"lifeExp\":[76.442,73.952,73.923,72.801,72.301]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "\"x\":\"country\",\n",
       "\"y\":\"lifeExp\"\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "\"series_annotations\":[{\n",
       "\"type\":\"str\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"country\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"str\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"continent\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"int\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"year\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"float\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"lifeExp\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"int\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"pop\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"float\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"gdpPercap\"\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"mapping_annotations\":[{\n",
       "\"parameters\":{\n",
       "\"label\":\"country\",\n",
       "\"order\":1.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"aes\":\"x\",\n",
       "\"annotation\":\"as_discrete\"\n",
       "}]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"theme\":{\n",
       "\"axis_ontop_x\":true,\n",
       "\"axis_title\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"axis_text\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":21.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_text_x\":{\n",
       "\"margin\":[20.0,20.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_text_y\":{\n",
       "\"margin\":[10.0,5.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_ticks\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"axis_line\":{\n",
       "\"size\":2.8,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"legend_background\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"legend_text\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":21.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"legend_title\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"legend_position\":\"top\",\n",
       "\"panel_background\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_minor\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_major_x\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_major_y\":{\n",
       "\"color\":\"#CBCBCB\",\n",
       "\"size\":1.6799999999999997,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"plot_title\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"face\":\"bold\",\n",
       "\"size\":33.0,\n",
       "\"margin\":[11.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"plot_subtitle\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"margin\":[9.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"strip_text\":{\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"hjust\":0.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "}\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"coord\":{\n",
       "\"name\":\"flip\",\n",
       "\"flip\":true\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
       "\"width\":640.0,\n",
       "\"height\":480.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
       "\"text\":\"Reunion is highest\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"Highest African life expectancy, 2007\"\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"kind\":\"plot\",\n",
       "\"scales\":[{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"y\",\n",
       "\"expand\":[0.15,0.0]\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"y\",\n",
       "\"breaks\":[0.0,20.0,40.0,60.0,80.0],\n",
       "\"labels\":[\"0\",\"20\",\"40\",\"60\",\"80 years\"],\n",
       "\"limits\":[0.0,85.0]\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"layers\":[{\n",
       "\"geom\":\"bar\",\n",
       "\"stat\":\"identity\",\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"position\":\"identity\",\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"fill\":\"#1380A1\",\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"metainfo_list\":[],\n",
       "\"spec_id\":\"15\"\n",
       "};\n",
       "           window.letsPlotCall(function() { fig = LetsPlot.buildPlotFromProcessedSpecs(plotSpec, containerDiv, sizing); });\n",
       "       } else {\n",
       "           fig.updateView({});\n",
       "       }\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const renderImmediately = \n",
       "       forceImmediateRender || (\n",
       "           sizing.width_mode === 'FIXED' && \n",
       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (!renderImmediately || responsive) {\n",
       "       // Set up observer for initial sizing or continuous monitoring\n",
       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
       "           for (let entry of entries) {\n",
       "               if (entry.contentBoxSize && \n",
       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
       "                   if (!responsive && observer) {\n",
       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
       "                       observer = null;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "                   renderPlot();\n",
       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "               }\n",
       "           }\n",
       "       });\n",
       "       \n",
       "       observer.observe(containerDiv);\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   })();\n",
       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e82d29630>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "breaks = list(range(0, 81, 20))\n",
    "labels = ['{0} years'.format(y) if y == 80 else str(y) for y in breaks]\n",
    "\n",
    "bars_plot = bars_plot + \\\n",
    "    scale_y_continuous(limits=[0, 85], breaks=breaks, labels=labels)\n",
    "bars_plot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c26e6158",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Add axis ticks"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "id": "d11d9a91",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.817317Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.817248Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.820408Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.820232Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "   <script type=\"text/javascript\" data-lets-plot-script=\"plot\">\n",
       "   \n",
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       "   \n",
       "   const forceImmediateRender = false;\n",
       "   const responsive = false;\n",
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       "   let sizing = {\n",
       "       width_mode: \"MIN\",\n",
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       "       width: null, \n",
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       "   const preferredWidth = document.body.dataset.letsPlotPreferredWidth;\n",
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       "           width: parseFloat(preferredWidth)\n",
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       "\"plot_title\":{\n",
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       "\"face\":\"bold\",\n",
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       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
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       "\"strip_text\":{\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"hjust\":0.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_ticks_x\":{\n",
       "\"color\":\"#333333\",\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_ticks_length_x\":10.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"coord\":{\n",
       "\"name\":\"cartesian\",\n",
       "\"ylim\":[0.0,null],\n",
       "\"flip\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
       "\"width\":600.0,\n",
