A Constraint constrains an Entity having a role in the Variable description.
A Variable has a Constraint, that confines an Entity involved in the observation.
A Variable has an Entity that provides additional background information regarding the ObjectOfInterest.
A Variable might have an Entity in which the ObjectOfInterest is contained.
A Variable has an Entity whose Property is observed.
A Variable has a Property that characterizes an Entity.
made by sensor
Relation between an Observation and the Sensor which made the Observation.
EnvThes
metadata and keywords for ecological research data
Barbara Magagna
Johannes Peterseil
Mark Frenzel
Miki Kertész
Ulf Grandin
EnvThes compiles a set of terms in order to describe in a harmonised way data resulting from observations and measurements of ecosystem processes across different domain specific sciences. It is used by DEIMS-SDR for common keywords for annotation and quering metadata purposes.
Environmental Thesaurus
a physical property (quantity) regardless of the object of interest or matrix
physical property
US LTER controlled vocabulary
cover of bryophytes
bryophytes cover
Area
reflectivity
The ratio of the total amount of radiation, as of light, reflected by a surface to the total amount of radiation incident on the surface.
reflectance
sediment (texture, redox, nutrients etc.)
LTER EU controlled vocabulary
sediment
sédiment
idem 533_please erase one
concept 'photosynthetic active radiation' exists
PAR (Photosynthetic Active Radiation)
[Henderson's] upper surface of the zone of saturation, below which all available pores in soil and rock are ﬁlled with water.
nappe phréatique
water table
Forests in the northern temperate areas characterized by a predominance of coniferous trees, such as spruce, fir, and pine
boreal forest
[GEMET] A very hard almost colourless crystalline metalloid element that in impure form exists as a brown amorphous powder. It occurs principally in borax and is used in hardening steel.
bore
boron
[Henderson's] n. common name for a member of the Pterophyta q.v.
[controlled by ] Neagu Stefan 07/06/13
ferns
Any of a large number of natural and synthetic materials, including manure and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compounds, spread on or worked into soil to increase its capacity to support plant growth
fertilizer application
施肥
To eat tender parts of woody plants such as leaves and shoots.
[source of definition ] Hend" , "[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22
browsing
[Henderson's] n. (1) evolutionary process involving genetic change by which a pop­ulation becomes ﬁtted to its prevailing environment; (2) structure or habit ﬁtted for some special environment or activity; (3) process by which a cell, organ or organ­ism becomes habituated to a particular level of stimulus and ceases to respond to it, a more intense stimulus then being needed to produce a response; (4) in the eye, increasing sensitivity of retina to the available light.
[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013
adaptation
[Henderson's] n. a form of a chemical element having the same atomic number (number of protons) and identical chemical prop­erties as another, but differing in atomic mass as a result of a different number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus. a. isotopic.
isotope
[GEMET] A malleable silvery-white metallic element of the alkaline hearth group; the fifth most abundant element in the earth crust, occurring especially as forms of calcium carbonate. It is an essential constituent of bones and teeth and is used as a deoxidizer in steel.
calcium
[GEMET] The cutting down of grass, crops or grain with a scythe or a mechanical device.
Mahd
ceifa
fauchage
kaszálás/fűnyírás
kosenie
koszenie
košnja
maaien
mejning
mietitura
mowing
niitmine
niitto
pjovimas
siega
slått
tuns de iarbă
zāles pļaušana
žatva
χορτοκοπή
Косене
الجزَّ - الحصد
N20
N2O
Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas, is a chemical compound with the formula N2O. It is an oxide of nitrogen. At room temperature, it is a colourless, non-flammable gas, with a slightly sweet odour and taste. It is used in surgery and dentistry for its anaesthetic and analgesic effects. It is known as \"laughing gas\" due to the euphoric effects of inhaling it, a property that has led to its recreational use as a dissociative anaesthetic. It is also used as an oxidizer in rocketry and in motor racing to increase the power output of engines. At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidizer similar to molecular oxygen.
nitrous oxide
[GEMET] The scientific study and exploration of the oceans and seas in all their aspects.
[controlled by ] Mauro Bastianini 6.6.13
oceanography
océanographie
[GEMET] The mass of water occupying all of the Earth's surface not occupied by land, but excluding all lakes and inland seas.
ocean
CO2
[Henderson's] CO2, a gas present in the atmosphere at a concentration of about 362 ppm. The main sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide are biological respiration, of which it is a waste product, combus­tion, and outgassing from the oceans. Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmo­sphere by photosynthesis and by solution in sea-water. Human activity has enhanced the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide by the burning of fossil fuels and biomass. It is a major greenhouse gas, trap­ping heat in the lower atmosphere.
Kohlendioxid
anglies dioksidas
carbon dioxide
carbondioxid
diossido di carbonio
dioxid de carbon
dioxyde de carbone
dióxido de carbono
dwutlenek węgla
hiilidioksidi
karbondioksid
koldioxid
kooldioxide
oglekļa dioksīds
ogljikov dioksid
oxid uhličitý
szén-dioxid
süsinikdioksiid, süsihappegaas
ugljični dioksid
διοξίδιο του άνθρακα
Въглероден двуокис
ثاني أكسيد الكربون
[GEMET] Colorless, odourless, tasteless, non-corrosive, highly poisonous gas of about the same density as that of air. Very flammable, burning in air with bright blue flame. Although each molecule of CO has one carbon atom and one oxygen atom, it has a shape similar to that of an oxygen molecule (two atoms of oxygen), which is important with regard to it's lethality.
carbon monoxide
monoxyde de carbone
Kohlenmonoxid
anglis monoksidas
hiilimonoksidi
karbonmonoksid
koloxid
koolmonoxide
kulmonoxid
monossido di carbonio
monoxid de carbon
monóxido de carbono
oglekļa monoksīds
ogljikov monoksid
oxid uhelnatý
oxid uhoľnatý
szénmonoxid
süsinik[mono]oksiid, vingugaas
tlenek węgla
ugljični monoksid
μονοξίδιο του άνθρακα
Въглероден окис
أول أكسيد الكربون
a transport mechanism of a substance or conserved property by a fluid due to the fluid's bulk motion.
advection
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica (from the Latin silex), is a chemical compound that is a dioxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2. Silica is most commonly found in nature as quartz, as well as in various living organisms.
silica
soil physics
[GEMET] The electromagnetic radiation and particles emitted by the sun.
rayonnement solaire
solar radiation
Plankton that consists of tiny animals, such as rotifers, copepods, and krill, and of microorganisms once classified as animals, such as dinoflagellates and other protozoans.
[source of definition ] The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved" , "[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen
zooplankton
[Henderson's] n. removal of all leaves from a plant.
defoliation
défoliation
[GEMET] A hard grey metallic element that takes a high polish, occurring principally in chromite: used in steel alloys and electroplating to increase hardness and corrosion-resistance.
chrome
chromium
[Henderson's] n. breakdown of organic matter into inorganic compounds, carried out chieﬂy by decomposer microorgan­isms. For carbon it occurs chieﬂy during respiration, when carbon dioxide is re­turned to the environment.
[controlled by ] Staszewski 08.06.2013
mineralization
temperature of water
water temperature
leaf area
area of leaf
[SOY] Area in square mm of single leaflet from central leaflets of fully expanded leaves. QTL symbols are 'Lflt area' and 'Lf area'. Can also be measured as area of a fully developed leaflet on the main stem, taken from each of 6 plants in the plot between R5 and R6, and measured using a planimeter.
叶面积
葉面積
[Henderson's] n. negatively charged ion (e.g. Cl–) which moves towards the anode, the posi­tive electrode. cf. cation.
anion
[Henderson's] contains one family, the Casuarinaceae (she-oak).
[comments ] correction of uncorrect entry" , "[controlled by ] Mauro Bastianini 6.6.13" , "[source of definition ] wikipedia
cation
[GEMET] Plant communities and trees that inhabit tidal swamps, muddy silt, and sand banks at the mouths of rivers and other low-lying areas which are regularly inundated by the sea, but which are protected from strong waves and currents. Mangroves are the only woody species that will grow where the land is periodically flooded with sea water; individual species have adapted themselves to different tidal levels, to various degrees of salinity, and to the nature of the mud or soil. Mangrove swamps and thickets support hundreds of terrestrial, marine, and amphibian species; have a special role in supporting estuarine fisheries; provide shelter, refuge and food for many forms of wildlife.
mangrove
[GEMET] A chemical element; one of the most important nonferrous metals; a ductile and malleable metal found in various ores and used in industry, engineering, and the arts in both pure and alloyed form.
copper
cuivre
[GEMET] Coral reefs have been built up from the skeletons of reef-building coral a small primitive marine animal, and other marine animals and algae over thousands of years. They occur in clear, shallow and sunlit seas. Coral reefs are one of the most productive and diverse ecosystems and are estimated to yield about 12% of the world's fish catch. They are very vulnerable to any change in their environment, especially pollution, because it makes the water opaque. They must have light in order that photosyntesis by the algae can take place. Like trees, corals reflect the environmental conditions in which they grow, indicating marine pollution, sea-surface temperature and other aquatic conditions.
coral reef
[Henderson's] n.plu. colonial cnidarians composed of individual polyps connected by living tissue. Some forms secrete a stony matrix binding the colony together and some build extensive reefs. see soft corals, stony corals.
corals
Crabs are decapod crustaceans living in any of the world's oceans, in fresh water, or on land, generally covered with a thick exoskeleton and armed with a single pair of claws. True crabs belong to the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting tail, or where the reduced abdomen is entirely hidden under the thorax. Many other animals with similar names – such as hermit crabs, king crabs, porcelain crabs, horseshoe crabs and crab lice – are not true crabs.
[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013" , "[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab
crabs
[Henderson's] n. (zool.) (1) sac-like dilation of gullet of bird in which food is stored; (2) similar structure in alimentary canal in insects.
crop
[comments ] should basically read Crustacea (starting with upper case C) as a name of a taxon; class in this case (cf. Annelida the next)" , "[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen
crustacea
nsb@ceh.ac.uk@ceh.ac.uk
[GEMET] The production of plants and animals useful to man, involving soil cultivation and the breeding and management of crops and livestock.
Landwirtschaft
agricoltura
agricultura
agriculture
agricultură
jordbruk
kmetijstvo
landbouw
landbrug
landbruk
lauksaimniecība
maatalous
mezőgazdaság
poljoprivreda
poľnohospodárstvo
põllumajandus
rolnictwo
zemědělství
žemės ūkis
γεωργία
Селско стопанство
زراعة
农业
農業
[Henderson's] n. conversion of semi-arid pastureland and crop land into desert, or the gradual enlargement and encroachment of deserts into formerly marginal arid lands. It is caused by climatic factors such as prolonged drought and by overgrazing and overcultivation.br /br /[GEMET] 1) The development of desert conditions as a result of human activity or climatic changes. 2) The process of land damage which allows the soil to spread like a desert in arid and semi-arid regions. There is a loss of vegetative cover and the soil deteriorates in texture, nutrient content and fertility. Desertification affects the lives of three-quarters of the world's population, 70% of all drylands and one quarter of the total land area of the planet. There are many reasons for desertification, but the majority are caused by human activities, overgrazing, deforestation, poor land management and over-exploitation. Agenda 21 states that the priority in combating desertification should be establishing preventive measures for lands that are not yet, or are only slightly, degraded.
[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013
desertification
désertification
[Henderson's] n. biome where the average amount of precipitation is erratic and less than 25 cm per annum, and evaporation exceeds precipitation. Such areas have sparse, highly adapted, vegetation, e.g. cacti, succulents and spiny shrubs. Hot deserts such as the Sahara have very high daytime temperatures. Cold deserts such as the Gobi and the northern Californian desert have very low winter temperatures.
desert
US LTER controlled vocabularybr /LTER BIOME
dimensions
[GEMET] The temperature of the atmosphere which represents the average kinetic energy of the molecular motion in a small region and is defined in terms of a standard or calibrated thermometer in thermal equilibrium with the air.
air temperature
température de l'air
Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity, and measures a material's ability to conduct an electric current
[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org" , "[controlled by ] Tomas Staszevski , 2013-06-08
electrical conductivity
[Henderson's] n. (1) the interrelationships be­tween organisms and their environment and each other; (2) the study of these interrelationships.
ecologia
ecologie
ecology
ecología
ekologi
ekologia
ekologie
ekologija
ekoloģija
ekológia
milieu
Ökologie
écologie
ökoloogia
ökológia
økologi
οικολογία
Екология
الإيكولوجيا
生态学
生態学
the discipline of ecology can be organized by three different concepts, that occur now in parallel here: (1) classification according to organizational level that is considered, includes ecosystem ecology, community ecology, population ecology. (2) classi
[Henderson's] study of relative growth; change of proportions with increase in size; growth rate of a part differing from standard growth rate or from growth rate as a whole
[source of definition ] wikipedia" , "[revised by] Ulf Grandin" , "[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013
allometry
[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013" , "[source of definition ] wikipedia" , "[revised by] Ulf Grandin
CEC
A measure of the ability of a soil to hold the easily exchangeble cations, available for the plant roots. Cations are positively charged; they are held by negatively charged sites on clay and humus particles.
cation exchange capacity
[Henderson's] base exchange capacity q.v.
[Henderson's] n. the consumption of green plant material or algae by animals and microor­ganisms such as protozoa.
[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22
Beweidung
begrazing
beiting
betande
ganymas
ganības
grazing
græsning
karjatamine
laiduntaminen
legeltetés
pasto
pastos
pastva
pastvina
paša
pâturage
păşune
vegetazione per pascolo
wypas
βοσκή
Паша
رعي (الماشية) - إسامة (الماشية)
[GEMET] Any material transported by water which will ultimately settle to the bottom after the water loses its transporting power.
Cover of vegetation over a certain area
[source of definition ] Expert (but can be found in other thesaurus a \"vegetation\")" , "[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 23/05/2013
plant cover
Utrotningshotad art
especie en peligro de extinción
espèce menacée
espécie ameaçada
gatunek zagrożony
specie a rischio
瀕危物種
An endangered species is a population of organisms which is at risk of becoming extinct because it is either few in numbers, or threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has calculated the percentage of endangered species as 40 percent of all organisms based on the sample of species that have been evaluated through 2006. Many nations have laws offering protection to conservation reliant species: for example, forbidding hunting, restricting land development or creating preserves. Only a few of the many species at risk of extinction actually make it to the lists and obtain legal protection like Pandas. Many more species become extinct, or potentially will become extinct, without gaining public notice. , "Una especie se considera en peligro de extinción, sea vegetal o animal, cuando se encuentra comprometida su existencia globalmente. Esto se puede deber tanto a la depredación directa sobre la especie como a la desaparición de un recurso del cual esta dependa, tanto por la acción del hombre, debido a cambios en el hábitat, producto de hechos fortuitos o por cambios graduales del clima. En la versión 2009 de la Lista Roja de la UICN 2.448 taxones de animales y 2.280 de plantas se encuentran bajo la categoría 'En Peligro', junto con otros 1.665 taxones de animales y 1.575 de plantas que también lo hacen pero bajo la categoría de 'En peligro crítico'. Muchas naciones cuentan con leyes para proteger a las especies que dependen de su conservación para existir, por ejemplo con la prohibición de su caza. Sin embargo, pocas especies obtienen una protección legal considerable, extinguiéndose muchas sin ningún tipo de reconocimiento público. La extinción de una especie es irreparable y, de momento, irreversible, afectando de manera directa o indirecta a la cadena alimentaria y, eventualmente, al propio ser humano. , "En utrotningshotad art är en art som hotas av utrotning, antingen på grund av att den till antalet är få, eller att den hotas av förändrande miljömässiga eller rovdjursparametrar. Dessa finns ofta med på IUCN:s rödlista, som i Sverige hanteras av ArtDatabanken. IUCN har beräknat att antalet utrotningshotade arter är 40% av alla organismer. Bara en liten andel av det totala antalet beskrivna arter i världen har dock utvärderats av IUCN. Enligt forskare finns det med stor sannolikhet också många hotade arter som människan ännu inte har upptäckt. Många länder äar lagar som erbjuder skydd till arter; de skydden kan vara att förbjuda jakt, fridlysa dem, skapa naturreservat, och så vidare. I Sverige arbetar Naturvårdsverket, ArtDatabanken och länsstyrelserna med Åtgärdsprogram för hotade arter för att försöka bevara dem. Orsaker till att arter blir utrotningshotade är flera, men bland de mest påtagliga är habitatförlust. Även för hård jakt, fiske eller annan typ av fångst eller insamling kan vara orsak till att en art blir utrotningshotad. Den internationella handel med utrotningshotade djur och växter hanteras av CITES. , "Si definisce specie a rischio una specie animale o vegetale che, a causa della esiguità della popolazione ed in virtù di sopravvenuti mutamenti nel suo habitat usuale, è a rischio di estinzione. , "瀕危物種(Endangered species)是指由於濫捕、盜獵、環境破壞、數量稀少、棲地狹窄等種種原因導致有滅絕危機的物種。 一個關鍵物種的滅絕可能破壞當地的食物鏈，造成生態系的不穩定，並可能最終導致整個生態系統的崩解。 , "Gatunek zagrożony – w znaczeniu ogólnym to gatunek w większym lub mniejszym stopniu zagrożony wyginięciem, w wąskim znaczeniu to jedna z kategorii zagrożenia stosowanych do klasyfikacji gatunków zagrożonych wyginięciem. , "Uma espécie ameaçada é uma espécie cujas populações estão decrescendo a ponto de colocá-la em risco de extinção. Muitos países têm legislação que protege estas espécies, proibindo a caça e protegendo seus habitats, mas essa legislação tem se demonstrado insuficiente para evitar que um número crescente de espécies deixe de existir, sem que se tenha notícia deste fato. Não há consenso sobre os critérios de inclusão de uma espécie na lista das ameaçadas. Há uma interpretação corrente de que a preservação de espécies ameaçadas é incompatível com a exploração económica do ambiente em que vivem, que deveria ser preservado como um santuário ecológico intocável. Isto é verdade em alguns casos extremos, mas não em todos. Cresce o número de propostas de uso económico sustentável de habitats naturais, combinando agricultura com preservação da cobertura vegetal e portanto da diversidade da flora e da fauna. No Brasil, a legislação tem feito alguns avanços nos últimos anos, embora na prática a falta de fiscalização e a impunidade dos infratores implique em que não seja respeitada. , "Tiedosto:Status iucn3.1 EN fi. svg Erittäin uhanalainen laji IUCN:n uhanalaisuusluokittelussa. Erittäin uhanalainen laji on eliölaji, jonka vaara kadota luonnosta lähiaikoina on erittäin suuri. Esimerkiksi yksi erittäin uhanalaisista lajeista on gorilla.. Suomessa erittäin uhanalaisia lajeja ovat muun muassa jokihelmisimpukka ja ahma.. Kaiken kaikkiaan vuoden 2000 uhanalaisarvioinnissa luokiteltiin Suomen eliöistä erittäin uhanalaisiksi 5 nisäkäslajia, 6 lintua, 4 kalaa, 242 selkärangatonta, 52 putkilokasvia, 37 itiökasvia ja 106 sienilajia eli yhteensä 452 eliölajia. Kansainvälisen luonnonsuojeluliiton IUCN:n uhanalaisuusluokituksessa erittäin uhanalainen (EN, Endangered) on yksi uhanalaisuuden tasoista. , "En biologie et écologie, le terme espèce menacée s'applique à toute espèce qui risque de disparaître. , "Uhanalaisuus määritellään perinteisesti siten, että eliölajiin tai sen populaatioon kohdistuu lopullisen häviämisen vaara. Lajin uhanalaisuuden arviointi on lajin levinneisyyden, yleisyyden ja runsauden muutosten ennakoimista käytössä olevien tietojen perusteella. Uhanalaisuutta arvioitaessa populaatioiden häviämisnopeus on olennainen tekijä, ja uhanalaisten lajien suojelutyössä häviämisnopeuteen pyritään vaikuttamaan eri keinoin. , "Trua arter er arter som trues av utryddelse (står i fare for å dø ut). Trusselbildet kan variere, både mellom artene og innad i en art, herunder også både internasjonalt og nasjonalt. Verdens naturvernunion (IUCN) har derfor utarbeidet ei internasjonal rødliste for bedre å kunne ivareta internasjonale og nasjonale spørsmål om trua arter. Den internasjonale rødlista ivaretas av Species Survival Commission (SSC), mens nasjonale rødlister ivaretas av et lokalt oppnevnt organ. , "En truet dyreart er en art som av ulike grunner står i fare for å bli utryddet. Mange land har lover som gir spesiell beskyttelse til disse dyreartene (lover som for eksempel kan forby handel og jakt, eller forby utvikling av dyreartenes naturlige habitat og lignende), for å unngå at de blir totalt utryddet. Bare noen få av de mange truede dyreartene kommer på listen og blir gitt beskyttelse ved loven. Mange flere dyrearter blir utryddet, eller vil potensielt bli utryddet, uten å få offentlig oppmerksomhet. At en dyreart havner på en liste over truede dyrearter kan også være en ulempe, siden det gjør dyrearten mer verdifull og ønsket blant samlere og krypskyttere.
En biologie et écologie, le terme espèce menacée s'applique à toute espèce qui risque de disparaître.
En utrotningshotad art är en art som hotas av utrotning, antingen på grund av att den till antalet är få, eller att den hotas av förändrande miljömässiga eller rovdjursparametrar. Dessa finns ofta med på IUCN:s rödlista, som i Sverige hanteras av ArtDatabanken. IUCN har beräknat att antalet utrotningshotade arter är 40% av alla organismer. Bara en liten andel av det totala antalet beskrivna arter i världen har dock utvärderats av IUCN. Enligt forskare finns det med stor sannolikhet också många hotade arter som människan ännu inte har upptäckt. Många länder äar lagar som erbjuder skydd till arter; de skydden kan vara att förbjuda jakt, fridlysa dem, skapa naturreservat, och så vidare. I Sverige arbetar Naturvårdsverket, ArtDatabanken och länsstyrelserna med Åtgärdsprogram för hotade arter för att försöka bevara dem. Orsaker till att arter blir utrotningshotade är flera, men bland de mest påtagliga är habitatförlust. Även för hård jakt, fiske eller annan typ av fångst eller insamling kan vara orsak till att en art blir utrotningshotad. Den internationella handel med utrotningshotade djur och växter hanteras av CITES.
Gatunek zagrożony – w znaczeniu ogólnym to gatunek w większym lub mniejszym stopniu zagrożony wyginięciem, w wąskim znaczeniu to jedna z kategorii zagrożenia stosowanych do klasyfikacji gatunków zagrożonych wyginięciem.
Si definisce specie a rischio una specie animale o vegetale che, a causa della esiguità della popolazione ed in virtù di sopravvenuti mutamenti nel suo habitat usuale, è a rischio di estinzione.
Tiedosto:Status iucn3.1 EN fi. svg Erittäin uhanalainen laji IUCN:n uhanalaisuusluokittelussa. Erittäin uhanalainen laji on eliölaji, jonka vaara kadota luonnosta lähiaikoina on erittäin suuri. Esimerkiksi yksi erittäin uhanalaisista lajeista on gorilla.. Suomessa erittäin uhanalaisia lajeja ovat muun muassa jokihelmisimpukka ja ahma.. Kaiken kaikkiaan vuoden 2000 uhanalaisarvioinnissa luokiteltiin Suomen eliöistä erittäin uhanalaisiksi 5 nisäkäslajia, 6 lintua, 4 kalaa, 242 selkärangatonta, 52 putkilokasvia, 37 itiökasvia ja 106 sienilajia eli yhteensä 452 eliölajia. Kansainvälisen luonnonsuojeluliiton IUCN:n uhanalaisuusluokituksessa erittäin uhanalainen (EN, Endangered) on yksi uhanalaisuuden tasoista., Uhanalaisuus määritellään perinteisesti siten, että eliölajiin tai sen populaatioon kohdistuu lopullisen häviämisen vaara. Lajin uhanalaisuuden arviointi on lajin levinneisyyden, yleisyyden ja runsauden muutosten ennakoimista käytössä olevien tietojen perusteella. Uhanalaisuutta arvioitaessa populaatioiden häviämisnopeus on olennainen tekijä, ja uhanalaisten lajien suojelutyössä häviämisnopeuteen pyritään vaikuttamaan eri keinoin.
Trua arter er arter som trues av utryddelse (står i fare for å dø ut). Trusselbildet kan variere, både mellom artene og innad i en art, herunder også både internasjonalt og nasjonalt. Verdens naturvernunion (IUCN) har derfor utarbeidet ei internasjonal rødliste for bedre å kunne ivareta internasjonale og nasjonale spørsmål om trua arter. Den internasjonale rødlista ivaretas av Species Survival Commission (SSC), mens nasjonale rødlister ivaretas av et lokalt oppnevnt organ., En truet dyreart er en art som av ulike grunner står i fare for å bli utryddet. Mange land har lover som gir spesiell beskyttelse til disse dyreartene (lover som for eksempel kan forby handel og jakt, eller forby utvikling av dyreartenes naturlige habitat og lignende), for å unngå at de blir totalt utryddet. Bare noen få av de mange truede dyreartene kommer på listen og blir gitt beskyttelse ved loven. Mange flere dyrearter blir utryddet, eller vil potensielt bli utryddet, uten å få offentlig oppmerksomhet. At en dyreart havner på en liste over truede dyrearter kan også være en ulempe, siden det gjør dyrearten mer verdifull og ønsket blant samlere og krypskyttere.
Uma espécie ameaçada é uma espécie cujas populações estão decrescendo a ponto de colocá-la em risco de extinção. Muitos países têm legislação que protege estas espécies, proibindo a caça e protegendo seus habitats, mas essa legislação tem se demonstrado insuficiente para evitar que um número crescente de espécies deixe de existir, sem que se tenha notícia deste fato. Não há consenso sobre os critérios de inclusão de uma espécie na lista das ameaçadas. Há uma interpretação corrente de que a preservação de espécies ameaçadas é incompatível com a exploração económica do ambiente em que vivem, que deveria ser preservado como um santuário ecológico intocável. Isto é verdade em alguns casos extremos, mas não em todos. Cresce o número de propostas de uso económico sustentável de habitats naturais, combinando agricultura com preservação da cobertura vegetal e portanto da diversidade da flora e da fauna. No Brasil, a legislação tem feito alguns avanços nos últimos anos, embora na prática a falta de fiscalização e a impunidade dos infratores implique em que não seja respeitada.
Una especie se considera en peligro de extinción, sea vegetal o animal, cuando se encuentra comprometida su existencia globalmente. Esto se puede deber tanto a la depredación directa sobre la especie como a la desaparición de un recurso del cual esta dependa, tanto por la acción del hombre, debido a cambios en el hábitat, producto de hechos fortuitos o por cambios graduales del clima. En la versión 2009 de la Lista Roja de la UICN 2.448 taxones de animales y 2.280 de plantas se encuentran bajo la categoría 'En Peligro', junto con otros 1.665 taxones de animales y 1.575 de plantas que también lo hacen pero bajo la categoría de 'En peligro crítico'. Muchas naciones cuentan con leyes para proteger a las especies que dependen de su conservación para existir, por ejemplo con la prohibición de su caza. Sin embargo, pocas especies obtienen una protección legal considerable, extinguiéndose muchas sin ningún tipo de reconocimiento público. La extinción de una especie es irreparable y, de momento, irreversible, afectando de manera directa o indirecta a la cadena alimentaria y, eventualmente, al propio ser humano.
瀕危物種(Endangered species)是指由於濫捕、盜獵、環境破壞、數量稀少、棲地狹窄等種種原因導致有滅絕危機的物種。 一個關鍵物種的滅絕可能破壞當地的食物鏈，造成生態系的不穩定，並可能最終導致整個生態系統的崩解。
endangered species
[Henderson's] n.plu. general name for a heterogene­ous group of unicellular, colonial and multicellular eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms of simple structure. Tradition­ally included in the plant kingdom, the different groups of algae are now often classiﬁed as divisions of the kingdom Protoctista (Protista). They are aquatic or live in damp habitats on land and include unicellular organisms such as Chlamydomonas and diatoms, colonial forms such as Volvox, the multicellular green, red and brown seaweeds, and
algae
An estuary is a partly enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea
[controlled by ] Mauro Bastianini 6.6.13" , "[source of definition ] Pritchard, D. W. (1967). \"What is an estuary: physical viewpoint\". In Lauf, G. H. Estuaries. A.A.A.S. Publ. 83. Washington, DC. pp.Ê3Ð5
estuary
[GEMET] Discharge of water from the earth's surface to the atmosphere by evaporation from lakes, streams and soil surfaces and by transpiration from plants.
[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614
evapotranspiration
évapotranspiration
[GEMET] The biological theory or process whereby species of plants and animals change with the passage of time so that their descendants differ from their ancestors, i.e. development from earlier forms by hereditary transmission of slight variations in successive generations.
[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" , "[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013
evolution
évolution
Pesticide application refers to the practical way in which pesticides, (including herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, or nematode control agents) are delivered to their biological targets (e.g. pest organism, crop or other plant).
pesticide application
农药喷洒
農薬施用
[Henderson's] n. the animals peculiar to a country, area, speciﬁed environment or period. Microscopic animals are usually called the microfauna.
Fauna
eläimistö
fauna
faune
faună
loomastik, fauna
állatvilág
živalstvo, favna
πανίδα
Фауна
الفونا - مجموع حيوانات المنطقة
[GEMET] Introduction into or onto water, air, soil or other media of microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, wastes, wastewater or other pollutants in a concentration that makes the medium unfit for its next intended use.
contamination
汚染
玷污
[Henderson's] n. the union of male and female gametes, e.g. sperm and egg, to form a zygote.
fertilization
[GEMET] The state of combustion in which inflammable material burns, producing heat, flames and often smoke.
fire
The rate at which air is moving horizontally past a given point
wind speed
flowering
[GEMET] The science that deals with the relationship of forest trees to their environment, to one another, and to other plants and to animals in the forest.
forest ecology
écologie forestière
[GEMET] A vegetation community dominated by trees and other woody shrubs, growing close enough together that the tree tops touch or overlap, creating various degrees of shade on the forest floor. It may produce benefits such as timber, recreation, wildlife habitat, etc.
forest
森林
[Henderson's] a. pert. or living in water con­taining less than 0.5 parts per thousand dissolved salt (sodium chloride), such as that in rivers, ponds and lakes. cf. brackish water, seawater.
Süßwasser
acqua dolce
agua dulce
apă dulce
eau douce
ferskvand
ferskvann
freshwater
gėlas vanduo
magevesi
makea, suolaton vesi
saldūdens
sladka voda
sladká voda
slatka voda
sötvatten
voda sladká
woda słodka
zoetwater
água doce
édesvíz
γλυκά ύδατα
Прясна вода
الماء العذب
A fungus is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds (British English: moulds), as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
fungi
真菌
真菌類
[Henderson's] n. science dealing with the physical structure, activity and history of the Earth.
geology
géologie
[Henderson's] the process by which evolutionary change is chieﬂy driven according to Darwin’s theory of evolution. Environmental factors such as climate, disease, competition from other organisms, and availability of certain types of food will lead to the preferential survival and reproduction of those members of a popu­lation genetically best ﬁtted to deal with them. Continued selection will therefore lead to certain genes becoming more common in subsequent generations. Such selection, operating over very long periods of time is believed to be able to give rise to the considerable differences now seen between different organisms.
natural selection
[Henderson's] a horizontal zone of soil of distinct composition and texture. A mature soil is made up of several distinct soil horizons. see soil proﬁle.
soil horizons
substance
[NCIT] Any matter of defined composition that has discrete existence, whose origin may be biological, mineral or chemical. , "span lang=\"EN-GB\"Any matter having mass and/or energy.
Physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil
[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614" , "[source of definition ] Lars Lundin
soil property
[Henderson's] n. feeding on plants.
herbivory
composition of landscape
Referred to Species composition is the identity of all the different organisms that make up a community.
landscape composition
[GEMET] A discharge of particulate gaseous, or soluble waste material/pollution into the air from a polluting source.
emission
physiological process
[Henderson's] n. isotope of the element hydro­gen with mass number 2 (2H), which is the hydrogen isotope in heavy water, deuterium oxide, D2O.
deuterium
[Henderson's] n.plu. common name for members of the large monocot family Gramineae q.v. grasshoppers n.plu. common name for many members of the Orthoptera q.v.
grasses
[Henderson's] n. (1) increase in mass and size of a tissue or organism by cell division and/or cell enlargement; (2) appl. cell: increase in the mass or size of the cell. cf. proliferation.
growth
[Henderson's] biological diversity q.v. As defined by the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity: “the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part. This includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.” The number of different living species is estimated at between 40 and 80 million, most of them still undiscovered and uncharacterized, each species containing yet further genetic diversity.
[source of definition ] http://www.unep-wcmc.org/what-is-biodiversity_50.html" , "[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013
Artenvielfalt
biodiversidad
biodiversidade
biodiversitate
biodiversiteit
biodiversitet
biodiversity
biodiversità
biodiverzita
biologinė įvairovė
biologisk mangfold
biologisk mångfald
bioloogiline mitmekesisus, elustiku mitmekesisus
bioloģiskā daudzveidība
biološka raznolikost
biológiai sokféleség
biotska raznovrstnost
diversité biologique
diverzita biologická
elollisen luonnon monimuotoisuus
różnorodność biologiczna
βιοποικιλότητα
Биоразнообразие
التنوع الحيوي - التنوع البيولوجي
An unplanned, unwanted wildland fire
wildfire
[Henderson's] n. any of a class of compounds of the general formula RCH(NH2)COOH (α-amino acids) where R is a distinctive side chain. Side chains vary from the sin­gle hydrogen atom of glycine to the aro­matic side chains of tryptophan and phenylalanine and the sulphur-containing side chains of cysteine and methionine. Proteins are composed of amino acids covalently linked together through their amino and carboxyl groups into a polypeptide chain with the side chains pro­jecting from the covalently linked back­bone. Amino acids can occur as optically active d- and l-isomers, of which only l-isomers are found in proteins. Around 20 different amino acids are present in proteins, all of which can be synthesized by autotrophs but which in heterotrophs are chieﬂy obtained by breakdown of dietary protein. Amino acids are also biosynthetic precursors of many important molecules such as purines, pyrimidines, histamine, thyroxine, adrenaline, melanin, serotonin, the nicotinamide ring and porphyrins among others. see Fig. 4 and individual entries for each amino acid.
amino acid
[Henderson's] the amount of organic matter ﬁxed by the autotrophic organisms in an ecosystem per unit time.
primary productivity of ecosystem
[Henderson's] n. the environment within which an organism is normally found. A habitat is characterized by the physical characteris­tics of the environment and/or the dominant vegetation or other stable biotic charac­teristics. Examples of habitats can be as general as lakes, woodland or soil, or more speciﬁc, such as mudﬂats, the bark of an oak tree, chalk downland. cf. niche. see also Shelford’s law of tolerance.
habitats"@en
habitat
[GEMET] A colorless gaseous alkaline compound that is very soluble in water, has a characteristic pungent odour, is lighter than air, and is formed as a result of the decomposition of most nitrogenous organic material.
ammonia
ammoniac
harvesting
[GEMET] The lowest of the concentric layers of the atmosphere, occurring between the Earth's surface and the tropopause. It is the zone where atmospheric turbulence is at its greatest and where the bulk of the Earth's weather is generated. It contains almost all the water vapour and aerosols and three-quarters of the total gaseous mass of the atmosphere. Throughout the troposphere temperature decreases with height at a mean rate of 6.5°C/km and the whole zone is capped by either an inversion of temperature or an isothermal layer at the tropopause.
Troposphäre
troposfeer
troposfera
troposferă
troposfär
troposfäär
troposfääri
troposfære
troposféra
troposfēra
troposphere
troposphère
troposzféra
τροπόσφαιρα
Тропосфера
التروبوسفير - الطبقة السفلى من الغلاف الجوي
对流层
対流圏
LAI
[Henderson's] of a given area of vegetation, the total area of photosynthetic leaf surface divided by the area of soil covered.
leaf area index
The height of a species, or the (estimated) mean height of a plant community
height
DOM
SOM
[source of definition ] From above" , "[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614
soil organic matter
[GEMET] A class of vertebrate animals characterized by a moist, glandular skin, gills at some stage of development, and no amnion during the embryonic stage.
amphibians
The process by which polluting material is precipitated from the atmosphere and accumulates in ecosystems.
atmospheric deposition
[GEMET] The amount of oxygen dissolved in a stream, river or lake is an indication of the degree of health of the stream and its ability to support a balanced aquatic ecosystem. The oxygen comes from the atmosphere by solution and from photosynthesis of water plants. The maximum amount of oxygen that can be held in solution in a stream is termed the saturation concentration and, as it is a function of temperature, the greater the temperature, the less the saturation amount. The discharge of an organic waste to a stream imposes an oxygen demand on the stream. If there is an excessive amount of organic matter, the oxidation of waste by microorganisms will consume oxygen more rapidly than it can be replenished. When this happens, the dissolved oxygen is depleted and results in the death of the higher forms of life.
dissolved oxygen
oxygène dissous
Gelöster Sauerstoff
izšķīdināts skābeklis
ištirpęs deguonis
kyslík rozpuštěný
lahustunud hapnik
liuonnut happi
oldott oxigén
opgeloste zuurstof
opløst ilt
oppløst oksygen
ossigeno disciolto
otopljeni kisik
oxigen dizolvat
oxigénio dissolvido
oxígeno disuelto
raztopljeni kisik
rozpustený kyslík
tlen rozpuszczony
upplöst syre
διαλυμένο οξυγόνο
Разтворен кислород
أكسجين مذاب
Nitrogen mineralization is the process by which organic N is converted to plant-available inorganic
[controlled by ] Staszewski 08.06.2013" , "[source of definition ] David Crohn, Associate Professor and UCCE Specialist, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California
nitrogen mineralization
imagery
Satellite imagery consists of images of Earth or other planets collected by artificial satellites.
satellite imagery
The Landsat program is the longest running enterprise for acquisition of satellite imagery of Earth. On July 23, 1972 the Earth Resources Technology Satellite was launched. This was eventually renamed to Landsat. The most recent, Landsat 8, was launched on February 11, 2013. The instruments on the Landsat satellites have acquired millions of images. The images, archived in the United States and at Landsat receiving stations around the world, are a unique resource for global change research and applications in agriculture, cartography, geology, forestry, regional planning, surveillance and education. Landsat 7 data has eight spectral bands with spatial resolutions ranging from 15 to 60 meters; the temporal resolution is 16 days.
landsat
TDR
measurement technique used to determine the characteristics of electrical lines by observing reflected waveforms
[controlled by ] Neagu Stefan 31/05/13" , "[source of definition ] wikipedia
time domain reflectometry
stomatal conductivity
stomatal conductance, usually measured in mmol m⁻² s⁻¹, is the measure of the rate of passage of carbon dioxide (CO2) entering, or water vapor exiting through the stomata of a leaf.
[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013" , "[source of definition ] wikipedia
stomatal conductance
气孔导度
気孔コンダクタンス
Stomatal conductance
[Henderson's] n. prevention of mating between breeding groups owing to spatial, topo­graphical, ecological, morphological, phy­siological, genetic, behavioural or other factors.
isolation
[Henderson's] n.plu. general term for all animals without backbones, i.e. all groups except the vertebrates.
invertebrates
[GEMET] A malleable ductile silvery-white ferromagnetic metallic element occurring principally in haematite and magnetite. It is widely used for structural and engineering purposes.
fer
iron
Eisen
dzelzs
ferro
fier
geležis
hierro
ijzer
jern
järn
raud
rauta
vas
żelazo
železo
željezo
σίδηρος
Желязо
حديد
[GEMET] The traits, patterns, and structure of a specific geographic area, including its biological composition, its physical environment, and its anthropogenic or social patterns. An area where interacting ecosystems are grouped and repeated in similar form.
landscape
paysage
independently living, post-embryonic stage of an animal that is markedly differ­ent in form from the adult and which under­goes metamorphosis into the adult form, e.g. caterpillar, grub, tadpole. plu. larvae. a. larval.
[comments ] redundant with ln 526" , "[source of definition ] Worksheet Hend: Larva" , "[comments ] redundant with ln 524" , "[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013
larvae
[comments ] redundant with ln 526" , "[comments ] redundant with ln 524" , "[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013" , "[source of definition ] Worksheet Hend: Larva
[Henderson's] n. an expanded ﬂattened or needle-like outgrowth from plant stem, usually green and the main photosynthetic organ of most plants. plu. leaves.
[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22" , "[source of definition ] Hend
leaf
α-amino isocaproic acid, an amino acid with a non-polar hydro­carbon side chain, a constituent of protein and essential in human and animal diet.
leucine
[GEMET] Electromagnetic radiation that is capable of causing a visual sensation.
Licht
fény
gaisma
licht
light
ljus
luce
lumină
lumière
luz
lys
svetlo
svetloba, luč
svjetlo
světlo
valgus
valo
światło
šviesa
φως
Светлина
ضوء
Lightning is a massive electrostatic discharge between the electrically charged regions within clouds or between a cloud and the Earth's surface.
lightning
[Henderson's] see Animalia, Metazoa.
[source of definition ] Worksheet Hend: Animalia" , "[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013
animal
Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. Its common oxidation number is +2. It is an alkaline earth metal. Magnesium is the fourth-most-common element in the Earth as a whole (behind iron, oxygen and silicon), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of the planet's mantle. Due to magnesium ion's high solubility in water, it is the third-most-abundant element dissolved in seawater. Magnesium is produced in stars larger than 3 solar masses by fusing helium and neon in the alpha process at temperatures above 600 megakelvins. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
magnesium
mammalia
[GEMET] Any animal of the Mammalia, a large class of warm-blooded vertebrates having mammary glands in the female, a thoracic diaphragm, and a four-chambered heart. The class includes the whales, carnivores, rodents, bats, primates, etc.
mammals
Also known as: Colloidal manganese, Cutaval, Magnacat, Tronamang, Mangan, Manganese fume, MANGANESE COMPOUNDS, Mangan [Polish], (52mn)manganese; A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035)
manganese
marsh
[SWEET] In geography, a marsh, or morass, is a type of wetland which is subject to frequent or continuous inundation. Typically a marsh features grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water. A marsh is different from a swamp, which has a greater proportion of open water surface, and is generally deeper than a marsh. In North America, the term swamp is used for wetland dominated by trees rather than grasses and low herbs
[Henderson's] n. the integrated network of biochemical reactions that supports life in a living organism. see also anabolism, catabolism, metabolic pathway.
Stoffwechsel
aineenvaihdunta
ainevahetus, metabolism
medžiagų apykaita, metabolizmas
metabolism
metabolismo
metabolisms; vielmaiņa
metabolismus
metabolizam
metabolizem, presnavljanje, presnova
metabolizm
metabolizmus
metabolizmus/anyagcsere
métabolisme
stoffskifte
stofskifte
stofwisseling
μεταβολισμός
Метаболизъм
الأيض
[GEMET] The science concerned with the atmosphere and its phenomena.
[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci, 23/05/2013
meteorology
météorologie
Meteorologie
meteorologi
meteorologia
meteorologie
meteorologija
meteorologija, vremenoslovje
meteoroloogia
meteoroloģija
meteorológia
säätiede, ilmatiede
weerkunde
μετεωρολογία
Метеорология
علم الأرصاد الجوية
[GEMET] A way of proceeding or doing something, especially a systematic or regular one.
methods
[GEMET] 1) A representation, usually on a smaller scale, of a device, structure, etc. 2) A quantitative or mathematical representation or computer simulation which attempts to describe the characteristics or relationships of physical events.
model
[GEMET] To check regularly in order to perceive change in some quality or quantity.
[source of definition ] wikipedia" , "[controlled by ] Neagu Stefan 31/05/13
Monitoring
kontroll
meting
monitoraggio
monitoring
monitoring, monitorstvo, spremljanje, opazovanje
monitorings; uzraudzība
monitorizare
monitorização
overvågning
overvåking
praćenje
seire
seuranta
stebėjimas, kontrolė
surveillance
vigilancia
παρακολούθηση
Мониторинг
مراقبة
モニタリング
监测
[Henderson's] n. death.
Sterblichkeit
dödlighet
dødelighed
dødelighet
halálozás/halandóság
kuolleisuus
mirstība
mirtingumas
mortalidad
mortalidade
mortalita
mortalitate
mortality
mortalità
mortalité
smrtnost
smrtnost, umrljivost
sterfte
suremus
umieralność
úmrtnost
θνησιμότητα
Смъртност
معدل الوفيات
Sludge, slurry of mainly organic material
[source of definition ] International Peat Society Peat Dictionary" , "[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614
mud soil
Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule: halides, oxides, hydrides, etc.
nitrogen compounds
organism classification
US LTER controlled vocabulary , "original concept: organisms
million years ago
MYA
EnvThes unit , "NASA SWEET unit
[Henderson's] mycorrhiza n. symbiotic association between plant roots and certain fungi, in which a sheath of fungal tissue (the mantle) encloses the smallest rootlets. There are two main types. In ectomycorrhizas the fungal hyphae penetrate between the cells of the epidermis and cortex. In endomy­corrhizas they penetrate the plant cells themselves and an external fungal sheath is often lacking. Mycorrhizas are essential for optimum growth and development in many trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. plu. mycorrhizae, mycorrhizas. a. mycorrhizal.
mycorrhizae
[Henderson's] n. the organisms swimming actively in water.
nekton
HNO3
Nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid. The pure compound is colorless, but older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen and water. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68%. When the solution contains more than 86% HNO3, it is referred to as fuming nitric acid. Depending on the amount of nitrogen dioxide present, fuming nitric acid is further characterized as white fuming nitric acid or red fuming nitric acid, at concentrations above 95%. Nitric acid is the primary reagent used for nitration - the addition of a nitro group, typically to an organic molecule. While some resulting nitro compounds are shock- and thermally-sensitive explosives, a few are stable enough to be used in munitions and demolition, while others are still more stable and used as pigments in inks and dyes. Nitric acid is also commonly used as a strong oxidizing agent.
nitric acid
[GEMET] An essential nutrient in the food supply of plants and the diets of animals. Animals obtain it in nitrogen-containing compounds, particularly amino acids. Although the atmosphere is nearly 80% gaseous nitrogen, very few organisms have the ability to use it in this form. The higher plants normally obtain it from the soil after micro-organisms have converted the nitrogen into ammonia or nitrates, which they can then absorb.
Stickstoff
azot
azotas
azote
azoto
dusík
dušik
kväve
kvælstof
lämmastik
nitrogen
nitrogén
nitrógeno
slāpeklis
stikstof
typpi
άζωτο
Азот
النيتروجين
nitrogen concentration in weight per volume or weight per weight or volume per volume
nitrogen content
content of nitrogen
[Henderson's] n. assumption of features or structures intended to deceive enemies, e.g. forms of leaf and stick insects, and all varieties of protective coloration.
simulation
Refers to the large pool of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial and aquatic environments.
Organische Substanz
látka organická
materia organica
materia orgánica
materie organică
matière organique
matéria orgânica
orgaaniline aine
orgaaninen aine
organic matter
organické látky
organinė medžiaga
organische stof
organisk materiale
organisk stof
organiska viela
organiskt material
organska snov
organska tvar
substancja ograniczna
szerves anyag
οργανική ύλη
Органичен материал
مادة عضوية
有机质
有機物
[GEMET] A gaseous chemical element; an essential element in cellular respiration and in combustion processes; the most abundant element in the earth's crust and about 20% of the air by volume.
oxygen
oxygène
[Henderson's] n. O3, gas formed from oxygen (O2) under the action of short-wavelength ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere, where it forms the ozone layer. This ab­sorbs considerable solar ultraviolet radia­tion and shields the Earth’s surface from its harmful effects. Ozone is also formed as a pollutant in the lower atmosphere from e.g. nitrogen oxides. It is damaging to herbaceous plants at levels greater than 100 parts per billion.
ozone
[Henderson's] n. special case of symbiosis in which one partner (the parasite) receives advantage to the detriment of the other (the host).
parasitism
[Henderson's] n. a chemical released in minute amounts by one organism which is detected and acts as a signal to another member of the same species. Examples are the volatile sexual attractants released by some female insects, which can attract males from a distance. Some pheromones act as alarm signals.
pheromone
[Henderson's] n. (1) the use of light energy to power biosynthesis in living organisms; (2) in green plants, algae and cyanobacteria, it is the synthesis of carbo­hydrate from carbon dioxide as a carbon source and water as a hydrogen donor with the release of oxygen as a waste product, using light energy trapped by the green pigment chlorophyll. The primary prod­ucts are ATP and NADPH, formed in the presence of light. These are then used in carbohydrate synthesis (the dark reaction). In green plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts; (3) a similar process in other bacteria, but using hydro­gen donors other than water and produc­ing waste products other than oxygen. a. photosynthetic. see also bacterioch­lorophyll, Calvin cycle, chlorophyll, photo­phosphorylation, photosystem I and II, reaction centre.
Photosynthese
fotosintesi
fotosinteza
fotosinteză
fotosintezė
fotosintēze
fotossíntese
fotosynteesi
fotosyntes
fotosyntese
fotosynteza
fotosynthese
fotosyntéza
fotoszintézis
fotosíntesis
fotosüntees
photosynthesis
photosynthèse
φωτοσύνθεση
Фотосинтеза
التمثيل الضوئي
[Henderson's] n. the small marine or freshwater photosynthetic organisms (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton) drifting with the surrounding water. a. planktic.
[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen
Plankton
keijusto, plankton
mikroorganizmy wodne
plancton
plankton
planktonas
planktons
planktón
plâncton
πλαγκτόν
Планктон
العوالق
[Henderson's] the changes in the structure of a population over time, i.e. the changes in the relative numbers of individuals of particular ages, different sexes, or different forms.
Populationsdynamik
bevolkingsdemografie
dinamica della popolazione
dinamică a populaţiei
dinámica de poblaciones
dinâmica de populações
dynamika ludności
dynamika populace
dynamique de population
gibanje prebivalstva
iedzīvotāju dinamika
kannanvaihtelu
népességdinamika
populacijska dinamika
populasjonsdynamikk
population dynamics
populationsdynamik
populatsioonidünaamika
populačná dynamika
populiacijos dinamika
πληθυσμιακή δυναμική
Динамика на населението
ديناميات السكان
個体群動態
种群动态
precipitation measure
[Henderson's] n. in ecology, the assimilation of nutrients into biomass. see net primary production, primary production.
production
[Henderson's] n. the amount of organic matter ﬁxed by an ecosystem per unit time. see primary production.
[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 23/05/2013
Produktivität
productividad
productivitate
productiviteit
productivity
productivité
produkcyjność
produktivita
produktivitet
produktivnost
produktyvumas, našumas
produtividade
produttività
ražīgums; produktivitāte
storilnost, produktivnost
termelékenység
tootlikkus, tootlus; jõudlus; tööviljakus
tuottavuus
παραγωγικότητα
Производителност
الإنتاجية
Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world. There are eight different genera in the family classified as rabbits, including the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), cottontail rabbits (genus Sylvilagus; 13 species), and the Amami rabbit (Pentalagus furnessi, an endangered species on Amami Ōshima, Japan). There are many other species of rabbit, and these, along with pikas and hares, make up the order Lagomorpha. The male is called a buck and the female is a doe; a young rabbit is a kitten or kit. [DBPedia]
rabbits
[GEMET] A class of terrestrial vertebrates, characterized by the lack of hair, feathers, and mammary glands; the skin is covered with scales, they have a three chambered heart and the pleural and peritoneal cavities are continuous.
reptiles
[Henderson's] n. area of soil immediately sur­rounding and inﬂuenced by plant roots.
rhizosphere
Juuri
Racine
Radice
Rot
Wurzel
[Henderson's] n. (1) descending portion of plant, ﬁxing it in soil, and absorbing water and min­erals, and having a characteristic arrange­ment of vascular tissues; (2) radix q.v.; (5) pedicle of vertebra; (6) efferent and afferent ﬁbres of a spinal nerve, leaving or entering the spinal cord.
root
The separation of an insoluble solid from a liquid in which it is suspended by settling under the influence of gravity or centrifugation.
