;; Operator precedence table, lowest at top

; for most operators X there is a .X "elementwise" equivalent
(define (add-dots ops) (append! ops (map (lambda (op) (symbol (string "." op))) ops)))

(define prec-assignment
  (append! (add-dots '(= += -= −= *= /= //= |\\=| ^= ÷= %= <<= >>= >>>= |\|=| &= ⊻= ≔ ⩴ ≕))
           (add-dots '(~))
           '(:= $=)))
;; comma - higher than assignment outside parentheses, lower when inside
(define prec-pair (add-dots '(=>)))
(define prec-conditional '(?))
(define prec-arrow       (add-dots '(← → ↔ ↚ ↛ ↞ ↠ ↢ ↣ ↦ ↤ ↮ ⇎ ⇍ ⇏ ⇐ ⇒ ⇔ ⇴ ⇶ ⇷ ⇸ ⇹ ⇺ ⇻ ⇼ ⇽ ⇾ ⇿ ⟵ ⟶ ⟷ ⟹ ⟺ ⟻ ⟼ ⟽ ⟾ ⟿ ⤀ ⤁ ⤂ ⤃ ⤄ ⤅ ⤆ ⤇ ⤌ ⤍ ⤎ ⤏ ⤐ ⤑ ⤔ ⤕ ⤖ ⤗ ⤘ ⤝ ⤞ ⤟ ⤠ ⥄ ⥅ ⥆ ⥇ ⥈ ⥊ ⥋ ⥎ ⥐ ⥒ ⥓ ⥖ ⥗ ⥚ ⥛ ⥞ ⥟ ⥢ ⥤ ⥦ ⥧ ⥨ ⥩ ⥪ ⥫ ⥬ ⥭ ⥰ ⧴ ⬱ ⬰ ⬲ ⬳ ⬴ ⬵ ⬶ ⬷ ⬸ ⬹ ⬺ ⬻ ⬼ ⬽ ⬾ ⬿ ⭀ ⭁ ⭂ ⭃ ⥷ ⭄ ⥺ ⭇ ⭈ ⭉ ⭊ ⭋ ⭌ ￩ ￫ ⇜ ⇝ ↜ ↝ ↩ ↪ ↫ ↬ ↼ ↽ ⇀ ⇁ ⇄ ⇆ ⇇ ⇉ ⇋ ⇌ ⇚ ⇛ ⇠ ⇢ ↷ ↶ ↺ ↻ --> <-- <-->)))
(define prec-lazy-or     (add-dots '(|\|\||)))
(define prec-lazy-and    (add-dots '(&&)))
(define prec-comparison
  (append! '(in isa)
           (add-dots '(> < >= ≥ <= ≤ == === ≡ != ≠ !== ≢ ∈ ∉ ∋ ∌ ⊆ ⊈ ⊂ ⊄ ⊊ ∝ ∊ ∍ ∥ ∦ ∷ ∺ ∻ ∽ ∾ ≁ ≃ ≂ ≄ ≅ ≆ ≇ ≈ ≉ ≊ ≋ ≌ ≍ ≎ ≐ ≑ ≒ ≓ ≖ ≗ ≘ ≙ ≚ ≛ ≜ ≝ ≞ ≟ ≣ ≦ ≧ ≨ ≩ ≪ ≫ ≬ ≭ ≮ ≯ ≰ ≱ ≲ ≳ ≴ ≵ ≶ ≷ ≸ ≹ ≺ ≻ ≼ ≽ ≾ ≿ ⊀ ⊁ ⊃ ⊅ ⊇ ⊉ ⊋ ⊏ ⊐ ⊑ ⊒ ⊜ ⊩ ⊬ ⊮ ⊰ ⊱ ⊲ ⊳ ⊴ ⊵ ⊶ ⊷ ⋍ ⋐ ⋑ ⋕ ⋖ ⋗ ⋘ ⋙ ⋚ ⋛ ⋜ ⋝ ⋞ ⋟ ⋠ ⋡ ⋢ ⋣ ⋤ ⋥ ⋦ ⋧ ⋨ ⋩ ⋪ ⋫ ⋬ ⋭ ⋲ ⋳ ⋴ ⋵ ⋶ ⋷ ⋸ ⋹ ⋺ ⋻ ⋼ ⋽ ⋾ ⋿ ⟈ ⟉ ⟒ ⦷ ⧀ ⧁ ⧡ ⧣ ⧤ ⧥ ⩦ ⩧ ⩪ ⩫ ⩬ ⩭ ⩮ ⩯ ⩰ ⩱ ⩲ ⩳ ⩵ ⩶ ⩷ ⩸ ⩹ ⩺ ⩻ ⩼ ⩽ ⩾ ⩿ ⪀ ⪁ ⪂ ⪃ ⪄ ⪅ ⪆ ⪇ ⪈ ⪉ ⪊ ⪋ ⪌ ⪍ ⪎ ⪏ ⪐ ⪑ ⪒ ⪓ ⪔ ⪕ ⪖ ⪗ ⪘ ⪙ ⪚ ⪛ ⪜ ⪝ ⪞ ⪟ ⪠ ⪡ ⪢ ⪣ ⪤ ⪥ ⪦ ⪧ ⪨ ⪩ ⪪ ⪫ ⪬ ⪭ ⪮ ⪯ ⪰ ⪱ ⪲ ⪳ ⪴ ⪵ ⪶ ⪷ ⪸ ⪹ ⪺ ⪻ ⪼ ⪽ ⪾ ⪿ ⫀ ⫁ ⫂ ⫃ ⫄ ⫅ ⫆ ⫇ ⫈ ⫉ ⫊ ⫋ ⫌ ⫍ ⫎ ⫏ ⫐ ⫑ ⫒ ⫓ ⫔ ⫕ ⫖ ⫗ ⫘ ⫙ ⫷ ⫸ ⫹ ⫺ ⊢ ⊣ ⟂ ⫪ ⫫ <: >:))))
(define prec-pipe<       '(|.<\|| |<\||))
(define prec-pipe>       '(|.\|>| |\|>|))
(define prec-colon       (append! '(: |..|) (add-dots '(… ⁝ ⋮ ⋱ ⋰ ⋯))))
(define prec-plus        (append! '($)
                          (add-dots '(+ - − ¦ |\|| ⊕ ⊖ ⊞ ⊟ |++| ∪ ∨ ⊔ ± ∓ ∔ ∸ ≏ ⊎ ⊻ ⊽ ⋎ ⋓ ⟇ ⧺ ⧻ ⨈ ⨢ ⨣ ⨤ ⨥ ⨦ ⨧ ⨨ ⨩ ⨪ ⨫ ⨬ ⨭ ⨮ ⨹ ⨺ ⩁ ⩂ ⩅ ⩊ ⩌ ⩏ ⩐ ⩒ ⩔ ⩖ ⩗ ⩛ ⩝ ⩡ ⩢ ⩣))))
(define prec-times       (add-dots '(* / ⌿ ÷ % & · · ⋅ ∘ × |\\| ∩ ∧ ⊗ ⊘ ⊙ ⊚ ⊛ ⊠ ⊡ ⊓ ∗ ∙ ∤ ⅋ ≀ ⊼ ⋄ ⋆ ⋇ ⋉ ⋊ ⋋ ⋌ ⋏ ⋒ ⟑ ⦸ ⦼ ⦾ ⦿ ⧶ ⧷ ⨇ ⨰ ⨱ ⨲ ⨳ ⨴ ⨵ ⨶ ⨷ ⨸ ⨻ ⨼ ⨽ ⩀ ⩃ ⩄ ⩋ ⩍ ⩎ ⩑ ⩓ ⩕ ⩘ ⩚ ⩜ ⩞ ⩟ ⩠ ⫛ ⊍ ▷ ⨝ ⟕ ⟖ ⟗ ⨟)))
(define prec-rational    (add-dots '(//)))
(define prec-bitshift    (add-dots '(<< >> >>>)))
;; `where`
;; implicit multiplication (juxtaposition)
;; unary
(define prec-power       (add-dots '(^ ↑ ↓ ⇵ ⟰ ⟱ ⤈ ⤉ ⤊ ⤋ ⤒ ⤓ ⥉ ⥌ ⥍ ⥏ ⥑ ⥔ ⥕ ⥘ ⥙ ⥜ ⥝ ⥠ ⥡ ⥣ ⥥ ⥮ ⥯ ￪ ￬)))
(define prec-decl        '(|::|))
;; `where` occurring after `::`
(define prec-dot         '(|.|))

(define prec-names '(prec-assignment
                     prec-pair prec-conditional prec-arrow prec-lazy-or prec-lazy-and prec-comparison
                     prec-pipe< prec-pipe> prec-colon prec-plus prec-times prec-rational prec-bitshift
                     prec-power prec-decl prec-dot))

(define trans-op (string->symbol ".'"))
(define ctrans-op (string->symbol "'"))
(define vararg-op (string->symbol "..."))

(define (Set l)
  ;; construct a length-specialized membership tester
  (cond ((length= l 1)
         (eval `(lambda (x)
                  (,(if (symbol? (car l)) 'eq? 'eqv?) x (quote ,(car l))))))
        ((not (length> l 8))
         (eval `(lambda (x)
                  (not (not (,(if (every symbol? l) 'memq 'memv) x (quote ,l)))))))
        ((and (not (length> l 20)) (every symbol? l))
         (eval `(lambda (x)
                  (not (not (memq x (quote ,l)))))))
        (else
         (let ((t (table)))
           (for-each (lambda (x) (put! t x #t)) l)
           (lambda (x)
             (has? t x))))))

; only allow/strip suffixes for some operators
(define no-suffix? (Set (append prec-assignment prec-conditional prec-lazy-or prec-lazy-and
                                prec-colon prec-decl prec-dot
                                '(-> |<:| |>:| in isa $)
                                (list ctrans-op trans-op vararg-op))))
(define (maybe-strip-op-suffix op)
  (if (symbol? op)
      (let ((op_ (strip-op-suffix op)))
        (if (or (eq? op op_) (no-suffix? op_))
            op
            op_))
      op))

; like Set, but strip operator suffixes before testing membership
(define (SuffSet l)
  (let ((S (Set l)))
    (if (every no-suffix? l)
        S ; suffixes not allowed for anything in l
        (lambda (op) (S (maybe-strip-op-suffix op))))))

;; for each prec-x generate an is-prec-x? procedure
(for-each (lambda (name)
            (eval `(define ,(symbol (string "is-" name "?")) (SuffSet ,name))))
          prec-names)

;; hash table of binary operators -> precedence
(define prec-table (let ((t (table)))
                     (define (pushprec L prec)
                       (if (not (null? L))
                           (begin
                             (for-each (lambda (x) (put! t x prec)) (car L))
                             (pushprec (cdr L) (+ prec 1)))))
                     (pushprec (map eval prec-names) 1)
                     t))
(define (operator-precedence op) (get prec-table
                                      (maybe-strip-op-suffix op)
                                      0))

(define unary-ops (append! '(|<:| |>:|)
                           (add-dots '(+ - ! ~ ¬ √ ∛ ∜ ⋆ ± ∓))))

(define unary-op? (Set unary-ops))

(define radical-op? (Set '(√ ∛ ∜)))

; operators that are both unary and binary
(define unary-and-binary-ops (append! '($ & ~)
                                      (add-dots '(+ - ⋆ ± ∓))))

(define unary-and-binary-op? (Set unary-and-binary-ops))

; operators that are special forms, not function names
(define syntactic-operators
  (append! (add-dots '(&& |\|\|| = += -= *= /= //= |\\=| ^= ÷= %= <<= >>= >>>= |\|=| &= ⊻=))
           '(:= $= |.| ... ->)))
(define syntactic-unary-operators '($ & |::|))

(define syntactic-op? (Set syntactic-operators))
(define syntactic-unary-op? (Set syntactic-unary-operators))

(define (symbol-or-interpolate? ex)
  (or (symbol? ex)
      (and (pair? ex)
           (eq? '$ (car ex)))))

(define (is-word-operator? op)
  (every identifier-start-char? (string->list (symbol->string op))))

(define operators
  (filter (lambda (x) (not (is-word-operator? x)))
          (delete-duplicates
           (list* '-> ctrans-op trans-op vararg-op
                  (append unary-ops (apply append (map eval prec-names)))))))

(define op-chars
  (delete-duplicates
   (apply append
          (map string->list (map symbol->string operators)))))

;; characters that can be in an operator
(define opchar? (Set op-chars))
(define operator? (SuffSet operators))

(define dot-operators (filter (lambda (o)
                                (and (not (eq? o '|.|))
                                     (eqv? (string.char (string o) 0) #\.)
                                     (not (eqv? (string.char (string o) 1) #\.))))
                              operators))
(define dotop? (SuffSet dot-operators))
;; characters that can follow . in an operator
(define dot-opchar? (Set
                     (delete-duplicates
                      (map (lambda (op) (string.char (string op) 1))
                           (cons `|..| dot-operators)))))

(define initial-reserved-words '(begin while if for try return break continue
                         function macro quote let local global const do
                         struct
                         module baremodule using import export))

(define initial-reserved-word?
  (let ((reserved? (Set initial-reserved-words)))
    (lambda (s) (and (reserved? s)
                     (not (and (eq? s 'begin) end-symbol)))))) ; begin == firstindex inside [...]