       "\"height\":450.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
       "\"text\":\"Living longer\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"Life expectancy in China and the US\"\n",
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       "\"kind\":\"plot\",\n",
       "\"scales\":[{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"x\",\n",
       "\"format\":\"d\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"color\",\n",
       "\"values\":[\"#FAAB18\",\"#1380A1\"]\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"y\",\n",
       "\"expand\":[0.15,0.0]\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"layers\":[{\n",
       "\"geom\":\"line\",\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"tooltips\":{\n",
       "\"formats\":[{\n",
       "\"field\":\"@year\",\n",
       "\"format\":\"d\"\n",
       "}]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"size\":1.4,\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"metainfo_list\":[],\n",
       "\"spec_id\":\"16\"\n",
       "};\n",
       "           window.letsPlotCall(function() { fig = LetsPlot.buildPlotFromProcessedSpecs(plotSpec, containerDiv, sizing); });\n",
       "       } else {\n",
       "           fig.updateView({});\n",
       "       }\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const renderImmediately = \n",
       "       forceImmediateRender || (\n",
       "           sizing.width_mode === 'FIXED' && \n",
       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (!renderImmediately || responsive) {\n",
       "       // Set up observer for initial sizing or continuous monitoring\n",
       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
       "           for (let entry of entries) {\n",
       "               if (entry.contentBoxSize && \n",
       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
       "                   if (!responsive && observer) {\n",
       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
       "                       observer = null;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "                   renderPlot();\n",
       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "               }\n",
       "           }\n",
       "       });\n",
       "       \n",
       "       observer.observe(containerDiv);\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   })();\n",
       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e80b0abf0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "multiple_line_plot + \\\n",
    "    theme(axis_ticks_x=element_line(color='#333333'), axis_ticks_length_x=10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ae18241d",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Add annotations"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "bbf3f138",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Add an annotation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "id": "ddbce135",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.821029Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.820959Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.824323Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.824152Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "   <script type=\"text/javascript\" data-lets-plot-script=\"plot\">\n",
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       "   // ----------\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const forceImmediateRender = false;\n",
       "   const responsive = false;\n",
       "   \n",
       "   let sizing = {\n",
       "       width_mode: \"MIN\",\n",
       "       height_mode: \"SCALED\",\n",
       "       width: null, \n",
       "       height: null \n",
       "   };\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const preferredWidth = document.body.dataset.letsPlotPreferredWidth;\n",
       "   if (preferredWidth !== undefined) {\n",
       "       sizing = {\n",
       "           width_mode: 'FIXED',\n",
       "           height_mode: 'SCALED',\n",
       "           width: parseFloat(preferredWidth)\n",
       "       };\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const containerDiv = document.getElementById(\"1tAgoK\");\n",
       "   let fig = null;\n",
       "   \n",
       "   function renderPlot() {\n",
       "       if (fig === null) {\n",
       "           const plotSpec = {\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "\"country\":[\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\"],\n",
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       "\"color\":\"country\"\n",
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       "\"type\":\"int\",\n",
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       "\"type\":\"float\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"gdpPercap\"\n",
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       "\"panel_grid_major_y\":{\n",
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       "\"size\":1.6799999999999997,\n",
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       "\"plot_title\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"face\":\"bold\",\n",
       "\"size\":33.0,\n",
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       "},\n",
       "\"plot_subtitle\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"margin\":[9.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
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       "\"strip_text\":{\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"hjust\":0.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
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       "},\n",
       "\"coord\":{\n",
       "\"name\":\"cartesian\",\n",
       "\"ylim\":[0.0,null],\n",
       "\"flip\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
       "\"width\":600.0,\n",
       "\"height\":450.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
       "\"text\":\"Living longer\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"Life expectancy in China and the US\"\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"kind\":\"plot\",\n",
       "\"scales\":[{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"x\",\n",
       "\"format\":\"d\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"color\",\n",
       "\"values\":[\"#FAAB18\",\"#1380A1\"]\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"y\",\n",
       "\"expand\":[0.15,0.0]\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"layers\":[{\n",
       "\"geom\":\"line\",\n",
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       "},\n",
       "\"tooltips\":{\n",
       "\"formats\":[{\n",
       "\"field\":\"@year\",\n",
       "\"format\":\"d\"\n",
       "}]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
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       "\"size\":1.4,\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"geom\":\"text\",\n",
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       "},\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
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       "\"x\":1980.0,\n",
       "\"y\":45.0,\n",
       "\"label\":\"I'm an annotation!\",\n",
       "\"hjust\":0.0,\n",
       "\"vjust\":0.5,\n",
       "\"color\":\"#555555\",\n",
       "\"fill\":\"white\",\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
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       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"metainfo_list\":[],\n",
       "\"spec_id\":\"17\"\n",
       "};\n",
       "           window.letsPlotCall(function() { fig = LetsPlot.buildPlotFromProcessedSpecs(plotSpec, containerDiv, sizing); });\n",
       "       } else {\n",
       "           fig.updateView({});\n",
       "       }\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const renderImmediately = \n",
       "       forceImmediateRender || (\n",
       "           sizing.width_mode === 'FIXED' && \n",