[source of definition ] GEMET" , "[controlled by ] Tomas Staszevski , 2013-06-08
sedimentation
air pressure
barometric pressure
[NASA] The amount of force exerted over a surface area, caused by the weight of air molecules above it. As elevation increases, fewer air molecules are present. Therefore, atmospheric pressure always decreases with increasing height. A column of air, 1 square inch in cross section, measured from sea level to the top of the atmosphere would weigh approximately 14.7 lb/in2. The standard value for atmospheric pressure at sea level is: 29.92 inches or 760 mm of mercury 1013.25 millibars (mb) or 101,325 pascals (Pa).
atmospheric pressure
see dispersal
[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2015" , "[comments ] no definition necessary
seed dispersal
种子散发
種子拡散
A young plant that is grown from a seed
[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22" , "[source of definition ] http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/seedling, 2013-08-13
seedling
[Henderson's] n. (1) reproductive unit formed from a fertilized ovule, and consisting of an embryo, food store and protective coat. Produced by gymnosperms and angio­sperms; (2) semen q.v.; (3) v. to introduce microorganisms into a culture medium.
seed
[Henderson's] n. (1) microplankton q.v.; (2) all bodies, living and non-living, ﬂoating or swimming in water.
seston
selvicultura
[Henderson's] n. the cultivation of trees and management of forests and woodland for timber.
silviculture research
[Henderson's] n. (1) shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc; (2) migrating pseudoplasmodium of a cellular slime mould.
slugs
[Henderson's] n. generally refers to a member of the large group of terrestrial and freshwater gastropod molluscs of the subclass Pulmonata, which have a helically coiled shell, no ctenidia, and in which the mantle cavity is used as a lung.
snails
[GEMET] The study of the inorganic and organic components of the soil and its life cycles.
chimie des sols
soil chemistry
Classification may refer to soil categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood.
[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614" , "[source of definition ] Wikipedia
soil classification
[source of definition ] Wikipedia" , "[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614
soil temperature
texture of soil
Refers to the relative proportions of the various particle size groups (sand, silt and clay) of the individual soil grains in a mass of soil.
Bodentextur
augsnes tekstūra
bodemtextuur
dirvožemio tekstūra
jordtekstur
maaperän koostumus
marktextur
mullalõimis, mulla granulomeetriline koostis
složení půdy
soil texture
talajszerkezet
tekstura tal
tekstura tla
tessitura del suolo
textura de suelo
textura do solo
texture du sol
textură a solului
uziarnienie gleby
zrnitosť pôdy
υφή (σύσταση) του εδάφους
Структура на почвите
تكوين التربة
[Henderson's] water that ﬁlls the spaces between soil particles and pores in rocks above the level of the water table. cf. groundwater.
(diep) grondwater
Bodenwasser
acqua del suolo
agua de suelo
apă din sol
augsnes ūdens
dirvožemio vanduo
eau du sol
grundvand
jordvatten
maavesi
markvann
mullavesi
pôdna voda
soil water
talajvíz
talna voda
voda u tlu
voda v půdě
woda glebowa
água do solo
εδαφικό ύδωρ
Почвени води
ماء التربة
Volume of water of total soil volume
soil water content
[Henderson's] scanning-tunnelling electron microscope q.v. , "[Wikipedia] aboveground plant structures that have vascular tissue and that support leaves and flowers
stem
[GEMET] A critical examination of facts or conditions to provide information on a situation. Usually conducted by interviews and/or on-site visitations.
surveys
[Henderson's] n. (1) close and usually obligatory association of two organisms of different species living together, not necessarily to their mutual beneﬁt; (2) often used exclu­sively for an association in which both partners beneﬁt, which is more properly called mutualism. a. symbiotic.
symbiose
symbiosis
[Henderson's] n. the analysis of an organism’s characteristics for the purpose of classiﬁca­tion
Taxonomie
rendszertan
taksonomi
taksonomia
taksonomia, luokittelu
taksonomija
taksonoomia
tassonomia
taxonomi
taxonomia
taxonomie
taxonomy
taxonomía
taxonómia
ταξονομία
Таксономика
علم التصنيف
分类学
分類学
[Henderson's] n. superkingdom or domain of prokaryotic microorganisms containing all prokaryotes that are not members of the Archaea. Distinguished from the Archaea on the basis of molecular phylogenetics and biochemistry. The Bacteria is an ex­tremely metabolically and ecologically diverse group of unicellular microorgan­isms, free-living in soil and water or as parasites and saprophytes of plants and animals, the parasitic forms causing many familiar infectious diseases. Bacteria typically possess cell walls, and reproduce by binary ﬁssion or asexual endospores and also transfer genetic material by sexual processes (conjugation) and by virus (bacteriophage)-mediated transfer (transduction). see Appendix 5 for the main groups distinguished within the Bacteria, which all have individual entries in the dictionary.
bacteria
[GEMET] A property that determines the direction of heat flow when an objekt is brought into thermal contact with other objects: heat flows from regions of higher to those of lower temperatures.
temperature
温度
thickniss of layer
thickness
thinning
[GEMET] The periodic rise and fall of the water resulting from gravitational interaction between the sun, moon and earth. In each lunar day of 24 hours and 49 minutes there are two high tides and two low tides.
tide
Tillage is the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning.
tillage
retranslocation
[Henderson's] n. (1) movement or removal to a different place or habitat; (2) move­ment of material in solution within an organism, esp. in phloem of plant; (3) chro­mosomal rearrangement in which part of a chromosome breaks off and is rejoined to a non-homologous chromosome. see also reciprocal translocation; (4) appl. protein, movement of a protein across a membrane.
translocation
trout
[Henderson's] n. treeless Polar region with permanently frozen subsoil, bare of vegetation or may support mosses, lichens, herbaceous plants and dwarf shrubs.
toundra
tundra
US LTER controlled vocabularybr /ILTER BIOME
Tundra
toendra
tundră
τούνδρα
Тундра
التندرة
[Henderson's] n. the plant cover of an area, con­sidered generally, and not taxonomically.
Vegetation
augmenija
kasvillisuus
plantegroei
raslinje
rastlinstvo, vegetacija
roślinność
taimkond
vegetace
vegetación
vegetasjon
vegetation
vegetazione
vegetação
vegetaţie
vegetácia
vegetáció
veģetācija
végétation
βλάστηση
Зеленина
المساحة المنزرعة
植生
植被
[GEMET] Any chordate animal of the subphylum Vertebrata, characterized by a bony or cartilaginous skeleton and a well-developed brain: the group contains fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
vertebrates
[Henderson's] n. the layer of tissue external to the vascular cambium in woody plants, com­prising the secondary phloem, cortex and outermost periderm.
bark
Water storage is a term used within agriculture to define locations where water is stored for later use
water storage
[source of definition ] wikipedia" , "[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013
[GEMET] The dividing line between two adjacent river systems, such as a ridge.
watershed
[Henderson's] n. area habitually saturated with water. It may be partly or wholly covered permanently, occasionally or periodically, by fresh or salt water up to a depth of 6 metres. Wetlands include bogs, fens, ﬂood meadows, marshland and salt marshes, shallow ponds, river estuaries, and intertidal mud ﬂats, but exclude rivers, streams, lakes and oceans.
wetland
US LTER controlled vocabularybr /MAES Working Group
The coldest season of the year in temperate climates, between autumn and spring
winter
[Henderson's] n. (1) secondary xylem q.v.; (2) the hard, generally non-living part of a tree.
bois
wood
A measure of a material's ability to neutralize acids
[controlled by ] Tomas Staszevski , 2013-06-08" , "[source of definition ] General Chemistry online http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem
alkalinity of soil
organizational unit
This concept addresses biological systems (e.g. NT population, community) and spatial terms like region and landscape or environment as a whole.
[Henderson's] n. the science dealing with living organisms, a term coined by J.B. de Lamarck in 1802.
Biologie
biologi
biologia
biologie
biologija
biology
biología
bioloogia
bioloģija
biológia
βιολογία
Биология
علم الأحياء - البيولوجيا
生物学
[Henderson's] n. (1) total weight, volume or energy equivalent of organisms in a given area; (2) plant materials and animal wastes used as a source of fuel or other industrial products; (3) in biotechnology, the micro­bial matter in the system.
biomass
biomasse
[Henderson's] n. (1) total weight, volume or energy equivalent of organisms in a given area; (2) plant materials and animal wastes used as a source of fuel or other industrial products; (3) in biotechnology, the microbial matter in the system.
too unspecific for the concept of biological substance (this should be something which can be classified in a chemical way)
Biomasse
biomasa
biomass, elusaine hulk
biomassa
biomassza
biomasă
biomasė
βιομάζα
Биомаса
الكتلة الحيوية
生物产量
生物体系学
burning
[Henderson's] n. (1) characteristic plant community developing on wet, very acid peat, con­taining e.g. sundews (Drosera spp.), sphag­num moss and bog myrtle (Myrica gale). see blanket bog, raised bog; (2) sometimes also refers to alkaline bogs developing in valleys. cf. fen.
bog
[BIPON]* A quantity representing the three-dimensional space occupied by all or part of an object. , "Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by some closed boundary, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains.
volume
[CCON] The conservation status of a group of organisms (for instance, a species) indicates whether the group is extant (members of it are still alive) and how likely the group is to become extinct in the near future. Source: wikipedia.org
conservation status
MS Academic Keywords
[Henderson's] a measure of the biological diversity (generally the species diversity) within an environment. There are various types of diversity index, which are calculated in various ways from the number of species present and their relative abundance (see e.g. Simpson diversity index). Such indices can be used to detect ecological changes due e.g. to stress on an environment. cf. biotic index.
diversity index
[CCON] Consists of the period of the year in some tropical climate areas with average rainfall less than 60mm by month.
dry season
MAT
[CCON] It is a measure of the thermal energy per particle of matter or radiation; it is measured by a thermometer, which may be calibrated in any of various temperature scales, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, etc (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature).
mean annual temperature
MS Academic Keyword
[FIRE] It is a measure of the thermal energy per particle of matter or radiation; it is measured by a thermometer, which may be calibrated in any of various temperature scales, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, etc (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature).
maximum temperature
Erittäin uhanalainen laji,Uhanalaisuus
En truet dyreart er en art som av ulike grunner står i fare for å bli utryddet. Mange land har lover som gir spesiell beskyttelse til disse dyreartene (lover som for eksempel kan forby handel og jakt, eller forby utvikling av dyreartenes naturlige habitat og lignende), for å unngå at de blir totalt utryddet. Bare noen få av de mange truede dyreartene kommer på listen og blir gitt beskyttelse ved loven. Mange flere dyrearter blir utryddet, eller vil potensielt bli utryddet, uten å få offentlig oppmerksomhet. At en dyreart havner på en liste over truede dyrearter kan også være en ulempe, siden det gjør dyrearten mer verdifull og ønsket blant samlere og krypskyttere., Trua arter er arter som trues av utryddelse (står i fare for å dø ut). Trusselbildet kan variere, både mellom artene og innad i en art, herunder også både internasjonalt og nasjonalt. Verdens naturvernunion (IUCN) har derfor utarbeidet ei internasjonal rødliste for bedre å kunne ivareta internasjonale og nasjonale spørsmål om trua arter. Den internasjonale rødlista ivaretas av Species Survival Commission (SSC), mens nasjonale rødlister ivaretas av et lokalt oppnevnt organ.
Una especie se considera en peligro de extinción, sea vegetal o animal, cuando se encuentra comprometida su existencia globalmente. Esto se puede deber tanto a la depredación directa sobre la especie como a la desaparición de un recurso del cual esta dependa, tanto por la acción del hombre, debido a cambios en el hábitat, producto de hechos fortuitos o por cambios graduales del clima. En la versión 2009 de la Lista Roja de la UICN 2.448 taxones de animales y 2.280 de plantas se encuentran bajo la categoría 'En Peligro', junto con otros 1.665 taxones de animales y 1.575 de plantas que también lo hacen pero bajo la categoría de 'En peligro crítico'. Muchas naciones cuentan con leyes para proteger a las especies que dependen de su conservación para existir, por ejemplo con la prohibición de su caza. Sin embargo, pocas especies obtienen una protección legal considerable, extinguiéndose muchas sin ningún tipo de reconocimiento público. La extinción de una especie es irreparable y, de momento, irreversible, afectando de manera directa o indirecta a la cadena alimentaria y, eventualmente, al propio ser humano. , "Gatunek zagrożony – w znaczeniu ogólnym to gatunek w większym lub mniejszym stopniu zagrożony wyginięciem, w wąskim znaczeniu to jedna z kategorii zagrożenia stosowanych do klasyfikacji gatunków zagrożonych wyginięciem. , "En utrotningshotad art är en art som hotas av utrotning, antingen på grund av att den till antalet är få, eller att den hotas av förändrande miljömässiga eller rovdjursparametrar. Dessa finns ofta med på IUCN:s rödlista, som i Sverige hanteras av ArtDatabanken. IUCN har beräknat att antalet utrotningshotade arter är 40% av alla organismer. Bara en liten andel av det totala antalet beskrivna arter i världen har dock utvärderats av IUCN. Enligt forskare finns det med stor sannolikhet också många hotade arter som människan ännu inte har upptäckt. Många länder äar lagar som erbjuder skydd till arter; de skydden kan vara att förbjuda jakt, fridlysa dem, skapa naturreservat, och så vidare. I Sverige arbetar Naturvårdsverket, ArtDatabanken och länsstyrelserna med Åtgärdsprogram för hotade arter för att försöka bevara dem. Orsaker till att arter blir utrotningshotade är flera, men bland de mest påtagliga är habitatförlust. Även för hård jakt, fiske eller annan typ av fångst eller insamling kan vara orsak till att en art blir utrotningshotad. Den internationella handel med utrotningshotade djur och växter hanteras av CITES. , "Uma espécie ameaçada é uma espécie cujas populações estão decrescendo a ponto de colocá-la em risco de extinção. Muitos países têm legislação que protege estas espécies, proibindo a caça e protegendo seus habitats, mas essa legislação tem se demonstrado insuficiente para evitar que um número crescente de espécies deixe de existir, sem que se tenha notícia deste fato. Não há consenso sobre os critérios de inclusão de uma espécie na lista das ameaçadas. Há uma interpretação corrente de que a preservação de espécies ameaçadas é incompatível com a exploração económica do ambiente em que vivem, que deveria ser preservado como um santuário ecológico intocável. Isto é verdade em alguns casos extremos, mas não em todos. Cresce o número de propostas de uso económico sustentável de habitats naturais, combinando agricultura com preservação da cobertura vegetal e portanto da diversidade da flora e da fauna. No Brasil, a legislação tem feito alguns avanços nos últimos anos, embora na prática a falta de fiscalização e a impunidade dos infratores implique em que não seja respeitada. , "Uhanalaisuus määritellään perinteisesti siten, että eliölajiin tai sen populaatioon kohdistuu lopullisen häviämisen vaara. Lajin uhanalaisuuden arviointi on lajin levinneisyyden, yleisyyden ja runsauden muutosten ennakoimista käytössä olevien tietojen perusteella. Uhanalaisuutta arvioitaessa populaatioiden häviämisnopeus on olennainen tekijä, ja uhanalaisten lajien suojelutyössä häviämisnopeuteen pyritään vaikuttamaan eri keinoin. , "Si definisce specie a rischio una specie animale o vegetale che, a causa della esiguità della popolazione ed in virtù di sopravvenuti mutamenti nel suo habitat usuale, è a rischio di estinzione. , "瀕危物種(Endangered species)是指由於濫捕、盜獵、環境破壞、數量稀少、棲地狹窄等種種原因導致有滅絕危機的物種。 一個關鍵物種的滅絕可能破壞當地的食物鏈，造成生態系的不穩定，並可能最終導致整個生態系統的崩解。 , "En biologie et écologie, le terme espèce menacée s'applique à toute espèce qui risque de disparaître. , "An endangered species is a population of organisms which is at risk of becoming extinct because it is either few in numbers, or threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has calculated the percentage of endangered species as 40 percent of all organisms based on the sample of species that have been evaluated through 2006. Many nations have laws offering protection to conservation reliant species: for example, forbidding hunting, restricting land development or creating preserves. Only a few of the many species at risk of extinction actually make it to the lists and obtain legal protection like Pandas. Many more species become extinct, or potentially will become extinct, without gaining public notice. , "En truet dyreart er en art som av ulike grunner står i fare for å bli utryddet. Mange land har lover som gir spesiell beskyttelse til disse dyreartene (lover som for eksempel kan forby handel og jakt, eller forby utvikling av dyreartenes naturlige habitat og lignende), for å unngå at de blir totalt utryddet. Bare noen få av de mange truede dyreartene kommer på listen og blir gitt beskyttelse ved loven. Mange flere dyrearter blir utryddet, eller vil potensielt bli utryddet, uten å få offentlig oppmerksomhet. At en dyreart havner på en liste over truede dyrearter kan også være en ulempe, siden det gjør dyrearten mer verdifull og ønsket blant samlere og krypskyttere. , "Trua arter er arter som trues av utryddelse (står i fare for å dø ut). Trusselbildet kan variere, både mellom artene og innad i en art, herunder også både internasjonalt og nasjonalt. Verdens naturvernunion (IUCN) har derfor utarbeidet ei internasjonal rødliste for bedre å kunne ivareta internasjonale og nasjonale spørsmål om trua arter. Den internasjonale rødlista ivaretas av Species Survival Commission (SSC), mens nasjonale rødlister ivaretas av et lokalt oppnevnt organ. , "Tiedosto:Status iucn3.1 EN fi. svg Erittäin uhanalainen laji IUCN:n uhanalaisuusluokittelussa. Erittäin uhanalainen laji on eliölaji, jonka vaara kadota luonnosta lähiaikoina on erittäin suuri. Esimerkiksi yksi erittäin uhanalaisista lajeista on gorilla.. Suomessa erittäin uhanalaisia lajeja ovat muun muassa jokihelmisimpukka ja ahma.. Kaiken kaikkiaan vuoden 2000 uhanalaisarvioinnissa luokiteltiin Suomen eliöistä erittäin uhanalaisiksi 5 nisäkäslajia, 6 lintua, 4 kalaa, 242 selkärangatonta, 52 putkilokasvia, 37 itiökasvia ja 106 sienilajia eli yhteensä 452 eliölajia. Kansainvälisen luonnonsuojeluliiton IUCN:n uhanalaisuusluokituksessa erittäin uhanalainen (EN, Endangered) on yksi uhanalaisuuden tasoista.
A shrew or shrew mouse (family Soricidae) is a small mole-like mammal classified in the order Soricomorpha. True shrews are also not to be confused with West Indies shrews, treeshrews, otter shrews, or elephant shrews, which belong to different families or orders.Although its external appearance is generally that of a long-nosed mouse, a shrew is not a rodent, as mice are, and is in fact more closely related to moles. Shrews have sharp, spike-like teeth, not the familiar gnawing front incisor teeth of rodents.Shrews are distributed almost worldwide: of the major tropical and temperate land masses, only New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand do not have any native shrews; in South America, shrews are relatively recent immigrants and are present only in the northern Andes. In terms of species diversity, the shrew family is the fourth most successful mammal family, being rivalled only by the muroid rodent families Muridae and Cricetidae and the bat family Vespertilionidae. [DBPedia]
shrews
Art
Laji
especie
espécie
物种
Art inom keltisk mytolgi, se Art (keltisk mytologi) Art eller det biologiska artbegreppet är ett begrepp inom biologi. I biologisk systematik delar man in organismerna i grupper som är nära släkt med varandra och grupper av grupper som är ganska nära släkt med varandra, och så vidare i en hierarki. Art är den grupp som i betydelse ligger närmast vardagsspråkets betydelse för djursort. Som exempel är lejon, tiger och katt både olika djur i vardagsspråket och olika arter i vetenskaplig mening. Länge ansågs artbegreppet som den självklara grundläggande (minsta) enheten i systematiken. Sedan uppkomsten av evolutionsteorin har begreppet dock undergått djupgående förändringar. Ändå har man inte lyckats enas om en definition av begreppet. Den nu vanligaste definitionen myntades av Ernst Mayr. Den säger att en art utgörs av populationer, vars individer kan föröka sig tillsammans men inte med någon individ som tillhör en population som inte tillhör arten. Alla arter är definierade av en typ. En typ är en unik organism som fungerar som referens för definitionen av en specifik art. Varje art har en typ.
Dans les sciences du vivant, l’espèce (du latin species, « type » ou « apparence ») est le taxon de base de la systématique. Il existe plus d'une vingtaine de définitions de l'espèce dans la littérature scientifique. La définition la plus communément admise est celle du concept biologique de l'espèce énoncé par Ernst Mayr (1942) : une espèce est une population ou un ensemble de populations dont les individus peuvent effectivement ou potentiellement se reproduire entre eux et engendrer une descendance viable et féconde, dans des conditions naturelles. Ainsi, l'espèce est la plus grande unité de population au sein de laquelle le flux génétique est possible alors que les individus d'une même espèce sont génétiquement isolés d’autres ensembles équivalents du point de vue reproductif. Pourtant le critère d’interfécondité ne peut pas toujours être vérifié : c'est le cas pour les fossiles, les organismes asexués ou pour des espèces rares ou difficiles à observer. D’autres définitions peuvent donc être utilisées : espèce morphologique : groupe d'individus défini par des caractéristiques structurales (taille, forme…) espèce phylogénétique : la plus petite lignée d’une population pouvant être définie par une combinaison unique de caractères diagnostiques; espèce écologique : groupe d’organismes partageant une même niche écologique; espèce phénétique : ensemble d’organismes vivants se ressemblant (critères de similitudes morphologiques, anatomiques, embryologiques, etc. ) plus entre eux qu’à d’autres ensembles équivalents.
Die Art oder Spezies ist die Grundeinheit der biologischen Systematik. Eine allgemeine Definition der Art oder Spezies, die die theoretischen und praktischen Anforderungen aller biologischen Teildisziplinen gleichermaßen erfüllt, ist bislang nicht gelungen. Vielmehr existieren in der Biologie verschiedene Artkonzepte, die zu unterschiedlichen Klassifikationen führen. Das Problem der Artdefinition besteht eigentlich aus zwei Teilproblemen: Gruppenbildung (Welche Individuen gehören zusammen?) und Rangbildung (Welche der zahlreichen, ineinander geschachtelten Gruppen abgestufter Ähnlichkeiten und Beziehungen wollen wir 'Art' nennen?) . Die Hauptunterschiede der verschiedenen Artkonzepte liegen dabei auf der Ebene der Rangbildung. Eine Gruppe von Lebewesen unabhängig von ihrem Rang nennen Taxonomen eine 'Sippe' oder ein 'Taxon'.
En biología se denomina especie a cada uno de los grupos en que se dividen los géneros, es decir, la limitación de lo genérico en un ámbito morfológicamente concreto. En biología, una especie es la unidad básica de la clasificación biológica. Una especie se define a menudo como grupo de organismos capaces de entrecruzar y de producir descendencia fértil. Mientras que en muchos casos esta definición es adecuada, medidas más exactas o que diferencian más son de uso frecuente, por ejemplo basado en la semejanza del ADN o en la presencia de rasgos local-adaptados específicos. Es un grupo de poblaciones naturales cuyos miembros pueden cruzarse entre sí, pero no pueden hacerlo -o al menos no lo hacen habitualmente- con los miembros de poblaciones pertenecientes a otras especies. En este concepto, el aislamiento en la reproducción respecto de otras especies es central. Es un grupo de organismos reproductivamente homogéneo, pero muy cambiante a lo largo del tiempo y del espacio. En muchos casos los grupos de organismos que se separan de la población original, y quedan aislados del resto, pueden alcanzar una diferenciación suficiente como para convertirse en una nueva especie. Los nombres de uso general para los taxa de la planta y del animal corresponden a veces a la especie: por ejemplo, «león», «morsa» y «árbol de alcanfor». Pero no a menudo: por ejemplo, la palabra «ciervo» se refiere a una familia de 34 especies, incluyendo el ciervo eurasiático y el wapiti, que una vez fueron consideradas una sola especie pero que se ha encontrado que son dos. Una definición apropiada de la palabra «especie» y métodos de confianza para identificar una especie particular es esencial para indicar y probar teorías biológicas y para la biodiversidad que mide. Tradicionalmente, los ejemplos múltiples de una especie propuesta se deben estudiar para los caracteres de la unificación antes de que pueda ser mirada como especie. Las especies extintas sabidas solamente de fósiles son generalmente difíciles de dar graduaciones taxonómicas exactas a. Una especie que se ha descrito científico se puede referir por sus nombres binomiales.
Espécie, é um conceito fundamental da Biologia que designa a unidade básica do sistema taxonómico utilizado na classificação científica dos seres vivos. Embora existam múltiplas definições, nenhuma delas consensual, o conceito estrutura-se em torno da constituição de agrupamentos de indivíduos com profundas semelhanças estruturais e funcionais recíprocas, resultantes da partilha de um cariótipo idêntico, expresso numa estrutura cromossómica das células diplóides similar, que lhes confere acentuada uniformidade bioquímica e a capacidade de reprodução entre si, originando descendentes férteis e com o mesmo quadro geral de caracteres, num processo que, quando envolva um organismo sexuado, deve permitir descendentes férteis de ambos os sexos. Apesar de terem sido propostas múltiplas definições mais precisas, a dificuldade em encontrar uma definição universal para o conceito levou ao aparecimento do chamado problema da espécie e à adopção de formulações flexíveis utilizadas de forma pragmática em função das especificidades do grupo biológico a que o conceito é aplicado.
For opplæringsmetoden ART, se Aggression Replacement Training. Arten er en av de mest grunnleggende enhetene i biologien. En mye brukt definisjon er Ernst Mayrs biologiske artsbegrep: Arter er grupper av naturlige populasjoner som forplanter seg med hverandre, og som forplantningsmessig er isolert fra andre slike grupper. Mer presist kan man, med få unntak, si at en art er en gruppe individer som kan få fertilt (fruktbart) avkom med hverandre. Ofte kan ulike arter få felles avkom, men dette avkommet vil i sin tur normalt ikke selv være fertilt. I systematikken er arten den basale kategorien, det vil si at enhver organisme hører til en. og bare én, art. Arten er dessuten den eneste kategorien som ikke er vilkårlig: Kategorier over artsnivået og kategorier under artsnivået avgrenses i tråd med det biologiske skjønn hos en systematiker. Arter derimot, er ifølge det biologiske artsbegrepet «selvdefinerende» enheter. Det vil si at spørsmålet om to organismer hører til samme art er av vitenskapelig karakter, det kan ikke avgjøres ved skjønn. Dersom genflyt mellom to populasjoner er mulig, hører de til samme art. Om genflyt er umulig, hører populasjonene til forskjellige arter. Det er her viktig å presisere under hvilke omstendigheter genflyten skjer. Bare hvis genflyten mellom to tilsynelatende forskjellige arter skjer i naturlige omgivelser og uten noen som helst menneskelig innblanding, tilrettelegging eller annen manipulering, så har man samme art eller to underarter. Det er organismen selv som i frihet avgjør om den er en selvstendig art eller ikke. Og vitenskapens rolle er her bare å passivt registrere dette. Skjer derimot genflyten mellom to arter manipulert, som å flytte dem nærmere hverandre eller holde dem i fangenskap, drivhus, kastrere alle hanner av den ene art ol. , så er ikke det tilstrekkelig til å klassifisere dem som av samme art eller som underarter. Det skal da klassifiseres som raser. I praksis bruker man derimot også en del andre artsbegreper som definerer arter på grunnlag av likheter i ytre eller indre kroppsbygning eller lignende. Slike avgjørelser er i større eller mindre grad basert på skjønn, og angivelser som for eksempel at man kjenner til én million insektarter, eller at det er 260 000 arter av blomsterplanter og 15 000 arter av bregner, er derfor nødvendigvis omtrentlige.
Gatunek – termin stosowany w biologii w różnych znaczeniach, zależnie od kontekstu, w jakim występuje. Najczęściej pod pojęciem gatunku rozumie się: w znaczeniu ogólnym – zbiór osobników posiadających podobne cechy, zdolnych do swobodnego krzyżowania w warunkach naturalnych, w systematyce organizmów – podstawową jednostkę formalną organizacji świata ożywionego i jednocześnie najniższą z podstawowych kategorii systematycznych stosowanych w hierarchicznej strukturze klasyfikacji biologicznej. Proces powstawania nowych gatunków biologicznych nazywany jest specjacją.
Laji on tieteellisessä luokittelussa käytettävä termi, jota käytetään biologiassa puhuttaessa eliöistä, jotka ovat joillakin tärkeillä tavoilla keskenään samankaltaisia. Eliöt on tapana järjestää sukulaisuusuhteiden mukaan hierarkkiseksi järjestelmäksi eli luokitetella. Tämän järjestelmän perusyksikkö on laji. Maapallolla nykyään eläviä lajeja ihminen tuntee noin 1,4 miljoonaa, mutta lajien todellisen lukumäärän arvioidaan olevan 5—50 miljoonaa. Lajit eivät eroa toisistaan aina selkeästi. Luokitteluun erikoistunut tutkija, dosentti Jyrki Muona on sanonut: 'Laji on psykologinen fiktio, joka johtuu siitä, että ihminen itse on niin omalaatuinen ja helposti tunnistettava olento. ' Toisaalta on myös todettu, että monissa paikoissa alkuperäisasukkaat luokittelevat kotialueensa eliöitä ryhmiin, jotka ovat hyvin yhteneväisiä tieteellisten lajien kanssa.
[Henderson's] n. in sexually reproducing organ­isms, a group of interbreeding individuals not normally able to interbreed with other such groups. A species is given two names in binomial nomenclature (e.g. Homo sapiens), the generic name and speciﬁc epithet (italicized in the scientiﬁc liter­ature), similar and related species being grouped into genera. Species can be sub­divided into subspecies, geographic races, and varieties.
种（Species）或稱物种，生物分类的基本单位，位于生物分类法中最後一级，在属之下。較為籠統的概念，是指一群或多或少与其它这样的群体形态不同，並能够交配繁殖的相关的生物群体。以演化生物學家恩斯特·麥爾（Ernst Mayr）的定义来说，物种是：「能够（或可能）相互配育的自然种群的类群，这些类群与其它这样的类群在生殖上相互隔离着。」昆虫学家陈世骧（1978）对物种所下定义为：「物种是繁殖单元，由又连续又间断的局群所组成；物种是进化单元，是生物系统线上的基本环节，是分类的基本单元。」。 在分类学中，一个物种被赋予一个拉丁化的雙名法名称。该名称使用斜体印刷，手写时则加上底線；属名首字母大写，屬名之後紧跟一个唯一的形容词，這個詞稱為種小名或種加詞，其首字母不可大寫。只有完整的双名制名称才称为「种名」，而非仅仅是双名制名称的第二个部分。例如人的种名叫Homo sapiens（有智慧的人），而不是sapiens。
Art (Spezies)
art
art (biologi)
arter
druh
especies
espèce
espécies
faj
gatunek
laji
liik (biol)
rūšys
soort
specie
species
sugas
vrsta
είδος
Видове
أنواع
Baum
Puu
Tre
Träd
albero
drzewo
árbol
árvore
Als Baum wird im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch eine holzige Pflanze verstanden, die aus einer Wurzel, einem daraus emporsteigenden, hochgewachsenen Stamm und einer belaubten Krone besteht.
Con il termine albero si intende una pianta legnosa perenne, capace di svilupparsi in altezza grazie ad un fusto legnoso, detto tronco, che solitamente inizia a ramificarsi a qualche metro dal suolo. L'insieme dei rami e delle foglie determina la chioma che può avere forme diverse a seconda delle specie e delle condizioni ambientali. Gli alberi si distinguono dagli arbusti non per le loro dimensioni ma per la presenza di un tronco nettamente identificabile e privo per un primo tratto di ramificazioni (esistono dei salici - alberi a tutti gli effetti - con portamento strisciante e alti solo pochi centimetri). Questa corretta definizione botanica viene tuttavia a volte disattesa qualora si parli di alberi riferendosi ai loro possibili usi commerciali: in questo caso a volte vengono fissate delle altezza minime per la definizione di albero (es. 5 m di altezza per alcune norme FAO). Il legno degli alberi è una fonte energetica (combustione diretta e carbone di legna) e un materiale da costruzione (intere abitazioni, travature, navi, mobili, oggetti d'uso comune ed artistici). Sempre dagli alberi, spesso coltivati allo scopo, si ricava cellulosa per la produzione della carta.
Denna artikel handlar om de växter som kallas träd, för träd i annan betydelse se träd (graf) och träd (datastruktur). Träd är en mångårig växt som är bunden till ståndort och består av ved. Ett träd kan ha en eller flera stammar som bär upp kronan. Veden ger träden egenskapen att bli mycket gamla och stora. Veden består av cellulosa och lignin, som är en form av limsubstans. 'Ett träd är en ettårig växt på ett åldrande skelett. ' (Holländsk definition av träd) Träd är större än buskar, som också har förvedad stam. Botaniskt finns inte någon entydigt fastslagen gräns mellan träd och buskar. Vissa trädslag uppträder både som träd och buske beroende på växtförhållandena. Enligt Nationalencyklopedin anses att ett träd ska kunna nå en höjd av minst fem meter, vilket dock många buskar också kan göra. Vissa arter som platsar både som buske och som träd benämns ibland buskträd. Benämningen träd används både på barrträd, som är större medlemmar av gruppen barrväxter (ordningen Coniferales), och på lövträd, som är (med undantag för Gingko) större medlemmar i gruppen gömfröväxter (underdivisionen Angiospermae), även kallade blomväxter. Barrträd är en evolutionärt sett betydligt äldre grupp, och lövträden är trots sin storlek betydligt närmare släkt med gräs och vanliga prydnadsblommor än vad de är med barrträd. Ett träd består av rötter, stam, grenar, kvistar och löv eller barr. Formen på träd kan variera och man skiljer på palmtyp, ektyp och grantyp. Inom skogsbruket övergår en planta till att vara ett träd när den uppnått brösthöjd (1,3 meter); det är också vid den höjden stamomkretsen normalt mäts. Med sly avses unga träd, oftast lövträd, utan ekonomiskt värde för skogsbruket. Inom plantskolenäringen mäts ett träds stamomfång (stamomkrets) en meter från marken. Den minsta storleken till försäljning brukar vara 6–8 cm i stamomfång, och den största ca 60–70 cm. Det är dock endast specialiserade plantskolor som kan leverera så stora träd. Träd som är mindre än 6–8 cm i stamomfång mäts i topphöjd (höjd mellan mark och topp) och brukar benämnas ungträd. Ungträd är dock minst en meter i topphöjd. Personer som arbetar med vård och inspektion av träd kallas för arborister, efter latinets arbor, träd.
Drzewa – grupa roślin, do której zaliczają się największe rośliny lądowe. Grupa ta nie jest taksonem – grupuje tylko organizmy roślinne podobne morfologicznie i funkcjonalnie. Drzewa są roślinami wieloletnimi o zdrewniałych łodygach (i zwykle też korzeniach). Od innych roślin drzewiastych różnią się posiadaniem łodygi głównej rozgałęziającej się dopiero od pewnej wysokości. Liczne rozgałęzienia wraz z listowiem tworzą koronę drzewa. Do drzew zalicza się niekiedy rośliny posiadające kłodzinę zamiast pnia zakończoną pękiem liści tj. paprocie drzewiaste, sagowcowe, palmy, pandany, juki i draceny. Bardziej zawężone definicje wyłączają wieloletnie rośliny o zdrewniałych łodygach, które nie posiadają zdolności przyrostu na grubość i nie tworzą korony ze zdrewniałych rozgałęzień łodygi. Dział botaniki zajmujący się drzewami to dendrologia (gr. δένδρον – drzewo). W Polsce kilkadziesiąt tysięcy najstarszych i najbardziej okazałych drzew podlega ochronie prawnej jako pomniki przyrody.
Fichier:Jacaranda trees in Montagu Ave, Harare, Zimbabwe in 1975. jpg Les arbres actuels sont principalement représentés par des espèces du groupe des plantes à fleurs comme ces jacarandas au Zimbabwe. Fichier:Fagus sylvatica seed 001. jpg Même les arbres les plus majestueux débutent leur existence sous forme de modestes plantules, comme celles-ci de hêtre (Fagus sylvatica). Fichier:Artocarpus altilis. jpg Les arbres contribuent significativement au bien-être et à la subsistance des sociétés humaines. De nombreuses espèces produisent des fruits comestibles, comme ici l'arbre à pain (Artocarpus altilis). Un arbre est une plante terrestre capable de se développer par elle-même en hauteur, en général au delà de sept mètres. Les arbres acquièrent une structure rigide composée d'un tronc qui peut éventuellement se ramifier en formant des branches. Les arbres sont des plantes pérennes qui vivent plusieurs années, le plus souvent plusieurs décennies, ou même plusieurs siècles.
Trær er vanligvis høyreiste planter, ofte med en stamme med greiner, men de kan ha flere stammer. Greiner og stamme består av langstrakte celler bygd opp av cellulose som er kittet sammen med lignin. Dette gjør veden hard og stabil. I tillegg inneholder veden i mange treslag kvae for å beskytte mot sopp og insektangrep. Trær er større enn busker, men noen entydig grense mellom trær og busker er ikke klart definert. Enkelte treslag opptrer både som tre og busk avhengig av vekstforholdene. Ifølge det svenske Nationalencyklopedin skal et tre kunne nå en minimumshøyde på fem meter, noe også mange busker gjør. Trær kan bli over 100 meter høye og tidvis bli over 1000 år gamle. Her i Norge kan gran bli 50 m høy og eik kan bli 1000 år gammel. Normalt dør trærne lenge før de når slik høyde og alder. De vanligste årsakene til at trær dør er soppangrep, insektangrep og stormfelling.
Un árbol es una planta perenne, de tallo leñoso, que se ramifica a cierta altura del suelo. El término hace referencia habitualmente a aquellas plantas cuya altura supera un determinado límite, diferente según las fuentes, 2 metros, 3 metros, 5 metros o los 6 m en su madurez. Además, producen ramas secundarias nuevas cada año que parten de un único fuste o tronco, con claro dominio apical, dando lugar a una nueva copa separada del suelo. Algunos autores establecen un mínimo de 10 cm de diámetro en el tronco (30 cm de circunferencia). Las plantas leñosas que no reúnen estas características por tener varios troncos, o son de pequeño tamaño, se consideran arbustos. Los árboles presentan una mayor longevidad que otros tipos de plantas. Ciertas especies de árboles pueden superar los 100 m de altura, y llegar a vivir durante miles de años. Los árboles son un importante componente del paisaje natural debido a que previenen la erosión y proporcionan un ecosistema protegido de las inclemencias del tiempo en su follaje y por debajo de él. También desempeñan un papel importante a la hora de producir oxígeno y reducir el dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera, así como moderar las temperaturas en el suelo. También, son elementos en el paisajismo y la agricultura, tanto por su atractivo aspecto como por su producción de frutos en huerto de frutales como el manzano. La madera de los árboles es un material de construcción, así como una fuente de energía primaria en muchos países en vías de desarrollo. Los árboles desempeñan también un importante papel en muchas mitologías del mundo.
Un árbol es una planta perenne, de tallo leñoso, que se ramifica a cierta altura del suelo. El término hace referencia habitualmente a aquellas plantas cuya altura supera un determinado límite, diferente según las fuentes, 2 metros, 3 metros, 5 metros o los 6 m en su madurez. Además, producen ramas secundarias nuevas cada año que parten de un único fuste o tronco, con claro dominio apical, dando lugar a una nueva copa separada del suelo. Algunos autores establecen un mínimo de 10 cm de diámetro en el tronco (30 cm de circunferencia). Las plantas leñosas que no reúnen estas características por tener varios troncos, o son de pequeño tamaño, se consideran arbustos. Los árboles presentan una mayor longevidad que otros tipos de plantas. Ciertas especies de árboles pueden superar los 100 m de altura, y llegar a vivir durante miles de años. Los árboles son un importante componente del paisaje natural debido a que previenen la erosión y proporcionan un ecosistema protegido de las inclemencias del tiempo en su follaje y por debajo de él. También desempeñan un papel importante a la hora de producir oxígeno y reducir el dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera, así como moderar las temperaturas en el suelo. También, son elementos en el paisajismo y la agricultura, tanto por su atractivo aspecto como por su producción de frutos en huerto de frutales como el manzano. La madera de los árboles es un material de construcción, así como una fuente de energía primaria en muchos países en vías de desarrollo. Los árboles desempeñan también un importante papel en muchas mitologías del mundo. , "Fichier:Jacaranda trees in Montagu Ave, Harare, Zimbabwe in 1975. jpg Les arbres actuels sont principalement représentés par des espèces du groupe des plantes à fleurs comme ces jacarandas au Zimbabwe. Fichier:Fagus sylvatica seed 001. jpg Même les arbres les plus majestueux débutent leur existence sous forme de modestes plantules, comme celles-ci de hêtre (Fagus sylvatica). Fichier:Artocarpus altilis. jpg Les arbres contribuent significativement au bien-être et à la subsistance des sociétés humaines. De nombreuses espèces produisent des fruits comestibles, comme ici l'arbre à pain (Artocarpus altilis). Un arbre est une plante terrestre capable de se développer par elle-même en hauteur, en général au delà de sept mètres. Les arbres acquièrent une structure rigide composée d'un tronc qui peut éventuellement se ramifier en formant des branches. Les arbres sont des plantes pérennes qui vivent plusieurs années, le plus souvent plusieurs décennies, ou même plusieurs siècles. , "Con il termine albero si intende una pianta legnosa perenne, capace di svilupparsi in altezza grazie ad un fusto legnoso, detto tronco, che solitamente inizia a ramificarsi a qualche metro dal suolo. L'insieme dei rami e delle foglie determina la chioma che può avere forme diverse a seconda delle specie e delle condizioni ambientali. Gli alberi si distinguono dagli arbusti non per le loro dimensioni ma per la presenza di un tronco nettamente identificabile e privo per un primo tratto di ramificazioni (esistono dei salici - alberi a tutti gli effetti - con portamento strisciante e alti solo pochi centimetri). Questa corretta definizione botanica viene tuttavia a volte disattesa qualora si parli di alberi riferendosi ai loro possibili usi commerciali: in questo caso a volte vengono fissate delle altezza minime per la definizione di albero (es. 5 m di altezza per alcune norme FAO). Il legno degli alberi è una fonte energetica (combustione diretta e carbone di legna) e un materiale da costruzione (intere abitazioni, travature, navi, mobili, oggetti d'uso comune ed artistici). Sempre dagli alberi, spesso coltivati allo scopo, si ricava cellulosa per la produzione della carta. , "樹是具有木質樹幹及樹枝的植物，可存活多年。一般将乔木称为树，主干，植株一，分枝距离地面较高，可以形成树冠。樹有很多種。 俗语中也有将比较大的灌木称为'树'的，如石榴树、茶树等。 , "Drzewa – grupa roślin, do której zaliczają się największe rośliny lądowe. Grupa ta nie jest taksonem – grupuje tylko organizmy roślinne podobne morfologicznie i funkcjonalnie. Drzewa są roślinami wieloletnimi o zdrewniałych łodygach (i zwykle też korzeniach). Od innych roślin drzewiastych różnią się posiadaniem łodygi głównej rozgałęziającej się dopiero od pewnej wysokości. Liczne rozgałęzienia wraz z listowiem tworzą koronę drzewa. Do drzew zalicza się niekiedy rośliny posiadające kłodzinę zamiast pnia zakończoną pękiem liści tj. paprocie drzewiaste, sagowcowe, palmy, pandany, juki i draceny. Bardziej zawężone definicje wyłączają wieloletnie rośliny o zdrewniałych łodygach, które nie posiadają zdolności przyrostu na grubość i nie tworzą korony ze zdrewniałych rozgałęzień łodygi. Dział botaniki zajmujący się drzewami to dendrologia (gr. δένδρον – drzewo). W Polsce kilkadziesiąt tysięcy najstarszych i najbardziej okazałych drzew podlega ochronie prawnej jako pomniki przyrody. , "Puu on suurikokoinen monivuotinen puuvartinen kasvi, jolla on yleensä yksi hallitseva varsi. Pienemmät puuvartiset kasvit, joilla on useita varsia ovat pensaita tai varpuja. Joskus rajanveto voi olla vaikeaa, koska pensailla ja varvuilla on puumaisia piirteitä. Puista muodostuneet metsät peittävät kolmanneksen maapallon maapinta-alasta. Maapallon metsissä on noin 45 000 eri puulajia, valtaosaltaan lehtipuita. Puulajitiede tunnetaan termillä dendrologia. Puuaines on jällestä sisäänpäin kasvavaa solukkoa. Puutavara on puusta, erityisesti puun rungosta, saatavan puuaineen yleisnimitys raaka-aineena ja kaupallisena tuotteena. Puut eivät muodosta taksonomisesti yhtenäistä ryhmää. Samaankin kasviheimoon, esimerkiksi ruusukasveihin, saattaa kuulua sekä puita että ruohomaisia kasveja. On kuitenkin myös heimoja, joiden kaikki lajit ovat puita tai pensaita, esimerkiksi koivukasvit, samoin kaikki paljassiemeniset kasvit, joista tärkeimpiä ovat havupuut. , "Denna artikel handlar om de växter som kallas träd, för träd i annan betydelse se träd (graf) och träd (datastruktur). Träd är en mångårig växt som är bunden till ståndort och består av ved. Ett träd kan ha en eller flera stammar som bär upp kronan. Veden ger träden egenskapen att bli mycket gamla och stora. Veden består av cellulosa och lignin, som är en form av limsubstans. 'Ett träd är en ettårig växt på ett åldrande skelett. ' (Holländsk definition av träd) Träd är större än buskar, som också har förvedad stam. Botaniskt finns inte någon entydigt fastslagen gräns mellan träd och buskar. Vissa trädslag uppträder både som träd och buske beroende på växtförhållandena. Enligt Nationalencyklopedin anses att ett träd ska kunna nå en höjd av minst fem meter, vilket dock många buskar också kan göra. Vissa arter som platsar både som buske och som träd benämns ibland buskträd. Benämningen träd används både på barrträd, som är större medlemmar av gruppen barrväxter (ordningen Coniferales), och på lövträd, som är (med undantag för Gingko) större medlemmar i gruppen gömfröväxter (underdivisionen Angiospermae), även kallade blomväxter. Barrträd är en evolutionärt sett betydligt äldre grupp, och lövträden är trots sin storlek betydligt närmare släkt med gräs och vanliga prydnadsblommor än vad de är med barrträd. Ett träd består av rötter, stam, grenar, kvistar och löv eller barr. Formen på träd kan variera och man skiljer på palmtyp, ektyp och grantyp. Inom skogsbruket övergår en planta till att vara ett träd när den uppnått brösthöjd (1,3 meter); det är också vid den höjden stamomkretsen normalt mäts. Med sly avses unga träd, oftast lövträd, utan ekonomiskt värde för skogsbruket. Inom plantskolenäringen mäts ett träds stamomfång (stamomkrets) en meter från marken. Den minsta storleken till försäljning brukar vara 6–8 cm i stamomfång, och den största ca 60–70 cm. Det är dock endast specialiserade plantskolor som kan leverera så stora träd. Träd som är mindre än 6–8 cm i stamomfång mäts i topphöjd (höjd mellan mark och topp) och brukar benämnas ungträd. Ungträd är dock minst en meter i topphöjd. Personer som arbetar med vård och inspektion av träd kallas för arborister, efter latinets arbor, träd. , "木（き、樹、Template:Lang-en-short）は、植物の形のひとつ。木本（もくほん）、樹木（じゅもく）とも言う。 硬い幹をもち、幾本もの枝があり、地面に根を張り、生長する。幹は木質化し、次第に太く成長する。枝の先には葉と芽を付け、花を咲かせ、主に種子をもって繁殖する。 一般に、木・樹木というと立木、特に高木を指す場合もある。 , "A tree is a perennial woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance. A minimum height specification at maturity is cited by some authors, varying from 3 m to 6 m; some authors set a minimum of 10 cm trunk diameter (30 cm girth). Woody plants that do not meet these definitions by having multiple stems and/or small size are called shrubs. Compared with most other plants, trees are long-lived, some reaching several thousand years old and growing to up to 115 m (379 ft) high. Trees are an important component of the natural landscape because of their prevention of erosion and the provision of a weather-sheltered ecosystem in and under their foliage. They also play an important role in producing oxygen and reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, as well as moderating ground temperatures. They are also elements in landscaping and agriculture, both for their aesthetic appeal and their orchard crops. Wood from trees is a building material, as well as a primary energy source in many developing countries. Trees also play a role in many of the world's mythologies. , "Trær er vanligvis høyreiste planter, ofte med en stamme med greiner, men de kan ha flere stammer. Greiner og stamme består av langstrakte celler bygd opp av cellulose som er kittet sammen med lignin. Dette gjør veden hard og stabil. I tillegg inneholder veden i mange treslag kvae for å beskytte mot sopp og insektangrep. Trær er større enn busker, men noen entydig grense mellom trær og busker er ikke klart definert. Enkelte treslag opptrer både som tre og busk avhengig av vekstforholdene. Ifølge det svenske Nationalencyklopedin skal et tre kunne nå en minimumshøyde på fem meter, noe også mange busker gjør. Trær kan bli over 100 meter høye og tidvis bli over 1000 år gamle. Her i Norge kan gran bli 50 m høy og eik kan bli 1000 år gammel. Normalt dør trærne lenge før de når slik høyde og alder. De vanligste årsakene til at trær dør er soppangrep, insektangrep og stormfelling. , "Árvore é uma planta permanentemente lenhosa de grande porte. Por grande porte, embora não exista uma definição consensual, costuma-se entender uma altura mínima de seis metros na maturidade. As árvores têm ramos secundários, o que as distingue das palmeiras, portanto apenas as gimnospermas e angiospermas dicotiledôneas lenhosas são chamadas árvores. As palmeiras são angiospermas monocotiledôneas. Entre outros atributos, as árvores se caracterizam por ter raiz pivotante, caule lenhoso do tipo tronco, que forma ramos bem acima do nível do solo. Os arbustos, além do menor porte, podem exibir ramos desde junto ao solo. Comparadas com outras formas vegetais, árvores e palmeiras vivem longo tempo. Algumas, como sequóias e jequitibás, vivem milhares de anos. Uma sequóia pode chegar a cem metros de altura. , "Als Baum wird im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch eine holzige Pflanze verstanden, die aus einer Wurzel, einem daraus emporsteigenden, hochgewachsenen Stamm und einer belaubten Krone besteht.
