{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "prostate-arizona", "metadata": { "id": "bA5ajAmk7XH6" }, "source": [ "# Statistical Thinking in Python (Part 1)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "30d27ee9", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Table of Contents \n", "* [Chapter 1. Graphical EDA](#first-bullet)\n", "* [Chapter 2. Quantitative EDA](#second-bullet)\n", "* [Chapter 3. Thinking Probabilistically: Discrete Variables](#third-bullet)\n", "* [Chapter 4. Thinking Probabilistically: Continuous Variables](#fourth-bullet)\n", "* [Chapter 5. Final Thoughts](#fifth-bullet)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "a23a750e-895d-4d6b-b854-db964c4a97d2", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "---\n", "## Chapter 1. Graphical EDA\n", "---" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "29d346b7", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "source": [ "Yogi Berra said, \"You can observe a lot by watching.\" The same is true with data. If you can appropriately display your data, you can already start to draw conclusions from it. I'll go even further. Exploring your data is a crucial step in your analysis.\n", "\n", "## Tuky's comment on exploratory data analysis\n", "When I say exploring your data, I mean organizing and plotting your data, and maybe computing a few numerical summaries about them. This idea is known as exploratory data analysis, or EDA, and was developed by one of the greatest statisticians of all time, John Tukey. He wrote a book entitled Exploratory Data Analysis in 1977 where he laid out the principles. In that book, he said, \n", "> **\"Exploratory data analysis can never be the whole story, but nothing else can serve as the foundation stone.\"**\n", "\n", "I wholeheartedly agree with this, so we will begin our study of statistical thinking with EDA. Let's consider an example." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 48, "id": "2e25fdd8-4d84-45bc-80f0-949917e00a17", "metadata": { "executionTime": 66, "jupyter": { "outputs_hidden": false, "source_hidden": false }, "lastSuccessfullyExecutedCode": "# Importing the packages\nimport pandas as pd\nimport numpy as np\nimport seaborn as sns\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n\n# Importing the datasets\nall_states = pd.read_csv('datasets/2008_all_states.csv')\nswing_states = pd.read_csv('datasets/2008_swing_states.csv')" }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# Importing the packages\n", "import pandas as pd\n", "import numpy as np\n", "import seaborn as sns\n", "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", "import matplotlib.image as mpimg\n", "\n", "# Importing the datasets\n", "all_states = pd.read_csv('datasets/2008_all_states.csv')\n", "swing_states = pd.read_csv('datasets/2008_swing_states.csv')" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "77716a42-2c6b-4bf5-ac2f-bcd4d893f751", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## 2008 US swing state election results \n", "Here, we have a data set from [Data.gov](https://www.data.gov/) containing the election results of 2008 at the county level in each of the three major swing states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Florida. Those are the ones that largely decide elections in the US. " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 49, "id": "29f55e66-4534-4473-8caf-a90acbc7bc5c", "metadata": { "chartConfig": { "bar": { "hasRoundedCorners": true, "stacked": false }, "type": "bar", "version": "v1" }, "visualizeDataframe": false }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "application/com.datacamp.data-table.v1+json": { "table": { "data": [ { "county": "Erie County", "dem_share": 60.08, "index": 0, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Bradford County", "dem_share": 40.64, "index": 1, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Tioga County", "dem_share": 36.07, "index": 2, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "McKean County", "dem_share": 41.21, "index": 3, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Potter County", "dem_share": 31.04, "index": 4, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Wayne County", "dem_share": 43.78, "index": 5, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Susquehanna County", "dem_share": 44.08, "index": 6, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Warren County", "dem_share": 46.85, "index": 7, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Ashtabula County", "dem_share": 56.94, "index": 8, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Lake County", "dem_share": 50.46, "index": 9, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Crawford County", "dem_share": 44.71, "index": 10, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Lucas County", "dem_share": 65.99, "index": 11, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Fulton County", "dem_share": 45.88, "index": 12, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Geauga County", "dem_share": 42.23, "index": 13, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Williams County", "dem_share": 45.26, "index": 14, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Wyoming County", "dem_share": 46.15, "index": 15, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Lackawanna County", "dem_share": 63.1, "index": 16, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Elk County", "dem_share": 52.2, "index": 17, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Forest County", "dem_share": 43.18, "index": 18, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Venango County", "dem_share": 40.24, "index": 19, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Erie County", "dem_share": 57.01, "index": 20, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Wood County", "dem_share": 53.61, "index": 21, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Cameron County", "dem_share": 39.92, "index": 22, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Pike County", "dem_share": 47.87, "index": 23, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Lycoming County", "dem_share": 37.77, "index": 24, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Sullivan County", "dem_share": 40.11, "index": 25, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Lorain County", "dem_share": 59.1, "index": 26, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Trumbull County", "dem_share": 61.48, "index": 27, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Mercer County", "dem_share": 49.85, "index": 28, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Henry County", "dem_share": 43.43, "index": 29, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Clinton County", "dem_share": 48.61, "index": 30, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Clarion County", "dem_share": 38.62, "index": 31, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Luzerne County", "dem_share": 54.25, "index": 32, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Defiance County", "dem_share": 44.69, "index": 33, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Jefferson County", "dem_share": 34.84, "index": 34, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Portage County", "dem_share": 54.59, "index": 35, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Columbia County", "dem_share": 47.75, "index": 36, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Huron County", "dem_share": 48.36, "index": 37, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Medina County", "dem_share": 45.89, "index": 38, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Seneca County", "dem_share": 48.62, "index": 39, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Clearfield County", "dem_share": 43.82, "index": 40, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Centre County", "dem_share": 55.97, "index": 41, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Monroe County", "dem_share": 58.23, "index": 42, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Paulding County", "dem_share": 43.92, "index": 43, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Northumberland County", "dem_share": 42.97, "index": 44, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Montour County", "dem_share": 42.38, "index": 45, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Butler County", "dem_share": 36.11, "index": 46, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Armstrong County", "dem_share": 37.53, "index": 47, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Hancock County", "dem_share": 38.23, "index": 48, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Putnam County", "dem_share": 28.79, "index": 49, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Union County", "dem_share": 42.65, "index": 50, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Mahoning County", "dem_share": 63.57, "index": 51, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Carbon County", "dem_share": 50.96, "index": 52, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Lawrence County", "dem_share": 47.43, "index": 53, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Ashland County", "dem_share": 38.07, "index": 54, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Crawford County", "dem_share": 40.18, "index": 55, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Richland County", "dem_share": 43.05, "index": 56, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Wyandot County", "dem_share": 41.56, "index": 57, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Wayne County", "dem_share": 42.49, "index": 58, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Van Wert County", "dem_share": 36.06, "index": 59, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Stark County", "dem_share": 52.76, "index": 60, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Northampton County", "dem_share": 56.24, "index": 61, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Schuylkill County", "dem_share": 45.6, "index": 62, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Columbiana County", "dem_share": 46.07, "index": 63, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Allen County", "dem_share": 39.43, "index": 64, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Indiana County", "dem_share": 46.39, "index": 65, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Snyder County", "dem_share": 35.22, "index": 66, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Beaver County", "dem_share": 48.56, "index": 67, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Mifflin County", "dem_share": 32.97, "index": 68, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Hardin County", "dem_share": 39.26, "index": 69, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Lehigh County", "dem_share": 57.88, "index": 70, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Huntingdon County", "dem_share": 36.05, "index": 71, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Blair County", "dem_share": 37.72, "index": 72, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Carroll County", "dem_share": 47.47, "index": 73, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Mercer County", "dem_share": 27.92, "index": 74, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Cambria County", "dem_share": 50.36, "index": 75, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Morrow County", "dem_share": 38.01, "index": 76, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Marion County", "dem_share": 45.45, "index": 77, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Juniata County", "dem_share": 32.12, "index": 78, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Auglaize County", "dem_share": 29.07, "index": 79, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Westmoreland County", "dem_share": 41.55, "index": 80, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Berks County", "dem_share": 54.66, "index": 81, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Allegheny County", "dem_share": 57.81, "index": 82, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Holmes County", "dem_share": 28.94, "index": 83, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Tuscarawas County", "dem_share": 51.28, "index": 84, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Dauphin County", "dem_share": 54.58, "index": 85, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Perry County", "dem_share": 32.88, "index": 86, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Bucks County", "dem_share": 54.37, "index": 87, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Jefferson County", "dem_share": 50.1, "index": 88, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Knox County", "dem_share": 39.84, "index": 89, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Lebanon County", "dem_share": 40.45, "index": 90, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Logan County", "dem_share": 36.43, "index": 91, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Union County", "dem_share": 35.71, "index": 92, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Shelby County", "dem_share": 31.47, "index": 93, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Washington County", "dem_share": 47.61, "index": 94, "state": "PA" }, { "county": "Coshocton County", "dem_share": 47.01, 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44.9, "index": 132, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Clermont County", "dem_share": 33.57, "index": 133, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Brown County", "dem_share": 38.1, "index": 134, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Jackson County", "dem_share": 39.67, "index": 135, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Meigs County", "dem_share": 40.47, "index": 136, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Pike County", "dem_share": 49.44, "index": 137, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Adams County", "dem_share": 37.62, "index": 138, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Gallia County", "dem_share": 36.71, "index": 139, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Scioto County", "dem_share": 46.73, "index": 140, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Lawrence County", "dem_share": 42.2, "index": 141, "state": "OH" }, { "county": "Jackson County", "dem_share": 35.86, "index": 142, "state": "FL" }, { "county": "Escambia County", "dem_share": 40.25, "index": 143, "state": "FL" }, { "county": "Santa Rosa County", "dem_share": 25.81, "index": 144, "state": "FL" 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| \n", " | state | \n", "county | \n", "dem_share | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | \n", "PA | \n", "Erie County | \n", "60.08 | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "PA | \n", "Bradford County | \n", "40.64 | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "PA | \n", "Tioga County | \n", "36.07 | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "PA | \n", "McKean County | \n", "41.21 | \n", "
| 4 | \n", "PA | \n", "Potter County | \n", "31.04 | \n", "
| ... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "
| 217 | \n", "OH | \n", "Hamilton County | \n", "53.53 | \n", "
| 218 | \n", "OH | \n", "Highland County | \n", "36.54 | \n", "
| 219 | \n", "OH | \n", "Hocking County | \n", "49.58 | \n", "
| 220 | \n", "OH | \n", "Licking County | \n", "41.97 | \n", "
| 221 | \n", "OH | \n", "Madison County | \n", "38.11 | \n", "
222 rows × 3 columns
\n", "