       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (!renderImmediately || responsive) {\n",
       "       // Set up observer for initial sizing or continuous monitoring\n",
       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
       "           for (let entry of entries) {\n",
       "               if (entry.contentBoxSize && \n",
       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
       "                   if (!responsive && observer) {\n",
       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
       "                       observer = null;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "                   renderPlot();\n",
       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "               }\n",
       "           }\n",
       "       });\n",
       "       \n",
       "       observer.observe(containerDiv);\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   })();\n",
       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e80b16710>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "multiple_line_plot + \\\n",
    "    geom_text(x=1980, y=45, label=\"I'm an annotation!\", \\\n",
    "              hjust=0, vjust=0.5, color='#555555', fill='white', \\\n",
    "              family=\"Helvetica\", size=10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "id": "d633f5c5-88f8-4230-80ef-c48f680dc29c",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.824899Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.824829Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.829560Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.829371Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "   \n",
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       "   // ----------\n",
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       "   const responsive = false;\n",
       "   \n",
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       "       width_mode: \"MIN\",\n",
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       "\"country\":[\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\"],\n",
       "\"year\":[1952.0,1957.0,1962.0,1967.0,1972.0,1977.0,1982.0,1987.0,1992.0,1997.0,2002.0,2007.0,1952.0,1957.0,1962.0,1967.0,1972.0,1977.0,1982.0,1987.0,1992.0,1997.0,2002.0,2007.0],\n",
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       "\"ylim\":[0.0,null],\n",
       "\"flip\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
       "\"width\":600.0,\n",
       "\"height\":450.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
       "\"text\":\"Living longer\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"Life expectancy in China and the US\"\n",
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       "},{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"x\",\n",
       "\"limits\":[1950.0,2011.0]\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"layers\":[{\n",
       "\"geom\":\"line\",\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"tooltips\":{\n",
       "\"formats\":[{\n",
       "\"field\":\"@year\",\n",
       "\"format\":\"d\"\n",
       "}]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"size\":1.4,\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"geom\":\"label\",\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
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       "}\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"metainfo_list\":[],\n",
       "\"spec_id\":\"18\"\n",
       "};\n",
       "           window.letsPlotCall(function() { fig = LetsPlot.buildPlotFromProcessedSpecs(plotSpec, containerDiv, sizing); });\n",
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       "           fig.updateView({});\n",
       "       }\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const renderImmediately = \n",
       "       forceImmediateRender || (\n",
       "           sizing.width_mode === 'FIXED' && \n",
       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (!renderImmediately || responsive) {\n",
       "       // Set up observer for initial sizing or continuous monitoring\n",
       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
       "           for (let entry of entries) {\n",
       "               if (entry.contentBoxSize && \n",
       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
       "                   if (!responsive && observer) {\n",
       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
       "                       observer = null;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "                   renderPlot();\n",
       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "               }\n",
       "           }\n",
       "       });\n",
       "       \n",
       "       observer.observe(containerDiv);\n",
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       "   \n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   })();\n",
       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e80b18d30>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "multiple_line_plot = multiple_line_plot + \\\n",
    "    geom_label(x=1980, y=45, label=\"I'm quite a long\\nannotation over\\nthree rows\", \\\n",
    "               hjust=0, vjust=0.5, color='#555555', fill='white', \\\n",
    "               family=\"Helvetica\", size=10, label_size=0) + \\\n",
    "    theme(legend_position='none') + \\\n",
    "    xlim(1950, 2011) + \\\n",
    "    geom_label(x=2007, y=79, label=\"US\", \\\n",
    "               hjust=0, vjust=0.5, color='#1380A1', fill='white', \\\n",
    "               family=\"Helvetica\", size=10, label_size=0) + \\\n",
    "    geom_label(x=2007, y=72, label=\"China\", \\\n",
    "               hjust=0, vjust=0.5, color='#FAAB18', fill='white', \\\n",
    "               family=\"Helvetica\", size=10, label_size=0)\n",
    "multiple_line_plot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "5185b167",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Add labels based on your data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "id": "9112f9f2",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.830241Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.830169Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.833578Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.833406Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "   <div id=\"5yve4s\"></div>\n",
       "   <script type=\"text/javascript\" data-lets-plot-script=\"plot\">\n",
       "   \n",
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       "   // ----------\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const forceImmediateRender = false;\n",
       "   const responsive = false;\n",
       "   \n",
       "   let sizing = {\n",
       "       width_mode: \"MIN\",\n",
       "       height_mode: \"SCALED\",\n",
       "       width: null, \n",
       "       height: null \n",
       "   };\n",
       "   \n",
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       "           width_mode: 'FIXED',\n",
       "           height_mode: 'SCALED',\n",
       "           width: parseFloat(preferredWidth)\n",
       "       };\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const containerDiv = document.getElementById(\"5yve4s\");\n",
       "   let fig = null;\n",
       "   \n",
       "   function renderPlot() {\n",
       "       if (fig === null) {\n",
       "           const plotSpec = {\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "\"country\":[\"Reunion\",\"Libya\",\"Tunisia\",\"Mauritius\",\"Algeria\"],\n",
       "\"lifeExp\":[76.442,73.952,73.923,72.801,72.301]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "\"x\":\"country\",\n",
       "\"y\":\"lifeExp\"\n",
       "},\n",
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       "\"type\":\"str\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"country\"\n",