Árvore é uma planta permanentemente lenhosa de grande porte. Por grande porte, embora não exista uma definição consensual, costuma-se entender uma altura mínima de seis metros na maturidade. As árvores têm ramos secundários, o que as distingue das palmeiras, portanto apenas as gimnospermas e angiospermas dicotiledôneas lenhosas são chamadas árvores. As palmeiras são angiospermas monocotiledôneas. Entre outros atributos, as árvores se caracterizam por ter raiz pivotante, caule lenhoso do tipo tronco, que forma ramos bem acima do nível do solo. Os arbustos, além do menor porte, podem exibir ramos desde junto ao solo. Comparadas com outras formas vegetais, árvores e palmeiras vivem longo tempo. Algumas, como sequóias e jequitibás, vivem milhares de anos. Uma sequóia pode chegar a cem metros de altura.
木（き、樹、Template:Lang-en-short）は、植物の形のひとつ。木本（もくほん）、樹木（じゅもく）とも言う。 硬い幹をもち、幾本もの枝があり、地面に根を張り、生長する。幹は木質化し、次第に太く成長する。枝の先には葉と芽を付け、花を咲かせ、主に種子をもって繁殖する。 一般に、木・樹木というと立木、特に高木を指す場合もある。
樹是具有木質樹幹及樹枝的植物，可存活多年。一般将乔木称为树，主干，植株一，分枝距离地面较高，可以形成树冠。樹有很多種。 俗语中也有将比较大的灌木称为'树'的，如石榴树、茶树等。
arbre
tree
hoofed mammals
[Henderson's] n.plu. hoofed mammals. see Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla. , "Ungulates are a diverse group of large mammals, most of which use the tips of their toes, usually hoofed, to sustain their whole body weight while moving. The term means, roughly, being hoofed or hoofed animal. As a descriptive term, ungulate normally excludes cetaceans, as they do not possess most of the typical morphological characteristics of ungulates; recent discoveries indicate that they are descended from early artiodactyls, and thus are directly related to other even-toed ungulates such as cattle, with hippopotamuses being their closest living relatives. As a result of these discoveries, the new order Cetartiodactyla has been proposed to include the members of Artiodactyla and Cetacea, to reflect their common ancestry; however, strictly speaking, this is merely a matter of nomenclature, since it is possible simply to recognize Cetacea as a subgroup of Artiodactyla. [DBPedia]
ungulates
Gefäßpflanzen
Karplanter
Kärlväxter
Planta vascular
Putkilokasvit
rośliny naczyniowe
tracheobionta
維管束植物
维管植物
Als Gefäßpflanzen (Tracheophyta) werden Pflanzen bezeichnet, die spezialisierte Leitbündel besitzen, in denen sie im Pflanzeninneren Wasser und Nährstoffe transportieren. Zu ihnen gehören die Bärlapppflanzen, die Farne und die Samenpflanzen. Zwar besitzen auch manche Moose Leitbündel, die funktionelle und strukturelle Übereinstimmungen mit den Leitbündeln der Gefäßpflanzen zeigen, jedoch sind die Leitbündel der Moose viel einfacher gebaut.
As plantas vasculares (divisão Tracheophyta ou Tracheobionta) são as plantas com tecidos especializados - o xilema e o floema - para o transporte de água e seiva que alimentam as suas células. Pertencem a esta divisão o grupo das Pteridófitas e as Espermatófitas. Para além desta característica única, nas plantas vasculares o esporófito é a geração que tem a forma das plantas que estamos habituados a ver, enquanto que o gametófito é uma fase temporária: nas Pteridófitas, consiste num pequeno protalo, enquanto que nas Espermatófitas, o gametófito encontra-se nas flores das angiospérmicas ou nos cones ou pinhas das gimnospérmicas. Predefinição:Refsection
Karplanter (Tracheophyta) er betegnelsen for alle landplanter unntatt mosene. Karplantene er en svært suksessrik plantegruppe med anslagsvis 276 000 arter kjent i 2004 – nesten 90 % av alle landplanter. Et botanisk standardverk (flora) vil normalt omtale karplantene – lave urter, middelsstore busker, palmer og forvedete trær – men utelate slike grønne planter som moser og grønnalger. Utfra formeringsmåten kan man dele karplantene inn i to grupper, karsporeplanter og frøplanter, men bare frøplantene er en naturlig gruppe. Karsporeplantene er svært forskjelligartede, f. eks er bregnene nærmere beslektet med blomsterplanter enn med karspore-gruppen kråkefotplanter. Karplantene har utviklet seg over 350–500 millioner år, og er dermed langt eldre enn pattedyrene og like gamle som fuglene og de eldste gjenlevende insektene. Den vitenskapelige gruppering av karplantene er vanskelig og omstridt, og endres stadig. De siste 200 årene har sett et titalls ulike måter å gruppere dem etter egenskaper og innbyrdes slektskap. I tillegg er fortsatt mange grupper og arter dårlig kartlagt og forstått, og det totale antallet arter er ukjent. Karplantene er svært suksessrike, de har kolonisert hele jordkloden unntatt Antarktis. Størst suksess har de enfrøbladete gress-artene hatt, og de har enorm økonomisk verdi. Gressarter i gressfamiliaen Poaceae – som ris, hvete, bygg, mais og hirse – har mettet store deler av jordens befolkning de siste 10 000 årene.
Kärlväxter (Tracheobionta eller Tracheophyta) är ett traditionellt botaniskt begrepp för växter som utmärks av anpassning till landliv genom välutvecklade transportsystem för vatten i stammar och blad via särskilda kärl. Dessa kärl kallas kärlsträngar eller silrör. Kärlväxterna delas in i två grupper, nämligen fröväxter (fanerogamer) och kärlkryptogamer, som är sporväxter (kryptogamer) som har kärlsystem för vatteninhämtning, såsom ormbunksväxter. Kärlväxterna är en fylogenetisk grupp skild från bryofyterna, och kan till skillnad från dessa syntetisera lignin. Gruppen kärlväxter omfattar ca 300 000 arter.
Le Tracheobionta o Tracheofite (Tracheophyta), sono un sottoregno appartenente al regno delle Plantae caratterizzate dalla presenza di veri tessuti ed organi. Esse, per la presenza di vasi, sono anche dette piante vascolari.
Le sous-règne des tracheobionta comprend les anciens embranchements des ptéridophytes (plantes à reproduction aquatique comme les fougères) et des spermaphytes (plantes à graines) lui-même divisé en gymnospermes et angiospermes (plantes à fleurs). Les caractères principaux sont l'existence de racines sauf chez les Psilophytes et la présence de vaisseaux (xylème et phloème) assurant la circulation de la sève.
Putkilokasvit (Tracheobionta tai Cormobionta) ovat kasveja, joiden solukot muodostavat erilaistuneita johtosolukoita eli putkiloita veden ja ravinteiden kuljettamiseen. Putkilokasvit on perinteisesti luettu sammalten (Bryobionta) ohella toiseksi kasvikunnan alakunnista.
Rośliny naczyniowe (Tracheophyta) – grupa roślin o różnej randze systematycznej w zależności od systemu klasyfikacji. W nomenklaturze filogenetycznej jest wyróżniana jako klad, siostrzany dla jednej z linii rozwojowych mszaków. W tradycyjnych systemach hierarchicznych grupa ze względu na zróżnicowanie i bogactwo form tworzących ją roślin, podnoszona jest do rangi podkrólestwa Tracheobionta lub nie jest w ogóle określana za pomocą rang systematycznych. Cechą charakterystyczną roślin naczyniowych jest wykształcenie tkanki przewodzącej wodę, tzw. tkanki naczyniowej. Dawniej tradycyjnie rośliny te dzielone były na paprotniki i rośliny nasienne. W aktualnych systemach klasyfikacyjnych roślin współczesnych dzieli się naczyniowe na widłaki (Lycopodiophyta) i klad określany mianem Euphyllophyta, dzielący się dalej na rośliny nasienne i Monilophyta. Obraz ten uzupełniają linie rozwojowe roślin kopalnych.
Tracheobionta es el nombre del taxón de plantas que abarca a las traqueófitas, también llamadas plantas vasculares. Son organismos formados por células vegetales, que poseen un ciclo de vida en el que se alternan las generaciones gametofítica y esporofítica, siendo esta última la fase dominante (sobre quien actúa más presión de selección natural); cuya fase esporofítica es fotosintética e independiente, y tiene tejidos y sistemas de órganos; está organizada en un 'cormo' (sistema que posee vástago aéreo, raíz subterránea y un sistema de conducción vascular que los vincula) que es a lo que comúnmente se refiere la gente cuando dice 'planta'; cuya fase gametofítica es reducida y puede ser desde un 'talo' (cuerpo no organizado en tejidos ni órganos) en helechos y afines, hasta unas pocas células protegidas y nutridas por el esporófito, en gimnospermas y angiospermas. La selección natural dirigió fuertemente la evolución de las traqueófitas hacia una menor dependencia de las condiciones ambientales sobre la tierra para la reproducción y la dispersión, característica que entra en evidencia al comparar las traqueofitas más antiguas (Lycophyta) con las más modernas (plantas con flores). A lo largo de la historia se ha designado a este grupo con distintos nombres, como cormófitas o cormofitas (nombre científico Cormophyta o Cormobionta), embriófitas sifonógamas (nombre científico Embryophyta sifonogama), etc. Su nombre más común, Tracheophyta, proviene de tracheo (en referencia a las traqueidas, especializadas para el transporte de líquidos dentro de la planta) y phyta, raíz de origen griego que significa 'planta'. Se lo castellaniza como traqueofitas o traqueófitas. La evidencia de los análisis moleculares de ADN hoy en día demostró que las traqueófitas son un grupo monofilético (que comprende a todos los descendientes de un ancestro común) dentro de las embriófitas, mientras que las briofitas son parafiléticas con respecto a las traqueofitas. Esto quiere decir que probablemente las traqueófitas sean descendientes de plantas muy parecidas a los briófitos, con el gametofito siendo la fase dominante, y el esporofito sin ramificar y dependiente nutricionalmente del gametofito. Dentro de las traqueófitas hay dos linajes principales, Lycophyta y Euphyllophyta, diferenciadas principalmente por la forma de construcción de sus hojas (en las licofitas son lycofilos y en las eufilofitas son eufilos, los eufilos se corresponden aproximadamente con los megafilos, aunque en algunos grupos pueden estar reducidos en forma secundaria a su adquisición). Las eufilofitas a su vez comprenden dos grandes linajes, Monilophyta (helechos, equisetáceas y psilotáceas) y Spermatophyta, que se diferencian entre sí porque el primero tiene gametofitos de vida libre y el segundo los tiene encerrados en la semilla y el grano de polen. A su vez las espermatofitas están formadas por dos grandes grupos monofiléticos vivientes, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae o Magnoliophyta, que se diferencian entre sí porque el primer linaje tiene las semillas a la vista sobre la hoja fértil, mientras que el segundo tiene las semillas encerradas dentro de las paredes de la hoja fértil o carpelo. Aún se siguen estudiando a las Lycophyta y Monilophyta como agrupadas en el grupo parafilético de los 'helechos y afines' o Pteridophyta. Las traqueofitas son un grupo importante tanto por dominar la mayor parte de los ecosistemas terrestres como por ser muy utilizadas por el hombre.
Tracheobionta es el nombre del taxón de plantas que abarca a las traqueófitas, también llamadas plantas vasculares. Son organismos formados por células vegetales, que poseen un ciclo de vida en el que se alternan las generaciones gametofítica y esporofítica, siendo esta última la fase dominante (sobre quien actúa más presión de selección natural); cuya fase esporofítica es fotosintética e independiente, y tiene tejidos y sistemas de órganos; está organizada en un 'cormo' (sistema que posee vástago aéreo, raíz subterránea y un sistema de conducción vascular que los vincula) que es a lo que comúnmente se refiere la gente cuando dice 'planta'; cuya fase gametofítica es reducida y puede ser desde un 'talo' (cuerpo no organizado en tejidos ni órganos) en helechos y afines, hasta unas pocas células protegidas y nutridas por el esporófito, en gimnospermas y angiospermas. La selección natural dirigió fuertemente la evolución de las traqueófitas hacia una menor dependencia de las condiciones ambientales sobre la tierra para la reproducción y la dispersión, característica que entra en evidencia al comparar las traqueofitas más antiguas (Lycophyta) con las más modernas (plantas con flores). A lo largo de la historia se ha designado a este grupo con distintos nombres, como cormófitas o cormofitas (nombre científico Cormophyta o Cormobionta), embriófitas sifonógamas (nombre científico Embryophyta sifonogama), etc. Su nombre más común, Tracheophyta, proviene de tracheo (en referencia a las traqueidas, especializadas para el transporte de líquidos dentro de la planta) y phyta, raíz de origen griego que significa 'planta'. Se lo castellaniza como traqueofitas o traqueófitas. La evidencia de los análisis moleculares de ADN hoy en día demostró que las traqueófitas son un grupo monofilético (que comprende a todos los descendientes de un ancestro común) dentro de las embriófitas, mientras que las briofitas son parafiléticas con respecto a las traqueofitas. Esto quiere decir que probablemente las traqueófitas sean descendientes de plantas muy parecidas a los briófitos, con el gametofito siendo la fase dominante, y el esporofito sin ramificar y dependiente nutricionalmente del gametofito. Dentro de las traqueófitas hay dos linajes principales, Lycophyta y Euphyllophyta, diferenciadas principalmente por la forma de construcción de sus hojas (en las licofitas son lycofilos y en las eufilofitas son eufilos, los eufilos se corresponden aproximadamente con los megafilos, aunque en algunos grupos pueden estar reducidos en forma secundaria a su adquisición). Las eufilofitas a su vez comprenden dos grandes linajes, Monilophyta (helechos, equisetáceas y psilotáceas) y Spermatophyta, que se diferencian entre sí porque el primero tiene gametofitos de vida libre y el segundo los tiene encerrados en la semilla y el grano de polen. A su vez las espermatofitas están formadas por dos grandes grupos monofiléticos vivientes, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae o Magnoliophyta, que se diferencian entre sí porque el primer linaje tiene las semillas a la vista sobre la hoja fértil, mientras que el segundo tiene las semillas encerradas dentro de las paredes de la hoja fértil o carpelo. Aún se siguen estudiando a las Lycophyta y Monilophyta como agrupadas en el grupo parafilético de los 'helechos y afines' o Pteridophyta. Las traqueofitas son un grupo importante tanto por dominar la mayor parte de los ecosistemas terrestres como por ser muy utilizadas por el hombre. , "Karplanter (Tracheophyta) er betegnelsen for alle landplanter unntatt mosene. Karplantene er en svært suksessrik plantegruppe med anslagsvis 276 000 arter kjent i 2004 – nesten 90 % av alle landplanter. Et botanisk standardverk (flora) vil normalt omtale karplantene – lave urter, middelsstore busker, palmer og forvedete trær – men utelate slike grønne planter som moser og grønnalger. Utfra formeringsmåten kan man dele karplantene inn i to grupper, karsporeplanter og frøplanter, men bare frøplantene er en naturlig gruppe. Karsporeplantene er svært forskjelligartede, f. eks er bregnene nærmere beslektet med blomsterplanter enn med karspore-gruppen kråkefotplanter. Karplantene har utviklet seg over 350–500 millioner år, og er dermed langt eldre enn pattedyrene og like gamle som fuglene og de eldste gjenlevende insektene. Den vitenskapelige gruppering av karplantene er vanskelig og omstridt, og endres stadig. De siste 200 årene har sett et titalls ulike måter å gruppere dem etter egenskaper og innbyrdes slektskap. I tillegg er fortsatt mange grupper og arter dårlig kartlagt og forstått, og det totale antallet arter er ukjent. Karplantene er svært suksessrike, de har kolonisert hele jordkloden unntatt Antarktis. Størst suksess har de enfrøbladete gress-artene hatt, og de har enorm økonomisk verdi. Gressarter i gressfamiliaen Poaceae – som ris, hvete, bygg, mais og hirse – har mettet store deler av jordens befolkning de siste 10 000 årene. , "Als Gefäßpflanzen (Tracheophyta) werden Pflanzen bezeichnet, die spezialisierte Leitbündel besitzen, in denen sie im Pflanzeninneren Wasser und Nährstoffe transportieren. Zu ihnen gehören die Bärlapppflanzen, die Farne und die Samenpflanzen. Zwar besitzen auch manche Moose Leitbündel, die funktionelle und strukturelle Übereinstimmungen mit den Leitbündeln der Gefäßpflanzen zeigen, jedoch sind die Leitbündel der Moose viel einfacher gebaut. , "Vascular plants (also known as tracheophytes or higher plants) are those plants that have lignified tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. Vascular plants include the clubmosses, Equisetum, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Scientific names for the group include Tracheophyta and Tracheobionta, , "Le Tracheobionta o Tracheofite (Tracheophyta), sono un sottoregno appartenente al regno delle Plantae caratterizzate dalla presenza di veri tessuti ed organi. Esse, per la presenza di vasi, sono anche dette piante vascolari. , "Le sous-règne des tracheobionta comprend les anciens embranchements des ptéridophytes (plantes à reproduction aquatique comme les fougères) et des spermaphytes (plantes à graines) lui-même divisé en gymnospermes et angiospermes (plantes à fleurs). Les caractères principaux sont l'existence de racines sauf chez les Psilophytes et la présence de vaisseaux (xylème et phloème) assurant la circulation de la sève. , "Putkilokasvit (Tracheobionta tai Cormobionta) ovat kasveja, joiden solukot muodostavat erilaistuneita johtosolukoita eli putkiloita veden ja ravinteiden kuljettamiseen. Putkilokasvit on perinteisesti luettu sammalten (Bryobionta) ohella toiseksi kasvikunnan alakunnista. , "Kärlväxter (Tracheobionta eller Tracheophyta) är ett traditionellt botaniskt begrepp för växter som utmärks av anpassning till landliv genom välutvecklade transportsystem för vatten i stammar och blad via särskilda kärl. Dessa kärl kallas kärlsträngar eller silrör. Kärlväxterna delas in i två grupper, nämligen fröväxter (fanerogamer) och kärlkryptogamer, som är sporväxter (kryptogamer) som har kärlsystem för vatteninhämtning, såsom ormbunksväxter. Kärlväxterna är en fylogenetisk grupp skild från bryofyterna, och kan till skillnad från dessa syntetisera lignin. Gruppen kärlväxter omfattar ca 300 000 arter. , "As plantas vasculares (divisão Tracheophyta ou Tracheobionta) são as plantas com tecidos especializados - o xilema e o floema - para o transporte de água e seiva que alimentam as suas células. Pertencem a esta divisão o grupo das Pteridófitas e as Espermatófitas. Para além desta característica única, nas plantas vasculares o esporófito é a geração que tem a forma das plantas que estamos habituados a ver, enquanto que o gametófito é uma fase temporária: nas Pteridófitas, consiste num pequeno protalo, enquanto que nas Espermatófitas, o gametófito encontra-se nas flores das angiospérmicas ou nos cones ou pinhas das gimnospérmicas. Predefinição:Refsection , "维管植物是指具有维管组织的植物，维管植物拥有专门的组织来运输水分和养分。它包括蕨类和种子植物，种子植物又分为裸子植物和被子植物。 维管植物有两个重要的辨别方法： 维管植物具有维管组织，可以让植物生长到一个较大的体积。非维管植物则一直保持着较小的体积。 在維管植物，其主要生成階段是孢子體。 在木質部和韌皮部，水分皆會被不停運送：木質部將水和無機溶質從根部運送往葉片，而韌皮部則會把植物中的有機溶質運送往全株植物。 維管植物都含有木質化的組織（即木質導管或管胞）。 , "Rośliny naczyniowe (Tracheophyta) – grupa roślin o różnej randze systematycznej w zależności od systemu klasyfikacji. W nomenklaturze filogenetycznej jest wyróżniana jako klad, siostrzany dla jednej z linii rozwojowych mszaków. W tradycyjnych systemach hierarchicznych grupa ze względu na zróżnicowanie i bogactwo form tworzących ją roślin, podnoszona jest do rangi podkrólestwa Tracheobionta lub nie jest w ogóle określana za pomocą rang systematycznych. Cechą charakterystyczną roślin naczyniowych jest wykształcenie tkanki przewodzącej wodę, tzw. tkanki naczyniowej. Dawniej tradycyjnie rośliny te dzielone były na paprotniki i rośliny nasienne. W aktualnych systemach klasyfikacyjnych roślin współczesnych dzieli się naczyniowe na widłaki (Lycopodiophyta) i klad określany mianem Euphyllophyta, dzielący się dalej na rośliny nasienne i Monilophyta. Obraz ten uzupełniają linie rozwojowe roślin kopalnych. , "維管束植物（いかんそくしょくぶつ、TracheophytaまたはTracheobiota、Template:Lang-en-short）は、維管束を持つ植物のグループである。単系統群であり、分類体系によっては門とする場合もある。ウィキペディア内で採用している体系では階級なしとなっている。
維管束植物（いかんそくしょくぶつ、TracheophytaまたはTracheobiota、Template:Lang-en-short）は、維管束を持つ植物のグループである。単系統群であり、分類体系によっては門とする場合もある。ウィキペディア内で採用している体系では階級なしとなっている。
维管植物是指具有维管组织的植物，维管植物拥有专门的组织来运输水分和养分。它包括蕨类和种子植物，种子植物又分为裸子植物和被子植物。 维管植物有两个重要的辨别方法： 维管植物具有维管组织，可以让植物生长到一个较大的体积。非维管植物则一直保持着较小的体积。 在維管植物，其主要生成階段是孢子體。 在木質部和韌皮部，水分皆會被不停運送：木質部將水和無機溶質從根部運送往葉片，而韌皮部則會把植物中的有機溶質運送往全株植物。 維管植物都含有木質化的組織（即木質導管或管胞）。
vascular plant species
Vascular plants (also known as tracheophytes or higher plants) are those plants that have lignified tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. Vascular plants include the clubmosses, Equisetum, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Scientific names for the group include Tracheophyta and Tracheobionta, , "Kärlväxter (Tracheobionta eller Tracheophyta) är ett traditionellt botaniskt begrepp för växter som utmärks av anpassning till landliv genom välutvecklade transportsystem för vatten i stammar och blad via särskilda kärl. Dessa kärl kallas kärlsträngar eller silrör. Kärlväxterna delas in i två grupper, nämligen fröväxter (fanerogamer) och kärlkryptogamer, som är sporväxter (kryptogamer) som har kärlsystem för vatteninhämtning, såsom ormbunksväxter. Kärlväxterna är en fylogenetisk grupp skild från bryofyterna, och kan till skillnad från dessa syntetisera lignin. Gruppen kärlväxter omfattar ca 300 000 arter. , "Karplanter (Tracheophyta) er betegnelsen for alle landplanter unntatt mosene. Karplantene er en svært suksessrik plantegruppe med anslagsvis 276 000 arter kjent i 2004 – nesten 90 % av alle landplanter. Et botanisk standardverk (flora) vil normalt omtale karplantene – lave urter, middelsstore busker, palmer og forvedete trær – men utelate slike grønne planter som moser og grønnalger. Utfra formeringsmåten kan man dele karplantene inn i to grupper, karsporeplanter og frøplanter, men bare frøplantene er en naturlig gruppe. Karsporeplantene er svært forskjelligartede, f. eks er bregnene nærmere beslektet med blomsterplanter enn med karspore-gruppen kråkefotplanter. Karplantene har utviklet seg over 350–500 millioner år, og er dermed langt eldre enn pattedyrene og like gamle som fuglene og de eldste gjenlevende insektene. Den vitenskapelige gruppering av karplantene er vanskelig og omstridt, og endres stadig. De siste 200 årene har sett et titalls ulike måter å gruppere dem etter egenskaper og innbyrdes slektskap. I tillegg er fortsatt mange grupper og arter dårlig kartlagt og forstått, og det totale antallet arter er ukjent. Karplantene er svært suksessrike, de har kolonisert hele jordkloden unntatt Antarktis. Størst suksess har de enfrøbladete gress-artene hatt, og de har enorm økonomisk verdi. Gressarter i gressfamiliaen Poaceae – som ris, hvete, bygg, mais og hirse – har mettet store deler av jordens befolkning de siste 10 000 årene. , "Als Gefäßpflanzen (Tracheophyta) werden Pflanzen bezeichnet, die spezialisierte Leitbündel besitzen, in denen sie im Pflanzeninneren Wasser und Nährstoffe transportieren. Zu ihnen gehören die Bärlapppflanzen, die Farne und die Samenpflanzen. Zwar besitzen auch manche Moose Leitbündel, die funktionelle und strukturelle Übereinstimmungen mit den Leitbündeln der Gefäßpflanzen zeigen, jedoch sind die Leitbündel der Moose viel einfacher gebaut. , "Putkilokasvit (Tracheobionta tai Cormobionta) ovat kasveja, joiden solukot muodostavat erilaistuneita johtosolukoita eli putkiloita veden ja ravinteiden kuljettamiseen. Putkilokasvit on perinteisesti luettu sammalten (Bryobionta) ohella toiseksi kasvikunnan alakunnista. , "As plantas vasculares (divisão Tracheophyta ou Tracheobionta) são as plantas com tecidos especializados - o xilema e o floema - para o transporte de água e seiva que alimentam as suas células. Pertencem a esta divisão o grupo das Pteridófitas e as Espermatófitas. Para além desta característica única, nas plantas vasculares o esporófito é a geração que tem a forma das plantas que estamos habituados a ver, enquanto que o gametófito é uma fase temporária: nas Pteridófitas, consiste num pequeno protalo, enquanto que nas Espermatófitas, o gametófito encontra-se nas flores das angiospérmicas ou nos cones ou pinhas das gimnospérmicas. Predefinição:Refsection , "Le sous-règne des tracheobionta comprend les anciens embranchements des ptéridophytes (plantes à reproduction aquatique comme les fougères) et des spermaphytes (plantes à graines) lui-même divisé en gymnospermes et angiospermes (plantes à fleurs). Les caractères principaux sont l'existence de racines sauf chez les Psilophytes et la présence de vaisseaux (xylème et phloème) assurant la circulation de la sève. , "Le Tracheobionta o Tracheofite (Tracheophyta), sono un sottoregno appartenente al regno delle Plantae caratterizzate dalla presenza di veri tessuti ed organi. Esse, per la presenza di vasi, sono anche dette piante vascolari. , "維管束植物（いかんそくしょくぶつ、TracheophytaまたはTracheobiota、Template:Lang-en-short）は、維管束を持つ植物のグループである。単系統群であり、分類体系によっては門とする場合もある。ウィキペディア内で採用している体系では階級なしとなっている。 , "Rośliny naczyniowe (Tracheophyta) – grupa roślin o różnej randze systematycznej w zależności od systemu klasyfikacji. W nomenklaturze filogenetycznej jest wyróżniana jako klad, siostrzany dla jednej z linii rozwojowych mszaków. W tradycyjnych systemach hierarchicznych grupa ze względu na zróżnicowanie i bogactwo form tworzących ją roślin, podnoszona jest do rangi podkrólestwa Tracheobionta lub nie jest w ogóle określana za pomocą rang systematycznych. Cechą charakterystyczną roślin naczyniowych jest wykształcenie tkanki przewodzącej wodę, tzw. tkanki naczyniowej. Dawniej tradycyjnie rośliny te dzielone były na paprotniki i rośliny nasienne. W aktualnych systemach klasyfikacyjnych roślin współczesnych dzieli się naczyniowe na widłaki (Lycopodiophyta) i klad określany mianem Euphyllophyta, dzielący się dalej na rośliny nasienne i Monilophyta. Obraz ten uzupełniają linie rozwojowe roślin kopalnych. , "维管植物是指具有维管组织的植物，维管植物拥有专门的组织来运输水分和养分。它包括蕨类和种子植物，种子植物又分为裸子植物和被子植物。 维管植物有两个重要的辨别方法： 维管植物具有维管组织，可以让植物生长到一个较大的体积。非维管植物则一直保持着较小的体积。 在維管植物，其主要生成階段是孢子體。 在木質部和韌皮部，水分皆會被不停運送：木質部將水和無機溶質從根部運送往葉片，而韌皮部則會把植物中的有機溶質運送往全株植物。 維管植物都含有木質化的組織（即木質導管或管胞）。 , "Tracheobionta es el nombre del taxón de plantas que abarca a las traqueófitas, también llamadas plantas vasculares. Son organismos formados por células vegetales, que poseen un ciclo de vida en el que se alternan las generaciones gametofítica y esporofítica, siendo esta última la fase dominante (sobre quien actúa más presión de selección natural); cuya fase esporofítica es fotosintética e independiente, y tiene tejidos y sistemas de órganos; está organizada en un 'cormo' (sistema que posee vástago aéreo, raíz subterránea y un sistema de conducción vascular que los vincula) que es a lo que comúnmente se refiere la gente cuando dice 'planta'; cuya fase gametofítica es reducida y puede ser desde un 'talo' (cuerpo no organizado en tejidos ni órganos) en helechos y afines, hasta unas pocas células protegidas y nutridas por el esporófito, en gimnospermas y angiospermas. La selección natural dirigió fuertemente la evolución de las traqueófitas hacia una menor dependencia de las condiciones ambientales sobre la tierra para la reproducción y la dispersión, característica que entra en evidencia al comparar las traqueofitas más antiguas (Lycophyta) con las más modernas (plantas con flores). A lo largo de la historia se ha designado a este grupo con distintos nombres, como cormófitas o cormofitas (nombre científico Cormophyta o Cormobionta), embriófitas sifonógamas (nombre científico Embryophyta sifonogama), etc. Su nombre más común, Tracheophyta, proviene de tracheo (en referencia a las traqueidas, especializadas para el transporte de líquidos dentro de la planta) y phyta, raíz de origen griego que significa 'planta'. Se lo castellaniza como traqueofitas o traqueófitas. La evidencia de los análisis moleculares de ADN hoy en día demostró que las traqueófitas son un grupo monofilético (que comprende a todos los descendientes de un ancestro común) dentro de las embriófitas, mientras que las briofitas son parafiléticas con respecto a las traqueofitas. Esto quiere decir que probablemente las traqueófitas sean descendientes de plantas muy parecidas a los briófitos, con el gametofito siendo la fase dominante, y el esporofito sin ramificar y dependiente nutricionalmente del gametofito. Dentro de las traqueófitas hay dos linajes principales, Lycophyta y Euphyllophyta, diferenciadas principalmente por la forma de construcción de sus hojas (en las licofitas son lycofilos y en las eufilofitas son eufilos, los eufilos se corresponden aproximadamente con los megafilos, aunque en algunos grupos pueden estar reducidos en forma secundaria a su adquisición). Las eufilofitas a su vez comprenden dos grandes linajes, Monilophyta (helechos, equisetáceas y psilotáceas) y Spermatophyta, que se diferencian entre sí porque el primero tiene gametofitos de vida libre y el segundo los tiene encerrados en la semilla y el grano de polen. A su vez las espermatofitas están formadas por dos grandes grupos monofiléticos vivientes, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae o Magnoliophyta, que se diferencian entre sí porque el primer linaje tiene las semillas a la vista sobre la hoja fértil, mientras que el segundo tiene las semillas encerradas dentro de las paredes de la hoja fértil o carpelo. Aún se siguen estudiando a las Lycophyta y Monilophyta como agrupadas en el grupo parafilético de los 'helechos y afines' o Pteridophyta. Las traqueofitas son un grupo importante tanto por dominar la mayor parte de los ecosistemas terrestres como por ser muy utilizadas por el hombre.
[DCM] Measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable about its mean.
skewness
[ONTOAD] The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population. (source : MSH)
environment
[ONTOAD] A sample derived by selecting sampling units (e.g., individual patients) such that each unit has an independent and fixed (generally equal) chance of selection. Whether or not a given unit is selected is determined by chance, for example, by a table of randomly ordered numbers. (source : MCM)
random sample
[ONTOAD] any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the genotype and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations. (source : CSP)
gene mutation
[NCIT]*[ECSO]* The extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary.
area
[ECSO]* Irradiance, radiant emittance, and radiant exitance are radiometry terms for the power per unit area of electromagnetic radiation at a surface. 'Irradiance' is used when the electromagnetic radiation is incident on the surface. 'Radiant exitance' or 'radiant emittance' is used when the radiation is emerging from the surface. The SI units for all of these quantities are watts per square meter (W/m2) (wikipedia). All of these quantities characterize the total amount of radiation present, at all frequencies. It is also common to consider each frequency in the spectrum separately. When this is done for radiation incident on a surface, it is called spectral irradiance, and has SI units W/m3. Irradiance is the radiant flux (power) received by a surface per unit area.
irradiance
[ECSO]* The linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place
length
長さ
长度
[EDAM]* The analysis of a image (typically a digital image) of some type in order to extract information from it.
image analysis
ANC
Acid-neutralizing capacity or ANC in short is a measure for the overall buffering capacity against acidification for a solution, e.g. surface water or soil water. ANC is defined as the difference between cations of strong bases and anions of strong acids, or dynamically as the amount of acid needed to change the pH value from the sample's value to a chosen different value
[controlled by ] Staszewski 08.06.2013" , "[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
acid neutralizing capacity of water
Happamoituminen
Kwaśne opady
Sur nedbør
chuvas ácidas
A chuva ácida, ou com mais propriedade deposição ácida, é a designação dada à chuva, ou qualquer outra forma de precipitação atmosférica, cuja acidez seja substancialmente maior do que a resultante da dissociação do dióxido de carbono (CO2) atmosférico dissolvido na água precipitada. A principal causa daquela acidificação é a presença na atmosfera terrestre de gases e partículas ricos em enxofre e azoto reactivo cuja hidrólise no meio atmosférico produz ácidos fortes. Assumem particular importância os compostos azotados (NOx) gerados pelas altas temperaturas de queima dos combustíveis fósseis e os compostos de enxofre (SOx) produzidos pela oxidação das impurezas sulfurosas existentes na maior parte dos carvões e petróleos. Os efeitos ambientais da precipitação ácida levaram à adopção, pela generalidade dos países, de medidas legais restritivas da queima de combustíveis ricos em enxofre e obrigando à adopção de tecnologias de redução das emissões de azoto reactivo para a atmosfera.
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions. It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure through the process of wet deposition. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere with positive results. Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes and sulfur dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions. The chemicals found in acid rain can cause paint to peel and stone statues to begin to appear old and worn down, which reduces their value and beauty.
Als sauren Regen bezeichnet man Niederschlag, dessen pH-Wert niedriger ist als der pH-Wert, der sich in reinem Wasser durch den natürlichen Kohlenstoffdioxidgehalt der Atmosphäre einstellt (pH-Wert ≤ 5,5). Hauptursache für den Sauren Regen ist die Luftverschmutzung, insbesondere durch säurebildende Abgase. Saurer Regen schädigt Natur und Umwelt und ist ein Hauptverursacher des sogenannten Waldsterbens. Neben dem sauren Regen muss ebenfalls die Schädigung von Pflanzen durch Nebel (saurer Nebel) in Betracht gezogen werden. Nebelwasser ist häufig deutlich saurer (hat einen niedrigeren pH-Wert) als Regenwasser, da Nebel effizienter Schadstoffe aus der Luft aufnimmt als Regen. Saurer Regen wird durch Transmission (Verteilung der Schadstoffemissionen in der Atmosphäre durch Wind etc. ) häufig in weit entfernten Regionen verursacht. Das bedeutet, dass der Verursacher und der Empfänger von saurem Regen oft verschiedene Staaten sind. Beispielhaft dafür ist die transnationale Umweltverschmutzung in Ostasien.
Fichier:Acid rain woods1. JPG Une forêt dévastée par les pluies acides, République tchèque L'expression « pluie acide » a été pour la première fois utilisée par Robert Angus Smith en 1872. Elle décrit depuis toutes les formes de précipitations qui dégradent voire détruisent des écosystèmes et/ou corrodent ou dissolvent certains bâtiments anciens et fragiles. L'acidité de ces retombées a deux origines principales : des sources naturelles ou semi-naturelles; proximité d'émissions volcaniques soufrées, NOx produits par la foudre, gaz issus de certaines formes de décomposition biologique terrestres, ou émis par les océans, feux de forêts… des sources anthropiques, dont l'industrie, les centrales thermiques, le chauffage et les transports… Les pluies acides résultent essentiellement de la pollution de l’air par le dioxyde de soufre (SO2) produit par l’usage de combustibles fossiles riches en soufre, ainsi que des oxydes d’azote qui se forment lors de toute combustion de l’atmosphère, produisant de l'acide nitrique. En ce qui concerne l’action humaine sur l'environnement, les usines, le chauffage et la circulation automobile sont les principales sources. L'acide chlorhydrique issu de l'incinération de certains déchets plastiques, et l'ammoniac généré par les activités agricoles contribuent également aux pluies acides. D’autres produits, tels que par exemple le dioxyde de carbone (CO2) qui produit de l'acide carbonique lorsqu'il se dissout dans l'eau, et les acides fluorhydriques sont en cause, mais moindrement. L'acidification de l'air a des conséquences désormais médiatisées sur la forêt, mais elle affecte aussi la santé humaine, les bâtiments et peut-être de nombreuses espèces animales, fongiques, lichéniques et végétales. Des conséquences secondaires à l'acidification des pluies, sont l'acidification de certaines eaux de surface (lacs d'Europe du Nord par exemple) et l'acidification des océans.
Försurning innebär att sura ämnen tillförs marker och vattendrag i högre takt än de bortförs eller neutraliseras. Den största källan till den antropogena försurningen i Sverige är förbränning av fossila bränslen. Kväveoxider och svaveldioxid är de två ämnena i avgaserna som försurar mest. En stor del av dessa ämnen förs med vindarna från land till land. I naturen finns det också gott om naturliga försurningsprocesser, till exempel upptag av växtnäring och nitrifikation. Sveriges humida klimat medför en naturlig urlakning av baskatjoner, vilket också är en försurande process., Surt regn har ett pH-värde under det normala, (omkring 5,6), och beror främst på utsläpp av svaveldioxid och kväveoxider, eller NOx, till atmosfären. Dessa reagerar med vatten i molnen och bildar syror. Syrorna kan transporteras långa sträckor med molnen tills de faller som nederbörd. Orsakerna till surt regn är såväl naturliga, till exempel vulkaner och skogsbränder, som orsakade av mänskliga aktiviteter, till exempel kraftproduktion, industrier och transporter. Surt regn bidrar kraftigt till försurning av sjöar och skogar. Detta medför bland annat att fiskar dör och att trädens blad torkar ut. I marken skadas växternas rothår, vilket försvårar upptagningen av växtnäring. Surt regn bidrar till urlakningen av olika näringsämnen som genom perkolation hamnar i grundvattnet dit växternas rötter inte når. Surt regn verkar även korroderande på flera material. Byggnader och statyer tar skada när syrorna reagerar med kalciumet i material som kalksten och marmor.
Happamoituminen tarkoittaa elinympäristön kuten järven tai metsämaan vähentynyttä kykyä neutraloida happoja, minkä seurauksena pH alenee eli vesi tulee happamaksi. Happamoituminen on luonnollinen prosessi kasvien vaihtaessa maan ravinnekationeja vety­ioneihin sekä ilman hiilidioksidin liuetessa maaveteen hiili­hapoksi. Happamoitumista aiheuttaa myös happamoittavien yhdisteiden laskeuma, jota tulee luonnon lähteiden lisäksi merkittäviä määriä ihmistoiminnan seurauksena. Happamoitumisesta on monin paikoin muodostunut vakava ympäristöongelma, koska maan alentunut pH-tila heikentää anionisten ravinteiden saatavuutta kasveille ja lisää monille eliöille myrkyllisten alumiini- ja raskasmetallikationien liukoisuutta. Happamoittavia yhdisteitä ovat esimerkiksi typen oksidit, rikkidioksidi ja kasvien erittämät orgaaniset hapot. Mainittuja oksideja vapautuu energian­tuotannon, teollisuuden ja liikenteen polttoaineista sekä tulivuorten purkauksista. Maaperän typpimäärää lisää myös lannoitteiden käyttö maanviljelyssä. Ammoniakkia tulee pääasiassa maanviljelyn lannoitteista ja varsinkin huonosti säilötystä karjanlannasta. Ilmavirtaukset saattavat viedä päästöistä johtuvat happamat tai happamoittavat yhdisteet jopa tuhansien kilometrien päähän, jolloin saasteen tuottaja ei ole välitön kärsijä. Typpiyhdisteiden käyttö aiheuttaa happamoitumisen lisäksi myös vesistöjen rehevöitymistä. Rehevöitymisestä seuraa mm. vesistöjen samenemista, vesikasvien ja leväkukintojen määrän lisääntymistä, talvista happikatoa sekä muutoksia ja uhkia ekosysteemiin.
Il fenomeno della deposizione acida, maggiormente noto al grande pubblico con il termine di piogge acide, consiste nella deposizione acida umida ovvero la ricaduta dall'atmosfera sul suolo di particelle acide, le molecole acide diffuse nell'atmosfera vengono catturate e deposte al suolo da precipitazioni quali: piogge, neve, nebbie, rugiade, ecc. ; Tale processo si distingue dal fenomeno della deposizione acida secca nella quale la ricaduta dall’atmosfera di particelle acide non è veicolata dalle precipitazioni ed avviene per effetto della forza di gravità. In questo caso si parla quindi di depositi secchi . Una pioggia viene definita acida quando il suo pH è minore di 5, normalmente il pH della pioggia assume valori compresi fra 5 e 6.5 ed è costituita prevalentemente da acqua distillata e pulviscolo atmosferico, mentre la composizione delle deposizioni acide umide è data per circa il 70% da anidride solforica, che reagisce in acqua dando acido solforico. Il rimanente 30% risulta principalmente costituito dagli ossidi di azoto .
Kwaśne opady to opady, głównie deszczowe, o kwaśnym odczynie (pH do ok. 4–4,5), powstające w wyniku pochłaniania przez kropelki wody gazowych zanieczyszczeń powietrza tworzących z nią kwasy (tzw. bezwodników kwasowych), głównie dwutlenku siarki (SO2)., Kwaśne deszcze – opady atmosferyczne, o odczynie pH mniejszym niż 5,6 czyli kwaśnym. Zawierają kwasy wytworzone w reakcji wody z pochłoniętymi z powietrza gazami, takimi jak: dwutlenek siarki, trójtlenek siarki, tlenki azotu, siarkowodór, dwutlenek węgla, chlorowodórSzablon:Fakt, wyemitowanymi do atmosfery w procesach spalania paliw, produkcji przemysłowej, wybuchów wulkanów, wyładowań atmosferycznych i innych czynników naturalnych.
La lluvia ácida se forma cuando la humedad en el aire se combina con los óxidos de nitrógeno y el dióxido de azufre emitidos por fábricas, centrales eléctricas y vehículos que queman carbón o productos derivados del petróleo. En interacción con el vapor de agua, estos gases forman ácido sulfúrico y ácidos nítricos. Finalmente, estas sustancias químicas caen a la tierra acompañando a las precipitaciones, constituyendo la lluvia ácida. Los contaminantes atmosféricos primarios que dan origen a la lluvia ácida pueden recorrer grandes distancias, siendo trasladados por los vientos cientos o miles de kilómetros antes de precipitar en forma de rocío, lluvia, llovizna, granizo, nieve, niebla o neblina. Cuando la precipitación se produce, puede provocar importantes deterioros en el ambiente. La lluvia normalmente presenta un pH de aproximadamente 5.65 (ligeramente ácido), debido a la presencia del CO2 atmosférico, que forma ácido carbónico, H2CO3. Se considera lluvia ácida si presenta un pH de menos de 5 y puede alcanzar el pH del vinagre (pH 3). Estos valores de pH se alcanzan por la presencia de ácidos como el ácido sulfúrico, H2SO4, y el ácido nítrico, HNO3. Estos ácidos se forman a partir del dióxido de azufre, SO2, y el monóxido de nitrógeno que se convierten en ácidos. Los hidrocarburos y el carbón usados como fuente de energía, en grandes cantidades, pueden también producir óxidos de azufre y nitrógeno y el dióxido de azufre emitidos por fábricas, centrales eléctricas y vehículos que queman carbón o productos derivados del petróleo.
Sur nedbør er en konsekvens av forurensning i lufta, som kommer ned på jorda sammen med nedbøren. Vi snakker hovedsakelig om tilførsel av to stoffer, svoveldioksid (SO2) og nitrogenoksider (NOx). Oksidene reagerer med vanndamp i atmosfæren, og danner svovelsyre (H2SO4) og salpetersyre (HNO3). Dette gjør at vannet blir surt, og inneholder en pH under 5,6, som kjennertegner sur nedbør. SO2 + H2O ↔ H2SO3 (svovelsyrling) SO3 + H2O ↔ H2SO4 (svovelsyre)
酸性雨（さんせいう）とは、環境問題の一つとして問題視される現象で、大気汚染により降る酸性(厳密にはph5.6以下)の雨のことを指す。酸性の雪は酸性雪（さんせいせつ）、酸性の霧は酸性霧（さんせいむ）と呼ばれる。
酸雨正式的名稱是為酸性沉降，它可分為「濕沈降」與「乾沈降」兩大類，前者指的是所有氣狀污染物或粒狀污染物，隨著雨、雪、霧或雹等降水型態而落到地面者，後者則是指在不下雨的日子，從空中降下來的落塵所帶的酸性物質而言。 在化學上定義水之酸鹼值等於七為中性，小於則是酸性。自然大氣中含有大量二氧化碳，二氧化碳在常溫時溶解於雨水中並達到氣液相平衡後，雨水之酸鹼值約為 5.6，因此大自然的雨水是酸的。 但是，在大自然中，仍存在其他致酸的物質，例如，火山爆發所噴出的硫化氫，海洋所釋放出的二甲基硫，高空閃電所導致之氮氧化物等，均會使雨水進一步酸化，而酸鹼值會降至 5.0 左右。因此，在 1980 年代後期以來，許多國內外（包含環保署研究報告）研究者，已將所謂「酸雨」認知為當雨水酸鹼值在 5.0 以下時，即確定受到人為酸性污染物的影響。 在環保署研究報告中，已統一雨水酸鹼值達 5.0以下時，正式定義為「酸雨」。例如，若以環保署台北酸雨監測站 1990-1998 年之有效雨水化學分析資料為準，顯示約九成降水天數的雨水pH值在 5.6 以下，而酸雨發生機率則為七成五左右。
Saurer Regen
acid rain
chuva ácida
deště kyselé
happevihm
happosade, hapan sade
kisel dež
kisela kiša
kwaśny deszcz
kyslý dážď
lluvia ácida
pioggia acida
ploaie acidă
pluie acide
rūgštusis lietus
savas eső
skābais lietus
sur nedbør
sur regn
surt regn
zure regen
όξινη βροχή
Киселинен дъжд
مطر حمضي
酸性雨
酸雨
酸性
[Henderson's] a. (1) having the properties of an acid; (2) appl. stains such as eosin that react with basic components of protoplasm such as cytoplasm and collagen.
[controlled by ] Staszewski 08.06.2013" , "[source of definition ] having the properties of an acid or containing acid; having a pH below 7;containing acid-bearing pollutants
acidity of water
acidité
[GEMET] The degree to which air is polluted; the type and maximum concentration of man-produced pollutants that should be permitted in the atmosphere.
air quality
qualité de l'air
Ammoniak
ammoniaak
ammoniaca
ammoniak
ammoniakk
ammoniakki
ammónia
amoniac
amoniaco
amoniak
amoniakas
amonijak
amonjaks
amoníaco
αμμωνία
Амоняк
أمونيا
ampere
NASA SWEET unit , "EnvThes unit
Annelida
The annelids (also called ‘ringed worms’), formally called Annelida (from Latin anellus ‘little ring’), are a large phylum of segmented worms, with over 17,000 modern species including ragworms, earthworms and leeches. Various forms specialise in their respective ecologies; some in marine environments as distinct as tidal zones and hydrothermal vents, others in fresh water, and yet others in moist terrestrial environments.
[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen" , "[comments ] Slightly mofidied from the definition in GEMET (for annelids)
annelids
[Henderson's] n.plu. social insects of the superfamily Formicoidea of the order Hymenoptera, which live in colonies composed of a queen, with male, worker and, in some cases, soldier castes.
[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant
ants
[GEMET] Any watery environment, from small to large, from pond to ocean, in which plants and animals interact with the chemical and physical features of the environment.
aquatic ecosystem
arcminute
MOA
arcsecond
SOA
the bacterial component of the plankton
[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen" , "[source of definition ] Wikipedia
bacterioplankton
basal area
Basal area is the term used in forest management that defines the area of a given section of land that is occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks and stems at their base.
tree basal area
basal area of tree
A large subdivision of the kingdom Fungi coextensive with the phylum Basidiomycetes, characterized by having the spores borne on a basidium
basidiomycetes
study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors. In other words, bathymetry is the underwater equivalent to hypsometry or topography.
bathymetry
[Henderson's] n.plu. insects of the superfamily Apoidea of the order Hymenoptera, some of which are social and some solitary. They include the honey bees (Apis), bumblebees (Bombus) and ﬂower bees (Anthophora). Bees feed themselves and their young on pollen and nectar gathered from ﬂowers, and are important plant pollinators. The social bees form colonies with a single queen, males (drones) and workers.
[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee
bees
[Henderson's] n. common name for a member of the Coleoptera q.v.
[source of definition ] http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle
beetles
The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. Organisms living in this zone are called benthos, e.g. the benthic invertebrate community, including crustaceans and polychaetes.
[source of definition ] wikipedia" , "[controlled by ] Alessandro Oggioni 23.05.2013
benthic zone
[Henderson's] n. ﬂora and fauna of sea or lake bottom from high water mark down to the deepest levels.
benthos
bicarbonate
[Henderson's] biological diversity q.v. As defined by the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity: “the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part. This includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.” The number of different living species is estimated at between 40 and 80 million, most of them still undiscovered and uncharacterized, each species containing yet further genetic diversity. , "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_diversity
[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013" , "[source of definition ] http://www.unep-wcmc.org/what-is-biodiversity_50.html
[Henderson's] n. that part of biology deal­ing with the geographical distribution of plants (phytogeography) and animals (zoogeography).
Biogeographie
biogeograafia
biogeografi
biogeografia
biogeografie
biogeografija
biogeografía
biogeography
biogeográfia
biogéographie
bioģeogrāfija
eliömaantiede
βιογεωγραφία
Биогеография
جغرافيا حيوية
[GEMET] Processes concerning living organisms
biological process
[Henderson's] n. the part of the planet contain­ing living organisms: the living world.