(define reserved-words (append initial-reserved-words '(end else elseif catch finally true false))) ;; todo: make this more complete

(define reserved-word? (Set reserved-words))

(define closing-token?
  (let ((closer? (Set '(else elseif catch finally #\, #\) #\] #\} #\;))))
    (lambda (tok)
      (or (and (eq? tok 'end) (not end-symbol))
          (closer? tok)
          (eof-object? tok)))))

;; Parser state variables

; disable range colon for parsing ternary conditional operator
(define range-colon-enabled #t)
; in space-sensitive mode "x -y" is 2 expressions, not a subtraction
(define space-sensitive #f)
; seeing `for` stops parsing macro arguments and makes a generator
(define for-generator #f)
; treat 'end' like a normal symbol instead of a reserved word
(define end-symbol #f)
; treat newline like ordinary whitespace instead of as a potential separator
(define whitespace-newline #f)
; enable parsing `where` with high precedence
(define where-enabled #t)

(define current-filename 'none)

(define-macro (with-normal-context . body)
  `(with-bindings ((range-colon-enabled #t)
                   (space-sensitive #f)
                   (where-enabled #t)
                   (for-generator #f)
                   (end-symbol #f)
                   (whitespace-newline #f))
                  ,@body))

(define-macro (without-range-colon . body)
  `(with-bindings ((range-colon-enabled #f))
                  ,@body))

(define-macro (with-space-sensitive . body)
  `(with-bindings ((space-sensitive #t)
                   (whitespace-newline #f))
                  ,@body))

(define-macro (with-end-symbol . body)
  `(with-bindings ((end-symbol #t))
                  ,@body))

(define-macro (with-whitespace-newline . body)
  `(with-bindings ((whitespace-newline #t))
                  ,@body))

;; --- lexer ---

(define (newline? c) (eqv? c #\newline))

(define (op-or-sufchar? c) (or (op-suffix-char? c) (opchar? c)))

(define (read-operator port c0 (postfix? #f))
  (if (and (eqv? c0 #\*) (eqv? (peek-char port) #\*))
      (error "use \"x^y\" instead of \"x**y\" for exponentiation, and \"x...\" instead of \"**x\" for splatting."))
  (if (or (eof-object? (peek-char port)) (not (op-or-sufchar? (peek-char port))))
      (string->normsymbol (string c0)) ; 1-char operator
      (let ((str (let loop ((str (string c0))
                            (c   (peek-char port))
                            (in-suffix? #f))
                   (if (eof-object? c)
                       str
                       (let ((sufchar? (op-suffix-char? c)))
                         (if (if in-suffix?
                                 sufchar?
                                 (or sufchar? (opchar? c)))
                             (let* ((newop (string str c))
                                    (opsym (string->symbol newop)))
                               (if (or (operator? opsym)
                                       (and (or (eq? opsym '<---) (eq? opsym '.<---))
                                            (error (string "invalid operator \"" newop "\"")))
                                       ;; -- is not an operator but --> is
                                       (and (or (eq? opsym '--) (eq? opsym '.--))
                                            (read-char port)
                                            (or (begin0 (eqv? (peek-char port) #\>)
                                                        (io.skip port -1)) ; unget -, leaving -
                                                (error (string "invalid operator \"" newop "\""))))
                                       ;; <- is not an operator but <-- and <--> are
                                       (and (or (eq? opsym '<-) (eq? opsym '.<-))
                                            (read-char port)
                                            (begin0 (eqv? (peek-char port) #\-)
                                                    (io.skip port -1))) ; unget -, leaving <
                                       ;; consume suffixes after ', only if parsing a call chain
                                       ;; otherwise 'ᵀ' would parse as (|'| |'ᵀ|)
                                       (and postfix? (eqv? c0 #\') sufchar?))
                                   (begin (read-char port)
                                          (loop newop (peek-char port) sufchar?))
                                   str))
                             str))))))
        (string->normsymbol str))))

(define (accum-digits c pred port _-digit-sep)
  (let loop ((str '())
             (c c))
    (if (and _-digit-sep (eqv? c #\_))
        (begin (read-char port)
               (let ((c (peek-char port)))
                 (if (and (not (eof-object? c)) (pred c))
                     (loop str c)
                     (begin
                       (io.skip port -1) ; unget _
                       (list->string (reverse str))))))
        (if (and (not (eof-object? c)) (pred c))
            (begin (read-char port)
                   (loop (cons c str) (peek-char port)))
            (list->string (reverse str))))))

(define (char-hex? c)
  (or (char-numeric? c)
      (and (>= c #\a) (<= c #\f))
      (and (>= c #\A) (<= c #\F))))

(define (char-oct? c)
  (and (>= c #\0) (<= c #\7)))

(define (char-bin? c)
  (or (eqv? c #\0)
      (eqv? c #\1)))

(define (string-to-number s r is-float32)
  (let ((ans (if is-float32
                 (float (string->number
                         (string.map (lambda (c) (if (eqv? c #\f) #\e c)) s)
                         r))
                 (string->number s r))))
    (and ans
         (if (or (= ans +inf.0) (= ans -inf.0))
             (error (string "overflow in numeric constant \"" s "\""))
             ans))))

(define (numchk n s)
  (or n (error (string "invalid numeric constant \"" s "\""))))

(define (string-lastchar s)
  (string.char s (string.dec s (length s))))

(define (read-number port leadingdot neg)
  (let ((str  (open-output-string))
        (pred char-numeric?)
        (is-float32-literal #f)
        (is-hex-float-literal #f)
        (leadingzero #f))
    (define (allow ch)
      (let ((c (peek-char port)))
        (and (eqv? c ch)
             (begin (write-char (read-char port) str) #t))))
    (define (disallow-dot)
      (if (eqv? (peek-char port) #\.)
          (begin (read-char port)
                 (if (dot-opchar? (peek-char port))
                     (io.skip port -1) ; unget .
                     (error (string "invalid numeric constant \""
                                    (get-output-string str) #\. "\""))))))
    (define (read-digs lz _-digit-sep)
      (let ((c (peek-char port)))
        (if (and (not lz) _-digit-sep (eqv? c #\_))
            (error (string "invalid numeric constant \""
                           (get-output-string str) c "\"")))
        (let ((d (accum-digits c pred port _-digit-sep)))
          (and (not (equal? d ""))
               (not (eof-object? d))
               (display d str)
               #t))))
    (if neg (write-char #\- str))
    (if leadingdot
        (write-char #\. str)
        (if (eqv? (peek-char port) #\0)
            (begin (write-char (read-char port) str)
                   (set! leadingzero #t)
                   (cond ((allow #\x)
                          (begin (set! leadingzero #f)
                                 (set! pred char-hex?)))
                         ((allow #\o)
                          (begin (set! leadingzero #f)
                                 (set! pred char-oct?)))
                         ((allow #\b)
                          (begin (set! leadingzero #f)
                                 (set! pred char-bin?)))))
            (allow #\.)))
    (read-digs leadingzero #t)
    (if (eqv? (peek-char port) #\.)
        (begin (read-char port)
               (if (dot-opchar? (peek-char port))
                   (begin
                     (if (not (eqv? (peek-char port) #\.))
                         (let ((num (get-output-string str)))
                           (error (string "invalid syntax \"" num #\. (peek-char port) "\""
                                          (if (eqv? (peek-char port) #\')
                                              ""
                                              "; add space(s) to clarify")))))
                     (io.skip port -1)) ; unget .
                   (begin (write-char #\. str)
                          (read-digs #f #t)
                          (if (eq? pred char-hex?)
                              (set! is-hex-float-literal #t))
                          (disallow-dot)))))
    (let* ((c    (peek-char port))
           (ispP (or (eqv? c #\p) (eqv? c #\P))))
      (if (or (and is-hex-float-literal (or ispP (error "hex float literal must contain \"p\" or \"P\"")))
              (and (eq? pred char-hex?) ispP)
              (memv c '(#\e #\E #\f)))
          (begin (read-char port)
                 (let* ((d (peek-char port))
                        (is-minus-sign (or (eqv? d #\-) (eqv? d #\u2212))))
                   (if (and (not (eof-object? d))
                            (or (char-numeric? d) (eqv? d #\+) is-minus-sign))
                       (begin (set! is-float32-literal (eqv? c #\f))
                              (set! is-hex-float-literal ispP)
                              (write-char c str)
                              (if is-minus-sign
                                  (begin (read-char port)
                                         (write-char #\- str))
                                  (write-char (read-char port) str))
                              (read-digs #t #f)
                              (disallow-dot))
                       (io.skip port -1))))) ; unget c
      (if (and (char? c)
               (or (eq? pred char-bin?) (eq? pred char-oct?)
                   (and (eq? pred char-hex?) (not is-hex-float-literal)))
               (or (char-numeric? c)
                   (identifier-start-char? c)))
          ;; disallow digits after binary or octal literals, e.g., 0b12
          ;; and disallow identifier chars after hex literals.
          (error (string "invalid numeric constant \""
                         (get-output-string str) c "\""))))
    (let* ((s (get-output-string str))
           (r (cond ((eq? pred char-hex?) 16)
                    ((eq? pred char-oct?) 8)
                    ((eq? pred char-bin?) 2)
                    (else 10)))
           (n (string-to-number
               ;; for an unsigned literal starting with -, remove the - and
               ;; parse instead as a call to unary -
               (if (and neg (not (= r 10)) (not is-hex-float-literal))
                   (string.sub s 1)
                   s)
               r is-float32-literal)))
      (if (and (eqv? #\. (string-lastchar s))
               (let ((nxt (peek-char port)))
                 (and (not (eof-object? nxt))
                      (or (identifier-start-char? nxt)
                          (memv nxt '(#\( #\[ #\{ #\@ #\` #\~ #\"))))))
          (error (string "numeric constant \"" s "\" cannot be implicitly multiplied because it ends with \".\"")))
      ;; n is #f for integers > typemax(UInt64)
      (cond (is-hex-float-literal (numchk n s) (double n))
            ((eq? pred char-hex?) (fix-uint-neg neg (sized-uint-literal n s 4)))
            ((eq? pred char-oct?) (fix-uint-neg neg (sized-uint-oct-literal n s)))
            ((eq? pred char-bin?) (fix-uint-neg neg (sized-uint-literal n s 1)))
            (is-float32-literal   (numchk n s) (float n))
            (n (if (and (integer? n) (> n 9223372036854775807))
                   `(macrocall (core @int128_str) (null) ,s)
                   n))
            ((within-int128? s) `(macrocall (core @int128_str) (null) ,s))
            (else `(macrocall (core @big_str) (null) ,s))))))

(define (fix-uint-neg neg n)
  (if neg
      (if (large-number? n)
          `(call - ,(maybe-negate '- n))
          `(call - ,n))
      n))

(define (sized-uint-literal n s b)
  (let* ((i (if (eqv? (string.char s 0) #\-) 4 3))
         (l (+ (* (- (length s) i) b) 1)))
    (cond ((<= l 8)   (numchk n s) (uint8  n))
          ((<= l 16)  (numchk n s) (uint16 n))
          ((<= l 32)  (numchk n s) (uint32 n))
          ((<= l 64)  (numchk n s) (uint64 n))
          ((<= l 128) `(macrocall (core @uint128_str) (null) ,s))
          (else       `(macrocall (core @big_str) (null) ,s)))))

(define (sized-uint-oct-literal n s)
  (if (string.find s "o0")
      (sized-uint-literal n s 3)
      (if n
          (cond ((< n 256)        (uint8  n))
                ((< n 65536)      (uint16 n))
                ((< n 4294967296) (uint32 n))
                (else             (uint64 n)))
          (begin (if (equal? s "0o") (numchk n s))
                 (if (oct-within-uint128? s)
                     `(macrocall (core @uint128_str) (null) ,s)
                     `(macrocall (core @big_str) (null) ,s))))))

(define (strip-leading-0s s)
  (define (loop i)
    (if (eqv? (string.char s i) #\0)
        (loop (+ i 1))
        (string.tail s i)))
  (if (eqv? (string.char s 0) #\-)
      (string #\- (loop 1))
      (loop 0)))

(define (compare-num-strings s1 s2)
  (let ((s1 (strip-leading-0s s1))
        (s2 (strip-leading-0s s2)))
    (if (= (string-length s1) (string-length s2))
        (compare s1 s2)
        (compare (string-length s1) (string-length s2)))))

(define (oct-within-uint128? s)
  (let ((s (if (eqv? (string.char s 0) #\-)
               (string.tail s 1)
               s)))
    (>= 0 (compare-num-strings s "0o3777777777777777777777777777777777777777777"))))

(define (within-int128? s)
  (if (eqv? (string.char s 0) #\-)
      (>= 0 (compare-num-strings s "-170141183460469231731687303715884105728"))
      (>= 0 (compare-num-strings s "170141183460469231731687303715884105727"))))

(define (large-number? t)
  (and (pair? t) (eq? (car t) 'macrocall)
       (pair? (cadr t)) (eq? (car (cadr t)) 'core)
       (memq (cadadr t) '(@int128_str @uint128_str @big_str))))

(define (make-bidi-state) '(0 . 0))

(define (update-bidi-state st c)
  (case c
    ((#\U202A #\U202B #\U202D #\U202E) (cons (+ (car st) 1) (cdr st))) ;; LRE RLE LRO RLO
    ((#\U2066 #\U2067 #\U2068)         (cons (car st) (+ (cdr st) 1))) ;; LRI RLI FSI
    ((#\U202C)                         (cons (- (car st) 1) (cdr st))) ;; PDF
    ((#\U2069)                         (cons (car st) (- (cdr st) 1))) ;; PDI
    ((#\newline)                       '(0 . 0))
    (else st)))

(define (bidi-state-terminated? st) (equal? st '(0 . 0)))

(define (skip-line-comment port)
  (let ((c (peek-char port)))
    (cond ((eof-object? c)    c)
          ((eqv? c #\newline) c)
          (else               (read-char port)
                              (skip-line-comment port)))))

(define (skip-multiline-comment port count bds)
  (let ((c (read-char port)))
    (if (eof-object? c)
        (error "incomplete: unterminated multi-line comment #= ... =#") ; NOTE: changing this may affect code in base/client.jl
        (if (eqv? c #\=)
            (let ((c (peek-char port)))
              (if (eqv? c #\#)
                  (begin
                    (read-char port)
                    (if (> count 1)
                        (skip-multiline-comment port (- count 1) bds)
                        (if (not (bidi-state-terminated? bds))
                            (error "unbalanced bidirectional formatting in comment"))))
                  (skip-multiline-comment port count (update-bidi-state bds c))))
            (if (eqv? c #\#)
                (skip-multiline-comment port
                                        (if (eqv? (peek-char port) #\=)
                                            (begin (read-char port)
                                                   (+ count 1))
                                            count)
                                        bds)
                (skip-multiline-comment port count (update-bidi-state bds c)))))))