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       "\"column\":\"continent\"\n",
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       "\"type\":\"int\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"year\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"float\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"lifeExp\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"int\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"pop\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"float\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"gdpPercap\"\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"mapping_annotations\":[{\n",
       "\"parameters\":{\n",
       "\"label\":\"country\",\n",
       "\"order\":1.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"aes\":\"x\",\n",
       "\"annotation\":\"as_discrete\"\n",
       "}]\n",
       "},\n",
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       "\"axis_ontop_x\":true,\n",
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       "\"axis_text\":{\n",
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       "\"size\":21.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
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       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
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       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_ticks\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"axis_line\":{\n",
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       "\"blank\":false\n",
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       "\"legend_position\":\"top\",\n",
       "\"panel_background\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_minor\":\"blank\",\n",
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       "},\n",
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       "\"name\":\"flip\",\n",
       "\"flip\":true\n",
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       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
       "\"width\":640.0,\n",
       "\"height\":480.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
       "\"text\":\"Reunion is highest\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"Highest African life expectancy, 2007\"\n",
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       "\"aesthetic\":\"y\",\n",
       "\"expand\":[0.15,0.0]\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"y\",\n",
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       "\"labels\":[\"0\",\"20\",\"40\",\"60\",\"80 years\"],\n",
       "\"limits\":[0.0,85.0]\n",
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       "\"mapping\":{\n",
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       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
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       "\"fill\":\"#1380A1\",\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
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       "\"label\":\"lifeExp\"\n",
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       "\"size\":10.0,\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"metainfo_list\":[],\n",
       "\"spec_id\":\"19\"\n",
       "};\n",
       "           window.letsPlotCall(function() { fig = LetsPlot.buildPlotFromProcessedSpecs(plotSpec, containerDiv, sizing); });\n",
       "       } else {\n",
       "           fig.updateView({});\n",
       "       }\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const renderImmediately = \n",
       "       forceImmediateRender || (\n",
       "           sizing.width_mode === 'FIXED' && \n",
       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
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       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
       "           for (let entry of entries) {\n",
       "               if (entry.contentBoxSize && \n",
       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
       "                   if (!responsive && observer) {\n",
       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
       "                       observer = null;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "                   renderPlot();\n",
       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "               }\n",
       "           }\n",
       "       });\n",
       "       \n",
       "       observer.observe(containerDiv);\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   })();\n",
       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e80b1bc40>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bars_plot + \\\n",
    "    geom_text(aes('country', 'lifeExp', label='lifeExp'), \\\n",
    "              label_format='d', hjust=1, nudge_y=-1.5, color='white', \\\n",
    "              family=\"Helvetica\", size=10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b6456221",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Add left-aligned labels to bar charts"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "id": "6483a393",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.834180Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.834109Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.837491Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.837312Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
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       "   </script>"
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       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e80b1b790>"
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     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bars_plot + \\\n",
    "    geom_text(aes(x='country', label='lifeExp'), y=4, \\\n",
    "              label_format='d', hjust=0, color='white', \\\n",
    "              family=\"Helvetica\", size=10)"
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  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "6f015e06",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Add a line"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "id": "a443476a",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
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     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.838222Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.842046Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.841876Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
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       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
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       "\"height\":450.0\n",
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       "\"label\":\"US\",\n",
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       "\"vjust\":0.5,\n",
       "\"color\":\"#1380A1\",\n",
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       "\"label\":\"China\",\n",
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       "\"xend\":1965.0,\n",
       "\"yend\":43.0,\n",
       "\"color\":\"#555555\",\n",
       "\"size\":1.0499999999999998,\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
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       "\"metainfo_list\":[],\n",
       "\"spec_id\":\"21\"\n",
       "};\n",
       "           window.letsPlotCall(function() { fig = LetsPlot.buildPlotFromProcessedSpecs(plotSpec, containerDiv, sizing); });\n",
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       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
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       "   \n",
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       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
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       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
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       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