Biosphäre
biosfeer
biosfera
biosferă
biosfär
biosfäär, elukond
biosfääri, eliökehä
biosfære
biosféra
biosfēra
biosphere
biosphère
bioszféra
βιόσφαιρα
Биосфера
المحيط الحيوي
aves
[Henderson's] Aves q.v.
birds
鳥類
鸟类
[Henderson's] water with a salinity of 0.5–30 parts per thousand total dissolved solids. cf. freshwater, seawater.
brackish water
eau saumâtre
A butterfly is a mainly day-flying insect of the order Lepidoptera, which includes the butterflies and moths
[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly
butterflies
Calcium
calcio
calciu
cálcio
kalcij
kalcijs
kalcis
kalcium
kalsium
kaltsium
vápnik
vápník
wapń
ασβέστιο
Калций
الكالسيوم
[Henderson's] n. any member of a class of biological molecules of general formula Cx(H2O)y. Carbohydrates include sugars and their derivatives and polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose.
carbohydrates
[Henderson's] conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds by living organisms, e.g. the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates that occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts during photo­synthesis.
carbon assimilation
[Henderson's] the various processes by which carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide enters the biosphere, circulates within it as organic carbon, and is eventu­ally returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Carbon enters the biosphere by photosynthetic ﬁxation of carbon dioxide into organic compounds and is returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide formed chieﬂy by respiration of living organisms, but also by burning of wood and fossil fuels.
carbon cycling
carbon dynamics
c:n ratio
carbon:nitrogen ratio
The C/N ratio (C:N) or carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is a ratio of the mass of carbon to the mass of nitrogen in a substance. Carbon-to-nitrogen ratios are an indicator for nitrogen limitation of plants and other organisms.
carbon to nitrogen ratio
[GEMET] A nonmetallic element existing in the three crystalline forms: graphite, diamond and buckminsterfullerene: occurring in carbon dioxide, coal, oil and all organic compounds.
Kohlenstoff
anglis
carbon
carbone
carbonio
carbono
hiili
karbon
kol
koolstof
kulstof
ogleklis
ogljik
szén
süsinik
ugljik
uhlík
węgiel
άνθρακας
Въглерод
كربون
[Henderson's] n. complete counting of a whole population with respect to the variable under study.
census
A soft silvery-white and highly reactive metal belonging to the alkali group of metals. It is a radiation hazard, because it can occur in two radioactive forms. Caesium-134 is produced in nuclear reactors, not directly by fission, but by the reaction. It emits beta- and gamma-radiation and has a half-life of 2.06 years. Caesium-137 is a fission product of uranium and occurs in the fallout from nuclear weapons. It emits beta- and gamma-rays and has a half-life of 30 years. Caesium-137 was the principal product released into the atmosphere, and hence the food chain, from atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons and from the Windscale fire and Chernobyl nuclear accidents. After the Chernobyl accident, which spread a radiation cloud across Europe, the European Commission proposed new and more restrictive limits on levels of caesium in food and drinking water.
cesium
[GEMET] The scientific study of the properties, composition, and structure of matter, the changes in structure and composition of matter, and accompanying energy changes.
Chemie
chemia
chemie
chemija
chemistry
chimica
chimie
chémia
keemia
kemi
kemia
kemija
kjemi
kémia/vegyészet
química
ķīmija
χημεία
Химия
علم الكيمياء
[GEMET] A compound which is derived from hydrochloric acid and contains the chlorine atom in the -1 oxidation state.
chloride
chlorure
[GEMET] A very reactive and highly toxic green, gaseous element, belonging to the halogen family of substances. It is one of the most widespread elements, as it occurs naturally in sea-water, salt lakes and underground deposits, but usually occurs in a safe form as common salt (NaCl). Commercially it is used in large quantities by the chemical industry both as an element to produce chlorinated organic solvents, like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and for the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride plastics, thermoplastic and hypochlorite bleaches. Chlorine was the basis for the organochlorine pesticides, like DDT and other agricultural chemicals that have killed wildlife. The reactivity of chlorine has proved disastrous for the ozone layer and has been the cause of the creation of the ozone hole, which was first detected in the Southern Hemisphere over Antarctica and then over the Northern Hemisphere.
chlore
chlorine
A type of chlorophyll that is most common and predominant in all oxygen-evolving photosynthetic organisms such as higher plants, red and green algae. It is best at absorbing wavelength in the 400-450 nm and 650-700 nm of the electromagnetic spectrum. Its molecular formula is C55H72O5N4Mg.
[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen" , "[source of definition ] Biology-Online.org
chlorophyll a
皆伐
Forest harvesting method, removing all the timber from a forested area.
clearcutting
定殖
[Henderson's] n. (1) invasion of a new habitat by a species; (2) occupation of bare ground by seedlings.
colonization
群落
community
群落結構
community structure
(in science) samples obtained by coring
cores
core
coulomb
Crayfish – also called crawfish or crawdads – are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters, to which they are related; taxonomically, they are members of the superfamilies Astacoidea and Parastacoidea.
[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013" , "[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayfish
crayfishes
[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayfish" , "[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013
crops
[GEMET] A class of arthropod animals having jointed feet and mandibles, two pairs of antennae, and segmented, chitin-encased bodies.
[source of definition ] Worksheet Hend: Crustacea" , "[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013
crustaceans
day
decade
[Henderson's] n. any organism that feeds on dead plant and animal matter, breaking it down physically and chemically and recycling elements and organic and inor­ganic compounds to the environment. Decomposers are chieﬂy microorganisms and small invertebrates.
decomposers
decomposer
1° = ( /180) rad,degree (angle)
EnvThes unit
degree Celsius
degree Fahrenheit
[Henderson's] n. (1) conversion of nitrate to nitrite, and nitrite to molecular nitrogen, leading to the loss of nitrogen from the biosphere. These reactions are carried out by a few genera of anaerobic bacteria. see denitriﬁers; (2) the reduction of nitrates to nitrites and ammonia, as in plant tissues.
denitrification
dénitrification
Denitrifikation
azoto (pa)šalinimas
denitrificare
denitrificatie
denitrificazione
denitrificering
denitrifiering
denitrifikace
denitrifikacija
denitrifikasjon
denitrifikatsioon
denitrifikácia
denitrifikācija
denitryfikacja
desnitrificación
desnitrificação
nitrátmentesítés
typen t. nitraattien poistaminen t. poistuminen
απονίτρωση
Деазотиране, обедняване откъм азот
إزالة النترتة
[Henderson's] n. (1) small pieces of dead and decomposing plants and animals. see also detritus layer; (2) detached and broken down fragments of a structure. a. detrital.
[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen" , "[comments ] I think the new is more relevant and complete in the context" , "[source of definition ] New World Encyclopedia
detritus
A characteristic type of food chain taking place involving detritus feeders (detritivores), detritus and the micro-organisms that multiply on it.
[source of definition ] Wikipedia" , "[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen
detritus cycle
Is the temperature below which the water vapor in air at constant barometric pressure condenses into liquid water at the same rate at which it evaporates. The condensed water is called dew when it forms on a solid surface
dew point
Diatomophyceae
bacillariophyceae
[Henderson's] n. common name for a member of the phylum Bacillariophyta, a group of algae characterized by delicately marked thin double shells of silica.
diatoms
diffuse radiation intensity
diffuse solar radiation
intensity of diffuse radiation
Energy from the entire sky dome that falls on a horizontal surface, minus the effects of direct beam radiation as it hits the horizontal.
diffuse solar radiation intensity
DEM
A digital elevation model is a digital model or 3D representation of a terrain's surface — commonly for a planet (including Earth), moon, or asteroid — created from terrain elevation data.
digital elevation model
[GEMET] A definite pathological process having a characteristic set of signs and symptoms which are detrimental to the well-being of the individual.
Krankheit
betegség
boală
bolest
bolezen
choroba
choroby
disease
doenças
enfermedades
haigus, tõbi
liga
maladie
malattia
nemoc
sjukdomar
slimība
sygdomme
sykdom
taudit
ziekten
νοσήματα (παθήσεις)
Заболяване
مرض
DIC
[source of definition ] Lars Lundin" , "[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614
dissolved inorganic carbon
DOC
[GEMET] The fraction of total organic carbon (all carbon atoms covalently bonded in organic molecules) in water that passes through a 0.45 micron pore-diameter filter.
carbone organique dissous
dissolved organic carbon
Distance, or farness, is a numerical description of how far apart objects are. In physics or everyday usage, distance may refer to a physical length, or an estimation based on other criteria (e.g. \"two counties over\"). In mathematics, a distance function or metric is a generalization of the concept of physical distance.
distance
[GEMET] 1) Removal of groundwater or surface water, or of water from structures, by gravity or pumping.2) The discharge of water from a soil by percolation (the process by which surface water moves downwards through cracks, joints and pores in soil and rocks).
(απο)στράγγιση
Entwässerung
afwatering
drainage
drenagem
drenaggio
drenaj
drenaje
drenažas
drenering
drenáž
drenāža
dränering
dræn
drénezés
kuivatus, ojitus, salaojitus
kuivendus
odtok, odvodnja
odvodnja
odvodňování
osuszanie
Отводняване
صرف صحي
排水
[Henderson's] n. situation in which a region does not receive its normal amount of water because of decreased rainfall, increased evaporation due to higher than normal temperatures or a combination of both.
drought
[Henderson's] n. (1) the interrelationships be­tween organisms and their environment and each other; (2) the study of these interrelationships. , "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology
US LTER controlled vocabulary , "the discipline of ecology can be organized by three different concepts, that occur now in parallel here: (1) classification according to organizational level that is considered, includes ecosystem ecology, community ecolog
the interrelationships be­tween organisms and their environment and each other within an ecosystem
ecosystem ecology
atmospheric measurement technique to measure and calculate vertical turbulent fluxes within atmospheric boundary layers
eddy covariance
electronvolt
1 eV = 1.602 18 x 10-19 J,approximately
altitude
The elevation of a geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface
elevation
[Henderson's] a. living in the lower part of a river or estuary where freshwater and seawater meet.
estuarine
[Henderson's] n. (1) the complete disappearance of a species from the Earth; (2) (behav.) process by which learned behaviour pat­terns cease to be performed when they are not reinforced; (3) ( phys.) absorbance q.v.
extinction
Substance added to soil for the purpose of promoting plant life, usually containing nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, e.g. manure, guano, rock phosphates.
fertilizer
[Henderson's] ﬂuoresence in situ hybridization q.v.
Fisch
fishes
fisk
fisk (arter)
hal
kala
kalat
peces
peixes
pesci
peşte
poisson
riba
ryba
ryby
vis
zivis
žuvis
ιχθύες
Риба
سمكة
[Henderson's] n.plu. group of aquatic limbless vertebrates, breathing mainly by means of gills, with streamlined bodies and ﬁns and with the body covered in scales (in bony ﬁshes), and comprising the Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous ﬁshes) and the Osteichthyes (bony ﬁshes). The Agnatha are also some­times called ﬁshes.
[GEMET] An unusual accumulation of water above the ground caused by high tide, heavy rain, melting snow or rapid runoff from paved areas.
flood
flooding
[Henderson's] n. light of one optical wave­length emitted by a material in response to illumination with light of another wave­length. The ﬂuorescent dyes used as stains in ﬂuorescence microscopy are usually those that emit a particular colour, e.g. red, green, blue, on activation by ultraviolet light.
[controlled by ] S Stoll 2013-06-20
fluorescence
Also known as: fluoride, fluoride ion, Fluoride(1-), Perfluoride, Fluoride dust, Fluorine ion, Fluoride as dust, Fluoride ion(F-), Fluoride ion(1-)Molecular Formula: F- Molecular Weight: 18.998403; Inorganic salts of hydrofluoric acid, HF, in which the fluorine atom is in the -1 oxidation state. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) Sodium and stannous salts are commonly used in dentifrices.
fluoride
[GEMET] A gaseous or liquid chemical element; a member of the halide family, it is the most electronegative element and the most chemically energetic of the nonmetallic elements; highly toxic, corrosive, and flammable; used in rocket fuels and as a chemical intermediate.
fluor
fluorine
[Henderson's] n. the leaves of a plant or plant com­munity, collectively.
Laub
bladverk
feuillage
fogliame
folhagem
foliage
follaje
frunziş
gebladerte
lapija
lapotne
lauv
lehdet, lehvistö
lehestik
listje
listoví
listy
lišće
lombkorona
løv
ulistnienie
φύλλωμα
Листак
أوراق النبات
树叶
葉群、葉、群葉
[Henderson's] the interconnected food chains in an ecosystem.
food web
herbaceous flowering plant that is not a graminoid (grasses, sedges and rushes)
[controlled by ] Neagu Stefan 07/06/13" , "[source of definition ] wikipedia
forbs
The distribution of trees in a stand, which can be described by vertical and/or horizontal spatial patterns, size of trees ortree parts, age, or a combination of these.
forest structure
forest disturbance
[Henderson's] (1) ground level in a forest; (2) the surface of the soil, including its litter covering, in a forest ecosystem.
forest floor
[GEMET] A deposit of interlocking ice crystals formed by direct sublimation on objects.
frost
gel
Frost
fagy
geada
gelata
hall (halla)
heladas
inoväť
mraz
mráz
pakkanen
sals
slana
szron
vorst
îngheţ
šaltis
παγετός
Скреж
التجمُّد
A fungus (/ˈfʌŋɡəs/; plural: fungi[3] or funguses[4]) is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds (British English: moulds), as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
gas
[GEMET] Any mollusc of the class Gastropoda, typically having a flattened muscular foot for locomotion and a head that bears stalked eyes.
gastropods
genetica
[Henderson's] n. (1) that part of biology dealing with inherited variation and its physical basis in DNA, the genetic material; (2) of an organism, the physical basis of its inherited characteristics, i.e. the sequence and arrangement of its genes.
genetics
génétique
GIS
[GEMET] An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information that can be drawn from different sources, both statistical and mapped.
geographic information system
[GEMET] The study of the natural features of the earth's surface, comprising topography, climate, soil, vegetation, etc. and man's response to them.
geography
géographie
[Henderson's] n. the beginning of growth from a spore, seed, or similar structure.
germination
(su)dygimas
(εκ)βλάστηση
Keimung
csírázás
dīgšana; saasnošana
germinación
germinare
germinazione
germinação
groning
idanemine
idätys
kalitev, klitje
kieming
kiełkowanie
klijanje
klíčenie
klíčení
spiring
Покълване
الإنبات
GPS
système de positionnement mondial
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites
global positioning system
イネ科草本
禾本牧草
heat flux
[Henderson's] n. animal that feeds exclusively on plants. a. herbivorous.
herbivores
herbivore
[Henderson's] n. any seed plant with non-woody green stems.
herbs
hertz
[Henderson's] n. recent geological epoch fol­lowing Pleistocene, began ca. 10,000 years ago. alt. Recent.
holocene
1 h = 60 min = 3600 s,hour
[Wikipedia] Hoverflies are flies (Diptera) belonging the family of Syrphidae.
hoverflies
Hoverflies are flies (Diptera) belonging the family of Syrphidae.
[source of definition ] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoverfly
humans
The amount of water vapor in the air. Water vapor is the gaseous state of water and is invisible
humidity
湿度
[GEMET] A tropical cyclone of great intensity; any wind reaching a speed of more than 73 miles per hour (117 kilometers per hour) is said to have hurricane force.
hurricane
ハリケーン
飓风
[GEMET] Science which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of the oceans, lakes, rivers, and their adjoining coastal areas, with particular reference to their control and utilization.
hydrographie
hydrography
The hyporheic zone is a region beneath and alongside a stream bed, where there is mixing of shallow groundwater and surface water. The flow dynamics and behavior in this zone (termed hyporheic flow or underflow) is recognized to be important for surface water/groundwater interactions, as well as fish spawning, among other processes.
hyporheic
[Wikipedia] The hyporheic zone is a region beneath and alongside a stream bed, where there is mixing of shallow groundwater and surface water. The flow dynamics and behavior in this zone (termed hyporheic flow or underflow) is recognized to be important for surface water/groundwater interactions, as well as fish spawning, among other processes. (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyporheic_zone) , "[Henderson's] zone around a river, esp. those with gravel beds, in which river water and its microﬂora and fauna extends as groundwater throughout the surrounding land.
hyporheic zone
[Henderson's] zone around a river, esp. those with gravel beds, in which river water and its microﬂora and fauna extends as groundwater throughout the surrounding land.
[GEMET] A class of the Arthropoda typically having a segmented body with an external, chitinous covering, a pair of compound eyes, a pair of antennae, three pairs of mouthparts, and two pairs of wings.
insects
The International System of Units[1] (abbreviated SI from French: Système international d'unités[2]) is the modern form of the metric system and is generally a system of units of measurement devised around seven base units and the convenience of the number ten.
SI units
Invaderende art
Invasiv art
especie invasora
espèce invasive
入侵物种
外来種
Als Neobiota bezeichnet man Arten und untergeordnete Taxa, die durch menschliche Einflussnahme Einzug in ein Gebiet erhielten, in dem sie nicht einheimisch sind. Als Unterbegriff für eingeschleppte Pflanzen ist Neophyten (Sing. Neophyt) gebräuchlich, analog dazu existiert für Tiere der Begriff Neozoen (Sing. Neozoon). Ein verschleppter Pilz ist ein Neomycet. Diese vier Begriffe sind vor allem im deutschsprachigen Raum gebräuchlich, im Englischen werden vorwiegend Begriffe wie invasive species (invasive Art) oder alien species ohne Unterscheidung zwischen Pflanzen, Tieren und Pilzen verwendet. Das zugehörige Teilgebiet der Biologie ist die Invasionsbiologie. Den Vorgang der Einschleppung, Etablierung und Ausbreitung im neuen Gebiet bezeichnet man als biologische Invasion. Zu den wichtigsten Transportmitteln für Neobiota gehört z. B. der weltweite Güterverkehr, der die unbeabsichtigte Verschleppung von Neobiota ermöglicht. Neobiota zeichnen sich meist durch typische Eigenschaften wie Anpassungsfähigkeit, hohe Fortpflanzungsrate und oft auch eine Assoziation mit Menschen aus. Diese Eigenschaften bestimmen im Zusammenspiel mit der Anfälligkeit des neuen Gebietes für biologische Invasoren und der Anzahl verschleppter Individuen (engl. propagule pressure) die Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit, mit der sich nach einem Ausbreitungsereignis eine stabile Population etabliert. Während zahlreiche Neobiota keine merklichen negativen Auswirkungen verursachen, geht von einigen etablierten Neobiota ein stark negativer Einfluss auf die Biodiversität ihres neuen Lebensraumes aus. Oft verändert sich die Zusammensetzung der Biozönose beträchtlich, zum Beispiel durch Prädation oder als Folge von Konkurrenzdruck. Ebenso können Neobiota wirtschaftlichen Schaden anrichten, zum Beispiel als Forst- und Landwirtschaftsschädlinge. Gleichzeitig treten sie als Vektoren von Pathogenen in Erscheinung, welche teilweise auch Nutzpflanzen, Nutztiere und den Menschen befallen können., Als Biologische Invasion (umgangssprachlich Einschleppung) bezeichnet man die Einwanderung einer Art in ein Gebiet, in dem sie nicht heimisch ist, und ihre Ausbreitung in diesem Gebiet. Solche Arten nennt man auch invasive Spezies oder Bioinvasoren; sie bilden eine Teilmenge der eingebürgerten Arten oder Neobiota. Bei diesen unterscheidet man eingebürgerte Pflanzen und Tiere. Biologische Invasionen sind Forschungsgegenstand der Invasionsbiologie, eines Seitenzweiges der Biologie.
En invaderende art (eller en invasiv art) er en plante- eller dyreart som er innført i et område, hvor den kan fortrenge eller konkurrere med andre arter og på den måten forrykke den økologiske balansen mellom artene på stedet. En rekke arter har blitt listet opp som invaderende i byer og forlatte områder. Brunrotte, mink, rynkerose og strandkrabbe er blant de artene som hører til gruppen av invaderende arter som er blitt listet opp av Invasive species group. I Norge holder Artsdatabanken rede på invaderende arter gjennom FremmedArtsBasen.
En invasiv art är en art som introducerats till områden utanför sitt ursprungliga utbredningsområde, som sprider sig av egen kraft, som skadar ekosystemet som de introducerats till, har negativa effekter på jordbruk och dylikt, åstadkommer ekonomisk skada, eller påverkar hälsan negativt hos djur och människor.
Ficheiro:Cga33333. jpg Caramujo-gigante-africano(de nome científico Achatina fulica),uma das mais difundidas espécies invasoras no Brasil Uma espécie é considerada invasora se o seu estabelecimento percorre as seguintes etapas: A espécie é introduzida por acção humana, propositada (por exemplo, para cultura), ou acidental (por exemplo, agarrada aos cascos de navios), numa determinada região ou localização onde antes não ocorria naturalmente (ou seja, não é nativa); A espécie estabelece uma população reprodutora nesse local sem mais intervenção humana; A espécie torna-se uma praga nessa nova localização, ameaçando a biodiversidade local. Segundo a IUCN, as invasões biológicas são a segunda maior causa de perda de biodiversidade à escala global.
Fichier:Starr Miconia calvescens0. jpg Cette espèce, Miconia calvescens, originaire d'Amérique centrale est jugée responsable dans l'accélération de l'érosion de certaines îles du Pacifique, tel que l'archipel d'Hawaii Fichier:Gelbw-schmuckschildkroete-03. jpg Les 'tortues de Floride' et autres émydidées nord-américaines, relâchée par leurs propriétaires dans la nature quand elles deviennent trop grandes, concurrencent fortement les espèces natives à l'Europe, comme la cistude Fichier:Péniche2007 03 031. jpg L'eau utilisée et transportée comme ballast est un des principaux vecteurs d'espèces invasives, par les navires de transport intercontinental d'abord, mais éventuellement par des bateaux plus petits telles que les péniches Une espèce invasive ou espèce envahissante exogène est une espèce vivante exotique qui devient un agent de perturbation nuisible à la biodiversité autochtone des écosystèmes naturels ou semi naturels parmi lesquels elle s’est établie. Les phénomènes d'invasion biologique sont aujourd'hui considérés par l'ONU comme une des grandes causes de régression de la biodiversité, avec la pollution, la fragmentation écologique des écosystèmes et l'ensemble constitué par la chasse, la pêche et la surexploitation de certaines espèces. Modèle:Citation En réalité, il faudrait parler de « population invasive » et non d'espèce invasive, et chez certaines espèces, seules quelques sous-espèces sont devenues invasives . La biodiversité est en soi un facteur de résilience et de limitation de l'invasivité de nombreuses espèces introduites Modèle:,. L'artificialisation d'un milieu est facteur d'invasivité d'espèces qui ne le seraient pas ailleurs.
Gatunek inwazyjny - gatunek alochtoniczny o znacznej ekspansywności, który rozprzestrzenia się naturalnie lub z udziałem człowieka i stanowi zagrożenie dla fauny i flory danego ekosystemu, konkurując z gatunkami autochtonicznymi o niszę ekologiczną, a także przyczyniając się do wyginięcia gatunków miejscowych. Gatunki inwazyjne stanowią drugie, zaraz po niszczeniu siedlisk największe zagrożenie dla światowej bioróżnorodności. Inwazyjne gatunki roślin stanowią szczególny problem na obszarach chronionych, wypierając rodzime gatunki roślin, dla ochrony których utworzono te obszary. W takim przypadku zachodzi konieczność usuwania intruzów (głównie przez mechaniczne niszczenie). Oto niektóre najgroźniejsze gatunki inwazyjne Polski: Rośliny: barszcz Sosnowskiego barszcz Mantegazziego rdestowiec ostrokończysty rdestowiec sachaliński rdestowiec czeski klon jesionolistny kolczurka klapowana nawłoć kanadyjska nawłoć późna niecierpek drobnokwiatowy niecierpek gruczołowaty irga błyszcząca świdośliwka kłosowa czeremcha amerykańska róża pomarszczona robinia akacjowa rudbekia naga Zwierzęta: babka bycza babka szczupła babka łysa jenot norka amerykańska wioślarka kaspijska (Cercopagis pengoi) racicznica zmienna rak sygnałowy rak pręgowaty inaczej rak amerykański (Orconectes limosus) okoń nilowy stonka kukurydziana krab wełnistoszczypcy krabik amerykański kiełż wschodni kiełże (Dikerogammarus villosus) W ornitologii termin gatunek inwazyjny ma również inne znaczenie. Są to gatunki, które w pewnych, nieregularnych okresach pojawiają się w dużych ilościach na danym terenie. Z reguły są to gatunki wysoko wyspecjalizowane pod względem odżywiania. Dla Polski przykładami tego typu ptaków są: sowa śnieżna (Nyctea scandiaca) syberyjski podgatunek orzechówki (Nucifraga caryocatactes macrorhynos) krzyżodzioby: krzyżodziób świerkowy (L. curvirostra) krzyżodziób sosnowy (L. pytyopsittacus) krzyżodziób modrzewiowy (L. leucoptera) Niektóre gatunki wykazują jedynie pewien stopień tego typu inwazyjności manifestujący się fluktuacjami ilości wędrujących osobników, trasy przelotu i zasięgu. Z reguły są to gatunki odżywiające się mało zróżnicowanym pokarmem roślinnym. W przypadku nieurodzaju na danym terenie żerowania (zwykle zimowisku) większa niż zazwyczaj liczba osobników podejmuje dalszą wędrówkę w poszukiwaniu nowych żerowisk. Taką zwiększoną ilość osobników na trasie wędrówki określa się nalotem inwazyjnym. Przykładami tego typu gatunków inwazyjnych są dla Polski takie ptaki jak: czyż zwyczajny (Carduelis spinus) czeczotka zwyczajna (Carduelis flammea) dzięcioł duży (Dendrocopos major) jemiołuszka (Bombycilla garrulus) sójka zwyczajna (Garrulus glandarius)
Invasive species', or invasive exotics, is a nomenclature term and categorization phrase used for flora and fauna, and for specific restoration-preservation processes in native habitats, with several definitions. The first definition, the most used, applies to non-indigenous species, or 'non-native', plants or animals that adversely affect the habitats and bioregions they invade economically, environmentally, and/or ecologically. They disrupt by dominating a region, wilderness areas, particular habitats, and/or wildland-urban interface land from loss of natural controls. This includes non-native labeled as exotic pest plants and invasive exotics, in restoration parlance, growing in native plant communities. It has been used in this sense by government organizations as well as conservation groups such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the California Native Plant Society. The European Union defines 'Invasive Alien Species' as those that are, firstly, outside their natural distribution area, and secondly, threaten biological diversity. It is also used by land managers, botanists, researchers, horticulturalists, conservationists, and the public for noxious weeds. The kudzu vine (Pueraria lobata), Andean Pampas grass (Cortaderia jubata), and yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) are examples. The second definition includes the first, but broadens the boundaries to include indigenous or native species, with the non-native ones, that disrupt by a dominant colonization of a particular habitat or wildlands area from loss of natural controls . Deer are an example, considered to be overpopulating their native zones and adjacent suburban gardens, by some in the Northeastern and Pacific Coast regions of the United States. The third definition identifies invasive species as a widespread nonindigenous species. This one can be too broad, as not every nonindigenous or 'introduced' species has an adverse effect on a nonindigenous environment. A nonadverse example is the common goldfish, though common outside its native range globally, it is rarely in harmful densities to a native habitat. Because of the variability of its definition, and because definitions are often from a socio-economic perspective, the phrase invasive species is often criticized as an imprecise term for the scientific field of ecology. This article concerns the first two definitions; for the third, see Introduced species.
Las especies invasoras son animales, plantas u otros organismos transportados e introducidos por el ser humano en lugares fuera de su área de distribución natural y que han conseguido establecerse y dispersarse en la nueva región, donde resultan dañinos. Que una especie invasora resulta dañina, significa que produce cambios importantes en la composición, la estructura o los procesos de los ecosistemas naturales o seminaturales, poniendo en peligro la diversidad biológica nativa (en diversidad de especies, diversidad dentro de las poblaciones o diversidad de ecosistemas). Debido a sus impactos en los ecosistemas donde han sido introducidas tales especies son consideradas ingenieros de ecosistemas. Los seres humanos han causado cambios sin precedentes en los ecosistemas de todo el planeta y han redistribuido las especies vegetales y animales de forma voluntaria o accidental. Como consecuencia de estos cambios ciertas especies tienen un comportamiento invasivo en las localidades de introducción, siendo más susceptibles los hábitats alterados o degradados. Estas invasiones llevan asociadas varios problemas. A nivel ecológico destaca la pérdida de diversidad autóctona y la degradación de los hábitats invadidos. Económicamente son importantes los efectos directos sobre las actividades agropecuarias y la salud pública. Una vez detectada la invasión, su control y erradicación son costosos y no siempre posibles. Identificar los invasores potenciales y evitar su establecimiento es el mejor camino para frenar un problema que incrementa al mismo ritmo que la globalización.
入侵物种（Invasive species）是引进物种的一个子集。如果一个物种被人为引入一个其先前不曾自然存在过的地区，并具备了在无更多人为干预的情况下在当地发展成一定数量的能力，以至威胁到了当地生物的多样性成为当地公害，就可称之为「入侵物种」。
外来種（がいらいしゅ）とは、他地域から人為的に持ち込まれた生物種。この定義では、栽培植物の大部分は外来種となる。園芸の分野では、通常この意味でこの語を使用する。 一方、環境の分野でこの語を使用するときは、通常、特に野生化して世代交代を繰り返すようになり、生態系に定着した動植物をいい、1世代で死滅するものなどはこれに含めない。 類義語に移入種、人為移入種、帰化種があり、植物の場合特に帰化植物、動物の場合特に帰化動物ともいう。 通例、「種」より下位の「亜種」または「変種」であっても「外来種」に含められるが、混乱を嫌って「移入個体群」のような用語を用いる場合もある。
invasive species
[Henderson's] n. atom or molecule that has acquired an electrical charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons.
ion
joule
N·m
kilogram
kilometer
n. α-amino isocaproic acid, an amino acid with a non-polar hydro­carbon side chain, a constituent of protein and essential in human and animal diet.
[Henderson's] n. a composite organism formed from the symbiotic association of certain basidiomycete or ascomycete fungi and a green alga or a cyanobacterium. This forms a simple thallus, found e.g. encrusting rocks and tree trunks.
lichens
litter fall
Dead plant material, such as leaves, bark, needles, and twigs, that has fallen to the ground.
litterfall
[Henderson's] n.plu. common name for mem­bers of the plant division Hepatophyta q.v.
liverworts
[GEMET] Any reptile of the suborder Lacertilia, especially those of the family Lacertidae, typically having an elongated body, four limbs, and a small tail: includes the gechos, iguanas, chameleons, monitors, and slow worms.
lizards
Multicellular algae (green, blue-green and red algae) having filamentous, sheet or mat-like morphology.
macroalgae
[Henderson's] n. permanent grassland, esp. one that is mown for hay and not grazed in summer. cf. ley, pasture, water meadow.
meadow
[Henderson's] n. arthropod of micro­scopic size. cf. macroarthropod.
microarthropods
millenium
milligram
millimeter
milliSievert
mSv
minute
1 min = 60 s
min
[Henderson's] n. common name for many members of the Acarina q.v.
[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite
mites
[GEMET] Any of various invertebrates having a soft unsegmented body and often a shell, secreted by a fold of skin.
[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca
molluscs
mollusks
[Henderson's] a. pert. mountains.
montane
month
bryophytes
non-vascular plants in the land plant division Bryophyta
[source of definition ] wikipedia" , "[controlled by ] Neagu Stefan 07/06/13
mosses
[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614" , "[source of definition ] International Peat Society Peat Dictionary
mud - needs revision
[Henderson's] n. a change in the amount or chemical structure of DNA resulting in a change in the characteristics of an organ­ism or an individual cell. The changes are due to alterations in, or non-production of, proteins (or RNAs) speciﬁed by the altered DNA. Mutations occurring in body cells of multicellular organisms are called somatic mutations and are only passed on to the immediate descendants of those cells. Mutations occurring in germline cells can be inherited by the offspring. Mutations can occur spontane­ously as a result of errors in normal cell processes, e.g. DNA replication, or can be induced by certain chemicals or radia­tion. Alterations in DNA that do not cause any phenotypic change are also sometimes called mutations (silent muta­tions or neutral mutations). see also back mutation, base substitution, deletion, frameshift, insertion, neutral mutation, point mutation, translocation, transposition, transversion, revertant, silent mutation, wild type.
Mutation
mutaatio, muutos
mutace
mutacija
mutación
mutacja
mutasjon
mutatie
mutation
mutatsioon
mutazione
mutação
mutaţie
mutácia
mutáció
mutācija
μετάλλαξη
Мутация
تطفير
突变
突然変異
nanometer
[GEMET] A group of unsegmented worms which have been variously recognized as an order, class, and phylum.
nematodes
NPP
The rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful chemical energy; it is equal to the difference between the rate at which the plants in an ecosystem produce useful chemical energy (GPP) and the rate at which they use some of that energy during respiration.
net primary production
net primary productivity
device used to measure the quantity of water present in soil
neutron probe
NO2
[GEMET] A salt or ester of nitric acid, included in compounds such as potassium nitrite, sodium nitrite and butyl nitrite.
nitrite
The circulation of nitrogen in nature, consisting of a cycle of chemical reactions in which atmospheric nitrogen is compounded, dissolved in rain, and deposited in the soil, where it is assimilated and metabolized by bacteria and plants, eventually returning to the atmosphere by bacterial decomposition of organic matter.
[controlled by ] Tomas Staszevski , 2013-06-08" , "[source of definition ] http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
nitrogen cycling
[source of definition ] http://www.thefreedictionary.com/" , "[controlled by ] Tomas Staszevski , 2013-06-08
A biogeochemical cycle, in which inorganic nutrients move through the soil, living organisms, air and water or through some of these.
[controlled by ] Tomas Staszevski , 2013-06-08" , "[source of definition ] GEMET
nutrient cycling
[Henderson's] n. any substance used or required by an organism as food. see also macro­nutrients, micronutrients.
nutrient
[GEMET] A net transport of ocean water along a definable path.
ocean current
V/A
ohm
Ozon
osoon
otsoni
ozon
ozonas
ozono
ozons
ozón
ózon
όζον
Озон
الأوزون
n. is a scientific subdiscipline closely related to both limnology and paleoecology. Palaeolimnological studies are concerned with reconstructing the paleoenvironments of inland waters (lakes and streams; freshwater, brackish, or saline) – and especially changes associated with such events as climatic change, human impacts (e.g., eutrophication, or acidification), and internal ontogenic processes.
[source of definition ] wikipedia" , "[source of definition ] wikipedia , "[controlled by ] Alessandro Oggioni 23.05.2013 , "[controlled by ] Alessandro Oggioni 23.05.2013
paleolimnology
peatland
percent
[Henderson's] n. a layer of permanently frozen soil, usually sub-surface, which occurs where temperatures are low enough, and which is a feature of the tundra in polar regions. It is generally covered in warmer months with a thin partially melted layer, which in the tundra supports a vegetation of mosses, lichens, grasses and small herbaceous plants. The permafrost layer may be up to hundreds of metres thick.
permafrost
perMil
permil
[Henderson's] pheophytin q.v.
phaeophytin
PAR
[Henderson's] photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) radiation capable of driving the light reactions of photosynthesis, wave­length 380–710 nm.
add PAR
photosynthetically active radiation
[Henderson's] Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) capable of driving light reactions of photosynthesis, wavelength 380–710 nm
[GEMET] The study of those aspects of nature which can be understood in a fundamental way in terms of elementary principles and laws.
Physik
fisica
fizică
fizika
fizyka
fysiikka
fysik
fysikk
fyzika
física
füüsika
natuurkunde
physics
physique
φυσική
Физика
الفيزياء
[Henderson's] n. all photosynthetic plank­ton, including e.g. unicellular algae and cyanobacteria.
Phytoplankton
fitoplancton
fitoplankton
fitoplanktonas
fitoplanktons
fitoplâncton
fytoplankton
fytoplanktón
kasviplankton
phytoplancton
phytoplankton
planteplankton
taimhõljum, fütoplankton
φυτοπλαγκτόν
Фитопланктон
العوالق النباتية
trapping pit for small animals, such as insects, amphibians and reptiles. They are mainly used for ecology studies and ecologic pest control
pitfall traps
plant communities
[GEMET] Any group of plants belonging to a number of different species that co-occur in the same habitat or area and interact through trophic and spatial relationships; typically characterized by reference to one or more dominant species.
plant community
cover of plants
[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 23/05/2013" , "[source of definition ] Expert (but can be found in other thesaurus a \"vegetation\")
[GEMET] Study of the relationships between plants and their environment.
plant ecology
écologie végétale
[Henderson's] n., n.plu. the plant kingdom, which contains multicellular eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms and, in some classiﬁcations, the algae (unicellular and multicellular). It includes the bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), seedless vascular plants (ferns, club mosses, horsetails) and the seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms). The algae are sometimes placed in the Protoctista. see Appendix 1.
plant
[Henderson's] n. a group of individuals of the same species living in a certain deﬁned area.
population
Pore water is the water filling the spaces between grains of sediment. , "groundwater held within a soil or rock, in gaps between particles.
[source of definition ] USGS GOV" , "[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614
pore water
Void spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total matrix volume
[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130611
porosity
n. metallic element, an essential nutrient for living organisms. As the ion K+ it is involved in maintaining intracellular ion balance, in generating the membrane potential, and in producing electrical signals in neurons. One of the major elements required for plant growth.
potassium
a biological interaction where a predator (an animal that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the animal that is attacked)
[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22" , "[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation, 2013-08-22
predation
[Henderson's] the assimilation and ﬁxation of inorganic carbon and other inorganic nutrients into organic matter by autotrophs, which are therefore called primary producers.
primary production
primary productivity
[Henderson's] n. term generally applied to a large heterogeneous group of heterotrophic, non-photosynthetic, aquatic unicellular eukaryotes, lacking cell walls. Examples are the non-photosynthetic ﬂagellates, the amoebas and foraminiferans, the ciliates, and parasitic protozoa such as Eimeria, which causes coccidiosis, and Plasmodium, the malaria parasite. a. protozoan. see Actinopoda, Apicomplexa, Caryoblastea, Ciliophora, Cnidosporidia, Foraminifera, Rhizopoda, Zoomastigina.
protozoa
ratio
this is a duplicate concept&nbsp
unitless
[Henderson's] a. pert. mutual oxidation and reduction.
redox
How common or rare a species is relative to other species in a given location or community
[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22" , "[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_species_abundance, 2013-08-22
relative abundance
Is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in the air–water mixture to the saturated vapor pressure of water at those conditions. The relative humidity of air is a function of both its water content and temperature. It is normally expressed as a percentage.
air relative humidity
相对湿度
相対湿度
Any of various processes, either sexual or asexual, by which an animal or plant produces one or more individuals similar to itself.
[source of definition ] Worksheet GEMET" , "[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013
reproduction
[GEMET] Planting of new trees and, particularly, of native plants in disturbed sites where the vegetation cover has been destroyed, to stabilize the land surface from wind and water erosion and to reclame the land for other uses. Revegetation practices are employed in mined lands, roadsides, parks, wetlands, utility corridors, riparian areas, etc.
revegetation
végétalisation
[Henderson's] a. frequenting, growing on, or living on the banks of streams or rivers.
riparian
[controlled by ] Alessandro Oggioni 23.05.2013
rotifers
[Henderson's] see Urodela.
salamanders
salt marsh
[Henderson's] n. a soil having most particles between 2 mm and 0.02 mm in size, composed usually of silica, and being well drained and aerated.
sable
sand
saison
season
the fact that something changes according to the time of the year
seasonality
salt water
seawater
[ENVO] Water which has physicochemical properties that have been determined by the processes occuring in a sea or ocean.
[source of definition ] http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/seedling, 2013-08-13" , "[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22
[Henderson's] n. low-growing woody plant, usually less than 6 m high, that does not have a main trunk and which branches from the base.
shrubs
The International System of Units (SI) defines seven units of measure as a basic set from which all other SI units are derived. These SI base units and their physical quantities are:[1]\n\t\nmetre for length (US English: meter) \t\nkilogram for mass (note: not the gram) \t\nsecond for time \t\nampere for electric current \t\nkelvin for temperature \t\ncandela for luminous intensity \t\nmole for the amount of substance.
SI base units
J/kg
sievert
[GEMET] The most common form of frozen precipitation, usually flakes or starlike crystals, matted ice needles, or combinations, and often rime-coated.
neige
snow
Schnee
lumi
neve
nieve
sne
sneeuw
sneg
sneh
sniegas
sniegs
snijeg
sníh
snö
snø (avsetning)
zăpadă
śnieg
χιόνι
Сняг
ثلج
Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na (from Latin: natrium) and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silver-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; essential macronutrient involved in generating the membrane potential in animal cells and is also required for the generation of nerve impulses
sodium
soil carbon
[EOL] any measurable characteristic related to the organic matter compounds of the soil
[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614" , "[source of definition ] From above
土壌有機物
土壤有机质
soil respiration rate
Organisms converting oxygen to carbon dioxide in the soil
[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614" , "[source of definition ] Rusell, E.W. 1973
soil respiration
A soil characteristic being constant at a given situation but varies with situation; a measure
soil measure
Spatial variability occurs when a quantity that is measured at different spatial locations exhibits values that differ across the locations.
spatial variability
[Henderson's] n. the evolution of new species.
speciation
[Henderson's] the different species in a given area or ecosystem.
species composition
composition of species
[Henderson's] the number and abund­ance of different species within a given area, which is one measure of biological diversity, a diverse environment having relatively small numbers of many different species. , "[Henderson's] the number and abund­ance of different species within a given area, which is one measure of biological diversity
[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22" , "[comments ] Shorter version than the full Hend definition" , "[source of definition ] Hend
species diversity
[Henderson's] the number of different species within a given community or area.
species richness
Il concetto di specie, è alla base della classificazione degli organismi viventi, trattandosi del livello tassonomico obbligatorio gerarchicamente più basso. La scelta di un criterio univoco ed universale per identificare le specie è però difficile. Tuttavia si può ovviare alle difficoltà quando si considera attualmente la specie come l'unità tassonomica fondamentale. Esistono, perciò, vari concetti utilizzati: cioè la specie può essere, biologica, morfologica, tipologica, cronologica e genetica.
[Henderson's] n. in sexually reproducing organ­isms, a group of interbreeding individuals not normally able to interbreed with other such groups. A species is given two names in binomial nomenclature (e.g. Homo sapiens), the generic name and speciﬁc epithet (italicized in the scientiﬁc liter­ature), similar and related species being grouped into genera. Species can be sub­divided into subspecies, geographic races, and varieties. , "Art inom keltisk mytolgi, se Art (keltisk mytologi) Art eller det biologiska artbegreppet är ett begrepp inom biologi. I biologisk systematik delar man in organismerna i grupper som är nära släkt med varandra och grupper av grupper som är ganska nära släkt med varandra, och så vidare i en hierarki. Art är den grupp som i betydelse ligger närmast vardagsspråkets betydelse för djursort. Som exempel är lejon, tiger och katt både olika djur i vardagsspråket och olika arter i vetenskaplig mening. Länge ansågs artbegreppet som den självklara grundläggande (minsta) enheten i systematiken. Sedan uppkomsten av evolutionsteorin har begreppet dock undergått djupgående förändringar. Ändå har man inte lyckats enas om en definition av begreppet. Den nu vanligaste definitionen myntades av Ernst Mayr. Den säger att en art utgörs av populationer, vars individer kan föröka sig tillsammans men inte med någon individ som tillhör en population som inte tillhör arten. Alla arter är definierade av en typ. En typ är en unik organism som fungerar som referens för definitionen av en specifik art. Varje art har en typ. , "En biología se denomina especie a cada uno de los grupos en que se dividen los géneros, es decir, la limitación de lo genérico en un ámbito morfológicamente concreto. En biología, una especie es la unidad básica de la clasificación biológica. Una especie se define a menudo como grupo de organismos capaces de entrecruzar y de producir descendencia fértil. Mientras que en muchos casos esta definición es adecuada, medidas más exactas o que diferencian más son de uso frecuente, por ejemplo basado en la semejanza del ADN o en la presencia de rasgos local-adaptados específicos. Es un grupo de poblaciones naturales cuyos miembros pueden cruzarse entre sí, pero no pueden hacerlo -o al menos no lo hacen habitualmente- con los miembros de poblaciones pertenecientes a otras especies. En este concepto, el aislamiento en la reproducción respecto de otras especies es central. Es un grupo de organismos reproductivamente homogéneo, pero muy cambiante a lo largo del tiempo y del espacio. En muchos casos los grupos de organismos que se separan de la población original, y quedan aislados del resto, pueden alcanzar una diferenciación suficiente como para convertirse en una nueva especie. Los nombres de uso general para los taxa de la planta y del animal corresponden a veces a la especie: por ejemplo, «león», «morsa» y «árbol de alcanfor». Pero no a menudo: por ejemplo, la palabra «ciervo» se refiere a una familia de 34 especies, incluyendo el ciervo eurasiático y el wapiti, que una vez fueron consideradas una sola especie pero que se ha encontrado que son dos. Una definición apropiada de la palabra «especie» y métodos de confianza para identificar una especie particular es esencial para indicar y probar teorías biológicas y para la biodiversidad que mide. Tradicionalmente, los ejemplos múltiples de una especie propuesta se deben estudiar para los caracteres de la unificación antes de que pueda ser mirada como especie. Las especies extintas sabidas solamente de fósiles son generalmente difíciles de dar graduaciones taxonómicas exactas a. Una especie que se ha descrito científico se puede referir por sus nombres binomiales. , "种（Species）或稱物种，生物分类的基本单位，位于生物分类法中最後一级，在属之下。較為籠統的概念，是指一群或多或少与其它这样的群体形态不同，並能够交配繁殖的相关的生物群体。以演化生物學家恩斯特·麥爾（Ernst Mayr）的定义来说，物种是：「能够（或可能）相互配育的自然种群的类群，这些类群与其它这样的类群在生殖上相互隔离着。」昆虫学家陈世骧（1978）对物种所下定义为：「物种是繁殖单元，由又连续又间断的局群所组成；物种是进化单元，是生物系统线上的基本环节，是分类的基本单元。」。 在分类学中，一个物种被赋予一个拉丁化的雙名法名称。该名称使用斜体印刷，手写时则加上底線；属名首字母大写，屬名之後紧跟一个唯一的形容词，這個詞稱為種小名或種加詞，其首字母不可大寫。只有完整的双名制名称才称为「种名」，而非仅仅是双名制名称的第二个部分。例如人的种名叫Homo sapiens（有智慧的人），而不是sapiens。 , "Die Art oder Spezies ist die Grundeinheit der biologischen Systematik. Eine allgemeine Definition der Art oder Spezies, die die theoretischen und praktischen Anforderungen aller biologischen Teildisziplinen gleichermaßen erfüllt, ist bislang nicht gelungen. Vielmehr existieren in der Biologie verschiedene Artkonzepte, die zu unterschiedlichen Klassifikationen führen. Das Problem der Artdefinition besteht eigentlich aus zwei Teilproblemen: Gruppenbildung (Welche Individuen gehören zusammen?) und Rangbildung (Welche der zahlreichen, ineinander geschachtelten Gruppen abgestufter Ähnlichkeiten und Beziehungen wollen wir 'Art' nennen?) . Die Hauptunterschiede der verschiedenen Artkonzepte liegen dabei auf der Ebene der Rangbildung. Eine Gruppe von Lebewesen unabhängig von ihrem Rang nennen Taxonomen eine 'Sippe' oder ein 'Taxon'. , "Il concetto di specie, è alla base della classificazione degli organismi viventi, trattandosi del livello tassonomico obbligatorio gerarchicamente più basso. La scelta di un criterio univoco ed universale per identificare le specie è però difficile. Tuttavia si può ovviare alle difficoltà quando si considera attualmente la specie come l'unità tassonomica fondamentale. Esistono, perciò, vari concetti utilizzati: cioè la specie può essere, biologica, morfologica, tipologica, cronologica e genetica. , "Dans les sciences du vivant, l’espèce (du latin species, « type » ou « apparence ») est le taxon de base de la systématique. Il existe plus d'une vingtaine de définitions de l'espèce dans la littérature scientifique. La définition la plus communément admise est celle du concept biologique de l'espèce énoncé par Ernst Mayr (1942) : une espèce est une population ou un ensemble de populations dont les individus peuvent effectivement ou potentiellement se reproduire entre eux et engendrer une descendance viable et féconde, dans des conditions naturelles. Ainsi, l'espèce est la plus grande unité de population au sein de laquelle le flux génétique est possible alors que les individus d'une même espèce sont génétiquement isolés d’autres ensembles équivalents du point de vue reproductif. Pourtant le critère d’interfécondité ne peut pas toujours être vérifié : c'est le cas pour les fossiles, les organismes asexués ou pour des espèces rares ou difficiles à observer. D’autres définitions peuvent donc être utilisées : espèce morphologique : groupe d'individus défini par des caractéristiques structurales (taille, forme…) espèce phylogénétique : la plus petite lignée d’une population pouvant être définie par une combinaison unique de caractères diagnostiques; espèce écologique : groupe d’organismes partageant une même niche écologique; espèce phénétique : ensemble d’organismes vivants se ressemblant (critères de similitudes morphologiques, anatomiques, embryologiques, etc. ) plus entre eux qu’à d’autres ensembles équivalents. , "For opplæringsmetoden ART, se Aggression Replacement Training. Arten er en av de mest grunnleggende enhetene i biologien. En mye brukt definisjon er Ernst Mayrs biologiske artsbegrep: Arter er grupper av naturlige populasjoner som forplanter seg med hverandre, og som forplantningsmessig er isolert fra andre slike grupper. Mer presist kan man, med få unntak, si at en art er en gruppe individer som kan få fertilt (fruktbart) avkom med hverandre. Ofte kan ulike arter få felles avkom, men dette avkommet vil i sin tur normalt ikke selv være fertilt. I systematikken er arten den basale kategorien, det vil si at enhver organisme hører til en. og bare én, art. Arten er dessuten den eneste kategorien som ikke er vilkårlig: Kategorier over artsnivået og kategorier under artsnivået avgrenses i tråd med det biologiske skjønn hos en systematiker. Arter derimot, er ifølge det biologiske artsbegrepet «selvdefinerende» enheter. Det vil si at spørsmålet om to organismer hører til samme art er av vitenskapelig karakter, det kan ikke avgjøres ved skjønn. Dersom genflyt mellom to populasjoner er mulig, hører de til samme art. Om genflyt er umulig, hører populasjonene til forskjellige arter. Det er her viktig å presisere under hvilke omstendigheter genflyten skjer. Bare hvis genflyten mellom to tilsynelatende forskjellige arter skjer i naturlige omgivelser og uten noen som helst menneskelig innblanding, tilrettelegging eller annen manipulering, så har man samme art eller to underarter. Det er organismen selv som i frihet avgjør om den er en selvstendig art eller ikke. Og vitenskapens rolle er her bare å passivt registrere dette. Skjer derimot genflyten mellom to arter manipulert, som å flytte dem nærmere hverandre eller holde dem i fangenskap, drivhus, kastrere alle hanner av den ene art ol. , så er ikke det tilstrekkelig til å klassifisere dem som av samme art eller som underarter. Det skal da klassifiseres som raser. I praksis bruker man derimot også en del andre artsbegreper som definerer arter på grunnlag av likheter i ytre eller indre kroppsbygning eller lignende. Slike avgjørelser er i større eller mindre grad basert på skjønn, og angivelser som for eksempel at man kjenner til én million insektarter, eller at det er 260 000 arter av blomsterplanter og 15 000 arter av bregner, er derfor nødvendigvis omtrentlige. , "Laji on tieteellisessä luokittelussa käytettävä termi, jota käytetään biologiassa puhuttaessa eliöistä, jotka ovat joillakin tärkeillä tavoilla keskenään samankaltaisia. Eliöt on tapana järjestää sukulaisuusuhteiden mukaan hierarkkiseksi järjestelmäksi eli luokitetella. Tämän järjestelmän perusyksikkö on laji. Maapallolla nykyään eläviä lajeja ihminen tuntee noin 1,4 miljoonaa, mutta lajien todellisen lukumäärän arvioidaan olevan 5—50 miljoonaa. Lajit eivät eroa toisistaan aina selkeästi. Luokitteluun erikoistunut tutkija, dosentti Jyrki Muona on sanonut: 'Laji on psykologinen fiktio, joka johtuu siitä, että ihminen itse on niin omalaatuinen ja helposti tunnistettava olento. ' Toisaalta on myös todettu, että monissa paikoissa alkuperäisasukkaat luokittelevat kotialueensa eliöitä ryhmiin, jotka ovat hyvin yhteneväisiä tieteellisten lajien kanssa. , "Espécie, é um conceito fundamental da Biologia que designa a unidade básica do sistema taxonómico utilizado na classificação científica dos seres vivos. Embora existam múltiplas definições, nenhuma delas consensual, o conceito estrutura-se em torno da constituição de agrupamentos de indivíduos com profundas semelhanças estruturais e funcionais recíprocas, resultantes da partilha de um cariótipo idêntico, expresso numa estrutura cromossómica das células diplóides similar, que lhes confere acentuada uniformidade bioquímica e a capacidade de reprodução entre si, originando descendentes férteis e com o mesmo quadro geral de caracteres, num processo que, quando envolva um organismo sexuado, deve permitir descendentes férteis de ambos os sexos. Apesar de terem sido propostas múltiplas definições mais precisas, a dificuldade em encontrar uma definição universal para o conceito levou ao aparecimento do chamado problema da espécie e à adopção de formulações flexíveis utilizadas de forma pragmática em função das especificidades do grupo biológico a que o conceito é aplicado. , "In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are often used, such as similarity of DNA, morphology or ecological niche. Presence of specific locally adapted traits may further subdivide species into subspecies. The commonly used names for plant and animal taxa sometimes correspond to species: for example, 'lion,' 'walrus,' and 'Camphor tree' – each refers to a species. In other cases common names do not: for example, 'deer' refers to a family of 34 species, including Eld's Deer, Red Deer and Elk (Wapiti). The last two species were once considered a single species, illustrating how species boundaries may be revised with ongoing scientific deliberation. Species that are believed to have the same ancestors are grouped together, and this group is called a genus. A species can only belong to one genus that it was grouped into. The belief is best checked by a similarity of their DNA, but for practical reasons, other similar properties are used. For plants similarities of flowers are used. All species are given a two part name (called a 'binomial name' - 'bi' for two, 'nomial' for name). The first part of a binomial name is the generic name, the genus of the species. The second part is either the specific name (a term used only in zoology, never in botany, for the second part of a binomial) or the specific epithet (the term always used in botany, which can also be used in zoology). For example, Boa constrictor, which is commonly called by its binomial name, and is one of five species of the Boa genus. The first part of the name is capitalized, and the second part has a lower case. The two part name is written in italics. A usable definition of the word 'species' and reliable methods of identifying particular species are essential for stating and testing biological theories and for measuring biodiversity. Traditionally, multiple examples of a proposed species must be studied for unifying characters before it can be regarded as a species. Extinct species known only from fossils are generally difficult to assign precise taxonomic rankings. Because of the difficulties with both defining and tallying the total numbers of different species in the world, it is estimated that there are anywhere between 2 and 100 million different species. , "Gatunek – termin stosowany w biologii w różnych znaczeniach, zależnie od kontekstu, w jakim występuje. Najczęściej pod pojęciem gatunku rozumie się: w znaczeniu ogólnym – zbiór osobników posiadających podobne cechy, zdolnych do swobodnego krzyżowania w warunkach naturalnych, w systematyce organizmów – podstawową jednostkę formalną organizacji świata ożywionego i jednocześnie najniższą z podstawowych kategorii systematycznych stosowanych w hierarchicznej strukturze klasyfikacji biologicznej. Proces powstawania nowych gatunków biologicznych nazywany jest specjacją.
specific conductance
conductivity relative to pure water at 25 ° C
specific conductivity
specific leaf area
[GEMET] Any predatory silk-producing arachnid of the order Araneae, having four pairs of legs and a rounded unsegmented body consisting of abdomen and cephalothorax.