;; skip to end of comment, starting at #:  either #...<eol> or #= .... =#.
(define (skip-comment port)
  (read-char port) ; read # that was already peeked
  (if (eqv? (peek-char port) #\=)
      (begin (read-char port) ; read initial =
             (skip-multiline-comment port 1 (make-bidi-state)))
      (skip-line-comment port)))

(define (skip-ws-and-comments port)
  (skip-ws port #t)
  (if (eqv? (peek-char port) #\#)
      (begin (skip-comment port)
             (skip-ws-and-comments port)))
  #t)

(define (zero-width-space? c)
  (memv c '(#\u200b #\u2060 #\ufeff)))

(define (default-ignorable-char? c)
  (or (zero-width-space? c)
      (and (char>=? c #\u200c) (char<=? c #\u200f))
      (memv c '(#\u00ad #\u2061 #\u115f))))

(define (scolno port) (string " near column " (input-port-column port)))

(define (next-token port s)
  (let loop ((comment-induced-whitespace #f))
    (aset! s 2 (or (eq? (skip-ws port whitespace-newline) #t)
                   comment-induced-whitespace))
    (let ((c (peek-char port)))
      (cond ((or (eof-object? c) (eqv? c #\newline))  (read-char port))

            ((identifier-start-char? c)     (accum-julia-symbol c port))

            ((string.find "()[]{},;\"`@" c) (read-char port))

            ((string.find "0123456789" c)   (read-number port #f #f))

            ((eqv? c #\#)                   (skip-comment port) (loop #t))

            ;; . is difficult to handle; it could start a number or operator
            ((and (eqv? c #\.)
                  (let ((c (read-char port))
                        (nextc (peek-char port)))
                    (cond ((eof-object? nextc)
                           '|.|)
                          ((char-numeric? nextc)
                           (read-number port #t #f))
                          ((opchar? nextc)
                           (let* ((op (read-operator port c))
                                  (nx (peek-char port)))
                             (if (and (eq? op '..) (opchar? nx) (not (memv nx '(#\' #\:))))
                                 (error (string "invalid operator \"" op nx "\"" (scolno port))))
                             op))
                          (else '|.|)))))

            ((opchar? c)  (read-operator port (read-char port)))

            (else
              (let ((cn (input-port-column port)))
                (read-char port)
                (if (default-ignorable-char? c)
                    (error (string "invisible character \\u" (number->string (fixnum c) 16) " near column " (+ 1 cn)))
                    (error (string "invalid character \"" c "\" near column " (+ 1 cn))))))))))

;; --- token stream ---

(define (make-token-stream s) (vector #f s #t #f #f))
(define-macro (ts:port s)       `(aref ,s 1))
(define-macro (ts:last-tok s)   `(aref ,s 0))
(define-macro (ts:set-tok! s t) `(aset! ,s 0 ,t))
(define-macro (ts:pbtok s)      `(aref ,s 3))
(define (ts:space? s)           (aref s (if (ts:pbtok s) 4 2)))
(define (ts:put-back! s t spc)
  (if (ts:pbtok s)
      (error "too many pushed-back tokens (internal error)")
      (begin (aset! s 3 t)
             (aset! s 4 spc))))

(define (peek-token s)
  (or (ts:pbtok s)
      (ts:last-tok s)
      (begin (ts:set-tok! s (next-token (ts:port s) s))
             (ts:last-tok s))))

(define (require-token s)
  (let ((t (or (ts:pbtok s) (ts:last-tok s) (next-token (ts:port s) s))))
    (if (eof-object? t)
        (error "incomplete: premature end of input") ; NOTE: changing this may affect code in base/client.jl
        (if (newline? t)
            (begin (take-token s)
                   (require-token s))
            (begin (if (not (ts:pbtok s)) (ts:set-tok! s t))
                   t)))))

(define (take-token s)
  (or
   (begin0 (ts:pbtok s)
           (aset! s 3 #f))
   (begin0 (ts:last-tok s)
           (ts:set-tok! s #f))))

(define (space-before-next-token? s)
  (or (skip-ws (ts:port s) #f) (eqv? #\newline (peek-char (ts:port s)))))

;; --- parser ---

;; parse left-to-right binary operator
;; produces structures like (+ (+ (+ 2 3) 4) 5)
(define-macro (parse-LtoR s down ops)
  `(let loop ((ex (,down ,s))
              (t  (peek-token ,s)))
     (if (,ops t)
         (begin (take-token ,s)
                (loop (list 'call t ex (,down ,s)) (peek-token ,s)))
         ex)))

;; parse right-to-left binary operator
;; produces structures like (= a (= b (= c d)))
(define-macro (parse-RtoL s down ops syntactic self)
  `(let* ((ex (,down ,s))
          (t  (peek-token ,s)))
     (if (,ops t)
         (begin (take-token ,s)
                (if ,syntactic
                    (list       t ex (,self ,s))
                    (list 'call t ex (,self ,s))))
         ex)))

(define (line-number-node s)
  `(line ,(input-port-line (ts:port s)) ,current-filename))

;; parse a@b@c@... as (@ a b c ...) for some operator @
;; ops: operators to look for
;; head: the expression head to yield in the result, e.g. "a;b" => (block a b)
;; closer?: predicate to identify tokens that stop parsing
;;          however, this doesn't consume the closing token, just looks at it
;; ow, my eyes!!
(define (parse-Nary s down ops head closer? add-linenums)
  (let ((t (require-token s)))
    (if (closer? t)
        (if add-linenums    ;; empty block
            (list head (line-number-node s))
            (list head))
        (let loop ((ex
                    ;; skip leading runs of operator
                    (if (memv t ops)
                        (if add-linenums
                            (list (line-number-node s))
                            '())
                        (if add-linenums
                            (let ((loc (line-number-node s)))
                              ;; note: line-number must happen before (down s)
                              (list (down s) loc))
                            (list (down s)))))
                   (first? #t)
                   (t (peek-token s)))
          (if (not (memv t ops))
              (if (or (null? ex) (pair? (cdr ex)) (not first?))
                  ;; () => (head)
                  ;; (ex2 ex1) => (head ex1 ex2)
                  ;; (ex1) if operator appeared => (head ex1) (handles "x;")
                  (cons head (reverse! ex))
                  ;; (ex1) => ex1
                  (car ex))
              (begin (take-token s)
                     ;; allow input to end with the operator, as in a;b;
                     (if (or (eof-object? (peek-token s))
                             (closer? (peek-token s))
                             (memv (peek-token s) ops))
                         (loop ex #f (peek-token s))
                         (if (and add-linenums
                                  (not (linenum? (car ex))))
                             (let ((loc (line-number-node s)))
                               (loop (list* (down s) loc ex) #f (peek-token s)))
                             (loop (cons (down s) ex) #f (peek-token s))))))))))

;; the principal non-terminals follow, in increasing precedence order

(define (parse-block s (down parse-eq))
  (parse-Nary s down '(#\newline #\;) 'block
              (lambda (x) (memq x '(end else elseif catch finally))) #t))

;; ";" at the top level produces a sequence of top level expressions
(define (parse-stmts s)
  (let ((ex (parse-Nary s (lambda (s) (parse-public s parse-eq))
                        '(#\;) 'toplevel (lambda (x) (eqv? x #\newline)) #f)))
    ;; check for unparsed junk after an expression
    (let ((t (peek-token s)))
      (if (not (or (eof-object? t) (eqv? t #\newline) (eq? t #f)))
          (error (string "extra token \"" t "\" after end of expression"))))
    ex))

(define (parse-eq s) (parse-assignment s parse-comma))

;; symbol tokens that do not simply parse to themselves when appearing alone as
;; an element of an argument list
(define non-standalone-symbol-token?
  (Set (append operators reserved-words '(.... mutable primitive abstract))))

; parse-eq* is used where commas are special, for example in an argument list
(define (parse-eq* s)
  (let* ((t   (peek-token s))
         (spc (ts:space? s)))
    ;; optimization: skip checking the whole precedence stack if we have a simple
    ;; token followed by a common closing token
    (if (or (number? t) (and (symbol? t) (not (non-standalone-symbol-token? t))))
        (begin (take-token s)
               (let ((nxt (peek-token s)))
                 (if (or (eqv? nxt #\,) (eqv? nxt #\) ) (eqv? nxt #\}) (eqv? nxt #\]))
                     t
                     (begin (ts:put-back! s t spc)
                            (parse-assignment s parse-pair)))))
        (parse-assignment s parse-pair))))

(define (eventually-call? ex)
  (and (pair? ex)
       (or (eq? (car ex) 'call)
           (and (or (eq? (car ex) 'where) (eq? (car ex) '|::|))
                (eventually-call? (cadr ex))))))

(define (add-line-number blk linenode)
  (if (and (pair? blk) (eq? (car blk) 'block))
      `(block ,linenode ,@(cdr blk))
      `(block ,linenode ,blk)))

(define (short-form-function-loc ex lno)
  (if (eventually-call? (cadr ex))
      `(= ,(cadr ex) ,(add-line-number (caddr ex) `(line ,lno ,current-filename)))
      ex))

(define (parse-assignment s down)
  (let* ((ex (down s))
         (t  (peek-token s)))
    (if (not (is-prec-assignment? t))
        ex
        (begin
          (take-token s)
          (cond ((or (eq? t '~) (eq? t '|.~|)) ;; ~ is the only non-syntactic assignment-precedence operators
                 (if (and space-sensitive (ts:space? s)
                          (not (space-before-next-token? s)))
                     (begin (ts:put-back! s t (ts:space? s))
                            ex)
                     (list 'call t ex (parse-assignment s down))))
                ((eq? t '=)
                 ;; insert line/file for short-form function defs, otherwise leave alone
                 (let ((lno (input-port-line (ts:port s))))
                   (short-form-function-loc
                    (list t ex (parse-assignment s down)) lno)))
                (else
                 (list t ex (parse-assignment s down))))))))

; parse-comma is needed for commas outside parens, for example a = b,c
(define (parse-comma s)
  (let loop ((ex     (list (parse-pair s)))
             (first? #t)
             (t      (peek-token s)))
    (if (not (eqv? t #\,))
        (if (or (pair? (cdr ex)) (not first?))
            ;; () => (tuple)
            ;; (ex2 ex1) => (tuple ex1 ex2)
            ;; (ex1,) => (tuple ex1)
            (cons 'tuple (reverse! ex))
            ;; (ex1) => ex1
            (car ex))
        (begin (take-token s)
               (if (eq? (peek-token s) '=) ;; allow x, = ...
                   (loop ex #f (peek-token s))
                   (loop (cons (parse-pair s) ex) #f (peek-token s)))))))

(define (parse-pair s) (parse-RtoL s parse-cond is-prec-pair? #f parse-pair))

(define (parse-cond s)
  (let ((ex (parse-arrow s)))
    (cond ((eq? (peek-token s) '?)
           (begin (if (not (ts:space? s))
                      (error "space required before \"?\" operator"))
                  (take-token s) ; take the ?
                  (let ((t (with-whitespace-newline (without-range-colon (require-token s)))))
                    (if (not (ts:space? s))
                        (error "space required after \"?\" operator")))
                  (let ((then (without-range-colon (parse-eq* s))))
                    (if (not (eq? (peek-token s) ':))
                        (error "colon expected in \"?\" expression"))
                    (if (not (ts:space? s))
                        (error "space required before colon in \"?\" expression"))
                    (take-token s) ; take the :
                    (let ((t (with-whitespace-newline (require-token s))))
                      (if (not (ts:space? s))
                          (error "space required after colon in \"?\" expression")))
                    (list 'if ex then (parse-eq* s)))))
          (else ex))))

(define (parse-arrow s) (parse-RtoL s parse-or         is-prec-arrow? (eq? t '-->) parse-arrow))
(define (parse-or s)    (parse-RtoL s parse-and        is-prec-lazy-or? #t parse-or))
(define (parse-and s)   (parse-RtoL s parse-comparison is-prec-lazy-and? #t parse-and))

(define (parse-comparison s)
  (let loop ((ex (parse-pipe< s))
             (first #t))
    (let ((t (peek-token s)))
      (cond ((is-prec-comparison? t)
             (begin (take-token s)
                    (if first
                        (loop (list 'comparison ex t (parse-pipe< s)) #f)
                        (loop (append ex (list t (parse-pipe< s))) #f))))
            (first ex)
            ((length= ex 4)
             ;; only a single comparison; special chained syntax not required
             (let ((op   (caddr ex))
                   (arg1 (cadr ex))
                   (arg2 (cadddr ex)))
               (if (or (eq? op '|<:|) (eq? op '|>:|))
                   `(,op ,arg1 ,arg2)
                   `(call ,op ,arg1 ,arg2))))
            (else ex)))))

(define (parse-pipe< s) (parse-RtoL s parse-pipe> is-prec-pipe<? #f parse-pipe<))
(define (parse-pipe> s) (parse-LtoR s parse-range is-prec-pipe>?))

