---
name: cellxgene-census
description: Query the CZ CELLxGENE Census programmatically for versioned public single-cell and spatial transcriptomics data. Use when you need population-scale cell metadata, gene expression slices, Census summary counts, source H5AD URIs/downloads, embeddings, spatial Census data, or reference atlas comparisons across organisms, tissues, diseases, assays, and cell types. For analyzing your own local single-cell data use scanpy, anndata, or scvi-tools.
license: MIT
compatibility: Requires Python >=3.10,<3.13. Examples target cellxgene-census 1.17.x and the 2025-11-08 stable LTS Census; spatial workflows need the spatial extra and TileDB-SOMA >=1.15.5. No authentication is required for public Census data.
allowed-tools: Read Write Edit Bash
metadata:
  version: '1.3'
  category: scientific-databases
  maintainer: Kalaris Labs
---

# CZ CELLxGENE Census

## Overview

The CZ CELLxGENE Census provides programmatic access to a comprehensive, versioned collection of standardized single-cell and spatial transcriptomics data from CZ CELLxGENE Discover. This skill enables efficient querying and analysis of public Census releases without downloading whole datasets first.

The Census includes:
- **217+ million total cells** and **125+ million unique cells** in the 2025-11-08 stable LTS release
- **1,845 datasets** in the 2025-11-08 stable LTS release
- **Human, mouse, marmoset, rhesus macaque, and chimpanzee** data in the current schema
- **Standardized metadata** (cell types, tissues, diseases, donors)
- **Raw gene expression** matrices and source H5AD lookup/download helpers
- **Pre-calculated summary counts, embeddings, and spatial data**
- **Integration with AnnData, Scanpy, TileDB-SOMA, TileDB-SOMA-ML, and other analysis tools**

## When to Use This Skill

This skill should be used when:
- Querying single-cell expression data by cell type, tissue, or disease
- Exploring available single-cell datasets and metadata
- Training machine learning models on single-cell data
- Performing large-scale cross-dataset analyses
- Integrating Census data with scanpy or other analysis frameworks
- Computing statistics across millions of cells
- Accessing pre-calculated embeddings or model predictions

## Installation and Setup

Install the Census API:
```bash
uv pip install "cellxgene-census==1.17.*"
```

For spatial workflows:
```bash
uv pip install "cellxgene-census[spatial]==1.17.*" "spatialdata[extra]>=0.2.5"
```

For PyTorch model training, use TileDB-SOMA-ML. The old `cellxgene_census.experimental.ml` loaders are deprecated:

```bash
uv pip install "cellxgene-census==1.17.*" tiledbsoma-ml
```

## Core Workflow Patterns

Eight patterns, each with code, are in
[references/core_workflow_patterns.md](references/core_workflow_patterns.md):

1. **Opening the Census** — always pin `census_version` so an analysis stays reproducible.
2. **Exploring Census information** — available datasets, cell counts, and summary tables.
3. **Querying expression data** — small to medium scale into an `AnnData`.
4. **Large-scale queries** — out-of-core processing when the slice will not fit in memory.
5. **Machine learning with PyTorch** — the Census data loaders.
6. **Spatial Census data** — accessing spatial assays.
7. **Integration with Scanpy** — handing a Census slice to a standard Scanpy workflow.
8. **Multi-dataset integration** — combining datasets and handling batch effects.

## Key Concepts and Best Practices

### Always Filter for Primary Data
Unless analyzing duplicates, always include `is_primary_data == True` in queries to avoid counting cells multiple times:
```python
obs_value_filter="cell_type == 'B cell' and is_primary_data == True"
```

### Specify Census Version for Reproducibility
Always specify the Census version in production analyses:
```python
census = cellxgene_census.open_soma(census_version="2025-11-08")
```

### Estimate Query Size Before Loading
For large queries, first check the number of cells to avoid memory issues:
```python
# Get cell count
metadata = cellxgene_census.get_obs(
    census, "homo_sapiens",
    value_filter="tissue_general == 'brain' and is_primary_data == True",
    column_names=["soma_joinid"]
)
n_cells = len(metadata)
print(f"Query will return {n_cells:,} cells")

# If too large (>100k), use out-of-core processing
```