[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider
spiders
[Henderson's] n. (1) asexual spore: small, usually unicellular, reproductive body from which a new organism arises by cell division. Unlike a gamete, a spore can develop further without fusion with another cell; (2) sexual spore: haploid cell produced by meiosis in plants and fungi. cf. gamete. spore case see theca. spore coat envelope of a bacterial spore, external to cortex and surrounded by exosporium.
spores
Some isotopes are radioactive, and are therefore described as radioisotopes or radionuclides, while others have never been observed to undergo radioactive decay and are described as stable isotopes or stable nuclides. For example, 14C is a radioactive form of carbon while 12C and 13C are stable isotopes. Elements are composed of one or more naturally occurring isotopes. All the known stable isotopes occur naturally on Earth. Isotope analysis is the determination of isotopic signature, the relative abundances of isotopes of a given element in a particular sample. For biogenic substances in particular, significant variations of isotopes of C, N and O can occur.
stable isotope
[Henderson's] the biomass of a particular area or ecosystem at any speciﬁed time.
standing crop
steradian
[GEMET] An atmospheric disturbance involving perturbations of the prevailing pressure and wind fields on scales ranging from tornadoes to extratropical cyclones; also the associated weather and the like.
storm
Hierarchical classification of perennial and recurring streams, originally developed by Robert E. Horton and Arthur Newell Strahler. Stream order numbers, also called Strahler stream order, are used to define stream size based on a hierarchy of tributaries. Alternative stream ordering systems have been developed by Shreve and Hodgkinson.
[controlled by ] S Stoll 2013-06-20" , "[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strahler_number
stream order
creek
stream
[GEMET] A soft silvery-white element of the alkaline earth group of metals, occurring chiefly as celestite and as strontianite. Its compounds burn with a crimson flame and are used in fire works.
Strontium
estroncio
estrôncio
stroncij
stroncijs
stroncis
stroncium
stront
strontium
strontsium
stronzio
stronţiu
στρόντιο
Стронций
السترونتيوم
[Henderson's] n. (1) the substance on which an enzyme acts in a biochemical reaction; (2) respiratory substrate: substance under­going oxidation during respiration; (3) any material used by microorganisms as a source of food; (4) inert substance con­taining or receiving a nutrient solution on which microorganisms grow; (5) the base to which a sedentary animal or plant is ﬁxed. alt. substratum. , "[Wikipedia] A substrate is the surface on which a plant or animal lives. A substrate can include biotic or abiotic materials and animals. For example, encrusting algae that lives on a rock (its substrate) can be itself a substrate for another animal that lives on top of the algae. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_%28biology%29)
substrate
SO4
or sulphate, a salt or ester of sulfuric acid, widely distributed in nature and often found in the atmosphere.
sulfate
Sulfide is an inorganic anion with the chemical formula S2−. It contributes no color to sulfide salts. Sulfide is the main component of niningerite (niningerite is roughly 47% sulfide by mass), and contributes no odor to sulfide salts. As it is classified as a strong base, even dilute non-aqueous sulfide solutions are corrosive and attacks the skin. Sulfide is the simplest unary sulfur anion.
sulfide
Sulfur or sulphur (British English; see spelling below) is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid when at room temperature. Chemically, sulfur can react as either an oxidant or reducing agent. It oxidizes most metals and several nonmetals, including carbon, which leads to its negative charge in most organosulfur compounds, but it reduces several strong oxidants, such as oxygen and fluorine. Sulfur occurs naturally as the pure element (native sulfur) and as sulfide and sulfate minerals
sulfur
SF6
Also known as: Elegas, Sulphur hexafluoride, SonoVue, 2551-62-4, sulfur(VI) fluoride, Sulfur fluoride (SF6), (OC-6-11)-, HSDB 825;
sulfur hexafluoride
Suspended solids refers to small solid particles which remain in suspension in water as a colloid or due to the motion of the water.
suspended solids
amount of suspended soilds in water
[Henderson's] n. the members of any particular taxonomic group e.g. a particular species, genus, family. plu. taxa.
taxon
terahertz
THz
[Henderson's] common name for the Isoptera q.v. termiticole n. organism that lives in a termite nest, e.g. some fungi and insects. ternary, ternate a. (1) arranged in threes; (2) having three leaﬂets to a leaf; (3) tri­lateral, appl. symmetry; (4) appl. crosses involving three genera.
[source of definition ] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite
termites
thaw depth
[Wikipedia] The process which describes how wet leaves shed excess water onto the ground surface
throughfall
A field of planetary science comprising the study of surface shape and features of the Earth and other observable astronomical objects including planets, moons, and asteroids. In general, topography is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief but also natural and artificial features, and even local history and culture. This meaning is less common in America, where topographic maps with elevation contours have made \"topography\" synonymous with relief. The older sense of topography as the study of place still has currency in Europe.
topography
TOC
[GEMET] The amount of carbon covalently bound in organic compounds in a water sample.
carbone organique total
total organic carbon
[Henderson's] n. a line (line transect q.v.), strip (belt transect q.v.), or proﬁle (proﬁle transect q.v.), chosen to sample the organ­isms present within a particular habitat and to gain an idea of their distribution. see also quadrat, transect sampling.
[controlled by ] Neagu Stefan 31/05/13
transects
[Henderson's] n. the evaporation of water through stomata of plant leaves and stem.
Transpiration
haihdunta
het zweten
transpirace
transpiracija
transpiración
transpiracja
transpirasjon
transpiration
transpiratsioon, taimaurumine
transpiração (flora)
transpiraţie
transpirácia
transpirācija
transzspiráció
traspirazione
διαπνοή
Изпаряване
ارتشاح - عرق
tree rings
The limit beyond which trees cannot or do not occur, commonly at high elevation or geographical latitude but sometimes also because of aridity, flooding, or air pollution
treeline
The system of trophic levels describing the position that an organism occupies, as well as the sequence of consumption and energy flow in an ecosystem.
[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013" , "[source of definition ] http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Trophic_dynamics
trophic dynamics
UV radiation
[GEMET] The partial pressure of water vapour in the atmosphere. For a liquid or solid, the pressure of the vapour in equilibrium with the liquid or solid.
vapor pressure
A water column is a conceptual column of water from surface to bottom sediments.[1] This concept is used chiefly for environmental studies evaluating the stratification or mixing (e.g., by wind-induced currents) of the thermal or chemically stratified layers in a lake, stream or ocean. The concept of water column is quite important, since many aquatic phenomena are explained by the incomplete vertical mixing of chemical, physical or biological parameters. For example, when studying the metabolism of benthic organisms, it is the specific bottom layer concentration of available chemicals in the water column that is meaningful, rather than the average value of those chemicals throughout the water column.
[controlled by ] Alessandro Oggioni 23.05.2013" , "[source of definition ] wikipedia
water column
week
In wet deposition, atmospheric hydrometeors (rain drops, snow etc.) scavenge aerosol particles. This means that wet deposition is gravitational, Brownian and/or turbulent coagulation with water droplets.
wet deposition
The true direction from which the wind is blowing at a given location (i.e., wind blowing from the north to the south is a north wind). It is normally measured in tens of degrees from 10 degrees clockwise through 360 degrees. North is 360 degrees. A wind direction of 0 degrees is only used when wind is calm.
wind direction
year
[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen" , "[source of definition ] The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved
Geographie
földrajz
geograafia, maateadus
geografi
geografia
geografie
geografija
geografía
maantiede
zemljopis
ģeogrāfija
γεωγραφία
География
الجغرافيا
[GEMET] The science that treats the occurrence, circulation, distribution, and properties of the waters of the earth, and their reaction with the environment.
Hydrologie
hidrologia
hidrologie
hidrologija
hidrología
hidroloģija
hidrológia
hydrologi
hydrologia
hydrologie
hydrology
hydrológia
hüdroloogia
idrologia
vesitiede, hydrologia
υδρολογία
Хидрология
الهيدرولوجيا - علم المياه
[GEMET] A malleable ductile silvery-white metallic element that is strong and corrosion-resistant, occurring principally in pentlandite and niccolite: used in alloys, especially in toughening steel, in electroplating, and as a catalyst in organic synthesis.
Nickel
nichel
nickel
nikal
nikel
nikelis
nikelj
nikiel
nikkel
nikkeli
nikl
niķelis
níquel
νικέλιο
Никел
النيكل
Ozeanographie
merentutkimus, valtameritiede
oceanografi
oceanografia
oceanografie
oceanografija
oceanografía
oceanográfia
oceánografie
oceánológia
okeanograafia
okeanografija
okeanogrāfija
oseanografi
ωκεανογραφία
Океанография
علم المحيطات
Sauerstoff
deguonis
hapnik
happi
kisik
kyslík
oksygen
ossigeno
oxigen
oxigén
oxigénio
oxígeno
skābeklis
syre
tlen
zuurstof
οξυγόνο
Кислород
أكسجين
fish
[GEMET] 1) To supply land with water so that crops and plants will grow or grow stronger.
irrigation
In science and engineering, the parts-per notation is a set of pseudo units to describe small values of miscellaneous dimensionless quantities, e.g. mole fraction or mass fraction. Since these fractions are quantity-per-quantity measures, they are pure numbers with no associated units of measurement. Commonly used are ppm (parts-per-million, 10–6), ppb (parts-per-billion, 10–9), ppt (parts-per-trillion, 10–12) and ppq (parts-per-quadrillion, 10-15).
[Henderson's] n. (1) activation of additional motor neurons, causing an increased re­ﬂex when stimulus of the same intensity is continued; (2) entry of new individuals into a population by reproduction or immigration.
recruitment
[GEMET] The general process or the group of processes whereby the materials of Earth's crust are loosened , dissolved, or worn away and simultaneously moved from one place to another, by natural agencies, which include weathering, solution, corrosion, and transportation, but usually exclude mass wasting.
Erosion
eroosio
erosie
erosion
erosione
erosioon, uuristus
erosión
erosjon
erosão
eroze
erozija
eroziune
erozja
erózia
erózió
érosion
διάβρωση
Ерозия
تآكل
PO4
[Henderson's] n. the phosphate anion PO34– or a salt of phosphoric acid (e.g. potassium phosphate, K3PO4). Phosphates are essen­tial to the metabolism of living organisms because inorganic phosphate is required for the synthesis of the energy-storage molecule ATP. Plants and microorganisms take up phosphorus mainly in the form of phosphates, and various phosphates are used as fertilizers. Excess phosphate washed into streams and lakes contributes to eutrophication and the formation of algal blooms. see also phosphorus cycle, phosphoryl group.
phosphate
[GEMET] One of the toxic heavy metal which has caused deaths and permanent illnesses in a series of major pollution incidents around the world. Cadmium has no useful biological purpose. However, it has wide industrial applications. It has been used for decades in metal plating to prevent corrosion, in rechargeable batteries and as a pigment in certain plastics and paints. Special care is taken in the industrial smelting of ores and subsequent handling of cadmium, because occupational exposure is known to have caused heart, chest and kidney disorders. Environmental health problems have come from exposure to various sources of pollution.
cadmium
[GEMET] The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth in a several kilometers-thick layer.
atmosphere
atmosphère
Kwaśne opady to opady, głównie deszczowe, o kwaśnym odczynie (pH do ok. 4–4,5), powstające w wyniku pochłaniania przez kropelki wody gazowych zanieczyszczeń powietrza tworzących z nią kwasy (tzw. bezwodników kwasowych), głównie dwutlenku siarki (SO2). , Kwaśne deszcze – opady atmosferyczne, o odczynie pH mniejszym niż 5,6 czyli kwaśnym. Zawierają kwasy wytworzone w reakcji wody z pochłoniętymi z powietrza gazami, takimi jak: dwutlenek siarki, trójtlenek siarki, tlenki azotu, siarkowodór, dwutlenek węgla, chlorowodórSzablon:Fakt, wyemitowanymi do atmosfery w procesach spalania paliw, produkcji przemysłowej, wybuchów wulkanów, wyładowań atmosferycznych i innych czynników naturalnych.
Surt regn har ett pH-värde under det normala, (omkring 5,6), och beror främst på utsläpp av svaveldioxid och kväveoxider, eller NOx, till atmosfären. Dessa reagerar med vatten i molnen och bildar syror. Syrorna kan transporteras långa sträckor med molnen tills de faller som nederbörd. Orsakerna till surt regn är såväl naturliga, till exempel vulkaner och skogsbränder, som orsakade av mänskliga aktiviteter, till exempel kraftproduktion, industrier och transporter. Surt regn bidrar kraftigt till försurning av sjöar och skogar. Detta medför bland annat att fiskar dör och att trädens blad torkar ut. I marken skadas växternas rothår, vilket försvårar upptagningen av växtnäring. Surt regn bidrar till urlakningen av olika näringsämnen som genom perkolation hamnar i grundvattnet dit växternas rötter inte når. Surt regn verkar även korroderande på flera material. Byggnader och statyer tar skada när syrorna reagerar med kalciumet i material som kalksten och marmor., Försurning innebär att sura ämnen tillförs marker och vattendrag i högre takt än de bortförs eller neutraliseras. Den största källan till den antropogena försurningen i Sverige är förbränning av fossila bränslen. Kväveoxider och svaveldioxid är de två ämnena i avgaserna som försurar mest. En stor del av dessa ämnen förs med vindarna från land till land. I naturen finns det också gott om naturliga försurningsprocesser, till exempel upptag av växtnäring och nitrifikation. Sveriges humida klimat medför en naturlig urlakning av baskatjoner, vilket också är en försurande process.
landuse
The term land use deals with the spatial aspects of all human activities on the land and with the way in which the land surface is adapted, or could be adapted, to serve human needs.
Flächennutzung
affectation des sols
arealbruk
arealudnyttelse
földhasználat
grondgebruik
land use
maakasutus
maankäyttö
markanvändning
planowanie przestrzenne
raba tal
upotreba zemljišta
uso da terra
uso del suelo
uso del territorio
utilizare a terenului
využití půdy
využívanie pôdy/územia
zemes lietošana
žemės naudojimas
χρήση γης
Земеползване
استخدام الأرض
土地利用
[Henderson's] see energy budget, time and energy budget.
budget
[Henderson's] n. linear polysaccharide made up of glucose residues joined by β1,4 link­ages. Considered to be the most abundant organic compound in the biosphere as it comprises the bulk of plant and algal cell walls, where it occurs as cellulose microﬁbrils. It is also found in certain tunicates. see Fig. 8.
cellulose
氣候變遷
climate change
water
氣候
[GEMET] That branch of meteorology concerned with the mean physical state of the atmosphere together with its statistical variations in both space and time as reflected in the weather behaviour over a period of many years.
climatologie
climatology
Klimatologie
climatologia
climatología
ilmastotiede
klimatologi
klimatologia
klimatologie
klimatologija
klimatoloogia
klimatoloģija
klimatológia
κλιματολογία
Климатология
علم المناخ
Bodenchemie
augsnes ķīmija
bodemchemie
chemie půdy
chemizm gleb
chimica del suolo
chimie a solului
chémia pôdy
dirvožemio chemija
jordbundskemi
jordkjemi
kemija tal
kemija tla
maaperäkemia
markkemi
mullakeemia
química del suelo
química do solo
talajkémia
χημεία των εδαφών
Почвена химия
كيمياء التربة
土壌化学
土壤化学
[GEMET] The study of the classification, description, nature, origin, and development of present landforms and their relationships to underlying structures, and of the history of geologic changes as recorded by these surface features.
Geomorphologie
geomorfologi
geomorfologia
geomorfologie
geomorfologija
geomorfología
geomorfoloogia
geomorfológia
geomorphology
géomorphologie
pinnanmuoto-oppi
ģeomorfoloģija
γεωμορφολογία
Геоморфология
علم الجيومورفولوجيا
[Henderson's] n. (1) active demand by two or more organisms for a material or con­dition, so that both are inhibited by the demand, e.g. plants competing for light and water, cf. amensalism; (2) active demand by two or more substances for the same binding site on an enzyme or receptor. alt. competitive binding.
competition
[CHEAR]* A device that measures temperature
thermometer
[GEMET] 1) The scientific detection, recognition, inventory and analysis of land and water area by the use of distant sensors or recording devices such as photography, thermal scanners, radar, etc. 2) Complex of techniques for the remote measure of electromagnetic energy emitted by objects.
Fernerkundung
daljinsko istraživanje
daljinsko zaznavanje, zaznavanje na daljavo
detecção remota
diaľkový prieskum
fjernanalyse
fjernovervågning
fjärranalys
kaugseire
kaukokartoitus, kaukoanalyysi
kontrole ar kosmisko zondēšanu; kontrole no attāluma
monitorování dálkové
nuotolinis nustatymas
remote sensing
teledetección
teledetecţie
teledetekcja
telerilevamento
távérzékelés
télédétection
τηλεανίχνευση
Дистанционно проучване
الاستشعار عن بعد
[GEMET] A detailed list of articles, goods, property, etc.
inventory
V-notch weir
Atmospheric processes are distinguished in physical and chemical processes and both types may be operating simultaneously in complicated and interdependent ways. The physical processes of transport by atmospheric winds and the formation of clouds and precipitation strongly influence the patterns and rates of acidic deposition, while chemical reactions govern the forms of the compounds deposited.
atmospheric process
see also systematics. [but 'systematics' is not an entry in EnvThes]"@en
[GEMET] Any of various processes, either sexual or asexual, by which an animal or plant produces one or more individuals similar to itself.
生殖
Ascomycota is a Division/Phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, form the subkingdom Dikarya.
ascomycetes
[Henderson's] n. any organism that catches and kills other organisms for food.
predators
[Henderson's] common name for all plants containing xylem and phloem and which include the club mosses, ferns, cycads, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
vascular plant
température
[GEMET] A low mound, ridge, bank, or hill of loose, windblown granular material (generally sand, sometimes volcanic ash), either bare or covered with vegetation, capable of movement from place but always retaining its characteristic shape.
dune
Solarstrahlung
Sunčevo zračenje
auringon säteily
napsugárzás
promieniowanie słoneczne
päikesekiirgus
radiación
radiazione solare
radiação solar
radiaţie solară
saules radiācija
saulės spinduliuotė
slnečné žiarenie
solindstråling
solstråling
solstrålning
sončno sevanje
zonnestraling
záření sluneční
ηλιακή ακτινοβολία
Слънчева радиация
أشعة شمسية
content of water
Volume of water of a given volume space
water content
flux of heat
measuring device which can be used to measure the quantity and quality of soil solution, and indirectly the amount of actual evapotranspiration which is released by plants, usually crops or trees.
lysimeter
disciplina
A discipline is knowledge or wisdom associated with one academic field of study or profession. A discipline incorporates types of knowledge, expertise, skills, people, projects, communities, problems, challenges, studies, inquiry, approaches, and research areas that are strongly associated with academic areas of study or areas of professional practice
research topic
Benthos
bentos
bentos, organizmi na morskem dnu
bentos, põhjaelustik
bentosas
bentoss
merien pohjassa elävät organismit
tengerfenék élővilága
zeebodem
βένθος
Бентос
القاعيات
Water flow
discharge
[Henderson's] n. growth by external addition of new matter.
[source of definition ] an increase by natural growth or by gradual external addition; growth in size or extent. " , "[controlled by ] Tomas Staszevski , 2013-06-08
accretion
[GEMET] The day-to-day meteorological conditions, especially temperature, cloudiness, and rainfall, affecting a specific place.
temps (météo)
weather
A general physical process where some forms of radiation, such as light, sound, or moving particles, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by one or more localized non-uniformities in the medium through which they pass. In conventional use, this also includes deviation of reflected radiation from the angle predicted by the law of reflection.
scattering
humidity of air
air humidity
ネクトン
自游生物
An electrical, electronic, device that automatically identifies changes in soil water potential, a parameter that is related to soil water content
[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 30/05/2013" , "[source of definition ] Expert, partly mutuated by GEMET item \"Detector\
tensiometer
[source of definition ] Expert, partly mutuated by GEMET item \"Detector\"" , "[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 30/05/2013
En invaderende art (eller en invasiv art) er en plante- eller dyreart som er innført i et område, hvor den kan fortrenge eller konkurrere med andre arter og på den måten forrykke den økologiske balansen mellom artene på stedet. En rekke arter har blitt listet opp som invaderende i byer og forlatte områder. Brunrotte, mink, rynkerose og strandkrabbe er blant de artene som hører til gruppen av invaderende arter som er blitt listet opp av Invasive species group. I Norge holder Artsdatabanken rede på invaderende arter gjennom FremmedArtsBasen. , "'Invasive species', or invasive exotics, is a nomenclature term and categorization phrase used for flora and fauna, and for specific restoration-preservation processes in native habitats, with several definitions. The first definition, the most used, applies to non-indigenous species, or 'non-native', plants or animals that adversely affect the habitats and bioregions they invade economically, environmentally, and/or ecologically. They disrupt by dominating a region, wilderness areas, particular habitats, and/or wildland-urban interface land from loss of natural controls. This includes non-native labeled as exotic pest plants and invasive exotics, in restoration parlance, growing in native plant communities. It has been used in this sense by government organizations as well as conservation groups such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the California Native Plant Society. The European Union defines 'Invasive Alien Species' as those that are, firstly, outside their natural distribution area, and secondly, threaten biological diversity. It is also used by land managers, botanists, researchers, horticulturalists, conservationists, and the public for noxious weeds. The kudzu vine (Pueraria lobata), Andean Pampas grass (Cortaderia jubata), and yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) are examples. The second definition includes the first, but broadens the boundaries to include indigenous or native species, with the non-native ones, that disrupt by a dominant colonization of a particular habitat or wildlands area from loss of natural controls . Deer are an example, considered to be overpopulating their native zones and adjacent suburban gardens, by some in the Northeastern and Pacific Coast regions of the United States. The third definition identifies invasive species as a widespread nonindigenous species. This one can be too broad, as not every nonindigenous or 'introduced' species has an adverse effect on a nonindigenous environment. A nonadverse example is the common goldfish, though common outside its native range globally, it is rarely in harmful densities to a native habitat. Because of the variability of its definition, and because definitions are often from a socio-economic perspective, the phrase invasive species is often criticized as an imprecise term for the scientific field of ecology. This article concerns the first two definitions; for the third, see Introduced species. , "Gatunek inwazyjny - gatunek alochtoniczny o znacznej ekspansywności, który rozprzestrzenia się naturalnie lub z udziałem człowieka i stanowi zagrożenie dla fauny i flory danego ekosystemu, konkurując z gatunkami autochtonicznymi o niszę ekologiczną, a także przyczyniając się do wyginięcia gatunków miejscowych. Gatunki inwazyjne stanowią drugie, zaraz po niszczeniu siedlisk największe zagrożenie dla światowej bioróżnorodności. Inwazyjne gatunki roślin stanowią szczególny problem na obszarach chronionych, wypierając rodzime gatunki roślin, dla ochrony których utworzono te obszary. W takim przypadku zachodzi konieczność usuwania intruzów (głównie przez mechaniczne niszczenie). Oto niektóre najgroźniejsze gatunki inwazyjne Polski: Rośliny: barszcz Sosnowskiego barszcz Mantegazziego rdestowiec ostrokończysty rdestowiec sachaliński rdestowiec czeski klon jesionolistny kolczurka klapowana nawłoć kanadyjska nawłoć późna niecierpek drobnokwiatowy niecierpek gruczołowaty irga błyszcząca świdośliwka kłosowa czeremcha amerykańska róża pomarszczona robinia akacjowa rudbekia naga Zwierzęta: babka bycza babka szczupła babka łysa jenot norka amerykańska wioślarka kaspijska (Cercopagis pengoi) racicznica zmienna rak sygnałowy rak pręgowaty inaczej rak amerykański (Orconectes limosus) okoń nilowy stonka kukurydziana krab wełnistoszczypcy krabik amerykański kiełż wschodni kiełże (Dikerogammarus villosus) W ornitologii termin gatunek inwazyjny ma również inne znaczenie. Są to gatunki, które w pewnych, nieregularnych okresach pojawiają się w dużych ilościach na danym terenie. Z reguły są to gatunki wysoko wyspecjalizowane pod względem odżywiania. Dla Polski przykładami tego typu ptaków są: sowa śnieżna (Nyctea scandiaca) syberyjski podgatunek orzechówki (Nucifraga caryocatactes macrorhynos) krzyżodzioby: krzyżodziób świerkowy (L. curvirostra) krzyżodziób sosnowy (L. pytyopsittacus) krzyżodziób modrzewiowy (L. leucoptera) Niektóre gatunki wykazują jedynie pewien stopień tego typu inwazyjności manifestujący się fluktuacjami ilości wędrujących osobników, trasy przelotu i zasięgu. Z reguły są to gatunki odżywiające się mało zróżnicowanym pokarmem roślinnym. W przypadku nieurodzaju na danym terenie żerowania (zwykle zimowisku) większa niż zazwyczaj liczba osobników podejmuje dalszą wędrówkę w poszukiwaniu nowych żerowisk. Taką zwiększoną ilość osobników na trasie wędrówki określa się nalotem inwazyjnym. Przykładami tego typu gatunków inwazyjnych są dla Polski takie ptaki jak: czyż zwyczajny (Carduelis spinus) czeczotka zwyczajna (Carduelis flammea) dzięcioł duży (Dendrocopos major) jemiołuszka (Bombycilla garrulus) sójka zwyczajna (Garrulus glandarius) , "Als Biologische Invasion (umgangssprachlich Einschleppung) bezeichnet man die Einwanderung einer Art in ein Gebiet, in dem sie nicht heimisch ist, und ihre Ausbreitung in diesem Gebiet. Solche Arten nennt man auch invasive Spezies oder Bioinvasoren; sie bilden eine Teilmenge der eingebürgerten Arten oder Neobiota. Bei diesen unterscheidet man eingebürgerte Pflanzen und Tiere. Biologische Invasionen sind Forschungsgegenstand der Invasionsbiologie, eines Seitenzweiges der Biologie. , "外来種（がいらいしゅ）とは、他地域から人為的に持ち込まれた生物種。この定義では、栽培植物の大部分は外来種となる。園芸の分野では、通常この意味でこの語を使用する。 一方、環境の分野でこの語を使用するときは、通常、特に野生化して世代交代を繰り返すようになり、生態系に定着した動植物をいい、1世代で死滅するものなどはこれに含めない。 類義語に移入種、人為移入種、帰化種があり、植物の場合特に帰化植物、動物の場合特に帰化動物ともいう。 通例、「種」より下位の「亜種」または「変種」であっても「外来種」に含められるが、混乱を嫌って「移入個体群」のような用語を用いる場合もある。 , "入侵物种（Invasive species）是引进物种的一个子集。如果一个物种被人为引入一个其先前不曾自然存在过的地区，并具备了在无更多人为干预的情况下在当地发展成一定数量的能力，以至威胁到了当地生物的多样性成为当地公害，就可称之为「入侵物种」。 , "Fichier:Starr Miconia calvescens0. jpg Cette espèce, Miconia calvescens, originaire d'Amérique centrale est jugée responsable dans l'accélération de l'érosion de certaines îles du Pacifique, tel que l'archipel d'Hawaii Fichier:Gelbw-schmuckschildkroete-03. jpg Les 'tortues de Floride' et autres émydidées nord-américaines, relâchée par leurs propriétaires dans la nature quand elles deviennent trop grandes, concurrencent fortement les espèces natives à l'Europe, comme la cistude Fichier:Péniche2007 03 031. jpg L'eau utilisée et transportée comme ballast est un des principaux vecteurs d'espèces invasives, par les navires de transport intercontinental d'abord, mais éventuellement par des bateaux plus petits telles que les péniches Une espèce invasive ou espèce envahissante exogène est une espèce vivante exotique qui devient un agent de perturbation nuisible à la biodiversité autochtone des écosystèmes naturels ou semi naturels parmi lesquels elle s’est établie. Les phénomènes d'invasion biologique sont aujourd'hui considérés par l'ONU comme une des grandes causes de régression de la biodiversité, avec la pollution, la fragmentation écologique des écosystèmes et l'ensemble constitué par la chasse, la pêche et la surexploitation de certaines espèces. Modèle:Citation En réalité, il faudrait parler de « population invasive » et non d'espèce invasive, et chez certaines espèces, seules quelques sous-espèces sont devenues invasives . La biodiversité est en soi un facteur de résilience et de limitation de l'invasivité de nombreuses espèces introduites Modèle:,. L'artificialisation d'un milieu est facteur d'invasivité d'espèces qui ne le seraient pas ailleurs. , "Als Neobiota bezeichnet man Arten und untergeordnete Taxa, die durch menschliche Einflussnahme Einzug in ein Gebiet erhielten, in dem sie nicht einheimisch sind. Als Unterbegriff für eingeschleppte Pflanzen ist Neophyten (Sing. Neophyt) gebräuchlich, analog dazu existiert für Tiere der Begriff Neozoen (Sing. Neozoon). Ein verschleppter Pilz ist ein Neomycet. Diese vier Begriffe sind vor allem im deutschsprachigen Raum gebräuchlich, im Englischen werden vorwiegend Begriffe wie invasive species (invasive Art) oder alien species ohne Unterscheidung zwischen Pflanzen, Tieren und Pilzen verwendet. Das zugehörige Teilgebiet der Biologie ist die Invasionsbiologie. Den Vorgang der Einschleppung, Etablierung und Ausbreitung im neuen Gebiet bezeichnet man als biologische Invasion. Zu den wichtigsten Transportmitteln für Neobiota gehört z. B. der weltweite Güterverkehr, der die unbeabsichtigte Verschleppung von Neobiota ermöglicht. Neobiota zeichnen sich meist durch typische Eigenschaften wie Anpassungsfähigkeit, hohe Fortpflanzungsrate und oft auch eine Assoziation mit Menschen aus. Diese Eigenschaften bestimmen im Zusammenspiel mit der Anfälligkeit des neuen Gebietes für biologische Invasoren und der Anzahl verschleppter Individuen (engl. propagule pressure) die Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit, mit der sich nach einem Ausbreitungsereignis eine stabile Population etabliert. Während zahlreiche Neobiota keine merklichen negativen Auswirkungen verursachen, geht von einigen etablierten Neobiota ein stark negativer Einfluss auf die Biodiversität ihres neuen Lebensraumes aus. Oft verändert sich die Zusammensetzung der Biozönose beträchtlich, zum Beispiel durch Prädation oder als Folge von Konkurrenzdruck. Ebenso können Neobiota wirtschaftlichen Schaden anrichten, zum Beispiel als Forst- und Landwirtschaftsschädlinge. Gleichzeitig treten sie als Vektoren von Pathogenen in Erscheinung, welche teilweise auch Nutzpflanzen, Nutztiere und den Menschen befallen können. , "En invasiv art är en art som introducerats till områden utanför sitt ursprungliga utbredningsområde, som sprider sig av egen kraft, som skadar ekosystemet som de introducerats till, har negativa effekter på jordbruk och dylikt, åstadkommer ekonomisk skada, eller påverkar hälsan negativt hos djur och människor. , "Las especies invasoras son animales, plantas u otros organismos transportados e introducidos por el ser humano en lugares fuera de su área de distribución natural y que han conseguido establecerse y dispersarse en la nueva región, donde resultan dañinos. Que una especie invasora resulta dañina, significa que produce cambios importantes en la composición, la estructura o los procesos de los ecosistemas naturales o seminaturales, poniendo en peligro la diversidad biológica nativa (en diversidad de especies, diversidad dentro de las poblaciones o diversidad de ecosistemas). Debido a sus impactos en los ecosistemas donde han sido introducidas tales especies son consideradas ingenieros de ecosistemas. Los seres humanos han causado cambios sin precedentes en los ecosistemas de todo el planeta y han redistribuido las especies vegetales y animales de forma voluntaria o accidental. Como consecuencia de estos cambios ciertas especies tienen un comportamiento invasivo en las localidades de introducción, siendo más susceptibles los hábitats alterados o degradados. Estas invasiones llevan asociadas varios problemas. A nivel ecológico destaca la pérdida de diversidad autóctona y la degradación de los hábitats invadidos. Económicamente son importantes los efectos directos sobre las actividades agropecuarias y la salud pública. Una vez detectada la invasión, su control y erradicación son costosos y no siempre posibles. Identificar los invasores potenciales y evitar su establecimiento es el mejor camino para frenar un problema que incrementa al mismo ritmo que la globalización. , "Ficheiro:Cga33333. jpg Caramujo-gigante-africano(de nome científico Achatina fulica),uma das mais difundidas espécies invasoras no Brasil Uma espécie é considerada invasora se o seu estabelecimento percorre as seguintes etapas: A espécie é introduzida por acção humana, propositada (por exemplo, para cultura), ou acidental (por exemplo, agarrada aos cascos de navios), numa determinada região ou localização onde antes não ocorria naturalmente (ou seja, não é nativa); A espécie estabelece uma população reprodutora nesse local sem mais intervenção humana; A espécie torna-se uma praga nessa nova localização, ameaçando a biodiversidade local. Segundo a IUCN, as invasões biológicas são a segunda maior causa de perda de biodiversidade à escala global.
侵入种
silviculture
造林
造林学
[GEMET] 1) Water stored in soils.2) One of the most important elements involved in pedological processes and plant growth. There are three basic forms: a) water adhering in thin films by molecular attraction to the surface of soil particles and not available for plants is termed hygroscopic water. b) Water forming thicker films and occupying the smaller pore spaces is termed capillary water. Since it is held against the force of gravity it is permanently available for plant growth and it is this type of soil water which contains plant nutrients in solution. c) Water in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water is termed gravitational water, which is of a transitory nature because it flows away under the influence of gravity. When the excess has drained away the amount of water retained in the soil is termed its field capacity, when some of its pore spaces are still free of water.
humidité du sol
soil moisture
[GEMET] Species belonging to the plant kingdom.
espèce végétale
plant species
temperature of air
Lufttemperatur
gaisa temperatūra
ilman lämpötila
levegő hőmérséklet
luchttemperatuur
lufttemperatur
oro temperatūra
temperatura aerului
temperatura del aire
temperatura dell'aria
temperatura do ar
temperatura powietrza
temperatura zraka
teplota vzduchu
õhu temperatuur
θερμοκρασία (του) αέρα
Температура на въздуха
درجة حرارة الهواء
[Henderson's] n. the reproductive structure of angiosperms (Anthophyta q.v.), being derived evolutionarily from a leafy shoot in which leaves have become modiﬁed into petals, sepals and calyx, and into the car­pels and stamens in which the gametes are formed. Although ﬂowers can take many different forms, they can all be represented by concentric whorls of different parts inserted on a base (the receptacle). The outermost whorl of sepals (often green) forms the calyx, inside that is a whorl of often brightly coloured petals, next is a ring of stamens (the male reproductive organs), and in the centre are the carpels (the female reproductive organs). see Fig. 18.
flower
floodplain
[Henderson's] microorganism q.v.
microbes
recovery
The number of organisms in a population, guild, life form, etc., combining 'intensity' (density within inhabited areas) and 'prevalence' (number and size of inhabited areas)
[source of definition ] Begon, M., et al. (1996). Ecology Individuals, Populations and Communities. Cambidge, Blackwell Science." , "[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22
abundance
NO3
[GEMET] Any salt or ester of nitric acid, such as sodium nitrate.
nitrate
Nitrat
azotan
dusičnan
nitraat
nitraatti
nitrat
nitratas
nitrato
nitratos
nitrát
nitrāts
νιτρικό (άλας)
Нитрат
نترات
the sum ofwet-only deposition and of sedimenting (dry) particles toa sample collector in ambient air.
bulk deposition
[Henderson's] n. the oxidation of ammonium ion to nitrite, and the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate, carried out chieﬂy by a few groups of soil bacteria (nitriﬁers), mainly genera Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter and also by a few species of fungi.
Nitrifikation
nitrificación
nitrificare
nitrificatie
nitrification
nitrificazione
nitrificação
nitrifiering
nitrifikaatio
nitrifikace
nitrifikacija
nitrifikasjon
nitrifikation
nitrifikatsioon
nitrifikácia
nitrifikācija
nitryfikacja
nitrálás
νιτροποίηση
Нитрификация
النترتة
[GEMET] 1) A sinking down of a part of the earth's crust, generally due to underground excavations. 2) The sudden sinking or gradual downward settling of the Earth's surface with little or no horizontal motion. The movement is not restricted in rate, magnitude, or area involved. Subsidence may be caused by natural geologic processes, such as solution, thawing, compaction, slow crustal warping, or withdrawal of fluid lava from beneath a solid crust; or by man's activity, such as subsurface mining or the pumping of oil or ground water.
(grond)verzakking
Absinken (geologisch)
affaissement
augsnes iegrimšana
hundimiento
innsynking (geologisk)
jordskorpesänkning
maapinna vajumine, vajumine (geol)
nedsynkning
osiadanie
painuma, (maan) vajoaminen
posedanje
sadanie pôdy
sedání
slijeganje
subsidence
subsidenza
subsidência
subzistenţă
susmukimas
süllyedés
κατάρρευση
Слягане
هبوط- انهيار أرضي
[Henderson's] n. geographical range of a species or group of species.
Verteilung
distribución
distribuire/distribuţie
distribuição
distribution
distribuzione
distribúcia
dystrybucja
eloszlás
fordeling
izkliede; izplatīšana
išsisklaidymas
jakauma, jakaminen
jaotumine
prodej
verspreiding
širenje onečišćenja
širjenje onesnaženja
διανομή
Разпространение
توزيع
old growth
old growth forests
old-growth forests
A stand of mature or overmature trees relatively uninfluenced by human activity.
old growth forest
粗木質殘體
Coarse woody debris (CWD) is dead woody material, in various stages of decomposition, located above the soil, larger than 7.5 cm in diameter (or equivalent cross-section) at the crossing point, which is not self-supporting. Trees and stumps (intact in ground) are considered self-supporting.
coarse woody debris
log
air measure
air parameter
content
[NCIT] Everything that is included in a collection, container, or communication.
[GEMET] The level reached by the surface of a body of water.
niveau d'eau
water level
[Henderson's] the balance between the water intake of an organism directly, in food, and as metabolic water, and the water lost by excretion and evaporation.
water balance
水分平衡
水収支
[Henderson's] n. any or all of the processes used by organisms to generate metabolic­ally usable energy, chieﬂy in the form of ATP, from the oxidative breakdown of foodstuffs. May refer to processes ranging from the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between organism and environ­ment, to the biochemical processes gen­erating ATP at the cellular level. a. respiratory, pert. or involved in re­spiration. see also aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation.
Atmung
ademhaling
andning
dihanje
disanje
dýchanie
elpošana
hengitys
hingamine, respiratsioon
kvėpavimas
lélegzés
oddychanie
respirace
respiración
respirasjon
respiration
respirazione
respiração
respiraţie
ånding
αναπνοή
Дишане
تنفس
[Henderson's] n. ﬁne powder produced by anthers and male cones of seed plants, composed of pollen grains which each enclose a developing male gamete.
pollen
[GEMET] A distribution of finely divided particles in a medium.
dispersion
[Henderson's] n. the portion of the planet which is water, e.g. the oceans, rivers, lakes, streams, and including soil water.
hydrosphere
hydrosphère
[Henderson's] n. principal light-capturing pig­ment of plants, algae and cyanobacteria, consisting of a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring with a magnesium atom at the centre and esteriﬁed to a long-chain aliphatic alcohol (phytol), different chlorophylls having dif­ferent side chains. In plants and algae, chlorophyll is located in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. It absorbs light best in the red and violet-blue regions of the spectrum, chemically distinct chloro­phylls having different absorption maxima. Chlorophylls a and b are found in higher plants and green algae, chlorophyll a in cyanobacteria, chlorophylls c and d in algae. see also bacteriochlorophyll.
Chlorophyll
chlorofil
chlorofilas
chlorofyl
chlorophyll
chlorophylle
clorofila
clorofilla
clorofilă
hlorofils
klorofil
klorofyl
klorofyll
klorofylli, lehtivihreä
klorofüll
χλωροφύλλη
Хлорофил
الكلوروفيل
shrub
speed of wind
ground water
[Henderson's] n. (1) water that sinks down through soil and rock and collects in underground aquifers.
Grundwasser
acqua sotterranea
agua subterránea
ape subterane
eaux souterraines
grondwater
groundwater
grunnvann
gruntinis vanduo
gruntsūdens
podtalnica
podzemne vode
podzemná voda
pohjavesi
põhjavesi
voda podzemní
woda gruntowa
águas intersticiais
υπόγειο νερό
Подпочвени води
مياه جوفية
地下水
Measurement of the quantity of mineral salts found in a soil. Many semi-arid and arid areas are naturally salty. By definition they are areas of substantial water deficit where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation. Thus, whereas in humid areas there is sufficient water to percolate through the soil and to leach soluble materials from the soil and the rocks into the rivers and hence into the sea, in deserts this is not the case. Salts therefore tend to accumulate.
soil salinity
[Henderson's] n. community of different spe­cies interdependent on each other, together with their non-living environment, which is relatively self-contained in terms of energy ﬂow, and is distinct from neigh­bouring communities. Different types of ecosystem are deﬁned by the collection of organisms found within them, e.g. forest, soil, grassland. Continuous ecosystems covering very large areas, such as the northern coniferous forest or the steppe grassland, are known as biomes.
ecosystem
生态系统
生態系
[Henderson's] ratio of the amount of light reﬂected by a surface to the amount of incident light, surfaces with the higher albedo having the greater reﬂectivity.
albedo
[GEMET] 1) Refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups (sand, silt and clay) of the individual soil grains in a mass of soil. 2) Classification of soil by the proportion and graduations of the three size groups of soil grains, i.e., sand, silt and clay, present in the soil.
Property is a property of a system
process
Nitrit
azotyn
dusitan
dusičnany
nitrieten
nitriitit
nitrit
nitritas
nitrito
nitritos
nitritt
nitrīts
Νιτρώδης ενώση
Нитрит
نيتريت
[GEMET] Plant and animal residue that decomposes and becomes a part of the soil.
Kupfer
bakar
baker
cobre
cupru
kobber
koper
koppar
kupari
meď
miedź
měď
rame
réz
varis
varš
vask
χαλκός
Мед
النحاس
[Henderson's] a measure of the acidity of a solution, the negative log10 of the hydrogen ion con­centration. The pH of a neutral solution is 7, that of acid solutions less than 7 and of alkaline solutions greater than 7.
1 Np = 1
neper
[Henderson's] n. the drainage of water from water­logged or impermeable soil.
[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614" , "[source of definition ] deleted suggestion
ruissellement
runoff
[GEMET] The dense substance formed by the freezing of water to the solid state; it commonly occurs in the form of hexagonal crystals.
Eis
gelo
gheaţă
ghiaccio
glace
hielo
ice
ijs
jää
jég
led
ledas
ledus
lód
ľad
πάγος
Лед
الجليد
[Henderson's] n. recording and study of peri­odic biological events, such as ﬂowering, breeding and migration, in relation to cli­mate and other environmental factors.
fenologia
phenology
Any chemical compound regardless of the object of interest or matrix
chemical property
propriété chimique
Device to collect samples (eg. Littertraps are collector of litter; funnel and containers are used to collect deposition, etc.)
[comments ] Very general and broad term, difficult to give a short and ready-to-use definition" , "[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 23/05/2013" , "[source of definition ] Expert
collector
[comments ] Very general and broad term, difficult to give a short and ready-to-use definition" , "[source of definition ] Expert" , "[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 23/05/2013
rainfall
[GEMET] Precipitation in the form of liquid water drops with diameters greater than 0.5 millimeter.
Regen (Niederschlag)
chuva
deszcz
dež
dážď
déšť
eső
kiša
lietus
lluvia
pioggia
ploaie
pluie
rain
regen
regn
sade
vihm
βροχή
Дъжд
مطر
[GEMET] Movement of water through the soil surface into the ground.
infiltration
Sunshine duration or sunshine hours is a climatological indicator, measuring duration of sunshine in given period (usually, a day or a year) for a given location on Earth, typically expressed as an average of several years. [Wikipedia] the period during which direct solar a title=\"Irradiance\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance\"irradiance/a exceeds a threshold value of 120 W/m².
duration of sunshine
Symbiose
simbiose
simbiosi
simbiosis
simbioza
simbioza, sožitje
simbioze
simbioză
simbiozė
symbioosi
symbios
symbioza
symbióza
szimbiózis
sümbioos, kooselu (biol)
συμβίωση
Симбиоза
تكافل
Chrom
chrom
chromas
chroom
chróm
crom
cromo
crómio
hroms
krom
kromi
kroom
króm
χρώμιο
Хром
الكروم
[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation, 2013-08-22" , "[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22
耕作
耕耘
[GEMET] Cloudy or hazy appearance in a naturally clear liquid caused by a suspension of colloidal liquid droplets or fine solids.
turbidité
water turbidity
[GEMET] An enclosed body of water, usually but not necessarily fresh water, from which the sea is excluded.
lake
[GEMET] A brittle metalloid element that exists in two allotropic forms; occurs principally in sand, quartz, granite, feldspar, and clay. It is usually a grey crystalline solid but is also found as a brown amorphous powder. It is used in transistors, rectifiers, solar cells, and alloys. Its compounds are widely used in glass manufacture, the building industry, and in the form of silicones.
silicium
silicon
[Henderson's] n. (1) emission of radiant energy in the form of waves or particles; (2) en­ergy radiated in the form of waves or par­ticles, e.g. electromagnetic radiation (radio waves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays) or emissions from radioactive sources (e.g. beta rays). Often refers esp. to that radiation potentially harmful to living organisms, e.g. ionizing radiation (e.g. X- and gamma rays and streams of α- and β-particles, emitted from radioactive elements); (3) (evol.) the rel­atively rapid increase in numbers of new species of a particular type of animal or plant and their diversiﬁcation and spread into many new habitats, e.g. the mam­malian radiation that occurred after the end of the Cretaceous period when most present-day types of mammals arose.
radiation measure
rayonnement
accumulation
[GEMET] A long piece of hard ground that people can drive along from one place to another.
roads
[GEMET] The process by which polluting material is precipitated from the atmosphere and accumulates in ecosystems.
deposition
rétombée atmosphérique
[GEMET] That shell or layer of the Earth in which soil-forming processes occur.
pedosphere
pédosphère
[GEMET] A nonmetallic element used to manufacture phosphoric acid, in phosphor bronzes, incendiaries, pyrotechnics, matches, and rat poisons; the white or yellow allotrope is a soft waxy solid, soluble in carbon disulfide, insoluble in water and alcohol, and is poisonous and self-igniting in air; the red allotrope is an amorphous powder, insoluble in all solvents and is nonpoisonous; the black allotrope comprises lustrous crystals similar to graphite, and is insoluble in most solvents.
phosphore
phosphorus
Phosphor
fosfor
fosforas
fosfori
fosforo
fosfors
foszfor
fósforo
φωσφόρος
Фосфор
الفوسفور
[Henderson's] n. (1) renewal of a portion of body which has been injured or lost; (2) reconstitution of a compound after dis­sociation, as e.g. of rhodopsin.
regeneration
régénération
Parameters of standing or running surface water including karst phenomenons
water measure
The net effect of many factors, including climate, abiotic environment, biotic interactions, disturbance history and human activities on the non-directed temporal fluctuation in composition of plant communities
[source of definition ] Ulf Grandin" , "[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22
vegetation dynamics
fragmentation of landscape
Landscape fragmentation is the result of transforming large habitat patches into smaller, more isolated fragments of habitat.
landscape fragmentation
Cadmium
cadmio
cadmiu
cádmio
kaadmium
kadm
kadmij
kadmijs
kadmis
kadmium
κάδμιο
Кадмий
الكدميوم
Fluor
fluoras
fluori
fluoro
fluors
fluorură
fluór
flúor
φθόριο
Флуор
الفلور
[GEMET] A porous solid product containing 85-98% carbon and produced by heating carbonaceous materials such as cellulose, wood or peat at 500-600 C° in the absence of air.