;; parse ranges and postfix ...
;; colon is strange; 3 arguments with 2 colons yields one call:
;; 1:2   => (call : 1 2)
;; 1:2:3 => (call : 1 2 3)
(define (parse-range s)
  (let loop ((ex     (parse-expr s))
             (first? #t))
    (let* ((t   (peek-token s))
           (spc (ts:space? s)))
      (cond ((and first? (is-prec-colon? t) (not (eq? t ':)))
             (take-token s)
             `(call ,t ,ex ,(parse-expr s)))
            ((and range-colon-enabled (eq? t ':))
             (take-token s)
             (if (and space-sensitive spc
                      (not (space-before-next-token? s)))
                 ;; "a :b" in space sensitive mode
                 (begin (ts:put-back! s ': spc)
                        ex)
                 (let ((argument
                        (cond ((closing-token? (peek-token s))
                               (error  (string "missing last argument in \""
                                               (deparse ex) ":\" range expression ")))
                              ((newline? (peek-token s))
                               (error "line break in \":\" expression"))
                              (else
                               (parse-expr s)))))
                   (if (and (not (ts:space? s))
                            (or (eq? argument '<) (eq? argument '>)))
                       (error (string "\":" argument "\" found instead of \""
                                      argument ":\"")))
                   (if first?
                       (loop (list 'call t ex argument) #f)
                       (loop (append ex (list argument)) #t)))))
            ((eq? t '...)
             (take-token s)
             (list '... ex))
            (else ex)))))

;; parse left to right chains of a certain binary operator
;; returns a list of arguments
(define (parse-chain s down op)
  (let loop ((chain (list (down s))))
    (let ((t (peek-token s)))
      (if (not (eq? t op))
          (reverse! chain)
          (let ((spc (ts:space? s)))
            (take-token s)
            (cond ((and space-sensitive spc (memq t unary-and-binary-ops)
                        (not (space-before-next-token? s)))
                   ;; here we have "x -y"
                   (ts:put-back! s t spc)
                   (reverse! chain))
                  (else
                   (loop (cons (down s) chain)))))))))

;; parse left to right, combining chains of a certain operator into 1 call
;; e.g. a+b+c => (call + a b c)
(define (parse-with-chains s down ops chain-ops)
  (let loop ((ex (down s)))
    (let ((t (peek-token s)))
      (if (not (ops t))
          ex
          (let ((spc (ts:space? s)))
            (take-token s)
            (cond ((and space-sensitive spc (memq t unary-and-binary-ops)
                        (not (space-before-next-token? s)))
                   ;; here we have "x -y"
                   (ts:put-back! s t spc)
                   ex)
                  ((memq t chain-ops)
                   (loop (list* 'call t ex
                                (parse-chain s down t))))
                  (else
                   (loop (list 'call t ex (down s))))))))))

(define (parse-expr s)     (parse-with-chains s parse-term          is-prec-plus?  '(+ ++)))
(define (parse-term s)     (parse-with-chains s parse-rational      is-prec-times? '(*)))
(define (parse-rational s) (parse-LtoR        s parse-shift         is-prec-rational?))
(define (parse-shift s)    (parse-LtoR        s parse-unary-subtype is-prec-bitshift?))

;; parse `<: A where B` as `<: (A where B)` (issue #21545)
(define (parse-unary-subtype s)
  (let* ((op  (require-token s))
         (spc (ts:space? s)))
    (if (or (eq? op '|<:|) (eq? op '|>:|))
        (begin (take-token s)
               (let ((next (peek-token s)))
                 (cond ((or (closing-token? next) (newline? next) (eq? next '=))
                        op)  ; return operator by itself, as in (<:)
                       ;; parse <:{T}(x::T) or <:(x::T) like other unary operators
                       ((or (eqv? next #\{) (eqv? next #\( ))
                        (ts:put-back! s op spc)
                        (parse-where s parse-juxtapose))
                       (else
                        (let ((arg (parse-where s parse-juxtapose)))
                          (if (and (pair? arg) (eq? (car arg) 'tuple))
                              (cons op (cdr arg))
                              (list op arg)))))))
        (parse-where s parse-juxtapose))))

(define (parse-where-chain s first)
  (with-bindings ((where-enabled #f))
   (let loop ((ex first)
              (t 'where))
     (if (eq? t 'where)
         (begin (take-token s)
                (let ((var (parse-comparison s)))
                  (loop (if (and (pair? var) (eq? (car var) 'braces))
                            (list* 'where ex (cdr var))  ;; form `x where {T,S}`
                            (list 'where ex var))
                        (peek-token s))))
         ex))))

(define (parse-where s down)
  ;; `where` needs to be below unary for `+(x::T,y::T) where {T} = ...` to work
  (let ((ex (down s)))
    (if (and where-enabled
             (eq? (peek-token s) 'where))
        (parse-where-chain s ex)
        ex)))

;; given an expression and the next token, is there a juxtaposition
;; operator between them?
(define (juxtapose? s expr t)
  (and (or (number? expr)
           (large-number? expr)
           (and (not (number? t))    ;; disallow "x.3" and "sqrt(2)2"
                (not (eqv? t #\@))   ;; disallow "x@time"
                ;; issue #16427, disallow juxtaposition with block forms
                (not (and (pair? expr) (or (block-form? (car expr))
                                           (syntactic-unary-op? (car expr))
                                           (initial-reserved-word? (car expr))))))
           ;; to allow x'y as a special case
           #;(and (pair? expr) (memq (car expr) '(|'| |.'|))
                (not (memv t '(#\( #\[ #\{))))
           )
       (not (ts:space? s))
       (or (not (operator? t)) (radical-op? t))
       (not (closing-token? t))
       (not (newline? t))
       (or (and (not (string? expr)) (not (eqv? t #\")))
           ;; issue #20575
           (error "cannot juxtapose string literal"))
       (not (initial-reserved-word? t))
       ;; TODO: this would disallow juxtaposition with 0, which is ambiguous
       ;; with e.g. hex literals `0x...`. however this is used for `0im`, which
       ;; we might not want to break.
       #;(or (not (and (eq? expr 0)
                     (symbol? t)))
           (error (string "invalid numeric constant \"" expr t "\"")))))

(define (parse-juxtapose s)
  (let ((first (parse-unary s)))
    (let loop ((ex   first)
               (args (list first)))
      (let ((next (peek-token s)))
        (if (juxtapose? s ex next)
            (begin
              #;(if (and (number? ex) (= ex 0))
                    (error "juxtaposition with literal \"0\""))
              (let ((next (if (radical-op? next) (parse-unary s) (parse-factor s))))
                (loop `(call * ,ex ,next)
                      (cons next args))))
            (if (length= args 1)
                (car args)
                (list* 'call '* (reverse args))))))))

(define (maybe-negate op num)
  (if (eq? op '-)
      (if (large-number? num)
          (if (eqv? (cadddr num) "-170141183460469231731687303715884105728")
              `(macrocall (core @big_str) (null) "170141183460469231731687303715884105728")
              `(,(car num) ,(cadr num) ,(caddr num) ,(string.tail (cadddr num) 1)))
          (if (= num -9223372036854775808)
              `(macrocall (core @int128_str) (null) "9223372036854775808")
              (- num)))
      num))

;; operators handled by parse-unary at the start of an expression
(define initial-operator?
  ;; TODO: ? should probably not be listed here except for the syntax hack in osutils.jl
  (Set (diff operators (append '(: |'| |.'| ?) syntactic-unary-operators syntactic-operators))))

(define (parse-unary s)
  (let* ((op  (require-token s))
         (spc (ts:space? s)))
    (if (initial-operator? op)
        (begin
          (take-token s)
          (if (or (eq? op '-) (eq? op '+))
              (let ((nch (peek-char (ts:port s))))
                (if (or (and (char? nch) (char-numeric? nch))
                        (and (eqv? nch #\.) (read-char (ts:port s))))
                    (let ((num (read-number (ts:port s) (eqv? nch #\.) (eq? op '-))))
                      (if (or (memv (peek-token s) '(#\[ #\{))
                              (is-prec-power? (peek-token s)))
                          ;; `[`, `{` (issue #18851) and `^` have higher precedence than
                          ;; unary negation; -2^x parsed as (- (^ 2 x)).
                          (begin (ts:put-back! s (maybe-negate op num) spc)
                                 (list 'call op (parse-factor s)))
                          num))
                    (parse-unary-call s op #t spc)))
              (parse-unary-call s op (unary-op? op) spc)))
        (parse-factor s))))

(define (fix-syntactic-unary e)
  (let ((ce (car e)))
    (if (or (eq? ce '|<:|) (eq? ce '|>:|))
        e
        (cons 'call e))))

(define (parse-unary-call s op un spc)
  (let ((next (peek-token s)))
    (cond ((or (closing-token? next) (newline? next) (eq? next '=))
           (if (dotop? op)
               ;; standalone dotted operators are parsed as (|.| op)
               (list '|.| (undotop op))
               op))  ; return operator by itself, as in (+)
          ((or (eqv? next #\{)  ;; this case is +{T}(x::T) = ...
               (and (not un) (eqv? next #\( )))
           (ts:put-back! s op spc)
           (parse-factor s))
          ((eqv? next #\( )
           (take-token s)
           (let* ((opspc  (ts:space? s))
                  (lno    (input-port-line (ts:port s)))
                  (parens (parse-paren- s #t)))
             (if (cdr parens) ;; found an argument list
                 (if opspc
                     (disallowed-space-error lno op #\( )
                     (parse-factor-with-initial-ex
                      s
                      (fix-syntactic-unary (cons op (tuple-to-arglist (car parens))))))
                 (fix-syntactic-unary
                  (list op (parse-factor-with-initial-ex s (car parens)))))))
          ((not un)
           (error (string "\"" op "\" is not a unary operator")))
          (else
           (let ((arg  (parse-unary s)))
             (fix-syntactic-unary (list op arg)))))))

(define block-form? (Set '(block quote if for while let function macro abstract primitive struct
                                 try module)))

;; handle ^ and .^
;; -2^3 is parsed as -(2^3), so call parse-decl for the first argument,
;; and parse-unary from then on (to handle 2^-3)
(define (parse-factor s)
  (let ((nxt (peek-token s)))
    (parse-factor-with-initial-ex s (parse-unary-prefix s) nxt)))

(define (parse-factor-with-initial-ex s ex0 (tok #f))
  (let* ((ex (parse-decl-with-initial-ex s (parse-call-with-initial-ex s ex0 tok)))
         (t  (peek-token s)))
    (if (is-prec-power? t)
        (begin (take-token s)
               (list 'call t ex (parse-factor-after s)))
        ex)))

(define (parse-factor-after s) (parse-RtoL s parse-juxtapose is-prec-power? #f parse-factor-after))

(define (parse-decl s)
  (parse-decl-with-initial-ex s (parse-call s)))

(define (parse-decl-with-initial-ex s ex)
  (let loop ((ex ex))
    (let ((t (peek-token s)))
      (case t
        ((|::|) (take-token s)
         (loop (list t ex (parse-where s parse-call))))
        ((->)   (take-token s)
         ;; -> is unusual: it binds tightly on the left and
         ;; loosely on the right.
         (let ((lno (line-number-node s)))
           `(-> ,ex ,(add-line-number (parse-eq* s) lno))))
        (else
         ex)))))

;; parse function call, indexing, dot, and transpose expressions
;; also handles looking for syntactic reserved words
(define (parse-call s)
  (let ((nxt (peek-token s)))
    (parse-call-with-initial-ex s (parse-unary-prefix s) nxt)))

(define (parse-call-with-initial-ex s ex tok)
  (if (or (initial-reserved-word? tok) (memq tok '(mutable primitive abstract)))
      (parse-resword s ex)
      (parse-call-chain s ex #f)))

(define (parse-unary-prefix s)
  (let ((op (peek-token s)))
    (if (syntactic-unary-op? op)
        (begin (take-token s)
               (cond ((and (memq op '(& $))
                           (let ((next (peek-token s)))
                             (or (closing-token? next) (newline? next))))
                      op)
                     ((memq op '(& |::|))  (list op (parse-where s parse-call)))
                     (else                 (list op (parse-unary-prefix s)))))
        (parse-atom s))))

(define (parse-def s is-func anon)
  (let* ((ex  (parse-unary-prefix s))
         (sig (if (or (and is-func (reserved-word? ex)) (initial-reserved-word? ex))
                  (error (string "invalid name \"" ex "\""))
                  (parse-call-chain s ex #f)))
         (decl-sig
          (if (and is-func (eq? (peek-token s) '|::|))
              (begin (take-token s)
                     `(|::| ,sig ,(parse-call s)))
              sig)))
    (if (eq? (peek-token s) 'where)
        (parse-where-chain s decl-sig)
        decl-sig)))

(define (disallowed-space-error lno ex t)
  (error (string "space before \"" t "\" not allowed in \""
                 (deparse ex) " " t "\" at "
                 current-filename ":" lno)))

(define (disallow-space s ex t)
  (if (ts:space? s)
      (disallowed-space-error (input-port-line (ts:port s)) ex t)))

;; string macro suffix for given delimiter t
(define (macsuffix t)
  (case t
    ((#\") '_str)
    ((#\`) '_cmd)))