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       "                   }\n",
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       "   // ----------\n",
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       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e80b23e80>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "multiple_line_plot + \\\n",
    "    geom_segment(x=1979, y=45, xend=1965, yend=43, color='#555555', size=line_size*3/4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a715ab13-29fa-4470-8a85-3f1c33efe569",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Add a curved line"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "id": "81f5875c-18ec-4597-a7d9-fa055b6dd18c",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.842657Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.842586Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.846486Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.846314Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "       width_mode: \"MIN\",\n",
       "       height_mode: \"SCALED\",\n",
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       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
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       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
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       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
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       "   // ----------\n",
       "   })();\n",
       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e80b2ac80>"
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     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
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    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "multiple_line_plot + \\\n",
    "    geom_curve(x=1979, y=45, xend=1965, yend=43, color='#555555', \\\n",
    "               curvature = -0.2, size=line_size*3/4)"
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  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "f1bf832e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Add an arrow"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "id": "cddac1b3",
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   ],
   "source": [
    "multiple_line_plot + \\\n",
    "    geom_curve(x=1979, y=45, xend=1965, yend=43, color='#555555', \\\n",
    "               curvature = -0.2, size=line_size*3/4, arrow=arrow())"
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  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "9aa9300b",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Add a line across the whole plot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "id": "3826cc9e",
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    "execution": {
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       "   const containerDiv = document.getElementById(\"3JqT64\");\n",
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       "           const plotSpec = {\n",
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       "\"country\":[\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"China\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\"],\n",
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       "},\n",
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       "\"y\":\"lifeExp\",\n",
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       "\"type\":\"str\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"country\"\n",
       "},{\n",
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       "\"column\":\"continent\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"int\",\n",
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       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"float\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"lifeExp\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"int\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"pop\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"float\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"gdpPercap\"\n",
       "}]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"theme\":{\n",
       "\"axis_ontop_x\":true,\n",
       "\"axis_title\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"axis_text\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":21.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_text_x\":{\n",
       "\"margin\":[20.0,20.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_text_y\":{\n",
       "\"margin\":[10.0,5.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_ticks\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"axis_line\":{\n",
       "\"size\":2.8,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"legend_background\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"legend_text\":{\n",
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       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
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       "\"panel_background\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_minor\":\"blank\",\n",
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       "\"panel_grid_major_y\":{\n",
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       "},\n",
       "\"plot_title\":{\n",
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       "\"face\":\"bold\",\n",
       "\"size\":33.0,\n",
       "\"margin\":[11.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"plot_subtitle\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"margin\":[9.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],\n",
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       "},\n",
       "\"strip_text\":{\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"hjust\":0.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "}\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"coord\":{\n",
       "\"name\":\"cartesian\",\n",
       "\"ylim\":[0.0,null],\n",
       "\"flip\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
       "\"width\":600.0,\n",
       "\"height\":450.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
       "\"text\":\"Living longer\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"Life expectancy in China and the US\"\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"kind\":\"plot\",\n",
       "\"scales\":[{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"x\",\n",
       "\"format\":\"d\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"color\",\n",
       "\"values\":[\"#FAAB18\",\"#1380A1\"]\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"y\",\n",
       "\"expand\":[0.15,0.0]\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"x\",\n",
       "\"limits\":[1950.0,2011.0]\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"layers\":[{\n",
       "\"geom\":\"line\",\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"tooltips\":{\n",
       "\"formats\":[{\n",
       "\"field\":\"@year\",\n",
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       "}]\n",
       "},\n",
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       "},\n",
       "\"size\":1.4,\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"geom\":\"label\",\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"label_size\":0.0,\n",
       "\"x\":1980.0,\n",
       "\"y\":45.0,\n",
       "\"label\":\"I'm quite a long\\nannotation over\\nthree rows\",\n",
       "\"hjust\":0.0,\n",
       "\"vjust\":0.5,\n",
       "\"color\":\"#555555\",\n",
       "\"fill\":\"white\",\n",
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       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"geom\":\"label\",\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"label_size\":0.0,\n",
       "\"x\":2007.0,\n",
       "\"y\":79.0,\n",
       "\"label\":\"US\",\n",
       "\"hjust\":0.0,\n",