Holzkohle
carbone di legna
carbón vegetal
carvão vegetal
charbon de bois
charcoal
cărbune vegetal
drevené uhlie
faszén
houtskool
kokogles
medžio anglis
oglje
puuhiili, kasvihiili, eläinhiili
puusüsi, puidusüsi
trekull
träkol
trækul
ugljen
uhlí dřevěné
węgiel drzewny
ξυλάνθρακας
Дървени въглища
فحم نباتي
soil alkalinity
[comments ] correction of uncorrect entry" , "[source of definition ] wikipedia" , "[controlled by ] Mauro Bastianini 6.6.13
[GEMET] The largest phylum in the animal kingdom; adults typically have segmented body, a sclerotized integument, and many-jointed segmental limbs.
arthropods
[Henderson's] n. decay of organic mater­ial, mediated by microorganisms.
decomposition
décomposition
[GEMET] Essential nutrient of the food supply of plants and the diets of animals. Animals obtain it in nitrogen-containing compounds, particularly aminoacids. Although the atmosphere is nearly 80% gaseous nitrogen, very few organisms have the ability to use it in this form. The higher plants normally obtain it from the soil after microorganisms have converted the nitrogen into ammonia or nitrates, which they can then absorb. This conversion of nitrogen, known as nitrogen fixation, is essential for the formation of amino acids which, in turn, are the building blocks of proteins.
azote organique
organic nitrogen
[ONTOAD] A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). source : MSH
[GEMET] To catch an animal in a mechanical device or enclosed place or pit.
piégeage
trapping
Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb (from Latin: stibium) and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Antimony compounds were used for cosmetics; metallic antimony was also known, but it was erroneously identified as lead.
antimony
[GEMET] Carbon which comes from an animal or plant.
carbone organique
organic carbon
mass balance
survey
[Lars Lundin] Chemical elements and compounds concentration in the air
air chemistry
palaeoecology
[Wikipedia, 2013-10-01] Paleoecology uses data from fossils and subfossils to reconstruct the ecosystems of the past. It involves the study of fossil organisms and their associated remains, including their life cycle, living interactions, natural environment, and manner of death and burial to reconstruct the paleoenvironment.
paleoecology
dendrocronologia
[Henderson's] n. study of the age of trees and timber, generally by counting tree-rings, and the study and analysis of tree-rings in relation to changes in climate over time.
dendrochronologie
dendrochronology
Dendrochronologie
dendrochronologia
dendrochronologija
dendrochronológia
dendrocronologie
dendrocronología
dendrohronoloģija
dendrokronologi
dendrokronologia
dendrokronologija
dendrokronoloogia
dendrokronológia
trætidsbestemmelse
δενδροχρονολόγηση
Дендрохронология
علم تأريخ الشجر
biogeochimica
[Henderson's] n. study of the distribu­tion and movement of elements present in living organisms in relation to their geo­graphical environment, and the movement of elements between living organisms and their non-living environment.
biogeochemistry
biogéochimie
water chemistry
Genetik
arvelighedslære
geneetika
genetică
genetik
genetika
genetikk
genetyka
genética
perinnöllisyystiede
ģenētika
γενετική
Генетика
علم الوراثة
遗传学
遺伝学
[GEMET] The process of renewing or returning something to its original, normal or unimpaired condition, particularly works of art, cultural artifacts, furniture or buildings.
Restaurierung
atjaunošana
ennallistaminen, kunnostus, palautus
ennistamine, restauratsioon, restaureerimine
helyreállítás
herstel
obnova/obnovitev, restavriranje/restavracija, saniranje, vračanje v prvotno stanje
restabilire
restauración
restauration
restauravimas
restauração do património
restaurering
restauro
restaurování
restoration
restytucja
retablering
reštaurovanie
saniranje
återställning
αποκατάσταση
Възстановяване; реставрация
ترميم
[GEMET] The accumulation of both particles and gases as they come into contact with soil, water or vegetation on the earth's surfaces.
dry deposition
retombée sèche
Trockene Deposition
decantare uscată
deposición seca
deposizione secca
deposição por via seca
droge depositie
kuiva laskeuma
kuivsadenemine
nánosy
sausās nogulsnes
sausų nuosėdų iškritimas
sucha depozycja
suchá depozícia
suho taloženje
suho usedanje
száraz ülepedés
torrdeposition
tør deposition
tørravsetning
ξηρή (εν)απόθεση
Сухо отлагане
الترسيب الجاف
[GEMET] An investigative technique using a mathematical or physical representation of a system or theory that accounts for all or some its known properties. Models are often used to test the effect of changes of system components on the overall performance of the system.
modeling"@en
modelling
[GEMET] The process of making a map of an area; especially the field work necessary for the production of a map.
Kartierung
cartografiere
cartografía (mapas)
cartographie (cartes)
geographical mapping
kaardistamine
kartering
kartiranje
kartlegging
kartoitus
kartowanie
kartēšana
kortlægning
levantamentos cartográficos
mapovanie
mapování
mappatura
térképezés
žemėlapių sudarymas
χαρτογράφηση
Картиране
رسم الخرائط
1) Experiment lasting for a relatively long period of time.2) Experiment whose results become effective after a long period of time.
long term
[Henderson's] n. heterotrophic organism, i.e. one that must consume resources provided by autotrophic organisms. see also primary consumer, secondary consumer.
consumers
Is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in the air–water mixture to the saturated vapor pressure of water at those conditions. The relative humidity of air is a function of both its water content and temperature.It is normally expressed as a percentage
relative humidity
[Henderson's] partly decomposed plant residues on the surface of soil
litter
ordures
Geologie
földtan
geologi
geologia
geologie
geologija
geología
geoloogia
geológia
ģeoloģija
γεωλογία
Геология
الجيولوجيا - علم الأرض
地质学
[GEMET] A systematic written account comprising a chronological record of events (as affecting a city, state, nation, institution, science, or art) and usually including a philosophical explanation of the cause and origin of such events.
Geschichte
ajalugu
geschiedenis
histoire
historia
historie
history
história
istorie
istorija
povijest
storia
történelem
vēsture
zgodovina
ιστορία
История
التاريخ
Needs a revision /Ulf
ecosystem process
[ENVO] A wetland type that accumulates acidic peat, a deposit of dead plant material.
Entlaubung
atlapošana; defoliācija
bladförlust
bladverlies
defoliacija
defoliación
defoliacja
defoliatsioon
defoliazione
defoliering
defoliácia
desfoliação
desfrunzire
lehtikato, lehtien tuhoutuminen
levélvesztés
nåletab
odlistění
odpadanje listja/iglic, defoliacija
otpadanje lišća
φυλλόρροια
Обезлистяване
إسقاط أوراق النبات
[Henderson's] n. in ecology, any perturba­tion (either natural or caused by humans) experienced by an ecosystem.
disturbance (process)
[Henderson's, altered] n. in ecology, any perturbation (either natural or caused by humans) experienced by an ecosystem over a longer time period.
Ephemeral lakebed, or a remnant of an endorheic lake consisting of fine-grained sediments infused with alkali salts.
playa
flow of water in streams, rivers, and other channels
streamflow
[SDO] movement typical of fluids (gases, liquids) and is expressed as volume of a liquid or gas that is moving per unit of time.
flow
[NCIT] A reference to the alignment of an object, a particular situation or view of a situation, or the location of an object.
position
size of pore
[NCIT] A quantitative or qualitative measurement of the physical dimensions of the pores in a material.
pore size
[NCIT] A phylum of paraphyletic, photosynthetic and autotrophic green algae.
chlorophyta
緑藻植物門
绿藻门
[NCIT] Any bacteria that does not require oxygen to grow or respirate.
anaerobic bacteria
[NCIT] The structural elements that comprise a gene or transcription unit. Gene structures include the transcription initiation site, the protein coding sequences, intervening sequences, and the transcription termination or polyadenylation sites as well as the regulatory elements (enhancers, silencers, and the promoter) that lie outside the boundaries of the transcribed unit.
gene structure
[NCIT] A microscopic organism. The term microorganism may refer to a prokaryote or eukaryote, and may be a unicellular or multicellular organism. All taxonomic kingdoms contain microorganisms.
microorganism
[NCIT] The customary allowance of food and drink taken by a person or an animal from day to day, particularly one especially planned to meet specific requirements of the individual, including or excluding certain items of food; a prescribed course of eating and drinking in which the amount and kind of food, as well as the times at which it is to be taken, are regulated for therapeutic purposes or selected with reference to a particular state of health.
diet
[NCIT] A characteristic that can be objectively measured and serves as an indicator for normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, state of health or disease, the risk for disease development and/or prognosis, or responsiveness to a particular therapeutic intervention.
molecular marker
biological marker
[NCIT] A process where a rotating machine exposes a specimen to centrifugal force. This process can be used to remove moisture from a specimen, to subject an organism to increased gravitational forces, or to separate the components of heterogeneous mixtures based on density differences.
Zentrifugation
centrifugare
centrifugation
centrifugazione
centrifugação
centrifugering
centrifugiranje
centrifugálás
centrifugēšana
centrifūgavimas
cetrifugado (proceso)
linkoaminen
odstreďovanie
odstřeďování
odwirowywanie
sentrifugering
tsentrifuugimine
φυγοκέντριση
Центрофугиране
الطرد المركزي
genetic diversity
[NCIT] Genetic Variation consists of deviation(s) in the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material of an individual from that typical of the group to which the individual belongs, or deviation(s) in the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material of offspring from that of its parents.
gene diversity
[NCIT] Refers to large-scale environmental and cultural changes on Earth.
global change
[NCIT] Studies theoretical aspects of the biology of populations, particularly in the areas of ecology, genetics, demography, and epidemiology.
population biology
[ ROO ][ NCIT ]* The vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity.
weight
[NCIT] The extended two-dimensional outer boundary of a three-dimensional object.
surface
[NCIT] Existing in fact; real.
actual
[NCIT] The length of a straight line passing through the center of a circle or sphere and connecting two points on the circumference.
diameter
[NCIT] Including all components without exception; constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete.
entire
[NCIT] An arrangement of objects, facts, behaviors, or other things which have scientific, mathematical, geometric, statistical, or other meaning.
pattern
[NCIT] A numerical scale used to compare variables with one another or with some reference number; a number used to select an element of a list, vector, array or other sequence; a summarization of data (or dimension reduction)
index
[NCIT] The quality of being obtainable or accessible and ready for use or service.
available
[NCIT]*[ONTOAD] The amount that can be contained. It can refer to the volume that can be held, such as lung capacity, or the number of people that can be contained in a room or building. (source : NCI)
capacity
[NCIT] The point or place at which something terminates in time, space, or extent.
end
[NCIT] A position on a scale measuring intensity, quality, or amount.
level
[NCIT] The quality or state of consisting of elements that are not of the same kind or nature.
heterogeneity
[NCIT] Clearly and explicitly stated.
specific
A morphologic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative size, organization and distribution of its surface elements or the representation or invention of the appearance of its surface; visual and tactile surface characteristics.
texture
[NCIT] Any of the 99 numbered points that divide an ordered set of scores into 100 parts each of which contains one-hundredth of the total.
percentile
[ NCIT ][ SUICIDEO ]* Division of a distribution into equal, ordered subgroups; a set of 'cut points' that divide a sample of data into groups containing (as far as possible) equal numbers of observations.
quantile
[NCIT] Existing in fact and ready for service.
effective
[ SUICIDEO ][ NCIT ]* A measure of the range of values in a set of numbers. Standard deviation is a statistic used as a measure of the dispersion or variation in a distribution, equal to the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the deviations from the arithmetic mean.
standard deviation
[ NCIT ][ ENM ]* The way in which something is made, especially in terms of its different parts; its constituents.
composition
pThis concept is a flat list without any parents. The character of constraint is indicated by being mostly an adjective, e.g. NT altitudinal, apical, seasonal, biochemical. This term list can be combined with a property or an object of interest. /p
constraint
[NCIT] A measure of the expectation of the occurrence of a particular event.
probability
[NCIT] Occurring or done each year.
annual
[NCIT] The act of conducting, controlling or supervising something.
management types
[NCIT] Impregnation of one substance by another to the greatest possible extent; that concentration of a dissolved substance that cannot be exceeded..
saturated
machine
[NCIT] An object contrived for a specific purpose.
device
[NCIT] The likelihood or possibility that a specific state or condition will exist or that an action will occur.
potential
[NCIT] As an immediate result; having nothing intervening; without deviation or interruption.
direct
[NCIT] The taxonomic ranking including both species and subspecies.
species group
[NCIT] A group of materials of either plant, animal or artificial origin containing essential body nutrients that can be ingested by an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth, and maintain life.
food
[NCIT] A substance relating to or containing elemental carbon or carbon compounds.
organic
[NCIT] To reduce in strength or concentration, especially by the addition of water.
dilution
duration
[NCIT] The period of time between two dates or events or between the beginning and end of something.
timespan
[NCIT] A getting back or regaining.
@dc42654cf4efb3e7b196a754759746a2" , "@b2730bb861482073d9b0cee5e6795ad5
[NCIT] Movement of a substance through a unit area of a boundary layer or membrane per unit of time.
flux
nh4
[GEMET] The radical NH4+.
Ammonium
ammonio
ammonium
ammoonium
ammónium
amon
amoniakálny ión
amonij
amonijs
amonio
amonis
amoniu
amonium
amónia
αμμώνιο
Амониев радикал
أمونيوم
[APAONTO] Connective tissue consisting largely of fat cells, which is found beneath the skin and around major organs. Provides protection and insulation and functions as an energy reserve.
body fat
[APAONTO] Naturally occurring or experimentally manipulated qualities of the physical environment which result in strain or disequilibrium. Consider also other specific terms (e.g., CROWDING, NOISE EFFECTS).
environmental stress
[APAONTO] Experimental design in which the subjects serve in all experimental, treatment, or control conditions.
repeated measures
[APAONTO] Subdiscipline of mathematics that deals with the gathering and evaluation of numerical data for making inferences from the data.
statistics
[NIFSTD] The use of a mathematical or physical representation of a system or theory to test for effects that changes in system components may have on the overall functioning of the system. Adapted from http://www.wchstv.com/newsroom/wx/weatherglossary2.shtml#096
modeling
ploughing
production of seeds
[ANAEETHES] Seed production process as a function of tree size
seed production
management practice
canopy cover
The percentage of the ground covered by a vertical projection of the outermost perimeter of the natural spread of the foliage of plants. Cannot exceed 100 percent. (Also called crown closure)
canopy cover rate
weight of bird egg
[ATOL] any measurable or observable characteristic related to the weight of the egg
bird egg weight
colour of water
[EOL] any measurable or observable characteristic related to the color of water
water colour
[EOL] marine current produced by the vertical movement of the sea water and ocean caused by the combined effect of gravitational forces of the moon and sun
tidal current
porosity of soil
[EOL] any measurable characteristic related to the void spaces in a material, and expressed by between a percentage between 0–100%
soil porosity
[NEMO] median is the middle value of a set of ordered observations. When there is an even number of observations the median is the average of two values that fall either side of what would be the middle value.
median
[NEMO] The genetic constitution of an organism or cell, as distinct from its expressed features or phenotype.
genotype
[CRISP] monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the air; includes periodic or continuous surveillance or testing to determine the level of compliance with statutory requirements and/or pollutant levels in the air.
air sampling
weight of body
[CRISP] weight of an organism's body, usually measured in kilograms or pounds.
body weight
[CRISP] the physical dimensions of a cell; may refer to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells.
cell size
[CRISP] a powerful method for analyzing substances whether solids, liquids or gases; deals with transitions between vibrational energy levels in molecules, and is therefore also called vibrational spectroscopy; an IR spectrum is generally displayed as a plot of the energy of the infrared radiation (expressed either in microns or wavenumbers) versus the percent of light transmitted by the compound.
near infrared spectroscopy
[CRISP] introduction into water, air, and soil, any chemicals, toxic substances, wastes, or wastewater in a concentration that makes the medium unfit for its next intended use; also applies to surfaces of objects, buildings, and various household and agricultural use products.
environmental contaminant
[CRISP] state of inactivity or arrested development, as in many insect pupae and plant seeds, which allows the organism to survive adverse environmental conditions.
diapause
[CRISP] pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination.
pesticide residues
[CRISP] plant species of the family Fabaceae widely cultivated for animal feed.
alfalfa
[CRISP] any of numerous cultivated forms of a widely grown, usually tall annual cereal grass (Zea mays) bearing grains or kernels on large ears; the grains or kernels of this plant, used as food for humans and livestock or for the extraction of an edible oil or starch; also called Indian corn, maize.
maize
トウモロコシ
玉米
[CRISP] plants whose genetic material has been altered by genetic manipulation, or their progeny.
transgenic plants
transgenic plant
[CRISP] the entire physical, biochemical, and physiological makeup of an individual as determined both genetically and environmentally; also, any one or any group of such traits.
trait
[CRISP] the rate of catalysis by enzymes.
enzyme activity
[CRISP] the physical dimensions of the brain; may refer to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes.
brain size
[CRISP] animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with man; prefer indexing specific animal, treed elsewhere, when possible.
domestic animal
[MESH] Morphological or behavioral traits influenced by various living conditions that a population encounters especially as it pertains to REPRODUCTION and survival of the population (see POPULATION DYNAMICS) such as age at first reproductive event, number and size of offspring, and lifespan.
life history characteristic
[MESH] A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The EDIBLE GRAIN, barley, is widely used as food.
barley
[MESH] The production of offspring by selective mating or HYBRIDIZATION, GENETIC in animals or plants.
Züchtung
allevamento
amélioration génétique
aretus
avel
avl
breeding
crianza
dyreavl
fokken
hodowla
karjankasvatus
melhoramento de espécies
tenyésztés
uzgoj
vairošana; audzēšana
veisimas
vzreja živali, gojenje rastlin
îmbunătăţirea raselor
šlechtění
šľachtenie
αναπαραγωγή
Селекция
التحسين الجيني
育种
[MESH] The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
[MESH] The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.
host-parasite interaction
[MESH] The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means.
mosquito control
[MESH] Stable nitrogen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element nitrogen, but differ in atomic weight. N-15 is a stable nitrogen isotope.
nitrogen isotope
[MESH] Stable oxygen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element oxygen, but differ in atomic weight. O-17 and 18 are stable oxygen isotopes.
oxygen isotope
[MESH] Motion of an object in which either one or more points on a line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
rotation
[MESH] Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.
genetic selection
[MESH] An annual legume. The SEEDS of this plant are edible and used to produce a variety of SOY FOODS.
soybean
[MESH] The dimension of the physical universe which, at a given place, orders the sequence of events. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Zeit
aeg
aika
czas
idő
laikas
laiks
tempo
tempo (parâmetro)
temps (durée)
tid
tid (parameter)
tiempo (cronología)
tijd
time
timp
vrijeme
čas
čas, obdobje
χρόνος
Време (астрон.)
وقت (فترة)
时间
時間
[SUICIDEO]*[SCDO] Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome.
cohort study
Transfer of heat through the physical movement of heated matter." , "[MESH] Transmission of energy or mass by a medium involving movement of the medium itself. The circulatory movement that occurs in a fluid at a nonuniform temperature owing to the variation of its density and the action of gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed; Webster, 10th ed)
convection
[MESH] A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).
microsatellite marker
[MESH] BIRDS that hunt and kill other animals, especially higher vertebrates, for food. They include the FALCONIFORMES order, or diurnal birds of prey, comprised of EAGLES, falcons, HAWKS, and others, as well as the STRIGIFORMES order, or nocturnal birds of prey, which includes OWLS.
birds of prey
[MESH] A huge subclass of mostly marine CRUSTACEA, containing over 14,000 species. The 10 orders comprise both planktonic and benthic organisms, and include both free-living and parasitic forms. Planktonic copepods form the principle link between PHYTOPLANKTON and the higher trophic levels of the marine food chains.
copepoda
[MESH] Restoration of an environment, ecosystem, or habitat that was physically damaged during land development or by natural disaster, or contaminated by ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS. This is accomplished by various chemical, biological, and bulk movement methods, in conjunction with ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING.
environmental restoration
[MESH] The study of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION and the toxic effects of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS on the ECOSYSTEM. The term was coined by Truhaut in 1969.
ecotossicologia
ecotoxicologia
ecotoxicologie
ecotoxicology
ecotoxicología
ekotoksikologia
ekotoksikologija
ekotoksikoloģija
ekotoksykologia
ekotoxikologie
ekotoxikológia
miljötoxikologi
Ökotoxikologie
écotoxicologie
ökotoksikoloogia
ökotoxikológia
økotoksikologi
οικοτοξικολογία
Екотоксикология
علم السمية الإيكولوجية
[MESH] Methods used to measure the relative activity of a specific enzyme or its concentration in solution. Typically an enzyme substrate is added to a buffer solution containing enzyme and the rate of conversion of substrate to product is measured under controlled conditions. Many classical enzymatic assay methods involve the use of synthetic colorimetric substrates and measuring the reaction rates using a spectrophotometer. Sensitive detection methods using enzymes to indirectly measure substances that would normally be difficult to quantitate.
enzyme assay
[MESH] Non-native species that threaten ecosystems, habitats, or other species and are likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Non-native organisms brought into a region, habitat, or ECOSYSTEM by human activity.
introduced species
[MESH] El Nino-Southern Oscillation or ENSO is a cycle of extreme alternating warm El Niño and cold La Nina events which is the dominant year-to-year climate pattern on Earth. Both terms refer to large-scale changes in sea-surface temperature across the eastern tropical Pacific. ENSO is associated with a heightened risk of certain vector-borne diseases. (From http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/lanina_new_faq.html, accessed 5/12/2020) A climate pattern characterized by unusually cool Pacific Ocean water temperatures. A climate pattern characterized by unusually warm Pacific Ocean water temperatures.
El Nino
[MESH] Inland bodies of standing FRESHWATER usually smaller than LAKES. They can be man-made or natural but there is no universal agreement as to their exact size. Some consider a pond to be a small body of water that is shallow enough for sunlight to reach the bottom.
Weiher
dam
damm
dīķis
estanque
iaz
jezioro
lampi
mesterséges tó
pond
pytt
ribnik
ribnjak
rybník
stagno
tanques
tiik
tvenkinys
vijver
étang
δεξαμενή
Езерце, водоем
بركة
size of population
[IDODEN] Number of individuals in a population.
population size
[HUPSON] Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by individual particles (suspended solids) that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality. Fluids can contain suspended solid matter consisting of particles of many different sizes. While some suspended material will be large enough and heavy enough to settle rapidly to the bottom of the container if a liquid sample is left to stand (the settable solids), very small particles will settle only very slowly or not at all if the sample is regularly agitated or the particles are colloidal. These small solid particles cause the liquid to appear turbid. Turbidity (or haze) is also applied to transparent solids such as glass or plastic. In plastic production haze is defined as the percentage of light that is deflected more than 2.5 deg from the incoming light direction.[1] source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidity
turbidity
[NPO] A scientific procedure which is a process of conducting a test under controlled conditions to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known truth
Experiment
eksperiment
eksperimentas
eksperiments
eksperyment
esperimento
experiment
experimento
experiências (ciência)
expérience scientifique
katse, eksperiment
kokeilu
kísérlet
pokus
poskus, eksperiment
πείραμα
Експеримент
تجربة علمية
[NPO] A measure of central tendency which is the most frequently occurring value in a set of numerical values.
mode
[NPO] A quality that inheres in a molecular entity which does not contain carbon as a principal element (some exceptions exist, e.g., carbon dioxide).
inorganic
rate of heterotrophic respiration
[ECSO] The respiration rate of heterotrophic organisms (animals and microbes) summed per unit ground or water area and time.
heterotrophic respiration
[ECSO] the amount of primary production available for export (ie, gross, minus losses, like the autotrophs' own respiration, or other loss (exudation) not used by the carbon-fixing organism itself) = gross primary production - autotrophic respiration synonyms: NPP Gross primary production (GPP) minus autotrophic respiration (AR) per unit ground or water area and time.
ANPP
[ECSO] Gross primary production (GPP) minus autotrophic respiration (AR) over one year.
annual net primary production
[ECSO] In ecology, a community is an assemblage of two or more populations of different species occupying the same geographical area. (wikipedia) An ecological unit composed of a group of organisms or a population of different species occupying a particular area, usually interacting with each other and their environment. (biology-online.org) This class should be incorporated into ENVO.
[ECSO] Carbon oxoanions resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.
DBH
diameter at breast height of tree
[ECSO] Domain protocol for measuring the diameter of a tree. Measured at a specified, average distance from the ground, eg 4.5 ft (or average person's breast height). May be measured as circumference, then divided by pi.
tree diameter at breast height
Brusthöhendurchmesser
breast height diameter
dbh
tree breast height diameter
salinity of water
[ECSO] Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water (see also soil salinity). Salinity is an important factor in determining many aspects of the chemistry of natural waters and of biological processes within it, and is a thermodynamic state variable that, along with temperature and pressure, governs physical characteristics like the density and heat capacity of the water.
water salinity
salinity
depth of water
[ECSO] Depth of water, which is a transparent fluid which forms the world's streams, lakes, oceans and rain, and is the major constituent of the fluids of organisms.
water depth
[ECSO] Objective comparative measure of hot or cold of ground
ground temperature
temperature of lake
[ECSO] Objective comparative measure of hot or cold of water in lake
lake temperature
velocity of water
[ECSO] The velocity of water is the rate of change of its position with respect to a frame of reference, and is a function of time.
water velocity
[APO] Uptake of nutrients into a cell.
nutrient uptake
[APOLLO-SV] A rate measurement datum that specifies the percentage of organisms within a population that have died over a given time interval.
mortality rate
[BTO] A somewhat elongate usually horizontal subterranean plant stem that is often thickened by deposits of reserve food material, produces shoots above and roots below, and is distinguished from a true root in possessing buds, nodes, and usually scalelike leaves.
rhizome
[ BIOMODELS ][ EFO ] A sulfur oxide that has formula O2S.
sulfur dioxide
[CHEBI] A substance used to destroy pests of the phylum Nematoda (roundworms).
nematicide
[CHEBI] Strictly, a substance intended to kill pests. In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests.
Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel
bestrijdingsmiddel
növényvédőszer
pesticid
pesticida
pesticidas
pesticide
pesticíd
pesticīdi
pestitsiid
tuholaismyrkky, torjunta-aine
środek przeciw szkodnikom
φυτοφάρμακο
Пестицид
مبيد حشري
[CHEBI] A particle not known to have substructure.
elementary particle
[CHEBI] A substance used as an indicator of a biological state.
Biomarker
bioindicator
bioindikaator, füsioloogilis-biokeemiline tunnus
biojelző
biologinen indikaattori
biologisk indikator
biologisk indikator/markør
bioloģiskais rādītājs
biološki kazalec
biomarcatore
biomarker
biomarkeris, biologinis žymeklis
biomarkør
biomarqueur
indikátor biologický
marcador biológico
marcadores biológicos
referenčná látka
βιοδείκτης
Биомаркер
مُعَلِّم حيوي
GHG
[CHEBI] A gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range, so contributing to the 'greenhouse effect'.
greenhouse gas
persistence organic pollutants
[CHEBI] Any environmental contaminant that is resistant to environmental degradation through photolytic, biological or chemical processes. Such substances can have significant impact on health and the environment, as they persist in the environment, bioaccumulate in animal tissue and so biomagnify in food chains.
persistent organic pollutant
persistent organic pollutants
[CHMO] A piece of apparatus that generates electrical current when it experiences a thermal gradient.
thermocouple
[CMO] Measurement of the capacity of an individual's body to transport and utilize oxygen, measured as volume of oxygen per unit of time.
oxygen consumption
[CO_715] In the form of DDMMYY. Date of sowing in the format MM-DD-YYYY.
sowing date
[CO_715] Date on which fertilizer is applied in the format MM-DD-YYYY.
fertilizer application date
peat bog
[ENVO] A marsh whose water contains a considerable quantity of dissolved salts.
water body
[ENVO] An area of flat, low-lying land adjacent to a coast and separated from the interior by other features.
coastal plain
marine current
[ENVO] Chains of rocks or coral at or near the surface of water constructed by man.
artificial reef
[ENVO] A level tract lying at a small depth below the surface of water, or alternately covered and left bare by the tide.
tidal flat
[ENVO] An area which is subject to periodic flooding.
[ENVO] A landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area.
basin
[ENVO] Lake sediment is sediment which covers the bottom of a lake. Lake sediments are comprised mainly of clastic material (sediment of clay, silt, and sand sizes), organic debris, chemical precipitates, or combinations of these.
lake sediment
Brackwasser
acqua salmastra
agua salobre
apă salmastră
bočata voda
brakická voda
brakična voda
brakkvann
brakvand
brakwater
bräckt vatten
ciets ūdens, iesāļš ūdens
félsós/brakk víz
murtovesi, puolisuolainen vesi
riimvesi
sūrokas vanduo
voda brakická
woda słonawa (u ujścia rzek)
água salobra
υφάλμυρα ύδατα
Възсолена вода
مياه قليلة الملوحة
[IDODEN]* A spatial region having environmental qualities which may sustain an organism or a community of organisms.
Biotop
biotoop
biotooppi, luontotyyppi
biotop
biotopas
biotope
biotopo
biotops
biotóp
biótopo
βιότοπος
Биотоп
الموطن الحيوي
[ENVO] Coastal sea water is sea water that is adjacent to a coast. The limits of what qualifies as 'adjacent to' vary greatly. This should be defined on a data level and is left intentionally fuzzy here. The label is 'coastal sea water' rather than 'coastal water' as some large lakes are often said to have coasts.
coastal water
sandy soil
[Toru Hashimoto] Forest soil is a huge reserve of carbon in the biosphere. Therefore to understand the carbon cyclein forest ecosystems, it is important to determine the dynamics of soil CO2 efflux. This study wasconducted to describe temporal variations in soil CO2 efflux and identify the environmental factorsthat affect it...
forest soil
[GEMET] Animal excreta collected from stables and barnyards with or without litter; used to enrich the soil.
animal manure
peat soil
tropical soil
[ENVO] A surface layer is the uppermost layer of some material entity.
surface layer
[ENVO] Organic matter in soil which has reached a point of stability, where it will break down no further and might, if conditions do not change, remain essentially as it is for centuries, or millennia.
humus
[ENVO] An upwelling that is near a coast.
coastal upwelling
[ ENM ][ ECSO ] Silt is granular material of a size somewhere between sand and clay whose mineral origin is quartz and feldspar. Wikipedia: In the Udden-Wentworth scale (due to Krumbein), silt particles range between 0.0039 to 0.0625 mm, larger than clay but smaller than sand particles. ISO 14688 grades silts between 0.002 mm and 0.063 mm. In actuality, silt is chemically distinct from clay, and unlike clay, grains of silt are approximately the same size in all dimensions; furthermore, their size ranges overlap. Clays are formed from thin plate-shaped particles held together by electrostatic forces, so present a cohesion. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Texture Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.05 mm particle size. The USDA system has been adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and the AASHTO Soil Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.075 mm particle size (i.e., material passing the #200 sieve). Silts and clays are distinguished mechanically by their plasticity.
(φυσική) ιλύς
Schlick
dumblas; sąnašos
iszaptalaj
limo
limon
légamo
mjäla
mulj
muł
naplavenina
nogulumi; sanesas
sedimente fine
sedimentos finos
silt
siltti, muta, pohjalieju
slib
tolm (pedol), möll (geol), aleuriit
Тиня, утайка, нанос
غرين
[Jerry C. Ritchie] Suspended sediment is a visible indicator of water quality in lakes and reservoirs and a potential\r\n indicator of soil erosion on the drainage basin. An economical method is needed for surveying the\r\n landscape to locate water bodies with significant suspended sediment concentrations... , "[Ryan V. Galbraith] Suspended sediment is a naturally occurring part of aquatic ecosystems, and unnatural elevation of\r\n suspended sediment in streams above background concentrations is known to adversely affect Pacific\r\n salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) at different life stages...
suspended sediment
MED
Mediterranean Bio-geographical Region
Biogeographic Region EEA
[Henderson's] n. horizontal stratum in a plant com­munity. The following are usually distin­guished: the tree layer or canopy, the shrub layer, comprising the shrubby understorey, the herb layer of grass and herbaceous plants, and the ground (moss) layer, com­prising the ground surface and lichens and mosses.
layer
[ENVO] An anthropogenic environment is an environmental system which is the product of human activity.
anthropogenic environment
ABL
[PETER BAUER] The atmospheric boundary layer is the lowest layer over the surface, where the effects of the viscous force are signicant.
atmosphere boundary layer"@en , "atmospheric boundary layers"@en
atmospheric boundary layer
n. is a physical or chemical separation between different part of water column.
aquatic layer
[Henderson's] the horizontal ecological stratum of a plant community composed of shrubs, which is higher than the ﬁeld, or herb, layer and lower than the tree layer. alt. bush layer.
shrub layer
mixed forest
ILTER BIOME
[ENVO] A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending.
montane forest
[Doris Do] Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) is a major green house gas contributing to global climatechange...
atmospheric carbon dioxide
boat
A mesocosm is an experimental method that brings a small part of the natural environment under controlled conditions. In this way mesocosms provide a link between observational field studies that take place in natural environments, but without replication, and controlled laboratory experiments that may take place under somewhat unnatural conditions
mesocosm
Microcosms are artificial, simplified ecosystems that are used to simulate and predict the behaviour of natural ecosystems under controlled conditions. Open or closed microcosms provide an experimental area for ecologists to study natural ecological processes. Microcosm studies can be very useful to study the effects of disturbance or to determine the ecological role of key species
microcosm
[ENVO] The long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind, and all other aspects of the Earth's climate. External processes, such as solar-irradiance variations, variations of the Earth's orbital parameters (eccentricity, precession, and inclination), lithosphere motions, and volcanic activity, are factors in climatic variation. Internal variations of the climate system, e.g., changes in the abundance of greenhouse gases, also may produce fluctuations of sufficient magnitude and variability to explain observed climate change through the feedback processes interrelating the components of the climate system.
earthquake
carbon dioxide emission
[GEMET] A conflagration in or destroying large wooded areas having a thick growth of trees and plants.
forest fire
Pedosphäre
maaperä
pedosfeer
pedosfera
pedosferă
pedosfär
pedosfäär
pedosfære
pedosféra
pedosfēra
pedoszféra
πεδόσφαιρα
Педосфера
قشرة التربة
blizzard
[NASA] Energy propagated as time-varying electric and magnetic fields. These two fields are inextricably linked as a single entity since timevarying electric fields produce time-varying magnetic fields and vice versa. Light and radar are examples of electromagnetic radiation differing only in their wavelengths (or frequency). Electric and magnetic fields propagate through space at the speed of light.
electromagnetic radiation
ηλεκτρομαγνητική ακτινοβολία
[MESH] The longterm manifestations of WEATHER. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Klima
clima
climat
climate
climă
ilmasto
kliima
klima
klimaat
klimat
klimatas
klimats
klíma
podnebje, klima
podnebí
éghajlat
κλίμα
Климат
مناخ
气候
気候
Vegetation partially blocking light penetration, thereby creating a shaded understory.
canopy
[GEMET] A branch of agriculture concerned with the breeding and feeding of domestic animals.
animal husbandry
[GEMET] The warming of the Earth's atmosphere caused by the increasing concentration of atmospheric gases, such as water vapour and carbon dioxide. These gases absorb radiation emitted by the Earth, thus slowing down the loss of radiant energy from the Earth back to space.
greenhouse effect
[Brilliant M. Petja] Land degradation is a major concern on matters relating to sustainable agricultural development andlong-term food productivity in Africa. Not withstanding other factors, land degradation in mostAfrican countries has been driven by disparities in land distribution. This has led to aconcentration of people on limited portions of land and the need to address their development needsand issues of food security. The degradation of soil has been further exacerbated by the subsequentincrease in population on marginal lands... , "[Luncendo Ngcofe] Land degradation is a global problem affecting many countries. In South Africa extensive degradation can be related to a history of unjust land policies, which resulted in over-exploitation of the land. According to Hoffman and Todd (Journal of Southern African Studies 26:743Ð758, 2000) the problem is most severe in the communal districts of the Limpopo Province, Eastern Cape, and Northwest Province... , "[D. P. Shrestha] Land degradation is a crucial issue in mountainous areas due to slope steepness. Soil loss caused bysheet erosion and mass movement processes is common in such highly fragile environments. Althoughdeforestation, overgrazing and intensive agriculture, in many cases related to population pressure,cause accelerated erosion, natural phenomena such as exceptional rains or earthquakes also induceerosion. Slope gradient, an important parameter for the assessment of land degradation, can beautomatically generated from elevation data... , "[A. Khamzina] Land degradation is a serious hindrance to agricultural development in Uzbekistan, a countrystriving to rebuild its agricultural sector for self-sustained production. The potential ofmultipurpose trees for upgrading degraded land is enormous. However, knowledge is lacking about theestablishment and growth characteristics of different species, the energy content of firewood andthe nutritive value of fodder. This study presents such data for 10 selected local multipurposespecies grown on gleyic solonchak soil... , "[Hong Ma] Land degradation is a universal problem
land degradation
[Henderson's] any gaseous or particulate matter in the air that is not a normal constituent of air or not normally present in such large amounts. It may be the result of human activity, such as sulphur dioxide from burning of coal, and carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides from exhaust emissions, or can result from natural causes, such as desert dust, methane and hydrogen sulphide from microbial activity in bogs and volcanic debris in the atmosphere. air quality level of pollution in the air, which may be judged by a variety of criteria such as chemical and physical analysis, medical symptoms, damage to plants and damage to buildings. Air quality is deemed to be high when pollution is low.br /br /[GEMET] Presence in the atmosphere of large quantities of gases, solids and radiation produced by the burning of natural and artificial fuels, chemical and other industrial processes and nuclear explosions.
Luftverunreinigung
air pollution
contaminación atmosférica
gaisa piesārņojums
ilman saastuminen
inquinamento dell'aria
luchtverontreiniging
luftforurening
luftforurensning
luftförorening
légszennyezés
onesnaženje zraka
onečišćenje zraka
oro tarša
pollution de l'air
poluare a aerului
poluição do ar
zanieczyszczenie powietrza
znečisťovanie ovzdušia
znečištění ovzduší
õhu saastamine (reostamine); õhu saastumine (reostumine)
ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση
Замърсяване на въздуха
تلوث الهواء
大気汚染
空气污染
[ENVO] An process in which environmental parameters and variables are continually assayed.
[GEMET] Periodic and/or continued measuring, evaluating, and determining environmental parameters and/or pollution levels in order to prevent negative and damaging effects to the environment. Also include the forecasting of possible changes in ecosystem a
Umweltüberwachung
aplinkos stebėjimas
environmental monitoring
keskkonnaseire
környezeti monitoring
milieubewaking
miljöövervakning
miljøovervågning
miljøovervåking
monitoraggio ambientale
monitoring środowiska
monitoring životného prostredia
monitorizare a mediului
monitorização ambiental
monitorování prostředí životního
okoljski monitoring, spremljanje stanja v okolju
praćenje stanja okoliša
surveillance de l'environnement
vides uzraudzība
vigilancia ambiental
ympäristönseuranta
περιβαλλοντική παρακολούθηση
Екологичен мониторинг
مراقبة البيئة
[GEMET] Solid fragmental material, originated from weathering of rocks, that has settled down from a state of suspension in the water.
marine sediment
[ERO] An instrument for measuring light intensity or optical properties of solutions or surfaces. Photometers are used to measure iIlluminance, irradiance, light absorption, scattering of light, reflection of light, fluorescence, phosphorescence, and luminescence.
photometer
[ERO] A chemical substance comprised of two or more elements combined, bonded in a fixed ratio and containing carbon and hydrogen atoms. The following elements can also be found in organic compounds: Nitrogen (N); oxygen (O), Fluor (F), phosphorous (P), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), selenium (Se), bromine (Br), iodine (I). Organic compounds do not contain metals.
organic compound
[ERO] A chemical consisting of a well-defined number of atoms covalently bonded together, and containing metal atoms. Inorganic compounds do not contain chemical moities consisting of carbon and hydrogen bonded together. Examples of inorganic compounds are: Salts: sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), Oxides: carbon dioxide (CO2), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and Iron (II, III) oxide (Fe3O4), Acids: hydrogen chloride (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Bases: sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
inorganic compound
[EXO] An ecological perturbation that results from the deterioration of an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant or other type of organism.
habitat degradation
[EXO] Amount of time during which an event persists.
[FBCV] A phenotypic attribute is described as showing a maternal effect when the phenotype of an individual is a manifestation of the genotype of the mother, rather than the genotype of the individual.
maternal effect
[FOODON] Wheat (Triticum spp.) is a domesticated grass from the Levant that is cultivated worldwide. Major cultivated species of wheat: * Common wheat or Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) A hexaploid species that is the most widely cultivated in the world. * Durum (Triticum durum) The only tetraploid form of wheat widely used today, and the second most widely cultivated wheat. * Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) A diploid species with wild and cultivated variants. Domesticated at the same time as emmer wheat, but never reached the same importance. * Emmer (Triticum dicoccon) A tetraploid species, cultivated in ancient times but no longer in widespread use. * Spelt (Triticum spelta) Another hexaploid species cultivated in limited quantities.
wheat
[FOODON] Oceanodromous fish migrate within salt water only (
marine fish
[GO] The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).
oxidative metabolism
[GO] Behavior by which an organism locates food.
foraging behavior
[BCTEO]* The magnitude of a quantity, such as length or mass, relative to a unit of measurement.
size
distribution of pore size
[BCTEO]* It is the relative abundance of each pore size in a representative volume.
pore size distribution
[IDOMAL][PTS]*[GO] The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larva is the early, immature form of any animal that at birth or hatching is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose before assuming the adult characters.
larval development
tracheophyta
vascular plants
rodentia
rodents
[OBCS] a plan specification that provides a detailed outline of which measurements will be taken at what times, on which material, in what manner, and by whom. Sampling plans should be designed in such a way that the resulting data will contain a representative sample of the parameters of interest and allow for all questions, as stated in the goals, to be answered.
sample design
[OBCS] A quantitative confidence value that refers to an interval give values within which there is a high probability (95 percent by convention) that the true population value can be found. The calculation of a confidence interval considers the standard deviation of the data and the number of observations. Thus, a confidence interval narrows as the number of observations increases, or its variance (dispersion) decreases.
confidence interval
[OBCS] A quantitative confidence value that is used in Bayesian analysis to describe the range in which a posterior probability estimate is likely to reside.
credible interval
[OBCS] A quantitative confidence value that refers to the upper and lower values defining the central 50 percent of observations. The boundaries are equal to the 25th and 75th percentiles. The interquartile range can be depicted in a box and whiskers plot.
interquartile range
[OBCS] A quantitative confidence value that is the standard deviation of a data set divided by the mean of the same data set; a normalized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution
coefficient of variation
[OBCS] A data item with a specific table layout that allows visualization of the performance of an algorithm. Each column of the matrix represents the instances in a predicted class, while each row represents the instances in an actual class.
confusion matrix
[OBI] A plan specification which has sufficient level of detail and quantitative information to communicate it between investigation agents, so that different investigation agents will reliably be able to independently reproduce the process.
Protokoll
protocol
protocole
protocollo
protocolos
protokol
protokolas
protokoll
protokoll (avtale)
protokoll/jegyzőkönyv
protokols
protokół
pöytäkirja
πρωτόκολλο
Протокол
بروتوكول - اتفاقية
[OBI] A measurement data that represents the percentage of people or animals in a study or treatment group who are alive for a given period of time after diagnosis or initiation of monitoring.
survival rate
[OBI] A planned process with the objective to 1) establish the relationship between data produced by a measurement device and physical qualities. This is done by using the measurement device under defined conditions, and either tuning it to adjust the measured output, or record the output and use it as a reference in future measurements 2) instruct field staff for field sampling techniques.
Kalibrierung
calibrado
calibrare
calibration
calibratura
calibração
hitelesítés/kalibrálás
ijking
kalibrace
kalibracija
kalibravimas
kalibrering
kalibrointi
kalibrácia
kalibrācija
kaliibrimine
umjeravanje
wzorcowanie
étalonnage
βαθμονόμηση (διακρίβωση)
Калибровка
تعيير - معايرة
[OBI] A RNA extraction is a nucleic acid extraction where the desired output material is RNA
RNA extraction
[OGSF] a disposition that is physically based on some genetic material, such as one or more gene mutations or variant, such that if the genome of an organism has the genetic material as its part, the organism may have an increased likelihood or chance to develop: 1) a particular disease; 2) a peculiar biological/bodily process.
genetic susceptibility
[PATO] A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting repetition of placement of its parts.
spatial pattern
[PATO] A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width.
[EFO]* A fruit may contain additional plant structures (PO:0009011) that were part of a flower (PO:0009046) and mature along with the gynoecium, such as a receptacle (PO:0009064). A fruit may develop without fertilization in cases of parthenocarpy, apomixis, or other hormone-induced conditions and may not always contain seeds. Fruits only occur in angiosperms. The mature ovary or ovaries of a seed-bearing plant, together with accessory parts, containing the seeds and occurring in a wide variety of forms. A multi-tissue plant structure (PO:0025496) that develops from a gynoecium (PO:0009062) and may have as parts one or more seeds (PO:0009010).
fruit
[SP]* A plant structure (PO:0009011) that consists predominantly of similarly specialized plant cells (PO:0009002) of one or more types.
plant tissue
[REX] A phenomenon by which change takes place in a system. In physiological systems, a process may be chemical, physical or both. , "This term contains dynamic development and cycling of elements in a controlled way driven by biology or environmental conditions (e.g. NT growth, decomposition, nitrogen cycling)
[SOY] The number of fertilized ovules that mature into viable seeds. Seed set is determined by the number of ovules per pod, the frequency of embryo abortions, and the number of pods per plant.
ask expert
seed set
[SOY] Gross morphology of the leaflets.
leaf morphology
[SOY] The viability of a seed after storage or treatment.
seed viability ratio
[STATO] a model parameter is a data item which is part of a model and which is meant to characterize an theoritecal or unknown population. a model parameter may be estimated by considering the properties of samples presumably taken from the theoritecal population
model parameter
[STATO] a block design is a kind of study design which declares a blocking variable (also known as nuisance variable) in order to account for a known source of variation and reduce its impact on the acquisition of the signal
block design
[STATO] a quartile is a quantile which splits data into sections accrued of 25% of data, so the first quartile delineates 25% of the data, the second quartile delineates 50% of the data and the third quartile, 75 % of the data
quartile
[STATO] Model fitting is a data transformation process which evaluates if a model appropriately represents a dataset. A model fitting process tests the goodness of fit of the model to the data
model fitting
[STATO] a decile is a quantile where n=10 and which splits data into sections accrued of 10% of data, so the first decile delineates 10% of the data, the second decile delineates 20% of the data and the nineth decile, 90 % of the data
decile
RDW
[TO] The average dry weight of the root determined in a study.
root dry weight
[TO] Proportion of usable (economically significant) biomass over total (biological) biomass, expressed as a percentage.
harvest index
seed weight
[TO] A seed morphology trait (TO:0000184) which is the weight of a seed (PO:0009010).
seed mass
length of roots
[TO] A root morphology trait (TO:0000043) which is the length of one or more roots (PO:0009005). refer to PATO:0000122- A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points.
root length
[TO] Becoming tolerant to drought like conditions of minimal or no water content in the growth environment.
drought resistance
[TO] A measurable or observable characteristic of a cellular component (GO:0005575), biological process (GO:0008150) or molecular function (GO:0003674) that is part of, or has participant a plant anatomical entity (PO:0025131) and/or a plant structure development stage (PO:0009012).
plant trait
[TO] Refer to size (PATO:0000117): A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude. Size categories ranging from small to medium to large. A fruit size (TO:0002625) which is the size of a dehulled, milled grain without pericarp (PO:0009084).
grain size
dry weight of shoots
[TO] The dry weight of the shoot without inflorescence.
shoot dry weight
[TO] The total amount of carbon fixed by the plant per unit time and is measured by determining the changes in CO2 concentration over a plant leaf in a glass enclosure.
photosynthetic rate
rate of respiration
[TO] The total amount of carbon lost metabolically by the plant per unit time and is measured by determining the increase in CO2 concentration over a plant leaf in a glass enclosure.
respiration rate
[TO] It is measured as the difference between gross photosynthesis (the total amount of carbon fixed by the plant per unit time) and the respiration (the total amount of carbon lost metabolically during that same time).
net photosynthetic rate
size of leaf
[TO] A leaf morphology trait (TO:0000748) which is the size of a leaf (PO:0025034).
leaf size
[TO] The total nitrate ion uptake measured in a plant or a plant part.
nitrate uptake
[TRAK] Widely spread; not localized or confined.
diffuse
[VT] The distance from point to point along the longest axis of the body of an organism.
body length
[XCO] The process of synthesis and secretion of milk from the mammary glands in the nourishment of offspring.
milk production
[OCRE] The range is the difference between the lowest and highest numerical values; the limits or scale of variation.
range (statistics)
ranges"@en
range
[SP] The property of a substance of changing readily from a solid or liquid to a vapor.
volatile
[HUPSON] A statistical measure referring to the relationship between two random variables. It is a positive correlation when each variable tends to increase or decrease as the other does, and a negative or inverse correlation if one tends to increase as the other decreases. source: http://shodor.org/interactivate/dictionary/
correlation
[HUPSON] The area of a surface of some entity.
surface area
[SIO] A human is a primates of the family Hominidae and are characterized by having a large brain relative to body size, with a well developed neocortex, prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes, making them capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, problem solving and culture through social learning.
The specification that refers to the composition and arrangement of parts of an object.
structure
[SIO] A mean is the central tendency of a collection of numbers taken as the sum of the numbers divided by the size of the collection.
mean
[SIO] intensity is a quality that represents the strength or degree of something.
intensity
DNA polymorphism
[SIO] genetic polymorphism is the description of a difference in genetic composition at some location.
gene polymorphism
[SWEET] A devise used to measure groundwater pressure head at a point in the subsurface.
piezometer
[SWEET] A savanna or savannah is a tropical or subtropical woodland ecosystem. Savannas are characterised by the trees being sufficiently small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. It is often believed that savannas are characterized by widely spaced, scattered trees, however in many savanna communities tree densities are higher and trees are more regularly spaced than in forest communities. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer consisting primarily of C4 grasses. Savannas are also characterised by seasonal water availability, with the majority of rainfall being confined to one season of the year. Savannas can be associated with several types of biomes. Savannas are frequently seen as a transitional zone, occurring between forest regions and desert regions.