(define (parse-call-chain s ex macrocall?)
  (let loop ((ex ex))
    (let ((t (peek-token s)))
      (if (or (and space-sensitive (ts:space? s)
                   (memv t '(#\( #\[ #\{ |'| #\" #\`)))
              (and (or (number? ex)  ;; 2(...) is multiply, not call
                       (large-number? ex))
                   (eqv? t #\()))
          ex
          (case t
            ((#\( )
             (disallow-space s ex t)
             (take-token s)
             (let ((c (let ((al (parse-call-arglist s #\) )))
                        (receive
                         (params args) (separate (lambda (x)
                                                   (and (pair? x)
                                                        (eq? (car x) 'parameters)))
                                                 al)
                         (if (eq? (peek-token s) 'do)
                             (begin
                               (take-token s)
                               `(do (call ,ex ,@params ,@args) ,(parse-do s)))
                             `(call ,ex ,@al))))))
               (if macrocall?
                   (map (lambda (x)  ;; parse `a=b` as `=` instead of `kw` in macrocall
                          (if (and (pair? x) (eq? (car x) 'kw))
                              `(= ,@(cdr x))
                              x))
                        c)
                   (loop c))))
            ((#\[ )
             (disallow-space s ex t)
             (take-token s)
             ;; ref is syntax, so we can distinguish
             ;; a[i] = x  from
             ;; ref(a,i) = x
             (let* ((es end-symbol)
                    (al (with-end-symbol (parse-cat s #\] es))))
               (if macrocall?
                   (list 'call ex al)
                   (if (null? al)
                       (loop (list 'ref ex))
                       (case (car al)
                         ((vect)  (loop (list* 'ref ex (map =-to-kw (cdr al)))))
                         ((hcat)  (loop (list* 'typed_hcat ex (cdr al))))
                         ((vcat)
                          (loop (list* 'typed_vcat ex (cdr al))))
                         ((comprehension)
                          (loop (list* 'typed_comprehension ex (cdr al))))
                         ((ncat)
                          (loop (list* 'typed_ncat ex (cdr al))))
                         (else (error "unknown parse-cat result (internal error)")))))))
            ((|.|)
             (disallow-space s ex t)
             (take-token s)
             (loop
              (cond ((eqv? (peek-token s) #\()
                     (begin
                       (if (ts:space? s)
                           (disallow-space s `(|.| ,ex (quote ||)) #\())
                       (take-token s)
                       `(|.| ,ex (tuple ,@(parse-call-arglist s #\) )))))
                    ((eqv? (peek-token s) ':)
                     (begin
                       (take-token s)
                       (cond ((eqv? (peek-token s) #\newline)
                              (error "newline not allowed after \":\" used for quoting"))
                             ((ts:space? s) ;; uses side effect of previous peek-token
                              (error "whitespace not allowed after \":\" used for quoting"))
                             (else `(|.| ,ex (quote ,(parse-atom s #f)))))))
                    ((eq? (peek-token s) '$)
                     (take-token s)
                     (let ((dollarex (parse-atom s)))
                       `(|.| ,ex (inert ($ ,dollarex)))))
                    (else
                     (let ((name (parse-atom s #f)))
                       (cond ((and (pair? name) (eq? (car name) 'macrocall))
                              `(macrocall (|.| ,ex (quote ,(cadr name))) ; move macrocall outside by rewriting A.@B as @A.B
                                          ,@(cddr name)))
                             ((and (pair? name) (eq? (car name) 'do) (eq? (caadr name) 'macrocall))
                              `(do ,(let ((name (cadr name)))
                                      `(macrocall (|.| ,ex (quote ,(cadr name))) ; move macrocall outside by rewriting `A.@B() do; end` as `@A.B() do; end`
                                                  ,@(cddr name)))
                                   ,(caddr name)))
                           (else
                            `(|.| ,ex (quote ,name)))))))))
            ((|'|)
             (if (not (ts:space? s))
                 (begin
                   (take-token s)
                   (let ((t (read-operator (ts:port s) #\' #t)))
                     (loop (if (eq? t '|'|)
                               (list t ex)
                               (list 'call t ex)))))
                 ex))
            ((|.'|) (error "the \".'\" operator is discontinued"))
            ((#\{ )
             (disallow-space s ex t)
             (take-token s)
             (let ((args (parse-call-arglist s #\} )))
               (if macrocall?
                   `(call ,ex (braces ,@args))
                   (loop (list* 'curly ex args)))))
            ((#\" #\`)
             (if (and (or (symbol? ex) (valid-modref? ex))
                      (not (operator? ex))
                      (not (ts:space? s)))
                 ;; custom string and command literals; x"s" => @x_str "s"
                 (let* ((startloc  (line-number-node s))
                        (macstr (begin (take-token s)
                                       (parse-raw-literal s t)))
                        (nxt (peek-token s))
                        (macname (macroify-name ex (macsuffix t))))
                   (if (and (or (symbol? nxt) (number? nxt) (large-number? nxt)) (not (operator? nxt))
                            (not (ts:space? s)))
                       ;; string literal suffix, "s"x
                       (loop `(macrocall ,macname ,startloc ,macstr
                                         ,(if (symbol? nxt)
                                              (string (take-token s))
                                              (take-token s))))
                       (loop `(macrocall ,macname ,startloc ,macstr))))
                 ex))
            (else ex))))))

(define expect-end-current-line 0)

(define (expect-end s word)
  (let ((t (peek-token s)))
    (if (eq? t 'end)
        (take-token s)
        (expect-end-error t word))))

(define (expect-end-error t word)
  (if (eof-object? t)
      (error (string "incomplete: \"" word "\" at " ; NOTE: changing this may affect code in base/client.jl
                     current-filename ":" expect-end-current-line
                     " requires end"))
      (error (string "\"" word "\" at "
                     current-filename ":" expect-end-current-line
                     " expected \"end\", got \"" t "\""))))

(define (parse-subtype-spec s)
  (parse-comparison s))

(define (valid-func-sig? paren sig)
  (and (pair? sig)
       (or (eq? (car sig) 'call)
           (eq? (car sig) 'tuple)
           (and paren (eq? (car sig) 'block))
           (and paren (eq? (car sig) '...))
           (and (eq? (car sig) '|::|)
                (pair? (cadr sig))
                (eq? (car (cadr sig)) 'call))
           (and (eq? (car sig) 'where)
                (valid-func-sig? paren (cadr sig))))))

(define (valid-1arg-func-sig? sig)
  (or (symbol? sig)
      (and (pair? sig) (eq? (car sig) '|::|)
           (or (symbol? (cadr sig))
               (length= sig 2)))))

(define (unwrap-where x)
  (if (and (pair? x) (eq? (car x) 'where))
      (unwrap-where (cadr x))
      x))

(define (rewrap-where x w)
  (if (and (pair? w) (eq? (car w) 'where))
      (list* 'where (rewrap-where x (cadr w)) (cddr w))
      x))

(define (parse-struct-field s)
  (let ((tok (peek-token s)))
    ;; allow `const x` only as a struct field
    (if (eq? tok 'const)
        (begin (take-token s)
               `(const ,(parse-eq s)))
        (parse-eq s))))

(define (parse-struct-def s mut? word)
  (if (reserved-word? (peek-token s))
      (error (string "invalid type name \"" (take-token s) "\"")))
  (let ((sig (parse-subtype-spec s)))
    (begin0 (list 'struct (if mut? '(true) '(false)) sig (parse-block s parse-struct-field))
            (expect-end s word))))

;; consume any number of line endings from a token stream
(define (take-lineendings s)
  (let ((nt (peek-token s)))
    (if (or (newline? nt) (eqv? nt #\;))
        (begin (take-token s)
               (take-lineendings s))
        s)))

;; parse expressions or blocks introduced by syntactic reserved words
(define (parse-resword s word)
  (with-bindings
   ((expect-end-current-line (input-port-line (ts:port s))))
   (with-normal-context
    (begin
     (case word
       ((begin quote)
        (let ((loc  (begin (skip-ws-and-comments (ts:port s))
                           (line-number-node s)))
              (blk  (parse-block s (lambda (s) (parse-docstring s parse-eq)))))
          (expect-end s word)
          (let ((blk  (if (and (length> blk 1)
                               (linenum? (cadr blk)))
                          (list* 'block loc (cddr blk))
                          blk)))
            (if (eq? word 'quote)
                (list 'quote blk)
                blk))))
       ((while)  (begin0 (list 'while (parse-cond s) (append (parse-block s) (list (line-number-node s))))
                         (expect-end s word)))
       ((for)
        (let* ((ranges (parse-comma-separated-iters s))
               (body   (parse-block s)))
          (expect-end s word)
          `(for ,(if (length= ranges 1) (car ranges) (cons 'block ranges))
                ,(append body (list (line-number-node s))))))

       ((let)
        (let ((binds (if (memv (peek-token s) '(#\newline #\;))
                         '()
                         (parse-comma-separated-assignments s))))
          (if (not (or (eof-object? (peek-token s))
                       (memv (peek-token s) '(#\newline #\; end))))
              (error "let variables should end in \";\" or newline"))
          (let* ((ex (begin0 (parse-block s)
                             (expect-end s word)))
                 (ex (if (and (length= ex 2) (linenum? (cadr ex)))
                         `(block)  ;; don't need line info in an empty let block
                         ex)))
            `(let ,(if (and (length= binds 1) (or (assignment? (car binds)) (decl? (car binds))
                                                  (symbol? (car binds))))
                       (car binds)
                       (cons 'block binds))
               ,ex))))

       ((if elseif)
        (if (newline? (peek-token s))
            (error (string "missing condition in \"if\" at " current-filename
                           ":" (- (input-port-line (ts:port s)) 1))))
        (let* ((lno (line-number-node s))  ;; line number for elseif condition
               (test (parse-cond s))
               (test (if (eq? word 'elseif)
                         `(block ,lno ,test)
                         test))
               (then (if (memq (require-token s) '(else elseif))
                         '(block)
                         (parse-block s)))
               (nxt  (require-token s)))
          (take-token s)
          (case nxt
            ((end)     (list word test then))
            ((elseif)
             (if (newline? (peek-token s))
                 (error (string "missing condition in \"elseif\" at " current-filename
                                ":" (- (input-port-line (ts:port s)) 1))))
             `(,word ,test ,then
                     ,(parse-resword s 'elseif)))
            ((else)
             (if (eq? (peek-token s) 'if)
                 (error "use \"elseif\" instead of \"else if\""))
             (begin0 (list word test then (parse-block s))
                     (expect-end s 'if)))
            (else      (error (string "unexpected \"" nxt "\""))))))

       ((global local)
        (let* ((const (and (eq? (peek-token s) 'const)
                           (take-token s)))
               (assgn (parse-eq s))
               (expr  (if (and (pair? assgn) (eq? (car assgn) 'tuple))
                          (cons word (cdr assgn))
                          (list word assgn))))
          (if const ;; normalize `global const` and `const global`
              `(const ,expr)
              expr)))
       ((const)
        (let ((assgn (parse-eq s)))
          (if (not (and (pair? assgn)
                        (or (eq? (car assgn) '=)
                            (eq? (car assgn) 'global)
                            (eq? (car assgn) 'local))))
              (error "expected assignment after \"const\"")
              `(const ,assgn))))

       ((function macro)
        (let* ((loc   (line-number-node s))
               (paren (eqv? (require-token s) #\())
               (sig   (parse-def s (eq? word 'function) paren)))
          (if (and (not paren) (symbol-or-interpolate? sig))
              (begin (if (not (eq? (require-token s) 'end))
                         (error (string "expected \"end\" in definition of " word " \"" sig "\"")))
                     (take-token s)
                     `(,word ,sig))
              (let* ((usig (unwrap-where sig))
                     (def  (if (or (valid-1arg-func-sig? usig)
                                   (and (assignment? usig)
                                        (valid-1arg-func-sig? (cadr usig))))
                               (if paren
                                   ;; in "function (x)" the (x) is a tuple
                                   (rewrap-where `(tuple ,usig) sig)
                                   ;; function foo  =>  syntax error
                                   (error (string "expected \"(\" in " word " definition")))
                               (if (not (valid-func-sig? paren sig))
                                   (if paren
                                       (error (string "ambiguous signature in " word " definition. Try adding a comma if this is a 1-argument anonymous function."))
                                       (error (string "expected \"(\" in " word " definition")))
                                   sig)))
                     (body (parse-block s)))
                (expect-end s word)
                (list word def (add-line-number body loc))))))

       ((abstract)
        (if (not (eq? (peek-token s) 'type))
            (parse-call-chain s word #f)
            (begin (take-token s)
                   (let ((spec (parse-subtype-spec s)))
                     (begin0 (list 'abstract spec)
                             (expect-end (take-lineendings s) "abstract type"))))))
       ((struct)
        (begin (take-token s)
               (parse-struct-def s #f word)))
       ((mutable)
        (if (not (eq? (peek-token s) 'struct))
            (parse-call-chain s word #f)
            (begin (take-token s)
                   (parse-struct-def s #t word))))
       ((primitive)
        (if (not (eq? (peek-token s) 'type))
            (parse-call-chain s word #f)
            (begin (take-token s)
                   (let* ((spec (with-space-sensitive (parse-subtype-spec s)))
                          (nb   (with-space-sensitive (parse-cond s))))
                     (begin0 (list 'primitive spec nb)
                             (expect-end (take-lineendings s) "primitive type"))))))

       ((try)
        (let ((try-block (if (memq (peek-token s) '(catch finally))
                             '(block)
                             (parse-block s))))
          (let loop ((nxt    (peek-token s))
                     (catchb #f)
                     (catchv #f)
                     (finalb #f)
                     (elseb #f))
            (take-token s)
            (cond
             ((eq? nxt 'end)
              (list* 'try try-block (or catchv '(false))
                     (or catchb (if finalb '(false) (error "try without catch or finally")))
                     (cond (elseb  (list (or finalb '(false)) elseb))
                           (finalb (list finalb))
                           (else   '()))))
             ((and (eq? nxt 'catch)
                   (not catchb))
              (let ((nl (memv (peek-token s) '(#\newline #\;))))
                (if (eqv? (peek-token s) #\;)
                    (take-token s))
                (if (memq (require-token s) '(end finally else))
                    (loop (require-token s)
                          '(block)
                          #f
                          finalb
                          elseb)
                    (let* ((loc (line-number-node s))
                           (var (if nl #f (parse-eq* s)))
                           (var? (and (not nl) (or (symbol? var)
                                                   (and (length= var 2) (eq? (car var) '$))
                                                   (error (string "invalid syntax \"catch " (deparse var) "\"")))))
                           (catch-block (if (memq (require-token s) '(finally else))
                                            `(block ,(line-number-node s))
                                            (parse-block s))))
                      (loop (require-token s)
                            (if (or var? (not var))
                                catch-block
                                `(block ,loc ,var
                                        ,@(if (and (length= catch-block 2)
                                                   (linenum? (cadr catch-block)))
                                              '()
                                              (cdr catch-block))))
                            (if var? var '(false))
                            finalb
                            elseb)))))
             ((and (eq? nxt 'finally)
                   (not finalb))
              (let ((fb (if (memq (require-token s) '(catch else))
                            '(block)
                            (parse-block s))))
                (loop (require-token s)
                      catchb
                      catchv
                      fb
                      elseb)))
             ((and (eq? nxt 'else)
                   (not elseb))
              (if (or (not catchb) finalb)
                  (error "else inside try block needs to be immediately after catch"))
              (let ((eb (if (eq? (require-token s) 'finally)
                            '(block)
                            (parse-block s))))
                (loop (require-token s)
                      catchb
                      catchv
                      finalb
                      eb)))
             (else (expect-end-error nxt 'try))))))
       ((return)          (let ((t (peek-token s)))
                            (if (or (eqv? t #\newline) (closing-token? t))
                                (list 'return '(null))
                                (list 'return (parse-eq s)))))
       ((break continue)
        (let ((t (peek-token s)))
          (if (or (eof-object? t)
                  (and (eq? t 'end) (not end-symbol))
                  (memv t '(#\newline #\; #\) :)))
              (list word)
              (error (string "unexpected \"" t "\" after " word)))))