### Use tissue_general for Broader Groupings
The `tissue_general` field provides coarser categories than `tissue`, useful for cross-tissue analyses:
```python
# Broader grouping
obs_value_filter="tissue_general == 'immune system'"

# Specific tissue
obs_value_filter="tissue == 'peripheral blood mononuclear cell'"
```

### Select Only Needed Columns
Minimize data transfer by specifying only required metadata columns:
```python
obs_column_names=["cell_type", "tissue_general", "disease"]  # Not all columns
```

### Check Dataset Presence for Gene-Specific Queries
When analyzing specific genes, verify which datasets measured them:
```python
presence = cellxgene_census.get_presence_matrix(
    census,
    "homo_sapiens",
    var_value_filter="feature_name in ['CD4', 'CD8A']"
)
```

### Two-Step Workflow: Explore Then Query
First explore metadata to understand available data, then query expression:
```python
# Step 1: Explore what's available
metadata = cellxgene_census.get_obs(
    census, "homo_sapiens",
    value_filter="disease == 'COVID-19' and is_primary_data == True",
    column_names=["cell_type", "tissue_general"]
)
print(metadata.value_counts())

# Step 2: Query based on findings
adata = cellxgene_census.get_anndata(
    census=census,
    organism="Homo sapiens",
    obs_value_filter="disease == 'COVID-19' and cell_type == 'T cell' and is_primary_data == True",
)
```

## Available Metadata Fields

### Cell Metadata (obs)
Key fields for filtering:
- `cell_type`, `cell_type_ontology_term_id`
- `tissue`, `tissue_general`, `tissue_ontology_term_id`
- `disease`, `disease_ontology_term_id`
- `assay`, `assay_ontology_term_id`
- `donor_id`, `sex`, `self_reported_ethnicity`
- `development_stage`, `development_stage_ontology_term_id`
- `dataset_id`
- `is_primary_data` (Boolean: True = unique cell)

The current schema includes organism collections beyond human and mouse. Confirm available organisms for the selected release with `list(census["census_data"].keys())`.

### Gene Metadata (var)
- `feature_id` (Ensembl gene ID, e.g., "ENSG00000161798")
- `feature_name` (Gene symbol, e.g., "FOXP2")
- `feature_type`
- `feature_length` (Gene length in base pairs)
- `nnz`, `n_measured_obs` (availability summaries useful for checking sparsity and coverage)

## Reference Documentation

This skill includes detailed reference documentation:

### references/census_schema.md
Comprehensive documentation of:
- Census data structure and organization
- All available metadata fields
- Value filter syntax and operators
- SOMA object types
- Data inclusion criteria

**When to read:** When you need detailed schema information, full list of metadata fields, or complex filter syntax.

### references/common_patterns.md
Examples and patterns for:
- Exploratory queries (metadata only)
- Small-to-medium queries (AnnData)
- Large queries (out-of-core processing)
- PyTorch integration
- Spatial Census access patterns
- Scanpy integration workflows
- Multi-dataset integration
- Best practices and common pitfalls

**When to read:** When implementing specific query patterns, looking for code examples, or troubleshooting common issues.

## Common Use Cases

### Use Case 1: Explore Cell Types in a Tissue
```python
with cellxgene_census.open_soma() as census:
    cells = cellxgene_census.get_obs(
        census, "homo_sapiens",
        value_filter="tissue_general == 'lung' and is_primary_data == True",
        column_names=["cell_type"]
    )
    print(cells["cell_type"].value_counts())
```

### Use Case 2: Query Marker Gene Expression
```python
with cellxgene_census.open_soma() as census:
    adata = cellxgene_census.get_anndata(
        census=census,
        organism="Homo sapiens",
        var_value_filter="feature_name in ['CD4', 'CD8A', 'CD19']",
        obs_value_filter="cell_type in ['T cell', 'B cell'] and is_primary_data == True",
    )
```