Savanna
[SWEET] A stream is a body of water with a current, confined within a bed and banks. Streams are important as conduits in the water cycle, instruments in aquifer recharge, and corridors for fish and wildlife migration. The biological habitat in the immediate vicinity of a stream is called a riparian zone. Given the status of the ongoing Holocene extinction event, streams play an important corridor role in connecting fragmented habitats and thus in conserving biodiversity. Stream is also an umbrella term used in the scientific community for all flowing natural waters, regardless of size. The study of streams and waterways in general is known as surface hydrology and is a core element of environmental geography
Distance below surface , "n. of a geographic location is a geometric height below surface of sea, lake, river, or another body water
[controlled by ] Alessandro Oggioni 23.05.2013 , "[controlled by ] Alessandro Oggioni 23.05.2013
depth
[Henderson's] n. biome found in regions where the average annual precipitation (ca. 25– 76 cm) is sufﬁcient to support the growth of grasses and other herbaceous plants but generally insufﬁcient to support continu­ous tree cover. In wetter regions grassland is maintained as a result of grazing by her­bivores. see alpine grassland, giant-grass community, prairie, savanna, short-grass community, steppe, tall-grass community, veld.
grassland
[GEMET] A stream of water which flows in a channel from high ground to low ground and ultimately to a lake or the sea, except in a desert area where it may dwindle away to nothing. A river and all its tributaries within a single basin is termed a drainage system.
river
concentration of endosulfane sulfate in wet flesh of ostrea edulis
height of canopy
[CO_320] Distance from soil surface to top of canopy
canopy height
DMY
[CO_320] Dry weight of all aboveground biomass per area
dry matter yield
rate of transpiration
[CO_320] Rate of water loss from the leaf
transpiration rate
CGR
growth rate of crop
[CO_321] It is the rate of dry matter production per unit area.
crop growth rate
density of plants
[CO_325] The number of plants that are planted, in a defined area.
plant density
[CO_327] Total grain weight after threshing of all panicles harvested on the plot
grain weight
[CO_336] Overall quality of the seed based on defective seed coat, greenish or diseased seeds
seed quality
density of roots
root length density
[CO_338][CO_339] The length of roots present in a unit volume of soil
root density
[ECG] A measure of the variability in a sample or population. It is calculated as the mean squared deviation (MSD) of the individual values from their common mean. In calculating the MSD, the divisor n is commonly used for a population variance and the divisor n-1 for a sample variance.
variance
[EFO] A process in which the act is intended to modify or alter some other material entity,
treatment
[EFO] Basal is a geometric modifier describing areas associated with the base of an organism or organism part. For example, basal ganglia.
basal
date of birth
[EFO] The point in time at which an individual was born.
birth date
A designated area of the Earth determined by the distribution of flora and fauna. The concept has been adoped by the European Union, which has recognised nine terrestrial biogeographical regions, each with its own characteristic blend of vegetation, climate and geology. Marine regions were created for practical reasons for the Article 17 reporting and they are used also in the assessment of marine Natura 2000 sites during biogeographical seminars and associated bilateral meetings (EEA, 2002).
Definition edited by Ulf Grandin, 2016-10-14
Bio-geographical Region
ALP
Alpine
ANA
anatolian
Anatolian Bio-geographical Region
Anatolian
artic tundra
Arctic
Black Sea
Mer noire
BOR
boreal
Boreal Bio-geographical Region
Continental
Macaronesia
Mediterranean
Pannonian
STE
steppic
Steppic Bio-geographical Region
Steppic
ATL
atlantic
Atlantic Bio-geographical Region
Regional seas_Arctic Ocean
Regional seas_Baltic Sea
Regional seas_Black Sea
Regional seas_Caspian Sea
Regional seas_Mediterranean Sea
Regional seas_North-east Atlantic Ocean
Regional seas_North Sea
[GEMET] No definition needed.
plant production
[GEMET] Concept derived from biology: the city is viewed as a total environment, as a life-supporting system for the large number of people concentrated there, and within this people organize themselves and adapt to a constantly changing environment. Regarded as the same as human ecology.
urban ecology
[GEMET] Branch of engineering concerned with the environment and its proper management. The major environmental engineering disciplines regard water supply, wastewater, stormwater, solid waste, hazardous waste, noise radiology, industrial hygiene, oceanography and the like.
environmental engineering
[Peter A. Lieberzeit] Environmental analysis is a potential key application for chemical sensors owing to their inherent
environmental analysis
Abiotische Umwelt
abiotic environment
abiotické prostredie
abiotikus környezet
abiotinė aplinka
abiotische omgeving
abiotisk miljö, abiotisk omgivning
abiotisk miljø
abiotiska vide
abiótico, entorno
ambiente abiotico
ambiente abiótico
eloton ympäristö
elutu keskkond, elutu ümbruskond
mediu abiotic
milieu abiotique
neživi okoliš
neživo okolje
prostředí abiotické
środowisko abiotyczne
αβιοτικό περιβάλλον
Нежива околна среда
بيئة لاحيوية
[GEMET] Mammals which have adapted to live in the sea, such as whales, dolphins, porpoises, etc.
marine mammal
marine mammals
[GEMET] The act or fact of surviving or condition of having survived.
survie
survival
ellujäämine
eloonjäänti
izdzīvošana
išlikimas
opstanak
overlevelse
overleving
prežitie
preživetje
przetrwanie
přežití
sobrevivência
sopravvivenza
supervivencia
supravieţuire
túlélés
Überleben
överlevnad
επιβίωση
Оцеляване
البقاء على قيد الحياة
[GEMET] Species native to, and restricted to, a particular geographical region.
endemic species
[GEMET] The number of plants in an area.
plant population
Beschneiden
apcirpšana
beskjæring
beskärning
beskæring
elagaj
fametszés
genėjimas
karsiminen, leikkaaminen
klestenje, obrezovanje
poda
potatura
prerezávanie
prořezávání
pruning
przycinanie gałęzi
pügamine (puude, põõsaste)
rezidba
snoei(-)
élagage
κλάδευση
Кастрене
تقليم النبات
density of population
[Henderson's] number of individuals, usually with reference to a given species, living in a speciﬁed area.
population density
Räumliche Verteilung
distribución espacial
distribuire spaţială
distribuição espacial
distribution spatiale
distribuzione spaziale
erdvinis pasiskirstymas
geografisk fördelning
lokaliseringsfordeling
maantieteellinen jakauma
priestorové šírenie
prostorna raspodjela
prostorska razporeditev
romlig fordeling
rozkład przestrzenny
rozložení prostorové
ruimtelijke verdeling
ruumiline jaotus
spatial distribution
térbeli eloszlás
ģeogrāfisko novērojumu teritoriālais sadalījums
χωρική κατανομή
Пространствено разпределение
التوزيع المساحي
[GEMET] In time series, that part of the movement which is assigned to the effect of the seasons on the year.
seasonal variation
[ANAEETHES] a chemical fertilizer containing potassium potassium (k) is required by all plant and animal life plants require potassium for photosynthesis osmotic regulation and the activation of enzyme systems
Kalidünger
draselné hnojivo
engrais potassique
fertilizante de potasio
fertilizantes de potássio
fertilizzante potassico
hnojivo draselné
kaaliumväetis
kalijevo gnojilo
kalijevo gnojivo
kalilannoite
kalio trąšos
kaliumgjødsel
kaliumgödselmedel
kaliumgødning
káliumműtrágya
kālija mēslojums
messtof met kalium
nawóz potasowy
potassium fertiliser
îngrăşământ potasic
καλιούχο λίπασμα
Калиев тор
سماد البوتاسيوم
carbon cycle
[GEMET] Pollution from widespread activities with no one discrete source, e.g. acid rain, pesticides, urban run-off etc.
diffuse pollution
Organischer Stickstoff
azot organic
azot organiczny
azoto organico
azoto orgânico
dusík organický
nitrógeno orgánico
orgaaniline lämmastik
orgaaninen typpi
organický dusík
organinis azotas
organisch gebonden stikstof
organisk nitrogen
organiskais slāpeklis
organiskt kväve
organski dušik
szerves nitrogén
οργανικό άζωτο
Органичен азот
نيتروجين عضوي
total amount of organic carbon
Gesamtorganischer Kohlenstoff
carbon organic total
carbonio organico totale
carbono orgánico total
carbono orgânico total
całkowity węgiel organiczny
celkový organicky viazaný uhlík
kopējais organiskais ogleklis
orgaanilise süsiniku üldsisaldus
orgaanisen hiilen kokonaispitoisuus
samlet mængde organisk carbon
skupni organski ogljik
teljes szerves szén
totaal aan organische koolstof
total organic carbon in water
totalt organisk karbon
totalt organiskt kol
uhlík organický celkový
ukupni organski ugljik
visa organinė anglis
ολικός οργανικός άνθρακας
Общ органичен въглерод
كربون عضوي كلي
[GEMET] Study based on experimentation.
experimental study
[GEMET] A type of climate characterized by hot, dry, sunny summers and a winter rainy season; basically, this is the opposite of a monsoon climate. Also known as etesian climate.
mediterranean climate
[GEMET] A climate which is typical of equatorial and tropical regions, that is, one with continually high temperatures and with considerable precipitation, at least during part of the year.
tropical climate
[ENVO] An extent or area of land where surface water from rain and melting snow or ice converges to a single point at lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody.
(surinkimo) baseinas
(veden) saanto
(vodni) zbiralnik
Auffangbecken
captación
captage
captare
captazione (struttura)
catchment
oppsamling
opsamling (af vand)
povodie
povodí
reservatórios de água
satece
slivnik
stroomgebied
upptagningsområde
veepüüdemahuti
vízgyűjtő
zlewnia
συλλεκτήρας
Водохващане
مستجمع مياه
Cellulose
celiuliozė
cellulosa
cellulóz
celulosa
celulose
celuloza
celuloze
celuloză
celulóza
selluloosa
tselluloos
κυτταρίνη
Целулоза
سليلوز
[GEMET] Process that uses microorganisms to decompose organic wastes either into water, carbon dioxide, and simple inorganic substances, or into simpler organic substances, such as aldehydes and acids. The purpose of a biological treatment system is to control the environment for microorganisms so that their growth and activity are enhanced, and provide a means for maintaining high concentration of the microorganisms in contact with the wastes.
biological treatment
[GEMET] The complex of operations aiming to determine the kinds of constituents of a given substance.
chemical analysis
[GEMET] The nature and proportions of the elements comprising a chemical compound.
chemical composition
Methode
meetod
menetelmä
method
methode
metod
metoda
metodas
metode
metodo
metodă
metóda
méthode
método
métodos
módszer
μέθοδος
Метод
أسلوب - منهج
[GEMET] The act or process of yielding produce from farmland, for livestock or human consumption.
crop production
[GEMET] A change in which a substance is transformed into one or more new substances.
chemical reaction
[FBCV] The exposure to one or more forms of chemical agent.
Chemische Aufbereitung
chemical treatment
chemická úprava
chemiczne przetwarzanie
cheminis apdorojimas
chemische behandeling
keemiline käitlus
kemiallinen käsittely
kemijska obrada
kemisk behandling
kemična obdelava
kjemisk behandling
traitement chimique
tratament chimic
tratamento químico
tratamiento químico
trattamento chimico
vegyi kezelés
zpracování chemické
ķīmiskā apstrāde
χημική επεξεργασία
Химическа преработка
معالجة كيماوية
[GEMET] An image of the ground surface made on a light-sensitive material and taken at a high altitude from an aircraft, spacecraft or rocket.
aerial photograph
nitric oxide
Stickstoffoxid
azoto oksidas
dušikov oksid
kväveoxid
lämmastikoksiid
nitrogen oxide
nitrogenmonoksid
nitrogenoxid
nitrogénoxid
ossido d'azoto
oxid de azot
oxid dusíka
oxid dusíku
oxyde d'azote
slāpekļa oksīds
stikstofoxide
tlenek azotu
typpioksidi
óxido de azoto
óxido de nitrógeno
οξίδιο του αζώτου
Азотен оксид
أكسيد النيتروجين
Chlorid
chlorek
chlorid
chloridas
cloreto de sódio
cloruro
cloruros
clorură
hlorīds
klorid
kloridi
kloriid
χλωριούχο άλας
Хлорид
كلوريد
Chlor
chloor
chlor
chloras
chlór
clor
cloro
hlors
kloor
kloori
klor
klór
χλώριο
Хлор
الكلور
Klimatyp
climatic region
ilmastotyyppi
kliimatüüp
klima(type)
klimaattype
klimata veids
klimato tipas
klimattyp
klimatype
podnebni tip
podnebný typ
tip climatic
tipo di clima
tipos climáticos
tipos de clima
typ klimatu
type de climat
vrsta klime
éghajlattípus
τύπος κλίματος
Вид на климата
نوعية المناخ
[GEMET] Physical conditions that determine the climate in a given area, e.g. latitude, altitude, ocean streams, etc.
climatic factor
[SIO] Longitude is a geographic position that refers to the angle east or west of a reference meridian between the two geographical poles to another meridian that passes through an arbitrary point.
Längengrad
délka zeměpisná
długość geograficzna
garums
geograafiline pikkus, pikkus (geogr)
hosszúság
ilguma
lengdegrad
lengtegraad (geografisch)
longitud
longitude
longitudine
længdegrad
pituusaste
zemepisná dĺžka
zemljepisna/geografska dolžina
γεωγραφικό μήκος
Географска дължина
خط الطول
[GEMET] The areas of land and sea bordering the shoreline and extending seaward through the breaker zone.
coastal area
[GEMET] The gradual wearing away of material from a coast by the action of sea water.
coastal erosion
conductance
n. or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity, and measures a material's ability to conduct an electric current. It is commonly represented by the Greek letter σ (sigma), but κ (kappa) (especially in electrical engineering) or γ (gamma) are also occasionally used. Its SI unit is siemens per metre (S⋅m−1) and CGSE unit is reciprocal second (s−1). , "[GEMET] The ratio of the electric current density to the electric field in a material. Also known as electrical conductivity.
conductivity
conductivité
[GEMET] The ratio of the electric current density to the electric field in a material. Also known as electrical conductivity.
Leitfähigkeit
conductividad
conductivitate
condutividade
conduttività
geleidend vermogen
johtavuus (sähkön, lämmön)
juhtivus
laidumas
ledningsevne
ledningsförmåga
prevodnost
provodljivost
przewodnictwo
vadāmība
vezetőképesség
vodivost
vodivosť
αγωγιμότητα
Проводимост
قابلية التوصيل
[GEMET] A forest type characterized by cone-bearing, needle-leaved trees. They are generally, but not necessarily, evergreen and relatively shallow-rooted. Since they grow more rapidly than most broad-leaved trees, conifers are extensively planted as a source of softwood timber and pulp. They are tolerant of wide-ranging climatic conditions, of many different types of soil and of considerable differences in terrain. Thus, they are found from the polar latitudes to the tropics, on most types of soils (especially, thin acid soils) and from mountain summits to coastal environments.
coniferous forest
[Henderson's] n. (1) management of the environment and its natural resources with the aim of protecting it from the damag­ing effects of human activity; (2) the main­tenance of a nucleotide or protein sequence relatively unchanged over evolutionary time and in different species.
conservation
[GEMET] Soil which because of its previous or current use has substances under, on or in it which, depending upon their concentration and/or quantity, may represent a direct potential or indirect hazard to man or to the environment.
contaminated soil
[GEMET] The gently sloping seabed of the shallow water nearest to a continent, covering about 45 miles from the shore and deepening over the sloping sea floor to an average depth of 400 ft. It continues until it reaches the continental slope. The continental shelf contains most of the important fishing grounds and a range of resources, including gas and oil, sand and gravel. However, the shelf is, in general, a structural extension of the continent, and so may also be a source of minerals found in that region, such as tin, gold and platinum.
continental shelf
[GEMET] An agricultural technique in which, season after season, each field is sown with crop plants in a regular rotation, each crop being repeated at intervals of several years. Crop rotation minimizes the risks of depleting the soil of particular nutrients. In rotation systems, a grain crop is often grown the first year, followed by a leafy-vegetable crop in the second year, and a pasture crop in the third. The last usually contains legumes; such plants can restore nitrogen to the soil. Notwithstanding, high yields tend to depend upon the continued addition of chemical fertilizers to the soil.
crop rotation
[GEMET] An applied social science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of agricultural or farming goods and services.
agricultural economics
[GEMET] A commercial establishment for processing or selling milk and milk products.
dairy farm
[GEMET] Land used primarily for the production of plant or animal crops, including arable agriculture, dairying, pasturage, apiaries, horticulture, floriculture, viticulture, animal husbandry and the necessary lands and structures needed for packing, processing, treating, or storing the produce.
agricultural land
[GEMET] Excessive and rapid growth of algae and other aquatic plants when they are stimulated to grow too quickly by pollution. It takes place when there are too many nutrients in the water and is aggravated when accompanied by a rise in temperature. Although the algae grow quickly they soon die because they have swallowed up all the water's nutrients. As they decompose they tend to rise to the surface and form a green slime. Algal bloom have increased because higher levels of nitrogen and phosphates from agricultural areas have leached from the fields into water courses.
agricultural landscape
[Henderson's] n. the study of numbers of organisms in a population and their vari­ation over time.
demography
démographie
Demographie
demograafia, rahvastikuteadus
demografi
demografia
demografie
demografija
demografía
demográfia
demogrāfija
väestötiede
δημογραφία
Демография
الديموجرافيا
(εν)απόθεση
Ablagerung
afzetting
avsetning (litosfære)
deponering
deposición
deposizione
deposição (poluição)
depoziţie
depozícia
nogulsnēšanās
nusėdimas
odkładanie (się)
sadenemine
saostuma
spad
taloženje
usedanje
ülepedés
Отлагане
الترسيب
Dispersion
dipersion
dispersie
dispersie [chem. en fys.]
dispersija
dispersione
dispersioon
dispersión
dispersjon
dispersão (processos físico-químicos)
disperzia
disperzija
disperģēšana; izkliede; dispersija
diszperzió
hajaantuminen, hajonta
rozpraszanie
rozptyl
διασπορά
Дисперсия
تشتت
geographic distribution of organism , "[Henderson's] n. geographical range of a species or group of species.
[GEMET] 1) The space occupied by a species, which includes both the physical space as well as the functional role of the species. 2) Ecological niche refers to the characteristics of an environment that provides all the essential food and protection for the continued survival of a particular species of flora or fauna. In addition to food and shelter, there is no long-term threat to existence in that place from potential predators, parasites and competitors. The concept of the ecological niche goes a long way beyond the idea of the species habitat.
ecological niches"@en
ecological niche
eco-fysiologie
ecofisiologia
ecofisiología
ecofiziologie
ecophysiology
ekofisiologi
ekofiziologija
ekofizjologia
ekofysiologia
ekofyziológia
ekopsiholoģija
fyziologie ekologická
Ökophysiologie
écophysiologie
ökofiziológia
ökofüsioloogia
økofysiologi
οικοφυσιολογία
Екофизиология
الفيسيولوجيا الإيكولوجية
[GEMET] Amount of energy reserves; often refers to the stocks of non-renewable fuel, such as oil, which a nation, for example, possesses.
energy storage
[GEMET] The evaluation or appraisal of ecological or natural resources.
environmental assessment
[GEMET] The growth and development of awareness, understanding and consciousness toward the biophysical environment and its problems, including human interactions and effects. Thinking \"ecologically\" or in terms of an ecological consciousness.
environmental awareness
[GEMET] Changes that may take place in ecosystems, climate, soil, habitats, etc. due to pressures of various origin.
environmental change
[GEMET] Science dealing with the physical, chemical and biochemical processes that polluting substances undergo when introduced in the environment.
environmental chemistry
[GEMET] Protection of the environment through policies concerning the control of wastes, the improvement of the human-made environment, the protection of heritage values, the institution of national parks and reserves, the protection of fauna and flora, the conservation of forests and landscapes, etc.
environmental control
[GEMET] Expenses incurred as a result of some violation of ecological integrity either by an enterprise that implements a program to rectify the situation, or by society or the ecosystem as a whole when no person or enterprise is held liable.
environmental cost
[GEMET] An ecological conscience or moral that reflects a commitment and responsibility toward the environment, including plants and animals as well as present and future generations of people. Oriented toward human societies living in harmony with the natural world on which they depend for survival and well being.
environmental ethics
[GEMET] The art and science of the protection of good health, the prevention of disease and injury through the control of positive environmental factors, and the reduction of potential physical, biological, chemical and radiological hazards.
environmental health
[GEMET] Any alteration of environmental conditions or creation of a new set of environmental conditions, adverse or beneficial, caused or induced by the action or set of actions under consideration.
environmental impact
[GEMET] Analysis and judgement of the effects upon the environment, both temporary and permanent, of a significant development or project. It must also consider the social consequences and alternative actions.
environmental impact assessment
EIA
[GEMET] A measurement, statistic or value that provides a proximate gauge or evidence of the effects of environmental management programs or of the state or condition of the environment.
environmental indicator
[GEMET] The identification of desirable objectives for the physical environment, including social and economic objectives, and the creation of administrative procedures and programmes to meet those objectives.
environmental planning
[GEMET] Official statements of principles, intentions, values, and objective which are based on legislation and the governing authority of a state and which serve as a guide for the operations of governmental and private activities in environmental affairs.
environmental policy
[GEMET] The introduction by man into the environment of substances or energy liable to cause hazards to human health, harm to living resources and ecological systems, damage to structure or amenity, or interference with legitimate uses of the environment.
environmental pollution
[GEMET] Measures and controls to prevent damage and degradation of the environment, including the sustainability of its living resources.
environmental protection
EPA
[GEMET] EPA is the US Government's watchdog agency responsible for controlling the pollution of air and water, pesticides, radiation hazards and noise pollution. The agency is also involved in research to examine the effects of pollution.
environmental protection agency
[GEMET] Properties and characteristics of the environment, either generalized or local, as they impinge on human beings and other organisms. Environmental quality is a general term which can refer to: varied characteristics such as air and water purity or pollution, noise, access to open space, and the visual effects of buildings, and the potential effects which such characteristics may have on physical and mental health.
environmental quality
ERA
[GEMET] Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the risk posed to the environment by the actual or potential presence and/or use of specific pollutants.
environmental risk assessment
[GEMET] Likelihood, or probability, of injury, disease, or death resulting from exposure to a potential environmental hazard.
environmental risk
[GEMET] Practices used during construction or other land disturbing activities to reduce or prevent soil erosion. Typical practices include planting of trees and quick growing grass on disturbed areas and other means to slow the movement of water across a disturbed site and trap the soil that does get transported by runoff.
erosion control
[GEMET] Conversion from a liquid or solid state to a vapour.
evaporation (process)
évaporation
Evaporation
aurumine
avdunstning
evaporación
evaporare
evaporazione
evaporação
evaporácia
evaporáció
fordampning
garavimas
haihtuminen
ishlapljivanje
izhlapevanje, evaporacija
iztvaicēšana; iztvaikošana
parowanie
verdamping
výpar
εξάτμιση
Изпарение
التبخر
Evapotranspiration
evapotranspiraatio, kokonaishaihdunta
evapotranspirace
evapotranspiracija
evapotranspiración
evapotranspirasjon
evapotranspiratsioon, koguaurumine
evapotranspiração
evapotranspiraţie
evapotranspirácia
evapotranszspiráció
evapotraspirazione
ewapotranspiracja
iztvaikošana
verdamping(stranspiratie)
εξαερωτική εξίδρωση
Изпарение от земята
النتح التبخُّري
algal bloom
[GEMET] Plants, animals or microorganisms which are introduced by humans into areas where they are not native. Exotics are often associated with negative ecological consequences for native species and the ecosystems.
exotic species
[GEMET] Experiment carried out on a substance or on an organism in the open air as opposed to in a laboratory.
field experiment
[GEMET] Scientific study made in the open air to collect information that can not be obtained in a laboratory.
field study
[GEMET] Measures taken to prevent or reduce harm caused by an unusual accumulation of water above the ground, often involving the construction of reservoirs and channeling structures.
flood control
[GEMET] A sequence of organisms on successive trophic levels within a community, through which energy is transferred by feeding; energy enters the food chain during fixation by primary producers (mainly green plants) and passes to the herbivores (primary consumers) and then to the carnivores (secondary and tertiary consumers).
food chain
[GEMET] Planning of forest utilization for wood production, conservation purposes, fauna and flora protection, recreation and water supply.
forest management
freshwater ecosystem
[CHEBI] A substance used to destroy fungal pests.
Fungizid
fongicide
fungicid
fungicida
fungicidas
fungicide
fungicíd
fungicīdi; pretsēņu aizsarglīdzekļi
fungitsiid, seenetõrjevahend
gombaölőszer
schimmeldodend middel
sienimyrkky, sienituhoaine
soppmiddel
svampbekämpningsmedel
svampedræbende middel
środek grzybobójczy
μυκητοκτόνο
Фунгицид
مضادات الفطريات
[Henderson's] Variability within a species due to genetic differences between individuals
Genetische Vielfalt
diversidad genética
diversidade genética
diversitate genetică
diversità genetica
diversité génétique
diverzita genetická
geneetiline mitmekesisus
geneettinen monimuotoisuus
genetická diverzita
genetikai sokféleség
genetinė įvairovė
genetische diversiteit
genetisk diversitet
genetisk mangfold
genetiskt mångfald
genska raznovrsnost
genska raznovrstnost
zróżnicowanie genetyczne
ģenētiskā daudzveidība
γενετική ποικιλότητα (ποικιλομορφία)
Генетично разнообразие
التنوع الجيني
[GEMET] The gene pool in natural and cultivated stocks of organisms that are available for human exploitation. It is desirable to maintain as diverse a range of organisms as possible, particularly of domesticated cultivars and their ancestors, in order to maintain a wide genetic base. The wider the genetic base, the greater the capacity for adaptation to particular environmental conditions.
genetic resource
[Henderson's] n. (1) water that sinks down through soil and rock and collects in underground aquifers; (2) underground water in the zone of saturation, below the water table. cf. soil water.
[GEMET] Contamination of any water found under the earth's surface by any leaching pollutants, such as inorganic compounds (chlorides, nitrates, heavy metals, etc.), synthetic organic chemicals (pesticides, fertilizers, etc.) and pathogens (bacteria, parasites, etc.).
groundwater pollution
Ernte
betakarítás
colheitas
cosecha
derlius
harvest
høst
høsting
oogst
pridelek, žetev
raccolto
raža
recoltă
récolte
saak, viljasaak
sadonkorjuu, korjata sato
sklizeň
skörd
żniwo
žetva
συγκομιδή
Реколта
حصاد
[CHEBI] A substance used to destroy plant pests.
Herbizid
erbicida
gyomirtó szer
herbicid
herbicidas
herbicide
herbicyd
herbicíd
herbicīds
herbitsiid
ierbicid
kasvimyrkky, rikkaruohomyrkky
ogräsbekämpningsmedel
ugressmiddel
ζιζανιοκτόνο
Хербицид
مبيد الأعشاب الضارة
Hydrosphäre
hidrosfera
hidrosferă
hidrosfēra
hidroszféra
hydrosfeer
hydrosfera
hydrosfär
hydrosfære
hydrosféra
hüdrosfäär
idrosfera
vesikehä, hydrosfääri
υδρόσφαιρα
Хидросфера
المحيط المائي - الغلاف المائي للأرض
[GEMET] Behaviour of animals in their normal environment, including all the processes, both internal and external, by which they respond to changes in their environment.
animal behaviour
[NCIT] An event, entity or condition that typically characterizes a prescribed environment or situation and determines or aids in determining whether certain stated circumstances exist or criteria are satisfied.
(εν)δείκτης
Indikator
indicador
indicadores
indicateur
indicator
indicatore
indikaator
indikator
indikátor
indikátor/mutató
kazalec, indikator
osoitin
pokazatelj
rodiklis
rādītājs
ukazovateľ
wskaźnik
Индикатор, указател
مؤشر
[GEMET] A type of pollution which washes out of the atmosphere as dilute sulphuric and nitric acids. It tends to be a regional rather than a global phenomenon, linked to particular industrial activities and meteorological conditions. It includes rain, more than normally acidic snow, mist, sleet, fog, gas and dry particles. It upsets the balance of nature, disrupting ecosystems, and destroys forests and woodlands, plants and crops; kills aquatic life by altering the chemical balance of lakes and rivers and corrodes building materials and fabrics. The pollutants are caused principally by discharges from power station chimneys of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released by burning fossil fuels, coal and oil.
acid deposition
(1) the interrelationships be­tween animals and their environment and each other; (2) the study of these interrelationships.
Tierökologie
animal ecology
dierenecologie
djurekologi
dyreøkologi
dzīvnieku ekoloģija
ecologia animal
ecologia animale
ecologie animală
ecología animal
ekologia zwierząt
ekologie živočichů
ekologija živali
ekologija životinja
ekológia živočíchov
eläinekologia
gyvūnų ekologija
loomaökoloogia
állatökológia
écologie animale
ζωοοικολογία
Животинска екология
إيكولوجيا الحيوان
[GEMET] Discarded material from industries directly associated with the raising of animals, such as those wastes produced by livestock farming (manure, milk, etc.), meat production and animal testing (animal bodies, animal parts, feathers, etc.) and fur breeding (fur, blood, etc.).
animal production
animal waste
[GEMET] Land cover is the physical state of the land surface. It is the combination of vegetation, soil, rock, water and human-made structures, which make up the earth's landscape. The land cover is the interface between the earth's crust and the atmosphere, influencing the exchange of energy and matter in the climatic system and biogeochemical cycles.
couverture spatiale (SIG)
land cover
[GEMET] Any physical, recognizable form or feature of the Earth's surface, having a characteristic shape and produced by natural causes; it includes major forms such as plane, plateau and mountain, and minor forms such as hill, valley, slope, esker, and dune. Taken together the landforms make up the surface configuration of the Earth's.
Geographische Form
charakter terénu
configuração do terreno
forma de relieve
forme del rilievo terrestre
formy zemského povrchu
formă de relief
landform
pinnanmuodostus
pinnavorm
relief
reliefna oblika
reljefni oblik
sausumos darinys
sauszemes aprises, reljefs
talajalakulat
ukształtowanie terenu
vorm van der aardkorst
διαμόρφωση εδάφους
Земна форма
شكل الأرض - تضاريس الأرض
Landschaft
ainava
krajina
krajobraz
kraštovaizdis
landschap
landskab
landskap
maastik
maisema
paesaggio
paisagem
paisaje
peisaj
pokrajina, krajina
táj
τοπίο
ландшафт
منظر طبيعي
[GEMET] The study of landscapes taking account of the ecology of their biological populations. The subjects thus embraces geomorphology and ecology and is applied to the design and architecture of landscapes.
landscape ecology
[GEMET] The term land use deals with the spatial aspects of all human activities on the land and with the way in which the land surface is adapted, or could be adapted, to serve human needs.
[GEMET] A heavy toxic bluish-white metallic element that is highly malleable; occurs principally as galena and is used in alloys, accumulators, cable sheaths, paints, and as a radiation shield.
lead
plomb
Blei
bly
chumbo
lood
lyijy
olovo
ołów
piombo
plii
plomo
plumb
svinec
svins
ólom
švinas
μόλυβδος
Олово
الرصاص
[GEMET] The phases, changes, or stages through which an organism passes throughout its lifetime.
life cycle
[Henderson's] n. the study of the biological and other aspects of standing waters.
limnologie
limnology
Limnologie
limnologi
limnologia
limnologija
limnología
limnoloogia, järveteadus
limnoloģija
limnológia
vesistötiede, limnologia
λιμνολογία
Лимнология
علم المياه العذبة
[Henderson's] n. (1) the Earth’s crust; (2) the non-living, non-organic part of the en­vironment, such as rocks or the mineral fraction of soil.
Lithosphäre
lithosfeer
lithosphere
lithosphère
litosfera
litosferă
litosfär
litosfäär
litosfääri, kivikehä
litosfære
litosféra
litosfēra
litoszféra
λιθόσφαιρα
Литосфера
اليابسة
concept 'mapping' exists
mapping
The study of the biological and other aspects of marine waters
Meeresökologie
ecologia marina
ecologia marinha
ecologie marină
ecología marina
ekologia morska
ekologie mořská
ekologija mora
ekologija morja
havøkologi
jūras ekoloģija
jūrų ekologija
mariene ecologie
marine ecology
marinekologi
marinøkologi
mereökoloogia
meriekologia
morská ekológia
tengerökológia
écologie marine
θαλάσσια οικολογία
Морска екология
الإيكولوجيا البحرية
[GEMET] Any marine environment, from pond to ocean, in which plants and animals interact with the chemical and physical features of the environment.
marine ecosystem
[GEMET] Marine environments include estuaries, coastal marine and nearshore zones, and open-ocean-deep-sea regions.
marine environment
[Henderson's] cf. limnology. The study of the biological and other aspects of standing waters
Wasserökologie
akvatisk økologi
aquatic ecology
ecologia acquatica
ecologia aquática
ecologie acvatică
ecologie van het water
ecología acuática
ekologia wód
ekologie vodní
hydro-écologie
hydroøkologi
vandens ekologija
vattenekologi
veekogude ökoloogia
vesiekologia
vodna ekologija
vodná ekológia
vízi ökológia
ūdens ekoloģija
οικολογία υγροτόπων
Водна екология
الإيكولوجيا المائية
[GEMET] Any detrimental alteration of the marine environment caused by the intentional or accidental release of dangerous or toxic substances, such as industrial, commercial and urban waste water.
marine pollution
[Rognvaldur Hannesson] A marine reserve is defined as a subset of the area over which a fish stock is dispersed and closed\r\n to fishing... , "[GEMET] Sea area where marine wildlife is protected.
marine reserve
[GEMET] Plants having therapeutic properties.
medicinal plant
CH4
[Henderson's] n. CH4, a gas derived from the anaerobic breakdown of organic matter. alt. marsh gas, natural gas.
methane
méthane
Methan
metaan
metaani, suokaasu
metan
metanas
metangas
metano
methan
metán
metāns
moerasgas
μεθάνιο
Метан
الميثين
[GEMET] The science and study of microorganisms, including protozoans, algae, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and rickettsiae.
microbiology
Feuchtigkeit
drėgmė
fugt
fukt
fuktighet
humedad
humidade
humidité
kosteus
mitrums
moisture
nedvesség
niiskus
umezeală
umidità
vlaga
vlhkost
vlhkosť
vocht
wilgoć
υγρασία
Влага
رطوبة
[GEMET] The study of the chemical structures and processes of biological phenomena at the molecular level; the discipline is particularly concerned with the study of proteins, nucleic acids, and enzymes, the macromolecules essential to life processes. It seeks to understand the molecular basis of genetic processes. Techniques used include X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy.
molecular biology
[GEMET] A coordinated body of sensory and communications devices that observes, detects or records the outputs or operations of any natural or artificial system in order to construct a history or future of events.
monitoring system
Mulch
camada protectora do solo
cubierta humidificadora
jorddækning
maan kate, viherlannoite
markbetäckning
mulch
multš
mulč
mulčenje
mulčias
mulčējums
pacciame
strat de frunze uscate şi paie
strooisellaag
strølag
talajtakarás
zaštitni nastor
ściółka
προστατευτικό στρώμα (αχύρου)
Тор, слама (около розсадени разстения и овошки)
غطاء للتربة
[GEMET] Areas of outstanding natural beauty, set aside for the conservation of flora, fauna and scenery, and for recreation, if this does not conflict with the conservation objectives of the parks and their landscapes. Hunting, logging, mining, commercial fishing, agriculture and [GEMET] livestock grazing are all controlled within national parks, as is industrial activity.
national park
[GEMET] The probability of occurrence, within a specific period of time in a given area of a potentially damaging phenomenon of nature.
natural hazard
[GEMET] Lands characterized by low annual rainfall of less than 250 mm, by evaporation exceeding precipitation and a sparse vegetation.
arid land
[GEMET] Active management of the earth's natural resources and environment to ensure their quality is maintained and that they are wisely used.
nature conservation
[GEMET] Active management of the earth's natural resources and environment to ensure their quality is maintained and that they are wisely used. , "[Türker ALTAN] Nature conservation is defined as the protection of natural areas as well as flora and fauna assets\r\n and their habitats to maintain well being of people and life. All the visits and activities that\r\n people realised to see natural, cultural and historical areas are perceived as tourism. While\r\n tourism is greatly depends on natural environment and natural resources tourism developments and\r\n investments need huge areas can be a threat for nature conservation. In this study conflicts between\r\n tourism developments and nature conservation are discussed in terms of land loss and changes...
Stickstoffkreislauf
azoto ciklas
ciclo del nitrógeno
ciclo dell'azoto
ciclo do azoto
ciclu al azotului
cycle de l'azote
cyklus dusíku
kolobeh dusíka
kroženje dušika
kruženje dušika
krążenie azotu
kvävets kretslopp
lämmastikuringe
nitrogen cycle
nitrogenkredsløb
nitrogenkretsløp
nitrogén ciklus
slāpekļa cikls
stikstofkringloop
typen kiertokulku
κύκλος αζώτου
Азотен цикъл
دورة النيتروجين
[GEMET] A reddish-brown gas; it exists in varying degrees of concentration in equilibrium with other nitrogen oxides; used to produce nitric acid.
nitrogen dioxide
N2 fixation
[Henderson's] the process whereby atmospheric elemental nitrogen (dinitro­gen, N2) is reduced to ammonia (NH3), and which is carried out in the living world only by some free-living bacteria and cyanobacteria and by a few groups of bac­teria in symbiotic association with plants (the Rhizobium–legume association and the actinomycete–non-legume associations). The reaction is catalysed by the enzyme nitrogenase. Biological nitrogen ﬁxation is the chief process by which atmospheric nitrogen enters the biosphere and becomes available as a nutrient to other organisms, although industrial nitrogen ﬁxation is now of considerable signiﬁcance. A smaller amount of atmospheric nitrogen is also ﬁxed by conversion into nitrogen oxides by the action of lightning. see also nitrogen cycle.
fixation de l'azote
nitrogen fixation
[GEMET] Any of several organic acids combined with proteins (DNA or RNA) which exist in the nucleus and protoplasm of all cells. , " [Henderson's] Nucleic acids are very large linear molecules containing C, H, O, N and P, which on partial hydrolysis yield nucleotides and nucleosides, and which are composed of one (RNA) or two (DNA) polynucleotide chains. They are essential components of all living cells, where they are the carriers of genetic information (DNA and mRNA), components of ribosomes (rRNA), and involved in deciphering the genetic code (tRNA). see also DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), genetic code, messenger RNA, nucleotide, polynucleotide, ribosomal RNA, RNA (ribonucleic acid), transfer RNA. \r\n
nucleic acid
[Henderson's] Nucleic acids are very large linear molecules containing C, H, O, N and P, which on partial hydrolysis yield nucleotides and nucleosides, and which are composed of one (RNA) or two (DNA) polynucleotide chains. They are essential components of all living cells, where they are the carriers of genetic information (DNA and mRNA), components of ribosomes (rRNA), and involved in deciphering the genetic code (tRNA). see also DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), genetic code, messenger RNA, nucleotide, polynucleotide, ribosomal RNA, RNA (ribonucleic acid), transfer RNA. \r\n , "[GEMET] Any of several organic acids combined with proteins (DNA or RNA) which exist in the nucleus and protoplasm of all cells.
[GEMET] The amount of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, inorganic salts (e.g. nitrates, phosphates), minerals (e.g. calcium, iron), and water.
nutrient content
[GEMET] Elimination of nutrients as, for example, from sewage in order to prevent eutrophication of water in reservoirs.
nutrient removal
[GEMET] Water current flow in a closed circular pattern within an ocean.
ocean circulation
[GEMET] Contamination of any ecosystem, but usually of freshwater or marine ecosystems, by oil or other petroleum products.
oil pollution
organic agriculture
[GEMET] Farming without the use of industrially made fertilizers or pesticides.
organic farming
[GEMET] Farming without the use of industrially made fertilizers or pesticides. , "[Henderson's] farming without the use of artiﬁcial fertilizers and pesticides.
[Henderson's] n. any living thing.
Organismen
organism
organisme
organismen (taxonomie)
organismer
organismi (tassonomia)
organismit
organismos
organismos (taxonomia)
organisms
organismus
organizam
organizem
organizm
organizmas
organizmus
szervezet
Οργανισμός
Организъм
كائن عضوي
[GEMET] 1) A quantity in an equation which must be specified beside the independent variables to obtain the solution for the dependent variables. 2) A quantity which is constant under a given set of conditions, but may be different under other conditions.
parameter
paramètre
[Henderson's] n. plants and animals adhering to parts of rooted aquatic plants.
Aufwuchs
peal[is]kasv, perifüüton
perifit
perifiton
perifitonas
perifitons
perifyton
perifytón
periphyton
perífito
päällyskasvusto, perifyton
périphyton
περίφυτο
Перифитон
الملتصقات
Schädling
déprédateur
dăunător
infestantes
kahjur[organism]
kaitēklis; parazīts
kenkėjas, parazitas
organismo infestante
pest
plagas
rovarkártevő
skadedyr
skadegjører
skadegörare
szkodnik
tuholaiset
škodca
škodljivec
škůdce
štetnik
παράσιτο
Вредител
آفة
[GEMET] Keeping down the number of pests by killing them or preventing them from attacking.
pest control
Phosphat
fosfaat
fosfaatti
fosfat
fosfatas
fosfato
fosfatos
fosforan
fosforečnan
fosfāts
foszfát
φωσφορικό(ά) άλας(τα)
Фосфат
الفوسفات
[GEMET] The study of the production, transport, modification, and removal of atmospheric constituents in the troposphere and stratosphere.
atmospheric chemistry
[GEMET] The general movement and circulation of air, which transfers energy between different levels of the atmosphere. The mechanisms of circulation are very complicated. They involve the transfer of energy between the oceans and the atmosphere, the land and the atmosphere, as well as the different levels of the atmosphere.
atmospheric circulation
[Henderson's] n. that part of biology dealing with the functions and activities of organ­isms, as opposed to their structure. a. physiological.
physiologie
physiology
[GEMET] Raising a certain type of plant by crossing one variety with another to produce a new variety where the desired characteristics are strongest.
plant breeding
[Ulrich K. Posselt] Plant breeding is the genetic improvement of plants and is considered to be both a science and an\r\n art. The latter is governed by the breeder’s eye and his intuition and creativity. The scientific\r\n basis of plant breeding methods was established in the first half of the last century after the\r\n rediscovery of Mendel’s laws. Population and quantitative genetics made essential contributions\r\n towards the development and understanding of breeding methods... , "[GEMET] Raising a certain type of plant by crossing one variety with another to produce a new variety where the desired characteristics are strongest.
duplicate
[GEMET] Conservation of plant species that may be rare or endangered, and of other plants of particular significance.
plant protection
[GEMET] Pollution from a discrete source, such as a septic tank, a sewer, a discharge type, a landfill, a factory or waste water treatment works discharging to a watercourse; stack emission from an industrial process; or spillage from an underground storage tank leaching into groundwater.
point source
[GEMET] The presence in the air of one or more contaminants in such a concentration and of such duration as to cause a nuisance or to be injurious to human life, animal life or vegetation.
atmospheric pollution
Pollen
pelod
pelud
peľ
polen
pollen/virágpor
polline
pyl
pyłek
pólen
siitepöly
stuifmeel
ziedputekšņi
õietolm
žiedadulkės
γύρη
Полен
اللقاح
[NCIT] Any chemical compound, biological object, physical factor in a concentration or amount that adversely alters the physical, chemical, or biological properties of the environment. The term includes pathogens, toxic metals, carcinogens, oxygen-demanding materials, radiation, natural substances, synthetic industrial chemicals, biocides and all other harmful substances and factors. (NCI)
Schadstoff
contaminantes
forurenende stoffer
forurensende stoff
föroreningar
inquinanti
látka znečišťující
onesnaževalo
onečišćujuća tvar
piesārņotājs
polluant
pollutant
poluant
poluentes
reoaine, saasteaine
saastuttavat aineet, saasteet
szennyezőanyag
teršalas
verontreinigende stoffen
zanieczyszczenia
znečisťujúca látka
ρύποι
Замърсител
ملوث
[Henderson's] n. any harmful or undesirable change in the physical, chemical or bio­logical quality of air, water or soil as a result of the release of e.g. chemicals, radioactivity, heat, large amounts of organic matter (as in sewage). Usually appl. changes arising from human activity although natural pollutants, e.g. volcanic dust, sea salt, are known.
pollution
Population ecology is a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment. It is the study of how the population sizes of species living together in groups change over time and space. (wikipedia)
Populationsökologie
demøkologi
ecologia de populações
ecologia delle popolazioni
ecologie a populaţiei
ecología de población
ekologia populacji
ekologie populace
populaatioekologia
populacijska ekologija
populasjonsøkologi
populatie-ecologie
population ecology
populationsekologi
populatsiooniökoloogia
populačná ekológia
populiacijų ekologija
populációökológia
populācijas ekoloģija
écologie des populations
οικολογία των πληθυσμών
Екология на популациите
إيكولوجيا السكان
[GEMET] The organization of, and inter-relationships among, inhabitants of a given region, country or city.
population structure
[ECSO]* Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
Druck
ciśnienie
druk
nyomás/terhelés
paine
presiune
presión
pression
pressione
pressure
pressão
rõhk
slėgis
spiediens
tlak
tlak, pritisk
tryck
tryk
trykk
πίεση
Налягане
الضغط
[GEMET] Principle adopted by the UN Conference on Environment and Development (1992) that in order to protect the environment, a precautionary approach should be widely applied, meaning that where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage to the environment, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.
precautionary principle
[GEMET] Portions of land protected by special restrictions and laws for the conservation of the natural environment. They include large tracts of land set aside for the protection of wildlife and its habitat; areas of great natural beauty or unique interest; areas containing rare forms of plant and animal life; areas representing unusual geologic formation; places of historic and prehistoric interest; areas containing ecosystems of special importance for scientific investigation and study; and areas which safeguard the needs of the biosphere.
protected area
[GEMET] A fall or slide of a large mass, as of snow or rock, down a mountainside.
Lawine
aludes
avalanche
avalanches
avalanşă
laviin, lumelaviin
lavin
lavina
lavine
lavína
lavīna
lawina
lawine
lumivyöry, maavyöry, kivivyöry
plaz
snøskred
valanga
χιονοστιβάδα
Лавина, срутване
انهيار (جليدي أو صخري)
[Henderson's] forest biomes that develop in areas with an annual rainfall of more than 254 cm. see monsoon rain forest, temper­ate rain forest, tropical rain forest. \r\n , "[GEMET] A forest of broad-leaved, mainly evergreen, trees found in continually moist climates in the tropics, subtropics, and some parts of the temperate zones.
rain forest
[GEMET] Species which have a restricted world range.
rare species
Regeneration
elvytys, uudistuminen
förnyelse
obnova
obnova, regeneracija
regenerace krajiny
regeneracija
regeneración
regeneracja
regenerare
regeneração
regenereerimine
regenerering
regenerácia
regeneráció
reģenerācija; dabiska meža atjaunošana
rigenerazione
αναγέννηση
Регенерация, регенериране
إعادة توليد - تجديد
[GEMET] 1) Terrestrial areas where the vegetation complex and microclimate are products of the combined pressure and influence of perennial and/or intermittent water... and soils that exhibit some wetness characteristics. 2) Zone situated on the bank of a water course such as a river or stream.
riparian zone
[GEMET] Technique used to determine the likelihood or chance of hazardous events occurring (such as release of a certain quantity of a toxic gas) and the likely consequences. Originally developed for use in nuclear and chemical industry where certain possible events, of low probability, could have extremely serious results. Attempts are being made to use concepts from probabilistic risk analysis to characterise environmental impacts, whose occurrence and nature are not easy to predict with any degree of accuracy.
risk analysis
[GEMET] The qualitative and quantitative evaluation performed in an effort to define the risk posed to human health and/or the environment by an action or by the presence or use of a specific substance or pollutant.
risk assessment
CTD
[source of definition ] deleted suggestion" , "[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614
Abfluß
afstrømning
avløp (hydrologi)
dagvatten
escorrentía
lefolyás
notece
nuotėkis
odpływ powierzchniowy
odtok
otjecanje
ruscellamento
scurgere
valunta, valuma
äravool
απορροή
Оттичане; отток
انسياب سطحي
[GEMET] Area outside the limits of any incorporated or unincorporated city, town, village, or any other designated residential or commercial area such as a subdivision, a business or shopping center, or community development.
rural area
Sand
areias
arenas
hiekka
homok
liiv
nisip
pesek
piasek
piesok
pijesak
písek
sabbia
smiltis
smėlis
zand
άμμος
Пясък
رمل
[GEMET] An accumulation of loose sand heaped up by the wind, commonly found along low-lying seashores above high-tide level, more rarely on the border of large lakes or river valleys, as well as in various desert regions, where there is abundant dry surface sand during some part of the year.
sand dune
Satellit
družica
družice
műhold
palydovas
satelit
satelita
satelliet
satelliit, tehiskaaslane
satellit
satellite
satellitt
satelīts
satélite
satélites
tekokuu
δορυφόρος
Сателит (спътник)
قمر، تابع
data transmission
[GEMET] The level of the surface of the ocean; especially, the mean level halfway between high and low tide, used as a standard in reckoning land elevation or sea depths.
sea level
SLR
[GEMET] Sea-level rises are a possible consequence of global warming. As the amount of free water in the oceans increases, and as the water becomes warmer, global warming will increase. In addition, according to theory, the heating at the poles may reduce the amount of water trapped in glaciers and ice caps.
sea level rise
[GEMET] The movement and carrying- away of sediment by natural agents; especially the conveyance of a stream load by suspension, saltation, solution or traction.
sediment transport
Silizium
kisel
kremík
krzem
křemík
räni
silicij
silicio
silicis
siliciu
silicone
silikoni
silisium
silīcijs
szilikon
πυρίτιο
Силиций
السيليكون
[GEMET] The top layer of the land surface of the earth that is composed of disintegrated rock particles, humus, water and air.