       ((module baremodule)
        (let* ((name (parse-unary-prefix s))
               (loc  (line-number-node s))
               (body (parse-block s (lambda (s) (parse-public s parse-eq)))))
          (if (reserved-word? name)
              (error (string "invalid module name \"" name "\"")))
          (expect-end s word)
          (list 'module (if (eq? word 'module) '(true) '(false)) name
                `(block ,loc ,@(cdr body)))))
       ((export public)
        (let ((es (map macrocall-to-atsym
                       (parse-comma-separated s parse-unary-prefix))))
          (if (not (every symbol-or-interpolate? es))
              (error (string "invalid \"" word "\" statement")))
          `(,word ,@es)))
       ((import using)
        (parse-imports s word))
       ((do)
        (error "invalid \"do\" syntax"))
       (else (error "unhandled reserved word")))))))

(define (parse-do s)
  (with-bindings
   ((expect-end-current-line (input-port-line (ts:port s))))
   (with-normal-context
    (let ((doargs (if (memv (peek-token s) '(#\newline #\;))
                      '()
                      (parse-comma-separated s parse-range))))
      `(-> (tuple ,@doargs)
           ,(begin0 (parse-block s)
                    (expect-end s 'do)))))))

(define (macrocall-to-atsym e)
  (if (and (pair? e) (eq? (car e) 'macrocall))
      (cadr e)
      e))

(define (parse-imports s word)
  (let* ((first (parse-import s word #f))
         (next  (peek-token s))
         (from  (and (eq? next ':) (not (ts:space? s))
                     (or (not (and (pair? first) (eq? (car first) 'as)))
                         (error (string "invalid syntax \"" word " " (deparse first) ":\"")))))
         (done  (cond ((or from (eqv? next #\,))
                       (begin (take-token s) #f))
                      ;; TODO: this seems to be wrong; figure out if it's needed
                      #;((or (eq? next '|.|)
                           (eqv? (string.sub (string next) 0 1) ".")) #f)
                      (else #t)))
         (rest  (if done
                    '()
                    (let ((ex (parse-comma-separated s (lambda (s)
                                                         (parse-import s word from)))))
                      (if (eq? (peek-token s) ':)
                          (error (string "\":\" in \"" word "\" syntax can only be used "
                                         "when importing a single module. "
                                         "Split imports into multiple lines."))
                          ex)))))
    (if from
        `(,word (|:| ,first ,@rest))
        (begin (if (and (eq? word 'using) (pair? first) (eq? (car first) 'as))
                   (error (string "invalid syntax \"using " (deparse-import-path (cadr first)) " as ...\"")))
               (list* word first rest)))))

(define (parse-macro-name s)
  (let ((nxt (peek-token s)))
    (disallow-space s '@ nxt))
  (with-space-sensitive
   (if (eq? (peek-token s) '|.|)
       (begin (take-token s) '__dot__)
       (parse-atom s #f))))

(define (parse-atsym s)
  (let ((t (peek-token s)))
    (if (eqv? t #\@)
        (begin (take-token s)
               (macroify-name (parse-macro-name s)))
        (parse-unary-prefix s))))

(define (parse-import-dots s)
  (let loop ((l '())
             (t (require-token s)))  ;; skip newlines
    (cond ((eq? t '|.|)
           (begin (take-token s)
                  (loop (list* '|.| l) (peek-token s))))
          ((eq? t '..)
           (begin (take-token s)
                  (loop (list* '|.| '|.| l) (peek-token s))))
          ((eq? t '...)
           (begin (take-token s)
                  (loop (list* '|.| '|.| '|.| l) (peek-token s))))
          ((eq? t '....)
           (begin (take-token s)
                  (loop (list* '|.| '|.| '|.| '|.| l) (peek-token s))))
          (else
           (cons (parse-atsym s) l)))))

(define (parse-import-path s word)
  (let loop ((path (parse-import-dots s)))
    (if (not (symbol-or-interpolate? (car path)))
        (error (string "invalid \"" word "\" statement: expected identifier")))
    (let ((nxt (peek-token s)))
      (cond
       ((eq? nxt '|.|)
        (disallow-space s (car path) nxt)
        (take-token s)
        (loop (cons (unquote (parse-atsym s)) path)))
       ((or (memv nxt '(#\newline #\; #\, :))
            (eof-object? nxt))
        (cons '|.| (reverse path)))
       ((eqv? (string.sub (string nxt) 0 1) ".")
        (take-token s)
        (loop (cons (symbol (string.sub (string nxt) 1))
                    path)))
       (else
        (cons '|.| (reverse path)))))))

(define (parse-import s word from)
  (let ((path (parse-import-path s word)))
    (if (eq? (peek-token s) 'as)
        (begin
          (if (and (not from) (eq? word 'using))
              (error (string "invalid syntax \"using " (deparse-import-path path) " as ...\"")))
          (take-token s)
          `(as ,path ,(parse-atsym s)))
        path)))

;; parse comma-separated assignments, like "i=1:n,j=1:m,..."
(define (parse-comma-separated s what)
  (let loop ((exprs '()))
    (let ((r (what s)))
      (case (peek-token s)
        ((#\,)
         (take-token s)
         (loop (cons r exprs)))
        (else   (reverse! (cons r exprs)))))))

(define (parse-comma-separated-assignments s)
  (parse-comma-separated s parse-eq*))

;; as above, but allows both "i=r" and "i in r"
(define (parse-iteration-spec s)
  ;; FIXME: this is just for backwards compatibility, allows newline before =/in/∈ in
  ;; generator expressions
  (define (peek-token- s)
    (let ((t (peek-token s)))
      (if (and for-generator (newline? t))
          (begin (take-token s)
                 (peek-token s))
          t)))
  (let* ((lhs (let ((lhs- (with-space-sensitive (parse-pipe< s))))
                (if (eq? lhs- 'outer)
                    (let ((nxt (peek-token- s)))
                      (if (memq nxt '(= in ∈))
                          lhs-
                          `(outer ,(parse-pipe< s))))
                    lhs-)))
         (t (peek-token- s)))
    (if (memq t '(= in ∈))
        (begin
          (take-token s)
          `(= ,lhs ,(parse-pipe< s)))
        (error "invalid iteration specification"))))

(define (parse-comma-separated-iters s)
  (let loop ((ranges '()))
    (let ((r (parse-iteration-spec s)))
      (case (peek-token s)
        ((#\,)  (take-token s) (loop (cons r ranges)))
        (else   (reverse! (cons r ranges)))))))

(define (parse-space-separated-exprs s)
  (with-space-sensitive
   (let loop ((exprs '()))
     (if (or (closing-token? (peek-token s))
             (newline? (peek-token s))
             (and for-generator (eq? (peek-token s) 'for)))
         (reverse! exprs)
         (let ((e (parse-eq s)))
           (case (peek-token s)
             ((#\newline)   (reverse! (cons e exprs)))
             (else          (loop (cons e exprs)))))))))

(define (has-parameters? lst)
  (and (pair? lst) (pair? (car lst)) (eq? (caar lst) 'parameters)))

(define (to-kws lst)
  (map =-to-kw lst))

;; like parse-arglist, but with `for` parsed as a generator
(define (parse-call-arglist s closer)
  (with-bindings ((for-generator #t))
   (parse-arglist s closer)))

;; handle function call argument list, or any comma-delimited list.
;; . an extra comma at the end is allowed
;; . expressions after a ; are enclosed in (parameters ...)
;; . an expression followed by ... becomes (... x)
(define (parse-arglist s closer (add-linenums #f))
(with-bindings ((range-colon-enabled #t)
                (space-sensitive #f)
                (where-enabled #t)
                (whitespace-newline #t))
  (let loop ((lst '()))
    (let ((t (require-token s)))
      (if (eqv? t closer)
          (begin (take-token s)
                 (if (eqv? closer #\) )
                     ;; (= x y) inside function call is keyword argument
                     (to-kws (reverse! lst))
                     (reverse! lst)))
          (if (eqv? t #\;)
              (begin (take-token s) (require-token s)
                     (let ((loc (line-number-node s))
                           (params (loop '()))
                           (lst    (if (eqv? closer #\) )
                                       (to-kws (reverse lst))
                                       (reverse lst))))
                       (cons `(parameters
                               ,@(if add-linenums
                                     (list loc)
                                     '())
                               ,@params)
                             lst)))
              (let* ((nxt (parse-eq* s))
                     (c (require-token s)))
                (cond ((eqv? c #\,)
                       (take-token s)
                       (loop (cons nxt lst)))
                      ((eqv? c #\;)     (loop (cons nxt lst)))
                      ((eqv? c closer)  (loop (cons nxt lst)))
                      ((eq? c 'for)
                       (expect-space-before s 'for)
                       (take-token s)
                       (loop (cons (parse-generator s nxt) lst)))
                      ;; newline character isn't detectable here
                      #;((eqv? c #\newline)
                      (error "unexpected line break in argument list"))
                      ((or (eqv? c #\]) (eqv? c #\}))
                       (error (string "unexpected \"" c "\" in argument list")))
                      (else
                       (error (string "missing comma or " closer
                                      " in argument list")))))))))))

(define (parse-vect s first closer)
  (let loop ((lst '())
             (nxt first))
    (let ((t (require-token s)))
      (if (eqv? t closer)
          (begin (take-token s)
                 (cons 'vect (reverse (cons nxt lst))))
          (case t
            ((#\,)
             (take-token s)
             (cond ((eqv? (require-token s) closer)
                    ;; allow ending with ,
                    (begin (take-token s)
                           (cons 'vect (reverse (cons nxt lst)))))
                   ((eqv? (require-token s) #\;)
                    ;; [a,; ...
                    (let ((params (parse-arglist s closer)))
                      `(vect ,@params ,@(reverse lst) ,nxt)))
                   (else
                    (loop (cons nxt lst) (parse-eq* s)))))
            ((#\;)
             (if (eqv? (require-token s) closer)
                 (loop lst nxt)
                 (let ((params (parse-call-arglist s closer)))
                   `(vect ,@params ,@(reverse lst) ,nxt))))
            ((#\] #\})
             (error (string "unexpected \"" t "\"")))
            (else
             (error "missing separator in array expression")))))))

(define (parse-generator s first)
  (let ((iters (parse-comma-separated-iters s)))
    (let ((iters (if (eq? (peek-token s) 'if)
                     (begin (take-token s)
                            (list `(filter ,(parse-cond s) ,@iters)))
                     iters)))
      (if (eq? (peek-token s) 'for)
          (begin (expect-space-before s 'for)
                 (take-token s)
                 `(flatten (generator ,(parse-generator s first) ,@iters)))
          `(generator ,first ,@iters)))))

(define (parse-comprehension s first closer)
  (with-bindings ((whitespace-newline #t)
                  (space-sensitive #f))
   (let ((gen (parse-generator s first)))
     (if (not (eqv? (require-token s) closer))
         (error (string "expected \"" closer "\""))
         (take-token s))
     `(comprehension ,gen))))

(define (parse-array s first closer gotnewline last-end-symbol)
  (define (fix head v)
    (cons head (reverse v)))
  (define (unfixrow l)
    (cons (reverse (cdaar l)) (if (and (null? (cdar l)) (null? (cdr l)))
                                  '()
                                  (cons (cdar l) (cdr l)))))
  (define (fixcat head d v)
    (cons head (cons d (reverse v))))
  (define (ncons a n l)
    (if (< n 1)
        l
        (ncons a (1- n) (cons a l))))
  (define (fix-level ah n)
     (if (length= ah 1)
         (car ah)
         (if (= n 1)
             (fix 'row ah)
             (fixcat 'nrow (1- n) ah))))
  (define (collapse-level n l i)
    (if (> n 0)
        (let* ((lhfix (fix-level (car l) i))
               (lnew (if (null? (cdr l))
                         (list (list lhfix))
                         (cons (cons lhfix (cadr l)) (cddr l)))))
          (collapse-level (1- n) lnew (1+ i)))
        l))
  (define (parse-array-inner s a is-row-first semicolon-count max-level closer gotnewline gotlinesep)
    (define (process-semicolon next)
      (set! semicolon-count (1+ semicolon-count))
      (set! max-level (max max-level semicolon-count))
      (if (and (null? is-row-first) (= semicolon-count 2) (not (eqv? next #\;)))
          ; finding ;; that isn't a row-separator makes it column-first
          (set! is-row-first #f))
      (set! a (collapse-level 1 a semicolon-count)))
    (define (restore-lower-dim-lists next)
      (if (and (not gotlinesep) (not (memv next (list #\; 'for closer #\newline))))
          (set! a (ncons '() semicolon-count a))))
    (let ((t (if (or gotnewline (eqv? (peek-token s) #\newline))
                 #\newline
                 (require-token s))))
      (if (eqv? t closer)
          (begin
            (take-token s)
            (set! a (collapse-level (- max-level semicolon-count) a (1+ semicolon-count)))
            (cond ((= max-level 0)
                   (if (length= (car a) 1)
                       (fix 'vect (car a))
                       (fix 'hcat (car a))))
                  ((= max-level 1)
                   (fix 'vcat (car a)))
                  (else
                   (fixcat 'ncat max-level (car a)))))
      (case t
        ((#\newline)
         (or gotnewline (take-token s))
         (let ((next (peek-token s)))
           (if (and (> semicolon-count 0) (eqv? next #\;))
               (error (string "semicolons may appear before or after a line break in an array expression, "
                              "but not both")))
           (if (and (= semicolon-count 0)
                    (not (memv next (list #\; 'for closer #\newline))))
               ; treat a linebreak prior to a value as a semicolon if no previous semicolons observed
                (process-semicolon next))
           (restore-lower-dim-lists next)
           (parse-array-inner s a is-row-first semicolon-count max-level closer #f gotlinesep)))
        ((#\;)
         (or gotnewline (take-token s))
         (if (and (> semicolon-count 0) (ts:space? s)) ; disallow [a; ;b]
             (error "multiple semicolons must be adjacent in an array expression"))
         (let ((next (peek-token s)))
           (let ((is-line-sep
                 (if (and (not (null? is-row-first)) is-row-first (= semicolon-count 1))
                     (cond ((eqv? next #\newline) #t) ; [a b ;;<newline>...
                           ((not (or (eof-object? next) (eqv? next #\;))) ; [a b ;;...
                             (error (string "cannot mix space and ;; separators in an array expression, "
                                            "except to wrap a line")))
                           (else #f)) ; [a b ;;<eof> for REPL,  [a ;;...
                     #f))) ; [a ; b ;; c ; d...
             (if is-line-sep
                 (begin (set! a (unfixrow a))
                        (set! max-level
                              (if (null? (cdr a))
                                  0 ; no prior single semicolon
                                  max-level)))
                 (begin (process-semicolon next)
                        (restore-lower-dim-lists next)))
           (parse-array-inner s a is-row-first semicolon-count max-level closer #f is-line-sep))))
        ((#\,)
         (error "unexpected comma in array expression"))
        ((#\] #\})
         (error (string "unexpected \"" t "\"")))
        ((for)
         (if (and (length= (car a) 1)
                  (null? (cdr a)))
             (begin ;; if we get here, there must have been some kind of space or separator
               ;;(expect-space-before s 'for)
               (take-token s)
               (parse-comprehension s (caar a) closer))
             (error "invalid comprehension syntax")))
        (else
         (if (and (not gotlinesep) (pair? (car a)) (not (ts:space? s)))
            (error (string "expected \"" closer "\" or separator in arguments to \""
                           (if (eqv? closer #\]) #\[ #\{) " " closer
                           "\"; got \""
                           (deparse (caar a)) t "\"")))
         (let ((u (parse-eq* s)))
           (set! a (cons (cons u (car a)) (cdr a)))
           (if (= (length (car a)) 2)
               ; at least 2 elements separated by space found [a b...], [a; b c...]
               (if (null? is-row-first)
                   (set! is-row-first #t)
                   (if (not is-row-first)
                       (error (string "cannot mix space and \";;\" separators in an array expression, "
                                      "except to wrap a line"))))))
         (parse-array-inner s a is-row-first 0 max-level closer #f #f))))))
  ;; if a [ ] expression is a cat expression, `end` is not special
  (with-bindings ((end-symbol last-end-symbol))
    (parse-array-inner s (list (list first)) '() 0 0 closer gotnewline #f)))