       "\"vjust\":0.5,\n",
       "\"color\":\"#1380A1\",\n",
       "\"fill\":\"white\",\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":10.0,\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"geom\":\"label\",\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"label_size\":0.0,\n",
       "\"x\":2007.0,\n",
       "\"y\":72.0,\n",
       "\"label\":\"China\",\n",
       "\"hjust\":0.0,\n",
       "\"vjust\":0.5,\n",
       "\"color\":\"#FAAB18\",\n",
       "\"fill\":\"white\",\n",
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       "\"size\":10.0,\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
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       "},{\n",
       "\"geom\":\"hline\",\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"yintercept\":10.0,\n",
       "\"size\":1.4,\n",
       "\"color\":\"red\",\n",
       "\"linetype\":\"dashed\",\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"metainfo_list\":[],\n",
       "\"spec_id\":\"24\"\n",
       "};\n",
       "           window.letsPlotCall(function() { fig = LetsPlot.buildPlotFromProcessedSpecs(plotSpec, containerDiv, sizing); });\n",
       "       } else {\n",
       "           fig.updateView({});\n",
       "       }\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const renderImmediately = \n",
       "       forceImmediateRender || (\n",
       "           sizing.width_mode === 'FIXED' && \n",
       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (!renderImmediately || responsive) {\n",
       "       // Set up observer for initial sizing or continuous monitoring\n",
       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
       "           for (let entry of entries) {\n",
       "               if (entry.contentBoxSize && \n",
       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
       "                   if (!responsive && observer) {\n",
       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
       "                       observer = null;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "                   renderPlot();\n",
       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "               }\n",
       "           }\n",
       "       });\n",
       "       \n",
       "       observer.observe(containerDiv);\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   })();\n",
       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e80b1bbe0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "multiple_line_plot + \\\n",
    "    geom_hline(yintercept=10, size=line_size, color='red', linetype='dashed')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "1da40158",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Work with small multiples"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "69ff2b6d-0505-4f3f-a44b-d5d360e14d9b",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Facets"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "id": "6a69b1a2",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.855824Z",
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     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.861969Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.861777Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
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       "\"year\":[1952.0,1957.0,1962.0,1967.0,1972.0,1977.0,1982.0,1987.0,1992.0,1997.0,2002.0,2007.0,1952.0,1957.0,1962.0,1967.0,1972.0,1977.0,1982.0,1987.0,1992.0,1997.0,2002.0,2007.0,1952.0,1957.0,1962.0,1967.0,1972.0,1977.0,1982.0,1987.0,1992.0,1997.0,2002.0,2007.0,1952.0,1957.0,1962.0,1967.0,1972.0,1977.0,1982.0,1987.0,1992.0,1997.0,2002.0,2007.0],\n",
       "\"pop\":[2.37640501E8,2.64837738E8,2.96516865E8,3.35289489E8,3.79879541E8,4.33061021E8,4.99348587E8,5.7483411E8,6.59081517E8,7.43832984E8,8.33723916E8,9.29539692E8,1.395357351E9,1.562780599E9,1.696357182E9,1.9056629E9,2.150972248E9,2.384513556E9,2.610135582E9,2.871220762E9,3.133292191E9,3.3832855E9,3.601802203E9,3.811953827E9,4.18120846E8,4.37890351E8,4.60355155E8,4.81178958E8,5.00635059E8,5.17164531E8,5.31266901E8,5.4309416E8,5.58142797E8,5.68944148E8,5.78223869E8,5.86098529E8,1.0686006E7,1.1941976E7,1.3283518E7,1.4600414E7,1.61061E7,1.7239E7,1.839485E7,1.9574415E7,2.0919651E7,2.224143E7,2.3454829E7,2.4549947E7]\n",
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       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e80b46050>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "facet_df = df[df.continent != \"Americas\"].groupby(['continent', 'year']).pop.sum().to_frame().reset_index()\n",
    "\n",
    "ggplot() + \\\n",
    "    geom_area(aes('year', 'pop', fill='continent'), data=facet_df, size=0,\n",
    "              tooltips=layer_tooltips().format('^y', '.2~s')) + \\\n",
    "    scale_fill_manual(values=['#FAAB18', '#1380A1', '#990000', '#588300']) + \\\n",
    "    facet_wrap('continent', ncol=5) + \\\n",
    "    scale_y_continuous(breaks=[0, 2000000000, 4000000000], \\\n",
    "                       labels=['0', '2bn', '4bn'], \\\n",
    "                       limits=[0, 4000000010]) + \\\n",
    "    bbc_theme() + \\\n",
    "    theme(legend_position='none', axis_text_x=element_blank()) + \\\n",
    "    ggsize(600, 420) + \\\n",
    "    labs(title=\"Asia's rapid growth\", subtitle=\"Population growth by continent, 1952-2007\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "da71c8b3-4860-4534-84b3-b5470be79a45",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Free scales"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "id": "df2237f7-8c47-43e3-9303-dec702f1275a",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.862653Z",
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     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.866459Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "   const containerDiv = document.getElementById(\"98lVxJ\");\n",
       "   let fig = null;\n",
       "   \n",
       "   function renderPlot() {\n",
       "       if (fig === null) {\n",
       "           const plotSpec = {\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"facet\":{\n",
       "\"name\":\"wrap\",\n",
       "\"facets\":\"continent\",\n",
       "\"scales\":\"free\",\n",
       "\"order\":1.0,\n",
       "\"dir\":\"h\"\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"theme\":{\n",
       "\"axis_ontop_x\":true,\n",
       "\"axis_title\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"axis_text\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":21.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_text_x\":{\n",
       "\"margin\":[20.0,20.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":true\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_text_y\":{\n",
       "\"margin\":[10.0,5.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":true\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_ticks\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"axis_line\":{\n",
       "\"size\":2.8,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"legend_background\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"legend_text\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":21.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"legend_title\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"legend_position\":\"none\",\n",
       "\"panel_background\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_minor\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_major_x\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_major_y\":{\n",
       "\"color\":\"#CBCBCB\",\n",
       "\"size\":1.6799999999999997,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"plot_title\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"face\":\"bold\",\n",
       "\"size\":33.0,\n",