### Use Case 3: Train Cell Type Classifier
```python
import tiledbsoma as soma
from tiledbsoma_ml import ExperimentDataset, experiment_dataloader

with cellxgene_census.open_soma() as census:
    experiment = census["census_data"]["homo_sapiens"]
    with experiment.axis_query(
        measurement_name="RNA",
        obs_query=soma.AxisQuery(value_filter="is_primary_data == True"),
    ) as query:
        dataset = ExperimentDataset(
            query=query,
            layer_name="raw",
            obs_column_names=["cell_type"],
            batch_size=128,
            shuffle=True,
        )
        dataloader = experiment_dataloader(dataset)

        for X, obs in dataloader:
            labels = obs["cell_type"]
            # Training logic
            pass
```

### Use Case 4: Cross-Tissue Analysis
```python
with cellxgene_census.open_soma() as census:
    adata = cellxgene_census.get_anndata(
        census=census,
        organism="Homo sapiens",
        obs_value_filter="cell_type == 'macrophage' and tissue_general in ['lung', 'liver', 'brain'] and is_primary_data == True",
    )

    # Analyze macrophage differences across tissues
    sc.tl.rank_genes_groups(adata, groupby="tissue_general")
```

## Troubleshooting

### Query Returns Too Many Cells
- Add more specific filters to reduce scope
- Use `tissue` instead of `tissue_general` for finer granularity
- Filter by specific `dataset_id` if known
- Switch to out-of-core processing for large queries

### Memory Errors
- Reduce query scope with more restrictive filters
- Select fewer genes with `var_value_filter`
- Use out-of-core processing with `axis_query()`
- Process data in batches

### Duplicate Cells in Results
- Always include `is_primary_data == True` in filters
- Check if intentionally querying across multiple datasets

### Gene Not Found
- Verify gene name spelling (case-sensitive)
- Try Ensembl ID with `feature_id` instead of `feature_name`
- Check dataset presence matrix to see if gene was measured
- Some genes may have been filtered during Census construction

### Version Inconsistencies
- Always specify `census_version` explicitly
- Use same version across all analyses
- Check release notes for version-specific changes

## Agent operating procedure

1. **Check the environment.** Confirm network access, API keys (if required) and the database's current API documentation and rate limits.
2. **Pin down the inputs.** Confirm formats, identifiers and parameters from the data or the user. Ask rather than guess any value that changes the result.
3. **Run a small version first.** Fetch a single known record and check the response format before bulk queries.
4. **Execute the full task** using the instructions and references above.
5. **Validate the result.** Identifiers resolve, record counts are reported, and the database version or access date is recorded.
6. **Report.** State what was run (versions, commands, parameters), what was checked, and what is still uncertain.

| If this happens | Do this |
|---|---|
| HTTP 429 or 5xx errors | Respect rate limits with backoff, batch requests, and report partial results honestly. |
| A function, flag or endpoint in these instructions is missing in the installed version | Check the installed version's own documentation (`help()`, `--help`, official docs), adapt, and tell the user. Never invent an API. |
| A required input, identifier or parameter is ambiguous | Ask the user, or state the assumption explicitly before running. |

**Integrity rules**

- Never fabricate results, parameters, identifiers, citations or statistics. If something cannot be run or verified, say so plainly.
- Never invent accession numbers, IDs or records; report 'not found' instead.
- Treat version-specific details here as possibly outdated: confirm them against the official documentation for the installed version.
- Ask before actions that cost money, consume shared GPUs or cloud quota, touch personal or patient data, or cannot be undone.

## Related skills

- `anndata`: Data structure for annotated matrices in single-cell analysis.
- `scanpy`: Standard single-cell RNA-seq analysis pipeline.
- `scvi-tools`: Trains and applies scvi-tools probabilistic deep generative models (scVI, scANVI, totalVI, MultiVI, PeakVI, DestVI, Solo, CellAssign, MrVI…