(define (expect-space-before s t)
  (if (not (ts:space? s))
      (error (string "expected space before \"" t "\""))))

(define (parse-cat s closer last-end-symbol)
  (with-bindings ((range-colon-enabled #t)
                  (space-sensitive #t)
                  (where-enabled #t)
                  (whitespace-newline #f)
                  (for-generator #t))
    (let ((t (require-token s)))
      (cond ((eqv? t closer)
             (take-token s)
             '())
            ((eqv? t #\;)
             (take-token s)
             (define (loop (n 1))
               (let ((t (with-whitespace-newline (require-token s))))
                 (take-token s)
                 (cond ((eqv? t #\;)
                        (if (ts:space? s)
                            (error (string "unexpected space inside "
                                           (deparse `(ncat ,n)) " expression")))
                        (loop (+ n 1)))
                       ((eqv? t closer) `(ncat ,n))
                       (else (error (string "unexpected \"" t "\" inside "
                                            (deparse `(ncat ,n)) " expression"))))))
             (loop))
            (else
             (let* ((first (parse-eq* s))
                    (t (peek-token s)))
               (cond ((or (eqv? t #\,) (eqv? t closer))
                      (parse-vect s first closer))
                     ((eq? t 'for)
                      (expect-space-before s 'for)
                      (take-token s)
                      (parse-comprehension s first closer))
                     ((eqv? t #\newline)
                      (take-token s)
                      (if (memv (peek-token s) (list #\, closer))
                          (parse-vect s first closer)
                          (parse-array s first closer #t last-end-symbol)))
                     (else
                      (parse-array s first closer #f last-end-symbol)))))))))

(define (kw-to-= e) (if (kwarg? e) (cons '= (cdr e)) e))
(define (=-to-kw e) (if (assignment? e) (cons 'kw (cdr e)) e))

;; translate nested (parameters ...) expressions to a statement block if possible
;; this allows us to first parse tuples using parse-arglist
(define (parameters-to-block e)
  (if (and (pair? e) (eq? (car e) 'parameters))
      (let ((e2   (filter (lambda (x) (not (linenum? x))) e))
            (lnum (if (and (pair? (cdr e))
                           (linenum? (cadr e)))
                      (cadr e)
                      #f)))
        (cond ((length= e2 1) '())
              ((length= e2 2)
               (let ((rec (parameters-to-block (cadr e2))))
                 (if (null? rec)
                     rec
                     (cons lnum rec))))
              ((length= e2 3)
               (let ((fst (cadr e2))
                     (snd (caddr e2)))
                 (if (and (pair? fst) (eq? (car fst) 'parameters))
                     (let ((rec (parameters-to-block fst))
                           (snd (parameters-to-block snd)))
                       (and rec snd
                            (append (if lnum (list lnum) '()) (cons (car snd) rec))))
                     #f)))
              (else #f)))
      (list (kw-to-= e))))

(define (rm-linenums e)
  (if (atom? e) e
      (map rm-linenums
           (if (eq? (car e) 'parameters)
               (filter (lambda (x) (not (linenum? x))) e)
               e))))

;; convert an arglist to a tuple or block expr
;; leading-semi? means we saw (; ...)
;; comma? means there was a comma after the first expression
(define (arglist-to-tuple s leading-semi? comma? args . first)
  (if (and (pair? first) (null? args) (not leading-semi?) (not comma?))
      `(block ,@first)  ;; this case is (x;)
      (or (and (not comma?) (length= args 1) (pair? (car args)) (eq? (caar args) 'parameters)
               (let ((blk (parameters-to-block (car args))))
                 (and blk (or (and (not leading-semi?)
                                   `(block ,@first ,@blk))
                              (and (null? first) (null? blk)
                                   ;; all semicolons inside ()
                                   (if (length= (car args) 1)
                                       `(tuple (parameters))
                                       `(block)))))))
          (and (null? first) (null? args) (not comma?)
               (error "unreachable"))
          (rm-linenums
           (if (and (pair? args) (pair? (car args)) (eq? (caar args) 'parameters))
               `(tuple ,(car args) ,@first ,@(map kw-to-= (cdr args)))
               `(tuple ,@first ,@(map kw-to-= args)))))))

(define (tuple-to-arglist e)
  (cond ((eq? (car e) 'tuple)  (map =-to-kw (cdr e)))
        ((eq? (car e) 'block)
         (cond ((length= e 1) '())
               ((length= e 2) (list (=-to-kw (cadr e))))
               ((length= e 3)
                `((parameters ,(=-to-kw (caddr e))) ,(=-to-kw (cadr e))))
               (else
                (error "more than one semicolon in argument list"))))
        (else
         (list (=-to-kw e)))))

(define invalid-identifier? (Set (list* '.... '? '|.'| syntactic-operators)))

(define-macro (check-identifier ex)
  `(if (invalid-identifier? ,ex)
       (error (string "invalid identifier name \"" ,ex "\""))))

(define (parse-paren s (checked #t)) (car (parse-paren- s checked)))

;; return (expr . arglist) where arglist is #t iff this isn't just a parenthesized expr
(define (parse-paren- s checked)
  (with-bindings
   ((range-colon-enabled #t)
    (space-sensitive #f)
    (where-enabled #t)
    (whitespace-newline #t))
   (let ((nxt (require-token s)))
     (cond
      ((eqv? nxt #\) )
       ;; empty tuple ()
       (begin (take-token s) '((tuple) . #t)))
      ((syntactic-op? nxt)
       ;; allow (=) etc.
       (let ((tok (take-token s)))
         (if (not (eqv? (require-token s) #\) ))
             (error (string "invalid identifier name \"" tok "\""))
             (take-token s))
         (if checked (check-identifier tok))
         (cons tok #f)))
      ;; allow :(::) as a special case
      ((and (not checked) (eq? nxt '|::|)
            (let ((spc (ts:space? s)))
              (or (and (take-token s) (eqv? (require-token s) #\) ))
                  (and (ts:put-back! s '|::| spc) #f))))
       (take-token s)  ;; take #\)
       '(|::| . #f))
      ((eqv? nxt #\;)
       (let ((ex (arglist-to-tuple s #t #f (parse-arglist s #\) ))))
         (cons ex (eq? (car ex) 'tuple))))
      (else
       ;; here we parse the first subexpression separately, so
       ;; we can look for a comma to see if it's a tuple.
       ;; this lets us distinguish (x) from (x,)
       (let* ((ex (parse-eq* s))
              (t  (require-token s)))
         (cond ((eqv? t #\) )
                (take-token s)
                ;; value in parentheses (x)
                (if (vararg? ex)
                    (cons ex #t)
                    (cons ex #f)))
               ((eqv? t #\,)
                ;; tuple (x,) (x,y) etc.
                (take-token s)
                (cons (arglist-to-tuple s #f #t (parse-arglist s #\) ) ex)
                      #t))
               ((eqv? t #\;)
                (cons (arglist-to-tuple
                       s
                       #f
                       ;; consider `(x...; ` the start of an arglist, since it's not useful as a block
                       (vararg? ex)
                       (parse-arglist s #\) #t)
                       ex)
                      (vararg? ex)))
               ((eq? t 'for)
                (expect-space-before s 'for)
                (take-token s)
                (let ((gen (parse-generator s ex)))
                  (if (eqv? (require-token s) #\) )
                      (take-token s)
                      (error "expected \")\""))
                  (cons gen #f)))
               (else
                (error "missing comma or ) in argument list")))))))))

(define (not-eof-for delim c)
  (if (eof-object? c)
      ;; NOTE: changing this may affect code in base/client.jl
      (error (case delim
                   ((#\`) "incomplete: invalid \"`\" syntax")
                   ((#\") "incomplete: invalid string syntax")))
      c))

(define (take-char p)
  (begin (read-char p) p))

;; map the first element of lst
(define (map-first f lst)
  (if (null? lst) ()
    (cons (f (car lst)) (cdr lst))))

;; map the elements of lst where (pred index) is true
;; e.g., (map-at odd? (lambda (x) 0) '(a b c d)) -> '(a 0 c 0)
(define (map-at pred f lst)
  (define (map-at- pred f lst i r)
    (if (null? lst) (reverse r)
        (let* ((x (car lst))
               (y (if (pred i) (f x) x)))
          (map-at- pred f (cdr lst) (+ i 1) (cons y r)))))
  (map-at- pred f lst 0 ()))

(define (parse-raw-literal s delim)
  (car (parse-string-literal s delim #t)))

(define (unescape-parsed-string-literal strs)
  (map-at even? unescape-string strs))

(define (strip-escaped-newline s raw)
  (if raw s (map (lambda (s)
                   (if (string? s) (strip-escaped-newline- s) s))
                 s)))

;; remove `\` followed by a newline
(define (strip-escaped-newline- s)
  (let ((in  (open-input-string s))
        (out (open-output-string)))
    (define (loop preceding-backslash?)
          (let ((c (read-char in)))
            (cond ((eof-object? c))
                  (preceding-backslash?
                   (if (not (eqv? c #\newline))
                       (begin (write-char #\\ out) (write-char c out))
                       ((define (loop-)
                          (if (memv (peek-char in) '(#\space #\tab))
                              (begin (take-char in) (loop-))))))
                   (loop #f))
                  ((eqv? c #\\) (loop #t))
                  (else (write-char c out) (loop #f)))))
    (loop #f)
    (io.tostring! out)))

(define (parse-string-literal s delim raw)
  (let* ((p (ts:port s))
         (str (if (eqv? (peek-char p) delim)
                  (if (eqv? (peek-char (take-char p)) delim)
                      (map-first strip-leading-newline
                                 (dedent-triplequoted-string
                                   (strip-escaped-newline
                                     (parse-string-literal- 2 (take-char p) s delim raw)
                                     raw)))
                      (list ""))
                  (strip-escaped-newline
                    (parse-string-literal- 0 p s delim raw)
                    raw))))
    (if raw str (unescape-parsed-string-literal str))))

(define (strip-leading-newline s)
  (let ((n (sizeof s)))
    (cond
     ((and (> n 0) (eqv? (string.char s 0) #\newline))
      (string.tail s 1))
     ((and (> n 1) (eqv? (string.char s 0) #\return)
           (eqv? (string.char s 1) #\newline))
      (string.tail s 2))
     (else s))))

(define (dedent-triplequoted-string lst)
  (let ((prefix (triplequoted-string-indentation lst)))
    (if (length> prefix 0)
        (map-at even?
                (lambda (s)
                  (string-replace s
                                  (list->string (cons #\newline prefix))
                                  #\newline))
                lst)
        lst)))

(define (triplequoted-string-indentation lst)
  (longest-common-prefix
   (apply append (map (lambda (s) (if (string? s)
                                      (triplequoted-string-indentation- s)
                                      ()))
                      lst))))

(define (triplequoted-string-indentation- s)
  (let ((p (open-input-string s)))
    (let loop ((c (read-char p))
               (state 0)
               (prefix ())
               (prefixes ()))
      (cond
       ((eqv? c #\newline)
        (loop (read-char p) 1 () prefixes))
       ((eqv? state 0)
        (if (eof-object? c) prefixes
            (loop (read-char p) 0 () prefixes)))
       ((memv c '(#\space #\tab))
        (loop (read-char p) 2 (cons c prefix) prefixes))
       (else
        (loop (read-char p) 0 () (cons (reverse prefix) prefixes)))))))

;; return the longest common prefix of the elements of l
;; e.g., (longest-common-prefix ((1 2) (1 4))) -> (1)
(define (longest-common-prefix l)
  (let ((len (length l)))
    (cond
     ((= len 0) ())
     ((= len 1) (car l))
     (else (longest-common-prefix
            (cons (longest-common-prefix2 (car l) (cadr l))
                  (cddr l)))))))