       "\"margin\":[11.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"plot_subtitle\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"margin\":[9.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"strip_text\":{\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"hjust\":0.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "}\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"coord\":{\n",
       "\"name\":\"cartesian\",\n",
       "\"ylim\":[0.0,null],\n",
       "\"flip\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
       "\"width\":600.0,\n",
       "\"height\":400.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
       "\"text\":\"It's all relative\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"Relative population growth by continent, 1952-2007\"\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"kind\":\"plot\",\n",
       "\"scales\":[{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"fill\",\n",
       "\"values\":[\"#FAAB18\",\"#1380A1\",\"#990000\",\"#588300\"]\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"y\",\n",
       "\"expand\":[0.15,0.0]\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"layers\":[{\n",
       "\"geom\":\"area\",\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "\"continent\":[\"Africa\",\"Africa\",\"Africa\",\"Africa\",\"Africa\",\"Africa\",\"Africa\",\"Africa\",\"Africa\",\"Africa\",\"Africa\",\"Africa\",\"Asia\",\"Asia\",\"Asia\",\"Asia\",\"Asia\",\"Asia\",\"Asia\",\"Asia\",\"Asia\",\"Asia\",\"Asia\",\"Asia\",\"Europe\",\"Europe\",\"Europe\",\"Europe\",\"Europe\",\"Europe\",\"Europe\",\"Europe\",\"Europe\",\"Europe\",\"Europe\",\"Europe\",\"Oceania\",\"Oceania\",\"Oceania\",\"Oceania\",\"Oceania\",\"Oceania\",\"Oceania\",\"Oceania\",\"Oceania\",\"Oceania\",\"Oceania\",\"Oceania\"],\n",
       "\"year\":[1952.0,1957.0,1962.0,1967.0,1972.0,1977.0,1982.0,1987.0,1992.0,1997.0,2002.0,2007.0,1952.0,1957.0,1962.0,1967.0,1972.0,1977.0,1982.0,1987.0,1992.0,1997.0,2002.0,2007.0,1952.0,1957.0,1962.0,1967.0,1972.0,1977.0,1982.0,1987.0,1992.0,1997.0,2002.0,2007.0,1952.0,1957.0,1962.0,1967.0,1972.0,1977.0,1982.0,1987.0,1992.0,1997.0,2002.0,2007.0],\n",
       "\"pop\":[2.37640501E8,2.64837738E8,2.96516865E8,3.35289489E8,3.79879541E8,4.33061021E8,4.99348587E8,5.7483411E8,6.59081517E8,7.43832984E8,8.33723916E8,9.29539692E8,1.395357351E9,1.562780599E9,1.696357182E9,1.9056629E9,2.150972248E9,2.384513556E9,2.610135582E9,2.871220762E9,3.133292191E9,3.3832855E9,3.601802203E9,3.811953827E9,4.18120846E8,4.37890351E8,4.60355155E8,4.81178958E8,5.00635059E8,5.17164531E8,5.31266901E8,5.4309416E8,5.58142797E8,5.68944148E8,5.78223869E8,5.86098529E8,1.0686006E7,1.1941976E7,1.3283518E7,1.4600414E7,1.61061E7,1.7239E7,1.839485E7,1.9574415E7,2.0919651E7,2.224143E7,2.3454829E7,2.4549947E7]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "\"x\":\"year\",\n",
       "\"y\":\"pop\",\n",
       "\"fill\":\"continent\"\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"tooltips\":{\n",
       "\"formats\":[{\n",
       "\"field\":\"^y\",\n",
       "\"format\":\".2~s\"\n",
       "}]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "\"series_annotations\":[{\n",
       "\"type\":\"int\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"year\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"int\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"pop\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"str\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"continent\",\n",
       "\"factor_levels\":[\"Africa\",\"Asia\",\"Europe\",\"Oceania\"]\n",
       "}]\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"size\":0.0\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"metainfo_list\":[],\n",
       "\"spec_id\":\"26\"\n",
       "};\n",
       "           window.letsPlotCall(function() { fig = LetsPlot.buildPlotFromProcessedSpecs(plotSpec, containerDiv, sizing); });\n",
       "       } else {\n",
       "           fig.updateView({});\n",
       "       }\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const renderImmediately = \n",
       "       forceImmediateRender || (\n",
       "           sizing.width_mode === 'FIXED' && \n",
       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (!renderImmediately || responsive) {\n",
       "       // Set up observer for initial sizing or continuous monitoring\n",
       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
       "           for (let entry of entries) {\n",
       "               if (entry.contentBoxSize && \n",
       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
       "                   if (!responsive && observer) {\n",
       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
       "                       observer = null;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "                   renderPlot();\n",
       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "               }\n",
       "           }\n",
       "       });\n",
       "       \n",
       "       observer.observe(containerDiv);\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   })();\n",
       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e80b1b5b0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ggplot() + \\\n",
    "    geom_area(aes('year', 'pop', fill='continent'), data=facet_df, size=0,\n",
    "              tooltips=layer_tooltips().format('^y', '.2~s')) + \\\n",
    "    scale_fill_manual(values=['#FAAB18', '#1380A1', '#990000', '#588300']) + \\\n",
    "    facet_wrap('continent', scales='free') + \\\n",
    "    bbc_theme() + \\\n",
    "    theme(legend_position='none', axis_text_x=element_blank(), axis_text_y=element_blank()) + \\\n",
    "    ggsize(600, 400) + \\\n",
    "    labs(title=\"It's all relative\", subtitle=\"Relative population growth by continent, 1952-2007\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "7d7a2873-23c1-4bcb-bdb8-171c238c54f4",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Do something else entirely"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e025c29f-8829-4b01-bcd0-b8f0269426ee",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Increase or decrease margins"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "id": "ff22c7ee-f30e-403c-999d-95bb3c12d118",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.867280Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.867209Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.870309Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.870136Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "   <script type=\"text/javascript\" data-lets-plot-script=\"plot\">\n",
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       "   \n",
       "   let sizing = {\n",
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       "\"axis_text_y\":{\n",
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       "\"axis_ticks\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"axis_line\":{\n",
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       "\"margin\":[0.0,0.0,75.0,0.0],\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"strip_text\":{\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"hjust\":0.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
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       "},\n",
       "\"coord\":{\n",
       "\"name\":\"flip\",\n",
       "\"flip\":true\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
       "\"width\":640.0,\n",
       "\"height\":480.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
       "\"text\":\"Reunion is highest\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"Highest African life expectancy, 2007\"\n",
       "},\n",
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       "\"aesthetic\":\"y\",\n",
       "\"expand\":[0.15,0.0]\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"y\",\n",
       "\"breaks\":[0.0,20.0,40.0,60.0,80.0],\n",
       "\"labels\":[\"0\",\"20\",\"40\",\"60\",\"80 years\"],\n",
       "\"limits\":[0.0,85.0]\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"layers\":[{\n",
