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    "# Combining Discrete and Continuous Layers\n",
    "\n",
    "This notebook demonstrates how to position continuous elements like background bands (`geom_band`) and annotations (`geom_text`) relative to discrete elements like bars.\n",
    "\n",
    "When positioning continuous elements, keep in mind numeric equivalents of the discrete positions: in this example `0.0` for 'Outback' through `7.0` for 'Pacer'."
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    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "\n",
    "from lets_plot import *"
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   "id": "010e706b-afcd-4e03-8c80-383747b69353",
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    "np.random.seed(69)\n",
    "\n",
    "cars = pd.DataFrame({\n",
    "    'Models': ['Outback', 'Impresa', 'BRZ', 'Jetta', 'Passat', 'Matador', 'Rambler', 'Pacer'],\n",
    "    'Val': np.random.uniform(0,100, size=8),\n",
    "})\n",
    "\n",
    "# Data to use in `geom_band` and `geom_text` layers\n",
    "cars_band = pd.DataFrame({\n",
    "    'Brand': ['Subaru', 'Volkswagen', 'AMC'],\n",
    "    'pos_minx': [-0.5, 2.5, 4.5],\n",
    "    'pos_maxx':[2.5, 4.5, 7.5],\n",
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    "ggplot(cars, aes(x='Models', weight='Val')) + \\\n",
    "    geom_band(aes(xmin='pos_minx', xmax='pos_maxx', fill='Brand', color='Brand'),\n",
    "              data=cars_band,\n",
    "              tooltips='none',\n",
    "              alpha=0.5) + \\\n",
    "    geom_text(aes(x='pos_minx', label='Brand'), y=100,\n",
    "              data=cars_band, \n",
    "              size=8, fontface='bold', \n",
    "              hjust='left', \n",
    "              nudge_x=0.1) + \\\n",
    "    geom_bar() + \\\n",
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