;; return the longest common prefix of lists a & b
(define (longest-common-prefix2 a b)
  (longest-common-prefix2- a b ()))

(define (longest-common-prefix2- a b p)
  (if (and (length> a 0)
           (length> b 0)
           (eqv? (car a) (car b)))
      (longest-common-prefix2- (cdr a) (cdr b) (cons (car a) p))
      (reverse p)))

(define (string-split s sep)
  (string-split- s sep 0 ()))

(define (string-split- s sep start splits)
  (let ((i (string.find s sep start)))
    (if i
        (string-split- s sep (+ i (sizeof sep)) (cons (string.sub s start i) splits))
        (reverse (cons (string.sub s start (sizeof s)) splits)))))

;; replace all occurrences of a in s with b
(define (string-replace s a b)
  (string.join (string-split s a) b))

(define (ends-interpolated-atom? c)
  (or (eof-object? c) (opchar? c) (never-identifier-char? c)))

(define (parse-interpolate s)
  (let* ((p (ts:port s))
         (c (peek-char p)))
    (cond ((identifier-start-char? c)
           (let* ((t (require-token s))
                  (c (peek-char p)))
             (if (ends-interpolated-atom? c)
                 (take-token s)
                 (error (string "interpolated variable $" t " ends with invalid character \"" c "\"; use \"$(" t ")\" instead.")))))
          ((eqv? c #\()
           (read-char p)
           (let ((ex (parse-eq* s))
                 (t (require-token s)))
             (cond ((eqv? t #\) )
                    (take-token s)
                    ex)
                   (else (error "invalid interpolation syntax")))))
          (else (error (string "invalid interpolation syntax: \"$" c "\""))))))

;; raw = raw string literal
;; when raw is #t, unescape only \\ and delimiter
;; otherwise do full unescaping, and parse interpolations too
(define (parse-string-literal- n p s delim raw)
  (let loop ((c (read-char p))
             (b (open-output-string))
             (e ())
             (quotes 0)
             (bds (make-bidi-state)))
    (cond
      ((eqv? c delim)
       (if (< quotes n)
           (loop (read-char p) b e (+ quotes 1) bds)
           (begin
             (if (not (bidi-state-terminated? bds))
                 (error "unbalanced bidirectional formatting in string literal"))
             (reverse (cons (io.tostring! b) e)))))

      ((= quotes 1)
       (if (not raw) (write-char #\\ b))
       (write-char delim b)
       (loop c b e 0 (update-bidi-state bds c)))

      ((= quotes 2)
       (if (not raw) (write-char #\\ b))
       (write-char delim b)
       (if (not raw) (write-char #\\ b))
       (write-char delim b)
       (loop c b e 0 (update-bidi-state bds c)))

      ((eqv? c #\\)
       (if raw
           (let backslashes ((count 1)
                             (nxch (not-eof-for delim (read-char p))))
             (cond ((eqv? nxch #\\)
                    (backslashes (+ 1 count)
                                 (not-eof-for delim (read-char p))))
                   ((eqv? nxch delim)
                    (io.write b (string.rep "\\" (div count 2)))
                    (if (odd? count)
                        (begin (write-char delim b)
                               (loop (read-char p) b e 0 bds))
                        (loop nxch b e 0 bds)))
                   (else
                    (io.write b (string.rep "\\" count))
                    (write-char nxch b)
                    (loop (read-char p) b e 0 (update-bidi-state bds nxch)))))
           (let ((nxch (not-eof-for delim (read-char p))))
             (write-char #\\ b)
             (if (eqv? nxch #\return)
                 (loop nxch b e 0 bds)
                 (begin
                   (write-char nxch b)
                   (loop (read-char p) b e 0 (update-bidi-state bds nxch)))))))

      ((and (eqv? c #\$) (not raw))
       (let* ((ex (parse-interpolate s))
              ;; wrap interpolated literal strings in (string ) so we can
              ;; distinguish them from the surrounding text (issue #38501)
              (ex (if (string? ex) `(string ,ex) ex)))
         (loop (read-char p)
               (open-output-string)
               (list* ex (io.tostring! b) e)
               0 bds)))

      ; convert literal \r and \r\n in strings to \n (issue #11988)
      ((eqv? c #\return) ; \r
       (begin
         (if (eqv? (peek-char p) #\linefeed) ; \r\n
             (read-char p))
         (write-char #\newline b)
         (loop (read-char p) b e 0 bds)))

      (else
       (write-char (not-eof-for delim c) b)
       (loop (read-char p) b e 0 (update-bidi-state bds c))))))

(define (not-eof-1 c)
  (if (eof-object? c)
      (error "incomplete: invalid character literal") ; NOTE: changing this may affect code in base/client.jl
      c))

(define (unescape-string s)
  (with-exception-catcher
   (lambda (e) (error "invalid escape sequence"))
   (lambda ()
     ;; process escape sequences using lisp read
     (read (open-input-string (string #\" s #\"))))))

;; parse numbers, identifiers, parenthesized expressions, lists, vectors, etc.
(define (parse-atom s (checked #t))
  (let ((t (require-token s)))
    (cond ;; char literal
          ((eq? t '|'|)
           (take-token s)
           (let ((firstch (read-char (ts:port s))))
               (if (and (not (eqv? firstch #\\))
                        (not (eof-object? firstch))
                        (eqv? (peek-char (ts:port s)) #\'))
                   ;; easy case: 1 character, no \
                   (begin (read-char (ts:port s)) firstch)
                   (let ((b (open-output-string)))
                     (let loop ((c firstch))
                       (if (not (eqv? c #\'))
                           (begin (if (eqv? c #\")   ;; issue 14683
                                      (error "invalid character literal"))
                                  (write-char (not-eof-1 c) b)
                                  (if (eqv? c #\\)
                                      (write-char (not-eof-1 (read-char (ts:port s)))
                                                  b))
                                  (loop (read-char (ts:port s))))))
                     (let* ((str (unescape-string (io.tostring! b)))
                            (c   (string.only-julia-char str)))
                       (or c
                           (if (= (string-length str) 0)
                               (error "invalid empty character literal")
                               (error "character literal contains multiple characters"))))))))

          ;; symbol/expression quote
          ((eq? t ':)
           (take-token s)
           (let ((nxt (peek-token s)))
             (if (and (closing-token? nxt)
                      (or (not (symbol? nxt))
                          (ts:space? s)))
                 ':
                 (cond ((ts:space? s)
                        (error "whitespace not allowed after \":\" used for quoting"))
                       ((eqv? nxt #\newline)
                        (error "newline not allowed after \":\" used for quoting"))
                       (else (list 'quote
                           ;; being inside quote makes `end` non-special again. issue #27690
                           (with-bindings ((end-symbol #f))
                                          (parse-atom s #f))))))))

          ;; misplaced =
          ((eq? t '=) (error "unexpected \"=\""))

          ;; identifier
          ((symbol? t)
           (if checked
               (begin (check-identifier t)
                      (if (closing-token? t)
                          (error (string "unexpected \"" (take-token s) "\"")))))
           (take-token s)
           (cond ((and (eq? t 'var)
                       (if (or (ts:pbtok s) (ts:last-tok s))
                           (and (eqv? (peek-token s) #\") (not (ts:space? s)))
                           ;; Hack: avoid peek-token if possible to preserve
                           ;; (io.pos (ts:port s)) for non-greedy Meta.parse
                           (eqv? (peek-char (ts:port s)) #\")))
                  ;; var"funky identifier" syntax
                  (peek-token s)
                  (take-token s) ;; leading "
                  (let ((str (parse-raw-literal s #\"))
                        (nxt (peek-token s)))
                    (if (and (symbol? nxt) (not (operator? nxt)) (not (ts:space? s)))
                        (error (string "suffix not allowed after `var\"" str "\"`")))
                    (symbol str)))
                 ((eq? t 'true)  '(true))
                 ((eq? t 'false) '(false))
                 (else t)))

          ;; parens or tuple
          ((eqv? t #\( )
           (take-token s)
           (parse-paren s checked))

          ;; cat expression
          ((eqv? t #\[ )
           (take-token s)
           (let ((vex (parse-cat s #\] end-symbol)))
             (if (null? vex) '(vect) vex)))

          ((eqv? t #\{ )
           (take-token s)
           (if (eqv? (require-token s) #\})
               (begin (take-token s)
                      '(braces))
               (let ((vex (parse-cat s #\} end-symbol)))
                 (if (null? vex)
                     '(braces)
                     (case (car vex)
                       ((vect) `(braces ,@(cdr vex)))
                       ((hcat) `(bracescat (row ,@(cdr vex))))
                       ((comprehension) `(braces ,@(cdr vex)))
                       (else   `(bracescat ,@(cdr vex))))))))

          ;; string literal
          ((eqv? t #\")
           (take-token s)
           (let ((ps (parse-string-literal s #\" #f)))
             (if (length> ps 1)
                 `(string ,@(filter (lambda (s)
                                      (not (and (string? s)
                                                (= (length s) 0))))
                                    ps))
                 (car ps))))

          ;; macro call
          ((eqv? t #\@)
           (take-token s)
           (with-space-sensitive
            (let ((startloc  (line-number-node s))
                  (head (parse-macro-name s)))
              (peek-token s)
              (if (ts:space? s)
                  (maybe-docstring
                   s `(macrocall ,(macroify-name head)
                                 ,startloc
                                 ,@(parse-space-separated-exprs s)))
                  (let ((call (parse-call-chain s head #t)))
                    (macroify-call s call startloc))))))
          ;; command syntax
          ((eqv? t #\`)
           (take-token s)
           `(macrocall (core @cmd) ,(line-number-node s) ,(parse-raw-literal s #\`)))

          ((or (string? t) (number? t) (large-number? t)) (take-token s))

          ((closing-token? t) (error (string "unexpected \"" (take-token s) "\"")))

          (else (error (string "invalid syntax: \"" (take-token s) "\""))))))

(define (valid-modref? e)
  (and (length= e 3) (eq? (car e) '|.|) (pair? (caddr e))
       (or (eq? (car (caddr e)) 'quote)
           (eq? (car (caddr e)) 'inert))
       (symbol? (cadr (caddr e)))
       (or (symbol? (cadr e))
           (valid-modref? (cadr e)))))

(define (macroify-name e . suffixes)
  (cond ((symbol? e) (symbol (apply string #\@ e suffixes)))
        ((and (pair? e) (eq? (car e) 'quote))
         `(quote ,(apply macroify-name (cadr e) suffixes)))
        ((and (pair? e) (eq? (car e) 'inert))
         `(inert ,(apply macroify-name (cadr e) suffixes)))
        ((globalref? e)
         `(globalref ,(cadr e) ,(apply macroify-name (caddr e) suffixes)))
        ((valid-modref? e)
         `(|.| ,(cadr e)
               ,(apply macroify-name (caddr e) suffixes)))
        (else (error (string "invalid macro usage \"@(" (deparse e) ")\"" )))))

(define (macroify-call s call startloc)
  (cond ((and (pair? call) (eq? (car call) 'call))
         `(macrocall ,(macroify-name (cadr call))
                     ,startloc
                     ,@(cddr call)))
        ((and (pair? call) (eq? (car call) 'do))
         `(do ,(macroify-call s (cadr call) startloc) ,(caddr call)))
        (else
         (maybe-docstring
          s `(macrocall ,(macroify-name call)
                        ,startloc
                        ,@(parse-space-separated-exprs s))))))

(define (called-macro-name e)
  (if (and (length= e 3) (eq? (car e) '|.|)
           (pair? (caddr e)) (eq? (car (caddr e)) 'quote))
      (called-macro-name (cadr (caddr e)))
      e))

(define (maybe-docstring s e)
  (if (and (length= e 4)
           (eq? (called-macro-name (cadr e)) '@doc))
      (let ((arg (cadddr e)))
        (let loop ((t  (peek-token s))
                   (nl 0))
          (cond ((closing-token? t) e)
                ((newline? t)
                 (if (> nl 0)
                     e
                     (begin (take-token s)
                            (loop (peek-token s) 1))))
                (else
                 `(,@e ,(parse-eq s))))))
      e))

(define (simple-string-literal? e) (string? e))

(define (doc-string-literal? s e)
  (or (simple-string-literal? e)
      (and (pair? e)
           ;; string interpolation
           (eq? (car e) 'string))))

(define (parse-public s production)
  (if (eq? (peek-token s) 'public)
      (let ((spc (ts:space? s)))
        (take-token s)
        (if (memv (peek-token s) '(#\( = #\[))
            (begin ;; TODO: deprecation warning here
                   (ts:put-back! s 'public spc)
                   (parse-docstring s production))
            (parse-resword s 'public)))
      (parse-docstring s production)))

(define (parse-docstring s production)
  (let ((startloc (line-number-node s)) ; be sure to use the line number from the head of the docstring
        (ex       (production s)))
    (if (and (doc-string-literal? s ex)
             (let loop ((t  (peek-token s))
                        (nl 0))
               (cond ((closing-token? t) #f)
                     ((newline? t)
                      (if (= nl 1)
                          #f  ;; extra line => not a doc string
                          (begin (take-token s)
                                 (loop (peek-token s) 1))))
                     (else #t))))
        `(macrocall (core @doc) ,startloc ,ex ,(production s))
        ex)))

;; --- main entry point ---

;; can optionally specify which grammar production to parse.
;; default is parse-stmts.
(define (julia-parse s . production)
  (cond ((string? s)
         (apply julia-parse (make-token-stream (open-input-string s))
                production))
        ((port? s)
         (apply julia-parse (make-token-stream s) production))
        ((eof-object? s)
         s)
        (else
         ;; as a special case, allow early end of input if there is
         ;; nothing left but whitespace
         (skip-ws-and-comments (ts:port s))
         (let skip-loop ((tok (peek-token s)))
           (if (or (eqv? tok #\newline) )
               (begin (take-token s) (skip-loop (peek-token s)))))
         (if (eof-object? (peek-token s))
             (eof-object)
             ((if (null? production) parse-stmts (car production))
              s)))))