       "\"geom\":\"bar\",\n",
       "\"stat\":\"identity\",\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"position\":\"identity\",\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"fill\":\"#1380A1\",\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"metainfo_list\":[],\n",
       "\"spec_id\":\"27\"\n",
       "};\n",
       "           window.letsPlotCall(function() { fig = LetsPlot.buildPlotFromProcessedSpecs(plotSpec, containerDiv, sizing); });\n",
       "       } else {\n",
       "           fig.updateView({});\n",
       "       }\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const renderImmediately = \n",
       "       forceImmediateRender || (\n",
       "           sizing.width_mode === 'FIXED' && \n",
       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (!renderImmediately || responsive) {\n",
       "       // Set up observer for initial sizing or continuous monitoring\n",
       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
       "           for (let entry of entries) {\n",
       "               if (entry.contentBoxSize && \n",
       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
       "                   if (!responsive && observer) {\n",
       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
       "                       observer = null;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "                   renderPlot();\n",
       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "               }\n",
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       "       \n",
       "       observer.observe(containerDiv);\n",
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       "   })();\n",
       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e80b37e50>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bars_plot + theme(plot_subtitle=element_text(margin=[0, 0, 75, 0]))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0af8eef2",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Reorder bars by size"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "id": "6e6a220c",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.870911Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.870841Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.874404Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2025-11-05T13:44:27.874233Z"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "   <script type=\"text/javascript\" data-lets-plot-script=\"plot\">\n",
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       "       width_mode: \"MIN\",\n",
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       "   \n",
       "   const containerDiv = document.getElementById(\"uoJrAr\");\n",
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       "   function renderPlot() {\n",
       "       if (fig === null) {\n",
       "           const plotSpec = {\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "\"country\":[\"Reunion\",\"Libya\",\"Tunisia\",\"Mauritius\",\"Algeria\"],\n",
       "\"lifeExp\":[76.442,73.952,73.923,72.801,72.301]\n",
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       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
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       "\"column\":\"country\"\n",
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       "},{\n",
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       "\"column\":\"pop\"\n",
       "},{\n",
       "\"type\":\"float\",\n",
       "\"column\":\"gdpPercap\"\n",
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       "\"mapping_annotations\":[{\n",
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       "},\n",
       "\"axis_text_y\":{\n",
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       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"axis_ticks\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"axis_line\":{\n",
       "\"size\":2.8,\n",
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       "\"legend_background\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"legend_text\":{\n",
       "\"family\":\"Helvetica\",\n",
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       "\"panel_background\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_minor\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_major_x\":\"blank\",\n",
       "\"panel_grid_major_y\":{\n",
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       "\"strip_text\":{\n",
       "\"size\":26.0,\n",
       "\"hjust\":0.0,\n",
       "\"blank\":false\n",
       "}\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"coord\":{\n",
       "\"name\":\"flip\",\n",
       "\"flip\":true\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggsize\":{\n",
       "\"width\":600.0,\n",
       "\"height\":450.0\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"ggtitle\":{\n",
       "\"text\":\"Reunion is highest\",\n",
       "\"subtitle\":\"Highest African life expectancy, 2007\"\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"kind\":\"plot\",\n",
       "\"scales\":[{\n",
       "\"aesthetic\":\"y\",\n",
       "\"expand\":[0.15,0.0]\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"layers\":[{\n",
       "\"geom\":\"bar\",\n",
       "\"stat\":\"identity\",\n",
       "\"mapping\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"position\":\"identity\",\n",
       "\"data_meta\":{\n",
       "},\n",
       "\"fill\":\"#1380A1\",\n",
       "\"data\":{\n",
       "}\n",
       "}],\n",
       "\"metainfo_list\":[],\n",
       "\"spec_id\":\"28\"\n",
       "};\n",
       "           window.letsPlotCall(function() { fig = LetsPlot.buildPlotFromProcessedSpecs(plotSpec, containerDiv, sizing); });\n",
       "       } else {\n",
       "           fig.updateView({});\n",
       "       }\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   const renderImmediately = \n",
       "       forceImmediateRender || (\n",
       "           sizing.width_mode === 'FIXED' && \n",
       "           (sizing.height_mode === 'FIXED' || sizing.height_mode === 'SCALED')\n",
       "       );\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (renderImmediately) {\n",
       "       renderPlot();\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   if (!renderImmediately || responsive) {\n",
       "       // Set up observer for initial sizing or continuous monitoring\n",
       "       var observer = new ResizeObserver(function(entries) {\n",
       "           for (let entry of entries) {\n",
       "               if (entry.contentBoxSize && \n",
       "                   entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize > 0) {\n",
       "                   if (!responsive && observer) {\n",
       "                       observer.disconnect();\n",
       "                       observer = null;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "                   renderPlot();\n",
       "                   if (!responsive) {\n",
       "                       break;\n",
       "                   }\n",
       "               }\n",
       "           }\n",
       "       });\n",
       "       \n",
       "       observer.observe(containerDiv);\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   \n",
       "   // ----------\n",
       "   })();\n",
       "   \n",
       "   </script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<lets_plot.plot.core.PlotSpec at 0x7b5e80b51a20>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ggplot(bar_df, aes(as_discrete('country', order_by='lifeExp', order=1), 'lifeExp')) + \\\n",
    "    geom_bar(stat='identity', position='identity', fill='#1380A1') + \\\n",
    "    bbc_theme() + \\\n",
    "    ggsize(600, 450) + \\\n",
    "    coord_flip() + \\\n",
    "    labs(title=\"Reunion is highest\", subtitle=\"Highest African life expectancy, 2007\")"
   ]
  }
 ],
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