Boden
augsne
bodem
dirvožemis, gruntas
gleba
jord
jordsmonn
muld
pôda
půda
soil
sol
solos
suelos
suolo
talaj
tla, prst, zemlja
tlo
έδαφος
Почва
تربة
[GEMET] Soil may deteriorate either by physical movement of soil particles from a given site or by depletion of the water-soluble elements in the soil which contribute to the nourishment of crop, plants, grasses, trees, and other economically usable vegetation. The physical movement generally is referred to as erosion. Wind, water, glacial ice, animals and tools in use may be agents of erosion.
soil degradation
[GEMET] Detachment and movement of topsoil or soil material from the upper part of the profile, by the action of wind or running water, especially as a result of changes brought about by human activity, such as unsuitable or mismanaged agriculture.
soil erosion
[GEMET] The status of a soil with respect to the amount and availability to plants of elements necessary for plant growth.
soil fertility
Bodenfeuchtigkeit
augsnes mitrums
bodemvocht
dirvožemio drėgnumas
humedad del suelo
humidade dos solos
jordfugtighed
jordfuktighet
maan kosteus
markfuktighet
pôdna vlhkosť
talajnedvesség
umezeala solului
umidità del suolo
vlažnost tal, talna vlažnost
vlažnost tla
vlhkost půdní
wilgotność glebowa
υγρασία εδάφους
Почвена влага
رطوبة التربة
Bodenart
augsnes tips
dirvožemio tipas
grondsoort
jordbundstype
jordsmonntype (klassifikasjon)
maalaji, maannoslaji
mullaliik
pôdny typ
soil type
talajtípus
tip de sol
tip tal/prsti
tipo de suelo
tipo di suolo
tipos de solos
typ gleby
typ půdní
type de sol
vrsta tla
τύπος εδάφους
Тип на почвите
نوعية التربة
A statistical measure qualifies an Observable Property and represents some aggregation or derivation E.g. Mean, Mode, Median, Weekly mean, Monthly mean. Ontologically, Statistical Measures may be derived from other Statistical Measures. They may have complex attribution as well as a descriptive label. see http://uncertml.org Concept Source: INSPIRE Observations & Measurements (Complex Properties Model) http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/Data_Specifications/D2.9_O&M_Guidelines_v2.0.pdf
Statistik
estadísticas
estatística
statistica
statistical measure
statistică
statistiek
statistik
statistika
statistikk (oversikt)
statistiques
statisztika
statystyka
tilasto(t), tilastotiede
štatistika
στατιστική
Статистика
علم الإحصاء
统计学
[GEMET] The arrangement of a body of water, as a lake, into two or more horizontal layers of different characteristics, especially densities.
stratification
[GEMET] Water that travels over the soil surface to the nearest surface stream; runoff of a drainage basin that has not passed beneath the surface since precipitation.
surface runoff
[GEMET] Development that provides economic, social and environmental benefits in the long term having regard to the needs of living and future generations. Defined by the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987 as: development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
sustainable development
Biogeochemie
biogeochemia
biogeochemie
biogeochemija
biogeochimie
biogeochémia
biogeokeemia
biogeokemi
biogeokemia
biogeokemija
biogeokjemi
biogeokémia
biogeoquímica
bioģeoķīmija
βιογεωχημεία
Биохимия
الكيمياء الحيوية الجغرافية
[GEMET] Mixed forest of conifers and broad-leaf deciduous trees, or mixed conifer and broad-leaf evergreen trees, or entirely broad-leaf deciduous, or entirely broad-leaf evergreen trees, found in temperate regions across the world; characterized by high rainfall, warm summers, cold winters occasionally subzero, seasonality; typically with dense canopies, understorey saplings and tall shrubs, large animals, carnivores dominant, very rich in bird species.
temperate forest
[GEMET] Biological effects include allergic reactions, respiratory disorders, hypersensitivity diseases and infectious diseases and can be caused by a variety of contaminants and pollutants.
biological effect
[NIFSTD] Branch of science which studies the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
Toxikologie
toksikologi
toksikologia, myrkkyoppi
toksikologija
toksikoloogia, mürgiõpetus
toksikoloģija
toksykologia
tossicologia
toxicologia
toxicologie
toxicology
toxicología
toxikologi
toxikologie
toxikológia
vergiftenleer
τοξικολογία
Токсикология
علم السميات
[GEMET] A species or organism that is used to grade environmental quality or change.
biological indicator
[GEMET] The direct measurement of changes in the biological status of a habitat, based on evaluations of the number and distribution of individuals or species before and after a change.
biological monitoring
Einfangen
armadilhas (animais)
atrape
caccia con trappole
chwytanie do pułapek
chytanie do pascí
chytání do pasti
csapdábaejtés
fellefangst
fälla
fældefangst
het in klemmen vangen
hvatanje zamkom
lov s pastmi
prinderea în capcane
püünisjaht
pārklāšana
sieppaaminen
sugavimas spąstais
παγίδευση
Хващане в капан
التفخيخ - الإيقاع في فخ
わなで捕ること
诱捕
[GEMET] Any of the feeding levels through which the passage of energy through an ecosystem proceeds; examples are photosynthetic plants, herbivorous animals, and microorganisms of decay. , "[Henderson's] (1) a level in a food chain deﬁned by the method of obtaining food, and in which all organisms are the same number of energy transfers away from the original source of the energy (e.g. photosynthesis) entering the ecosystem. see autotroph, herbivore, secondary con­sumer, tertiary consumer; (2) the nutrient status of a body of water. see eutrophic, oligotrophic.
trophic level
[GEMET] A vegetation class consisting of tall, close-growing trees, their columnar trunks more or less unbranched in the lower two-thirds, and forming a spreading and frequently flat crown; occurs in areas of high temperature and high rainfall.
tropical forest
TRF
[GEMET] The most valuable and the richest ecosystem on Earth. It plays a critical part in the Earth's life support systems and house 50%, and possibly as much as 90%, of all the species on Earth. It is a key storehouse of foods, oils and minerals, and a source of ingredients that make up a range of medical treatments. It also represents home and livelihood for many people. However, more than half of the rainforests have disappeared, chopped down for valuable tropical hardwoods, or cleared to provide areas for cattle grazing or human habitation. The forests play an important part in climate patterns, and deforestation is thought to be responsible for 18% of global warming. Furthermore, as they disappear there is also an albedo effect - a damaging increase in the sunlight reflected - which affects wind and rainfall patterns. , " [Henderson's] evergreen broadleaf forest that develops in areas near the Equa­tor with a climate of high temperature, humidity and rainfall and no marked seasons, and which is characterized by a high biological diversity and productiv­ity. Tropical rain forest is found in the Amazon basin, parts of Central America, central West Africa, parts of the south­eastern African coast and Madagascar, South-east Asia and Indonesia, New Guinea, and the northern tip of Australia. see also rain forest. \r\n
tropical rain forest
[Henderson's] evergreen broadleaf forest that develops in areas near the Equa­tor with a climate of high temperature, humidity and rainfall and no marked seasons, and which is characterized by a high biological diversity and productiv­ity. Tropical rain forest is found in the Amazon basin, parts of Central America, central West Africa, parts of the south­eastern African coast and Madagascar, South-east Asia and Indonesia, New Guinea, and the northern tip of Australia. see also rain forest. \r\n , "[GEMET] The most valuable and the richest ecosystem on Earth. It plays a critical part in the Earth's life support systems and house 50%, and possibly as much as 90%, of all the species on Earth. It is a key storehouse of foods, oils and minerals, and a source of ingredients that make up a range of medical treatments. It also represents home and livelihood for many people. However, more than half of the rainforests have disappeared, chopped down for valuable tropical hardwoods, or cleared to provide areas for cattle grazing or human habitation. The forests play an important part in climate patterns, and deforestation is thought to be responsible for 18% of global warming. Furthermore, as they disappear there is also an albedo effect - a damaging increase in the sunlight reflected - which affects wind and rainfall patterns.
[GEMET] The part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths shorter than light but longer than x-rays; in the range of 4-400 nm.
ultraviolet radiation
[GEMET] A voluntary association of around 180 state signatory to the UN charter (1945), whose primary aim is to maintain international peace and security, solve economic, social, and political problems through international co-operation, and promote respect for human rights.
united nations
[GEMET] Towns and cities viewed as ecosystems, having an input of matter and energy, recycling within the system, and an output of matter and energy into the surroundings.
urban ecosystem
[GEMET] Number of plants growing on a certain area of land.
vegetation cover
Pflanzenökologie
augalų ekologija
augu ekoloģija
ecologia vegetal
ecologia vegetale
ecologie vegetală
ecología vegetal
ekologia roślin
ekologie rostlin
ekologija bilja
ekologija rastlin
ekológia rastlín
kasviekologia
növényökológia
plantenecologie
planteøkologi
taimeökoloogia
växtekologi
οικολογία των φυτών
Растителна екология
إيكولوجيا النبات
[GEMET] Any of various processes, either sexual or asexual, by which a plant produces one or more individuals similar to itself.
plant reproduction
[GEMET] A community of plants or plant life that share distinguishable characteristics.
vegetation type
[GEMET] A graded value of the components (organic and inorganic, chemical or physical) which comprise the nature of water.
qualité de l'eau
water quality
Wetter
időjárás
ilm
oras (meteorologinės sąlygos)
pogoda
počasie
počasí
sää
tempo (meteorologia)
tiempo
vejr
vreme
väder
vær
weer
καιρός
Време (клим.)
جو (مناخ)
Unkraut
burina
buruieni
chwast
erba infestante
ervas daninhas
gyom
korov
mala hierba
mauvaise herbe
nezāle
onkruid
piktžolė
plevel
rikkaruoho
ugras
ukrudt
umbrohund
weed
ζιζάνιο
Бурен
الأعشاب الضارة
[GEMET] Freeing an area of land from weeds by several means, such as herbicides, tillage, burning, mowing, and crop competition.
weed control
[GEMET] Freeing an area of land from weeds by several means, such as herbicides, tillage, burning, mowing, and crop competition. , "[Xia Li] Weed control is a substantial economic input for production of mint oils, the most commercially\r\n important of which are obtained from peppermint. The objective of this research is to obtain\r\n peppermint plants resistant to the broad-spectrum herbicide glufosinate, which can be used for\r\n development of economically efficacious weed control strategies and, perhaps, serve as a paradigm in\r\n perennial crops...
[GEMET] A series of measures required to maintain or restore the natural habitats and the populations of species of wild fauna and flora at a favourable status.
wildlife conservation
[GEMET] The motion of air relative to the earth's surface; usually means horizontal air motion, as distinguished from vertical motion.
vent
wind measure
[GEMET] A brittle bluish-white metallic element that becomes coated with a corrosion-resistant layer in moist air and occurs chiefly in sphalerite and smithsonite. It is a constituent of several alloys, especially brass and nickel-silver, and is used in die-casting, galvanizing metals, and in battery electrodes.
zinc
[GEMET] a zone recognized as a buffer between two nations in which military presence is minimal or absent" , "[GEMET] a zone recognized as a buffer between two nations in which military presence is minimal or absent , "[wikipedia, 2016-08-16] For use in nature conservation, a buffer zone is often created to enhance the protection of areas under management for their biodiversity importance. The buffer zone of a protected area may be situated around the periphery of the region or may be a connecting zone within it which links two or more protected areas, therefore increasing their dynamics and conservation productivity. A buffer zone can also be one of the span class=\"mw-redirect\"protected area categories (e.g. category V or VI of IUCN Protected Area) or a classification scheme (e.g. NATURA 2000) depending on the conservation objective.
buffer zone
[wikipedia, 2016-08-16] For use in nature conservation, a buffer zone is often created to enhance the protection of areas under management for their biodiversity importance. The buffer zone of a protected area may be situated around the periphery of the region or may be a connecting zone within it which links two or more protected areas, therefore increasing their dynamics and conservation productivity. A buffer zone can also be one of the span class=\"mw-redirect\"protected area categories (e.g. category V or VI of IUCN Protected Area) or a classification scheme (e.g. NATURA 2000) depending on the conservation objective. , "[GEMET] a zone recognized as a buffer between two nations in which military presence is minimal or absent
[GEMET] an area reserved for the maintenance of a natural habitat
nature reserve
[ADW] rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal.
rainforest
[ADW] Coniferous or boreal forest, located in a band across northern North America, Europe, and Asia. This terrestrial biome also occurs at high elevations. Long, cold winters and short, wet summers. Few species of trees are present; these are primarily conifers that grow in dense stands with little undergrowth. Some deciduous trees also may be present.
taiga
L2T-2
absorbed dose
[STUFF] Absorbed dose is the energy deposited in a medium by ionizing radiation. It is a derived quantity in the International System of Units. Absorbed dose is energy divided by mass.
L2T-3
absorbed dose rate
T-1
Activity
amount of substance
M-3N1
Amount of Substance per Unit Mass
L-3N1
Amount of Substance Per Unit Volume
U1T-2
Angular Acceleration
L2M1
Angular Mass
L2M1T-1
Angular Momentum
U1T-1
Angular Velocity
U1L2
Area Angle
Area Temperature
Area Thermal Expansion
Torque
Capacitance
Catalytic Activity
Coefficient of Heat Transfer
Electric Current per Angle
density
dimensionless
Dose Equivalent
Dynamic Viscosity
Electrical Conductivity
Electric Charge
Electric Charge Line Density
Electric Charge per Amount of Substance
Electric Charge Volume Density
electric current
Electric Current Density
Electric Dipole Moment
Electric Field Strength
Electric Flux Density
Electromotive Force
Energy and Work
Energy Density
M1T-2
energy
Energy per Unit Area
Exposure
Force
Force per Electric Charge
Force per Unit Length
frequency
[SWEET] The rate of recurrence of any periodic phenomenon, often associated with waves of all kinds. Without qualification frequency often means temporal frequency, the rate of recurrence of a time-varying function, but could mean spatial frequency, the rate of recurrence of a space-varying function. Spatial frequency is the reciprocal of the repeat distance (sometimes the wavelength). The dimensions of (temporal) frequency are inverse time. A common unit for frequency is cycle per second, formerly abbreviated cps, but superseded by hertz, abbreviated as Hz.
Gravitational Attraction
Heat Capacity and Entropy
Heat Flow Rate
Heat Flow Rate per Unit Area
Illuminance
Inductance
Inverse Amount of Substance
Inverse Permittivity
Kinematic Viscosity
Length Mass
Length Temperature
Linear Acceleration
Linear Momentum
Linear Thermal Expansion
Linear Velocity
Luminance
Luminous Flux
luminous intensity
Magnetic Dipole Moment
Magnetic Field Strength
Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Flux Density
Magnetomotive Force
mass
[NPO] A quality that inheres in a bearer in proportion to the amount of matter it contains. It is the property of a substance that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field.
質量
质量
Mass per Unit Area
Mass per Unit Length
Mass per Time
Mass Temperature
Molar Energy
Molar Heat Capacity
Permeability
L-3M-1T4I2
permittivtiy
Permittivity
Plane Angle
Power
Power per Angle
Power per Area Angle
Power per Unit Area
Pressure or Stress
resistance
[NCIT] A Resistance Process consists of activities of biologic molecules or complexes involved in processes that maintain immunity to, or counteract, defeat, or withstand the effects of, an antagonistic agent.
Solid Angle
Specific Energy
Specific Heat Capacity
Specific Heat Pressure
Specific Heat Volume
Temperature Amount of Substance
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Diffusivity
Thermal Insulance
Thermal Resistance
Thermal Resistivity
Thrust to Mass Ratio
Time Squared
Volume
Volume per Unit Time
Volume Thermal Expansion
Volumetric heat capacity
Abampere
NASA SWEET unit
Abcoulomb
Abcoulomb per square centimeter
Abfarad
Abfarad per centimeter
Abhenry
Abohm
Absiemen
Abtesla
Abvolt
Abvolt per Centimeter
Abvolt Second
Ampere per radian
A/m2
Ampere Turn
Ampere Turn per Meter
cd/m2
Centimeter per second
Centimeter per second squared
C/m³
C/kg
Coulomb per meter
Coulomb per mole
C/m²
Cubic Centimeter
m³/K
Cubic meter per kilogram second squared
m³/s
Dyne
Dyne centimeter
Dyne per square centimeter
Erg
Erg per cubic centimeter
Erg per second
Erg per square centimeter second
Erg second
F/m
Gauss
Gilbert
Gram
Gy/s
H/m
A/m
1/s
J/m³
J/K
J/(kg·K)
Joule per kilogram kelvin per cubic meter
Joule per kilogram kelvin per pascal
J/mol
J/(mol·K)
J/m²
J/T
J·s
kat
Kelvin per watt
Kilogram kelvin
kg·m/s
Kilogram Meter Squared
kg/m³
Kilogram per meter
Kilogram per second
kg/m²
Maxwell
Meter kelvin
Meter Kelvin per watt
Meter kilogram
Meter per farad
m/K
m/s
m/s²
mol
Mole kelvin
mol/m³
mol/kg
Newton per coulomb
Newton per kilogram
N/m
Oersted
Oersted centimeter
Pa·s
1/mol
Poise
rad
rad/s
rad/s2
Relative permeability
Relative permittivity
Square centimeter
Square centimeter second
Square meter kelvin
Square meter Kelvin per watt
Square meter per kelvin
m²/s
Square meter steradian
Statampere
Statcoulomb
Statcoulomb per square centimeter
Statfarad
Stathenry
Stathenry per centimeter
Statohm
Statvolt
Statvolt per centimeter
Unity
V/m
W/(m·K)
W/m2
W/m²K
W/(m2·sr)
W/sr
[RO] Kurtosis is a measure of how outlier-prone a distribution is. The kurtosis of the normal distribution is 3. Distributions that are more outlier-prone than the normal distribution have kurtosis greater than 3; distributions that are less outlier-prone have kurtosis less than 3
kurtosis
A tree is a perennial woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance. A minimum height specification at maturity is cited by some authors, varying from 3 m to 6 m; some authors set a minimum of 10 cm trunk diameter (30 cm girth). Woody plants that do not meet these definitions by having multiple stems and/or small size are called shrubs. Compared with most other plants, trees are long-lived, some reaching several thousand years old and growing to up to 115 m (379 ft) high. Trees are an important component of the natural landscape because of their prevention of erosion and the provision of a weather-sheltered ecosystem in and under their foliage. They also play an important role in producing oxygen and reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, as well as moderating ground temperatures. They are also elements in landscaping and agriculture, both for their aesthetic appeal and their orchard crops. Wood from trees is a building material, as well as a primary energy source in many developing countries. Trees also play a role in many of the world's mythologies.
Puu on suurikokoinen monivuotinen puuvartinen kasvi, jolla on yleensä yksi hallitseva varsi. Pienemmät puuvartiset kasvit, joilla on useita varsia ovat pensaita tai varpuja. Joskus rajanveto voi olla vaikeaa, koska pensailla ja varvuilla on puumaisia piirteitä. Puista muodostuneet metsät peittävät kolmanneksen maapallon maapinta-alasta. Maapallon metsissä on noin 45 000 eri puulajia, valtaosaltaan lehtipuita. Puulajitiede tunnetaan termillä dendrologia. Puuaines on jällestä sisäänpäin kasvavaa solukkoa. Puutavara on puusta, erityisesti puun rungosta, saatavan puuaineen yleisnimitys raaka-aineena ja kaupallisena tuotteena. Puut eivät muodosta taksonomisesti yhtenäistä ryhmää. Samaankin kasviheimoon, esimerkiksi ruusukasveihin, saattaa kuulua sekä puita että ruohomaisia kasveja. On kuitenkin myös heimoja, joiden kaikki lajit ovat puita tai pensaita, esimerkiksi koivukasvit, samoin kaikki paljassiemeniset kasvit, joista tärkeimpiä ovat havupuut.
arboles
boom
copac
drevo
drvo
koks
medis
puu
strom
tre (vegetasjon)
trees
träd
træ
árvores
δέντρο
Дърво
شجرة
height of plant
[CO_338] Height of the plant described as the distance between the soil and the plant canopy
plant height
(in forest sciences) a set of forested sites that share similar attributes but are of different ages
chronosequence
Area where clearcutting has been applied; the area is subject of fast succession processes.
clearcut
Acidität
acidez
acidita
aciditate
aciditet
acidità
happamuus
happesus
kiselost
kislost
kwasowość
kyselost
rūgštingumas
savasság
skābums
surhedsgrad
surhet
water acidity
zuurtegraad
οξύτητα
Киселинност
حمضية
biomass of coarse woody debris
coarse woody debris biomass
composition of community
群落組成
the different species in a given area or ecosystem.
community composition
群落動態
changes in the structure of a community over time
[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013" , "[source of definition ] own definition (nothing better found)
community dynamics
群落模式
community pattern
[CCON] Community structure is a set of parameters that we can use to describe a ecological community.
Konservierung
behoud
conservación
conservare / păstrare
conservazione
conservação (processo industrial)
išlaikymas, išsaugojimas
kaitse, looduskaitse
konservering
konzervovanie
ochrana
ochrona
ohranjanje, konzerviranje
očuvanje
saglabāšana; dabas aizsardzība
skydd
säilyttäminen
védelem/megőrzés
συντήρηση
Консервация, съхранение, пестене
حِفظ
consumer
消費者
消费者
[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013" , "[source of definition ] Worksheet Hend: Crustacea
decay rate
Abbau
afbraak
decomposizione
decomposição
dekompozícia
descomposición
descompunere
hajoaminen, maatuminen
lagunemine
lebomlás
nedbrydning
nedbrytning
razpad
rozklad
rozkładanie (się)
sadalīšanās; dekompozīcija; pārdalījums
skaidymasis
upplösning
αποσύνθεση
Разлагане
تحلل
[Henderson's] a. device for measuring small changes in the diameter of a tree trunk, such as the minute amounts of shrinkage and swelling that accompany the daily ﬂuctuations in transpiration.
[controlled by ] Neagu Stefan 31/05/13" , "[comments ] the Hendersons definition is for \"dendrometer bands\", but the new definition does not exclude such devices" , "[source of definition ] wikipedia
dendrometer
Distance below surface
Wüstenausbreitung
aavikoituminen
desertificación
desertificazione
desertificação
desertifikace
dezertifikácia
deşertificare
dykumėjimas
kõrbestumine, desertifikatsioon
pustynnienie
pārtuksnešošanās
sivatagosodás
woestijnvorming
ökenspridning
ørkendannelse
ørkenspredning
širenje pustinja
širjenje puščavskih razmer, širjenje puščav
απερήμωση
Превръщане в пустиня, опустошаване
تصحُّر
[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen" , "[source of definition ] New World Encyclopedia" , "[comments ] I think the new is more relevant and complete in the context
Biological dispersal refers to both the movement of individuals (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, etc.) from their birth site to their breeding site, as well as the movement from one breeding site to another. Disperal is also used to describe the movement of propagules such as seeds and spores.
[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2014" , "[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_dispersal
dispersal
amount of dissolved nutrient
[Henderson's, modified] n. any substance dissolved in water used or required by an organism as food. see also macro­nutrients, micronutrients.
dissolved nutrient
Gelöster organischer Kohlenstoff
carbon organic dizolvat
carbonio organico disciolto
carbono orgánico disuelto
carbono orgânico dissolvido
izšķīdis organiskais ogleklis
ištirpinta organinė anglis
lahustunud orgaaniline süsinik
liuennut orgaaninen hiili
løst organisk karbon
oldott szerves szén
opgeloste organische koolstof
opløst organisk kulstof
otopljeni organski ugljik
raztopljeni organski ogljik
rozpustený organický uhlík
rozpuszczony węgiel organiczny
uhlík organický rozpuštěný
upplöst organiskt kol
διαλυμένος οργανικός άνθρακας
Разтворен органичен въглерод
كربون عضوي مذاب
disturbance pattern
diversity
[GEMET] A predominantly mechanical mixture of a variety of individual gases forming the earth's enveloping atmosphere.
Luft
aer
air
aire
aria
gaiss
ilma
levegő
lucht
luft
oras
powietrze
vzduch
zrak
õhk
αέρας
Въздух
هواء
[source of definition ] Pritchard, D. W. (1967). \"What is an estuary: physical viewpoint\". In Lauf, G. H. Estuaries. A.A.A.S. Publ. 83. Washington, DC. pp.Ê3Ð5." , "[controlled by ] Mauro Bastianini 6.6.13
[ENVO] Evaporation is a form of vaporisation which occurs when a portion of the surface layer of a liquid in contact with a gaseous material, which is not saturated with the evaporating substance, vaporises. [database_cross_reference: Adapted from Wikipedia:Evaporation]
evaporation
Evolution
asteittainen kehitys, kehityskulku
evoliucija
evoluce
evolucija
evolución
evolusjon
evolutie
evolutsioon
evoluzione
evolução das espécies
evoluţie
evolúcia
evolúció
evolūcija
ewolucja
razvoj, evolucija
utveckling
εξέλιξη
Еволюция
التطور
演变
進化
Primary roots usually lt 2 mm diameter that have the function of water and nutrient uptake. They are often heavily branched and support mycorrhizas. These roots may be short lived, but are replaced by the plant in an ongoing process of root 'turnover'
[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22" , "[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root, 2013-08-22
fine root
index of fire severity
The effect of a fire on ecosystem properties, usually defined by the degree of soil heating or mortality and damage of vegetation.
fire severity index
[GO] The process involved in transforming a meristem that produces vegetative structures, such as leaves, into a meristem that produces reproductive structures, such as a flower or an inflorescence.
ecosystem respiration
Waldökologie
bosecologie
ecologia florestal
ecologia forestale
ecologie forestieră
ecología forestal
ekologia leśna
ekologie lesa
ekologija gozda
ekologija šume
erdőökológia
lesnícka ekológia
metsaökoloogia
metsäekologia
meža ekoloģija
miško ekologija
skogens ekologi
skogøkologi
skovøkologi
δασική οικολογία
Горска екология
إيكولوجيا الغابات
[GEMET] Any forest environment, in which plants and animals interact with the chemical and physical features of the environment, in which they live.
forest ecosystem
gas flux
gastropoda
[GEMET] A plant-eating insect with long back legs that can jump very high and makes a sharp high noise using its back legs or wings.
grasshoppers
草原
草地
The choice by an organism of a particular habitat in preference to others
[source of definition ] http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O14-habitatselection.html
habitat selection
harvest of plants (timber)
harvesting (practice)
alkalinity
hillslope
human disturbance
Organic soil or water excess soil
humic soil
The ability of a material to transmit water under saturated or nearly saturated conditions. Hydraulic conductivity is found by measuring the fluid flow through cross-sectional area over time and requires sampling by undisturbed soil cores
[source of definition ] http://prometheuswiki.publish.csiro.au/tiki-index.php?page=Hydraulic+conductance+and+conductivity#sthash.WiD2TWpg.dpuf" , "[controlled by ] S Stoll 2013-06-20
hydraulic conductivity
is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes.
[source of definition ] Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd edition McNaught, A.D. and Wilkinson, A. Blackwell Science, 1997 [ISBN 0-86542-684-8]" , "[controlled by ] Mauro Bastianini 6.6.13
hydrogen ion
Science which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of the oceans, lakes, rivers, and their adjoining coastal areas, with particular reference to their control and utilization.
[Henderson's] a. appl. the part of a mountain above the tree line and below the permanent snow line, and to species mainly restricted to this zone.
alpine tundra
[CRISP] visual image which is recalled in accurate detail; mental copy arising from memory of a sense experience in the absence of sensory stimulation.
[Henderson's] n. (1) the hatching of eggs by means of heat, natural or artiﬁcial; (2) the growth of a culture of microorganisms by keeping it for some time at an optimum temperature.
incubation
Infiltration
beszivárgás
filtriranje
iesūkšanās
indringing
infiltrace
infiltracija, įsigėrimas
infiltración
infiltrare
infiltrasjon
infiltrazione
infiltração
infiltrácia
maasseimbumine, infiltratsioon
pronicanje
przenikanie
suotautuminen
διείσδυση
Инфилтрация
تسرب - ارتشاح
Inorganic nutrients are chemical elements, compounds, and other substances that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism that are not chemically carbon-based.
inorganic nutrient content
water interception
p[Wikipedia] Precipitation that does not reach the soil, but is instead intercepted by the leaves and branches of plants and the forest floor./p
interception
Bewässerung
apūdeņošana
bevattning
bevloeiing
drėkinimas
irigare
irrigazione
irrigação
keinokastelu
kunstvanding
navodnjavanje
nawadnianie
niisutus
riego
umetno namakanje
vanning
zavlažovanie
zavlažování
öntözés
άρδευση
Напояване
الري
level of lake
The level reached by the surface of a inland water.
[controlled by ] Alessandro Oggioni 23.05.2013 , "[controlled by ] Alessandro Oggioni 23.05.2013" , "a notation on the water level
lake level
Landbedeckung
acoperire a terenului
arealdekke
cobertura do solo
copertura del suolo
cubierta terrestre
földtakaró
land-cover
landbedekking
maanvaltaus
maapinnakate
pojavi na zemeljskem površju
pokrytie krajiny
pokryv krajiny
pokrywa terenu
zemes apvalks; Zemes virsma
zemljani pokrov
žemės danga
κάλυψη του εδάφους
Земна покривка
غطاء الأرض
Aluminium (or aluminum) is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery white, soft, ductile metal. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust (occurs widely in nature in clays). It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface. Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. Aluminium became implicated as an environmental health hazard in the 1980s on two counts. Biomedical scientists looking for possible causes of Alzheimer's disease, the premature senility indicated by loss of memory and confusion, found a circumstantial link with aluminium. The theory is a controversial one.
aluminum
landuse history
a. the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about the development of human utilisation of terrain through time
[controlled by ] Neagu Stefan 31/05/13" , "[source of definition ] http://www.britannica.com
land use history
landscape change
[Henderson's, modified] n. decay of organic material of leaves, mediated by microorganisms.
leaf decomposition
biomass of leaf litter
Dead plant material, such as leaves and needles that has fallen to the ground.
leaf litter biomass
[Henderson's, modified] n. any substance in leaves used or required by an organism as food. see also macro­nutrients, micronutrients.
leaf nutrient
the series of changes undergone by an organism between fertilization of the egg and death
[source of definition ] http://www.thefreedictionary.com/life+history" , "[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013
life history
afdekstro
affald
allapanu
basura
gunoi
immondizia sparsa
lixos
pakaiši
pakratai
roskat
stelivo
stelja (za živino)
stelja (za životinje)
streu
szemét
søppel
νεογνά
Сламена постеля
قاذورات
[Henderson's, modified] n. decay of organic material of litter, mediated by microorganisms.
litter decomposition
(in science) a non-rigid container used for collecting litterfall or for studying litter decomposition rate over time
[source of definition ] www.icp-forests.org" , "[controlled by ] Neagu Stefan 31/05/13
litterbag
The observation of phenomenon/process/systems over long periods of time
long term monitoring
[Henderson's] n. animals whose size is meas­ured in centimetres rather than microscopic units.
macrofauna
[Henderson's] n. any invertebrate or invertebrate larva whose size is measured in millimetres or centimetres rather than microscopic units. Such species are one of the main groups of organisms sampled in surveys of water quality.
macroinvertebrates
両棲綱
两栖动物
As an adjective it is usually applicable to things relating to the sea or ocean, such as marine biology, marine ecology and marine geology
[controlled by ] Mauro Bastianini 6.6.13" , "[source of definition ] wikipedia
marine
US LTER controlled vocabularybr /\r\ndiv class=\"swa-object-row\"\r\ndiv id=\"uniqueId35343\" class=\"swa-widget-row\"\r\ndiv class=\"swa-object-widget\"\r\ndiv class=\"swa-shifted-label\"GEO-BON Biome/div\r\n/div\r\n/div\r\n/div\r\nILTE
animals
动物
動物
Drained soil
mesic soil
microbial activity
microbial biomass
minimum temperature
(in oceanography) collection of devices, connected to a wire and anchored on the sea floor for the purpose of measuring ocean currents. (in watercraft) permanent structure to which a vessel may be secured.
mooring
[Henderson's] n. (1) the form and structure of an organism; (2) the study of form and structure.
Morphologie
morfologi
morfologi (biol.)
morfologia
morfologia (biologica)
morfologia, muoto-oppi
morfologie
morfologija
morfología (biológica)
morfoloogia, kujuõpetus
morfoloģija
morfológia
morphologie
morphology
μορφολογία
Прахова емисия
المورفولوجيا
bryophyta
Difference in intensity between all incoming energy and all outgoing energy carried by both shortwave and longwave radiation.
net radiation irradiance
氮化合物
The input of reactive nitrogen species from the atmosphere to the biosphere
nitrogen deposition
(ilman) typen sidonta
Stickstoffixierung
azoto fiksavimas
fijación de nitrogeno
fiksacija dušika
fissazione dell'azoto
fixace dusíku
fixare a azotului
fixação de azoto
kvävefixering
kvælstofbinding
lämmastiku seondamine (fikseerimine)
nitrogenfiksering
nitrogén le/megkötés
slāpekļa fiksācija
stikstofbinding
vezava dušika
viazanie dusíka
wiązanie azotu
αζωτοδέσμευση
Процес на усвояване на азота
تثبيت النيتروجين
15N
naturally occurring stable isotope of nitrogen, accounting for about 0.4% of atmospheric N2.
nitrogen-15
[Wikipedia, 2013-11-08] A simple graphical indicator that can be used to analyze remote sensing measurements, typically but not necessarily from a space platform, and assess whether the target being observed contains live green vegetation or not.
normalized vegetation index
[Henderson's] the exchanges of elements between the living and non-living compon­ents of an ecosystem.
nutrient cycle
[Henderson's] uncut virgin forest containing trees that are hundreds and sometimes thousands of years old, as in the forests of Douglas ﬁr, western hemlock, giant sequoia and redwoods in the western United States.
Organischer Kohlenstoff
carbon organic
carbonio organico
carbono orgánico
carbono orgânico
orgaaniline süsinik
orgaaninen hiili
organický uhlík
organinė anglis
organisch gebonden koolstof
organisk karbon
organisk kulstof
organiskais ogleklis
organiskt kol
organski ogljik
organski ugljik
szerves szén
uhlík organický
węgiel organiczny
οργανικός άνθρακας
Органичен въглерод
كربون عضوي
Organic material horizon; could be the forest floor
organic layer
AGB
above ground biomass
aboveground biomass
aquatic alone does not mean anything
aquatic
[ECSO] Percentage of a sample that is carbon
percent carbon
percent nitrogen
Weight percent total organic carbon (TOC) is one of the most commonly used descriptors for both Recent and ancient sediments. It is commonly considered to be approximately proportional to organic carbon accumulation rates and, therefore, a gauge of those rates. Weight percent TOC is also used to judge hydrocarbon source rock potential and primary productivity of the overlying water column.
[controlled by ] Tomas Staszevski , 2013-06-08" , "[source of definition ] Doyle, Larry J.; Garrels, Robert M. 1985. What does percent organic carbon in sediments measure? Geo-Marine Letters, Volume 5, Issue 1, pp.51-53
percent organic carbon
long-term sample locations used for measuring/estimating biophysical parameteres of the environment
permanent plot
pH value
phaeopigment
aquatic invertebrates
Physiologie
fisiologia
fisiología
fiziologie
fiziologija
fizioloģija
fiziológia
fizjologia
fysiologi
fysiologia
fysiologie
fyziologie
fyziológia
füsioloogia
φυσιολογία
Физиология
الفيسيولوجيا
pitfall trap
plant biomass
[Henderson's, modified] increase in mass and size of of plants
plant growth
plant phenology
[NIFSTD] Branch of physiology concerned with the study of plants.
Pflanzenphysiologie
augalų fiziologija
augu fizioloģija
fisiologia vegetal
fisiologia vegetale
fisiología vegetal
fiziologia plantelor
fiziologija bilja
fiziologija rastlin
fizjologia roślin
fyziologie rostlin
fyziológia rastlín
kasvifysiologia
növényfiziológia
physiologie des plantes
plant physiology
plantefysiologi
plantenfysiologie
taimefüsioloogia
växtfysiologi
φυτοφυσιολογία
Растителна физиология
فيسيولوجيا النبات
Pflanzenart
augalų rūšys
augu sugas
biljna vrsta
druhy rostlinné
especies vegetal
espécies vegetais
gatunki roslin
kasvilaji
növényfaj
planteart
plantensoorten
rastlinný druh
rastlinska vrsta
specie vegetale
specie vegetală
taimeliik
växtarter
φυτικό είδος
Растителни видове
أنواع نباتية
composition of plant species
the different plant species in a given area or ecosystem
plant species composition
plants
植物
Verunreinigung
contaminación
forurening
forurensning
förorening, miljöförstöring
inquinamento
onesnaženje
onečišćenje
piesārņojums
poluare
poluição
reostamine, reostus, saastamine, saastus
saastuminen, saaste
szennyezés
teršimas, tarša
verontreiniging
zanieczyszczenie
znečistenie
znečištění
ρύπανση
Замърсяване
التلوث
porewater
Pore water is the water filling the spaces between grains of sediment.
precipitation
predator
捕食动物
捕食者
一次生産力
初级生产力
[NASA] Energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles that release energy when absorbed by an object.
Strahlung
kiirgus
promieniowanie
radiaciones
radiation
radiazione
radiações
radiaţie
radiácia
radiācija
sevanje
spinduliuotė, radiacija
straling
stråling
strålning
sugárzás
säteily
zračenje
záření
ακτινοβολία
Радиация; излъчване; лъчеизпускане
إشعاع
[ENVO] A hydrological precipitation process in which atmospheric water vapour condenses to form droplets of liquid water massive enough to fall to a planetary surface due to the planet's gravity. This is the process which typically happens on Earth. Other planets may have different liquids involved in the process.
Wiederbegrünung
augalijos atkūrimas
cobertura vegetal (restauração)
fornyelse af vegetationen
fornyelse av vegetationen
herbegroeiing
kasvillisuuden uusiutuminen
növények újratelepítése
obnova vegetace
obnova vegetacije
restabilire a vegetaţiei
restauro del manto vegetale
revegetación
revegetasjon
revegetácia
taashaljastamine
veģetācijas atjaunošana
wprowadzanie roślinności
αναβλάστηση
Повторно залесяване
إعادة إنبات
[Henderson's, modified] n. decay of organic material of roots, mediated by microorganisms.
root decomposition
Atmosphäre
atmosfeer
atmosfera
atmosferă
atmosfär
atmosfäär, õhkkond
atmosfære
atmosféra
atmosfēra
atmoszféra
atmósfera
ilmakehä
ozračje, atmosfera
ατμόσφαιρα
Атмосфера
الجو- الغلاف الجوي
salinity of soil
area of sapwood
[Henderson's] n. the more superﬁcial, younger, paler, softer wood of trees, which is water­conducting and contains living cells. alt. splintwood, alburnum. cf. heartwood.
sapwood area
大气沉降
大気降下物
secchi
n. is a measure of water trasparency in oceans and lakes. N. is measured by Secchi disk created in 1865 by Pietro Angelo Secchi. Secchi disk is a circular disk mounted on a pole or line, and the depth at which the pattern on the disk is no longer visible is taken as a measure of the transparency of the water.
secchi depth
堆積作用
沉淀
[Henderson's] a conservation collection of seeds of wild plant species and cultivated varieties, usually of important crop plants, kept in long-term storage, usually freeze­dried under liquid nitrogen.
seed bank
seedling establishment
[Henderson's, modified] the aboveground compartment of carbon assimilated and fixated by autotrophs
aboveground production
πίεση αέρα
ατμοσφαιρική πίεση
Simulation
matkemodelleerimine
modelēšana
simulace
simulacija
simulación
simulare
simulatie
simulazione
simulação
simulering
simuliacija; modeliavimas
simulointi, jäljittely
simulácia
symulacja
szimuláció
προσομοίωση
Симулация
محاكاة
size distribution
巻貝類
蜗牛
The actual depth of snow on the ground at any instant during a storm, or after any single snowstorm or series of snowstorms.
[source of definition ] McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc." , "[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen
snow accumulation
The vertical height of frozen precipitation on the ground: For this purpose, frozen precipitation includes ice pellets, glaze, hail, any combination of these, and sheet ice formed directly or indirectly from precipitation
[source of definition ] http://meteorology.geography-dictionary.org/Meteorology-and-Weather-Dictionary/" , "[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen
snow depth
snow temperature
n. temporary/permanent protective infrastructure (fences) designed to minimize snowdrift
snowfence
bulk density of fine earth
Soil bulk density is a measure of the mass of dry soil per unit volume, including the air between particles.
[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614, [source of definition ] Lars Lundin
bulk density of the fine earth
Soil may deteriorate either by physical movement of soil particles from a given site or by depletion of the water-soluble elements in the soil which contribute to the nourishment of crop, plants, grasses, trees, and other economically usable vegetation. The physical movement generally is referred to as erosion. Wind, water, glacial ice, animals and tools in use may be agents of erosion.
[source of definition ] GEMET , [controlled by ] Tomas Staszevski , 2013-06-08
soil disturbance
soil layer
[GEMET] Distinctive successive layers of soil produced by internal redistribution processes. Conventionally the layers have been divided into A, B and C horizons. The A horizon is the upper layer, containing humus and is leached and/or eluviated of many minerals. The B horizon forms a zone of deposition and is enriched with clay minerals and iron/aluminium oxides from the A layer. The C layer is the parent material for the present soil and may be partially weathered rock, transported glacial or alluvial material or an earlier soil.
soil horizon
Soil microarthropods (principally mites and collembolans) are among the unseen faunal diversity in nearly all agricultural soils
[source of definition ] Crossely DA Jr., Muellerb BR, Perduec C. 1992. Biodiversity of microarthropods in agricultural soils: relations to processes Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume 40, Issues 1–4
soil microarthropods
[Henderson's, modified] n. any soil substance used or required by an organism as food. see also macro­nutrients, micronutrients.
soil nutrient
soil solution chemistry
[source of definition ] Lars Lundin , [controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130611
soil solution composition
[Henderson's, modified] the assimilation and ﬁxation of carbon by bacteria
bacterial production
temperature of soil
[ENVO] The temperature of some soil.
Bottom heat provided by a Propagator or Soil Warming Cable improves germination of seedlings and rooting of cuttings by promoting healthy, vigorous root growth.
[controlled by ] Tomas Staszevski , 2013-06-08 , [source of definition ] http://www.simplycontrol.co.uk/shop/soil_warming/2_39_0_0/default.aspx
soil warming
content of soil water
soil moisture content
[source of definition ] Lars Lundin , [controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614
SRP
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus (SRP), a measure of monomeric inorganic phosphorus (orthophosphate) in solution. Other terms commonly used within the literature to describe this fraction include: ‘Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus (DRP)’, Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus (DIP)’, ‘Filterable Reactive Phosphorus (FRP)
soluble reactive phosphorus
[Henderson's] the number and abund­ance of different species within a given area, which is one measure of biological diversity
[comments ] Shorter version than the full Hend definition , [controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22 , [source of definition ] Hend
the effects organisms in a community have on one another
[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction, 2013-08-22 , [controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22
species interactions
A compilation of all found species in a given area or ecosystem
species list
alpha diversity
biotic diversity
richness of species
p[Henderson's] ecological diversity within a habitat due to the coexistence of many subtly different ecological niches, each occupied by a different species. This type of diversity results from competition between species that tends to reduce the variation within species as each species becomes more ﬁnely adapted to its niche. alt. niche diversiﬁcation. cf. beta diversity, gamma diversity./p
[Wikipedia] In hydrology, stage refers to the water level in a river or stream with respect to a chosen reference height.
stage height
[Henderson's] scanning-tunnelling electron microscope q.v.
Water flow in streams and rivers
stream discharge
riparian ecology
Structure and function of running waters, including both biotic and abiotic factors
stream ecology
types of change during succession which are not dependent on disturbance but are periodic changes arising from fluctuating species interactions or recurring events.
[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013" , "[source of definition ] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_succession#Seasonal_and_cyclic_dynamics = extended
successional dynamics
n. pl. 1. (Bot.) A large subdivision of the kingdom Fungi coextensive with the phylum Basidiomycetes, characterized by having the spores borne on a basidium
[Henderson's] demographic data giving the number of individuals surviv­ing to each particular age in a population.
survivorship
depth of thaw
total nitrogen
Total nitrogen is the sum of total kjeldahl nitrogen (ammonia, organic and reduced nitrogen), nitrate and nitrite. It can be derived by monitoring for organic nitrogen compounds individually and adding the components together.
total nitrogen content
The total phosphorus test measures all the forms of phosphorus in the sample (orthophosphate, condensed phosphate, and organic phosphate). This is accomplished by first "digesting" (heating and acidifying) the sample to convert all the other forms to orthophosphate. Then the orthophosphate is measured by the ascorbic acid method. Because the sample is not filtered, the procedure measures both dissolved and suspended orthophosphate.
total phosphorus
[Henderson's] n. molecule or atom that has been labelled chemically or radioactively and can thus be followed in a biochemical reaction, during metabolism, or during passage through the body.
tracer
transect
Expressed as increment of diameter, basal area, height and/or volume
tree growth
see mortality
[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013" , "[comments ] no definition necessary
tree mortality
[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22" , "[source of definition ] Begon, M., et al. (1996). Ecology Individuals, Populations and Communities. Cambidge, Blackwell Science
trophic structure
trouts
[Henderson's] n. vegetation layer between tree canopy and the ground cover in a forest or wood. It is composed of shrubs and small trees.
[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-04-23
understory vegetation
An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages and hamlets
urban area
MAES Working Group
脊椎动物
脊椎動物
quality of water
Wassergüte
calidad del agua
calitate a apei
jakość wody
kakovost vode
kakvoća vode
kvalita vôd
kvalitet på vatten
qualidade da água
qualità dell'acqua
vandens kokybė
vandkvalitet
vannkvalitet
veden laatu
vee kvaliteet
vízminőség
waterkwaliteit
čistota vody
ūdens kvalitāte
ποιότητα των υδάτων
Качество на водите
نوعية الماء
[EOL] any measurable characteristic related to the temperature of water
direction of wind
(manja) šuma
Wald
bos
bosco
bosque
gozd
koksne
las
lemn
les
matas
mets
metsä
miškas
tre (materiale)
trä
ξύλο
Гора
غابة صغيرة
biomass of wood debris
can be defined as any piece of dead woody debris greater than 0.5 cm and less than 10 cm in diameter and typically represents material such as tree and shrub branches and roots (Woodall and Monleon, 2008).
woody debris biomass
Zink
cink
cinkas
cinks
cynk
sink
sinkki
tsink
zinco
zinek
zink
zinok
ψευδάργυρος
Цинк
الزنك
Involving neither organic life nor the products of organic life
[source of definition ] Free on line dictionary" , "[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614
inorganic matter
A continuous action or series of changes which alters the material form of matter.
physical process
closed cycle de­scribed by elements found in living mater­ial, such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur, as they pass from within organ­isms (biotic phase) into the non-living environment (abiotic phase) and back again. alt. nutrient cycle.
biogeochemical process
Dynamic actions or events that occur at the Earth's surface due to application of natural forces resulting from gravity, temperature changes, freezing and thawing, chemical reactions, seismic shaking, and the agencies of wind and moving water, ice and snow. Where and when a force exceeds the strength of the earth material, the material is changed by deformation, translocation, or chemical reactions.
geological process
Water related processes
hydrologic process
[SEP] A biological substance is a substance which originates from a biological organism.
[comments ] No relevant definitions available; those found refer to biohazard
biological substance
chemical element
elements and compounds
chemical substance
sum of all respiration occurring by the living organisms in a specific community
[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_respiration; modified to fit to communities instead of ecosystems" , "[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013
community respiration
[Henderson's] n. (1) a geological, ecological or seasonal sequence of species; (2) the sequence of different communities devel­oping over time in the same area, leading to a dynamic steady state or climax com­munity (used esp. of plant or microbial communities); (3) the occurrence of dif­ferent species over time in a given area.
succession
[Henderson's] n. (1) the substance on which an enzyme acts in a biochemical reaction; (2) respiratory substrate: substance under­going oxidation during respiration; (3) any material used by microorganisms as a source of food; (4) inert substance con­taining or receiving a nutrient solution on which microorganisms grow; (5) the base to which a sedentary animal or plant is ﬁxed. alt. substratum.
spatial method
SET
sediment elevation table
water level monitoring in wetland environments
surface elevation table
Bor
boor
boori
bor
boras
borium
boro
bors
bór
βόριο
Бор
بورون
phenological stage-change
the primary tool for determining essential physical properties of sea water. It gives scientists a precise and comprehensive charting of the distribution and variation of water temperature, salinity, and density that helps to understand how the oceans affect life.
conductivity temperature depth
v. to eat tender parts of woody plants such as leaves and shoots. cf. grazing.
[GEMET] Something built with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory.
building
Mass per unit volume
bulk density
[CHMO] An exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel (usually a hydrocarbon) and an oxidant (usually oxygen) which is sometimes accompanied by the production of light.
[GEMET] Any terrestrial environment, from small to large, in which plants and animals interact with the chemical and physical features of the environment.
terrestrial ecosystem
[HUPSON] Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. source: Gene Ontology Extension
n. techniques for works carried out in situ
field method
SWE
Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) is a measurement of the amount of water contained in snow pack. It can be considered as the depth of water that would theoretically result if the whole snow pack instantaneously melts. Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) is the product of snow depth and snow density. It can be presented in units of either kg/m2 or m: SWE (kg/m2) = snow depth (m) x snow density (kg/m3) / SWE (m) = snow depth (m) x snow density (kg/m3) / water density (kg/m3)
[comments ] Distribution of GES DISC data sets is funded by NASA's Science Mission Directorate (SMD). The data are not copyrighted and are open to all for both commercial and non-commercial uses. If you used GES DISC data for a publication (research or ot
snow water equivalent
External event affecting the ecosystem
disturbance (event)
Aerial photography is the taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated position. The term usually refers to images in which the camera is not supported by a ground-based structure. Cameras may be hand held or mounted, and photographs may be taken by a photographer, triggered remotely or triggered automatically. Platforms for aerial photography include fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, multirotor Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), balloons, blimps and dirigibles, rockets, kites, parachutes, stand-alone telescoping and vehicle mounted poles.
aerial imagery
a procedure, software or method used to analyse or take a closer look at something. It is commonly a way to review the effectiveness of something
analytical tool
the canopy is the aboveground portion of a plant community or crop, formed by plant crowns. For forests, canopy also refers to the upper layer or habitat zone, formed by mature tree crowns and including other biological organisms (epiphytes, lianas, arboreal animals, etc.).
forest canopy
a space within and/or beneath the canopy not occupied by any physical structure
[source of definition ] http://biology.duke.edu/bio265/msw10/gaps1.html" , "[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013
canopy gap area
NEE
pNet Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) and Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) refer to net primary production minus carbon losses in heterotrophic respiration, Rh: NEE = NEP = NPP - Rh/p
Definition from: http://www.steverox.info/Downloads/Software/C%20Accounting%20Definitions.pdf
net ecosystem exchange
DON
amount of dissolved organic nitrogen
dissolved organic nitrogen
[ECSO] Particulate organic carbon (POC), or particulate organic matter (POM) is that organic matter suspended in water, and that is not able to pass through a filter (filters generally range in size between 0.7 and 0.22 um). Usually plant or animal origin.
particulate organic carbon
amount of nitrogen in soil
[Xuelin Zhang] Soil nitrogen (N) mineralization is an important component of the N cycling process in ecosystems...
soil nitrogen
acid neutralising capacity of water
Movement of organic compounds through an ecosystem. Specifically, the relationship between carbon dioxide absorbed by green plants and carbon dioxide respirated by various organisms.
[controlled by ] Tomas Staszevski , 2013-06-08" , "[source of definition ] http://www.ecowho.com/defn/
carbon flux
bud burst
GPP
[Henderson's] the total assimilation of inorganic nutrients in a plant community per unit time, cf. net primary production.
gross primary production
The measured abundance of a substance in a mixture.
concentration
L-3M1
[SWEET] 1. The ratio of the mass of any substance to the volume occupied by it (usually expressed in kilograms per cubic meter, but any other unit system may be used); the reciprocal of specific volume.
密度
inorganic nitrogen
DIN
unclearbr /\"nitrogen\" did not appear in the drop down list, therefore it could not be selected! Thus nitrogen content is just a placeholder
dissolved inorganic nitrogen
forest dynamics
[MESH] The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.
Wasserstoff
hidrogen
hidrogén
hidrogénio
hidrógeno
hydrogen
hydrogène
idrogeno
vandenilis
vesinik
vety
vodik
vodík
väte
waterstof
wodór
ūdeņradis
υδρογόνο
Водород
هيدروجين
nitrogen limitation
pyranometer
abundance of species
species cover
species coverage
species abundance
stand structure
density of stand
stand density
age of tree
The age of a tree. Each year, the tree forms new cells, arranged in concentric circles called annual rings or annual growth rings. These annual rings show the amount of wood produced during one growing season.
tree age
total dissolved nitrogen
[Ariane Verdy] Intraguild predation (IGP) is a widespread ecological phenomenon in which two consumers that share a resource also engage in a predator{prey interaction.
intraguild predation
[Arvind Rao] Gene regulation is a complex process involving the role of several genomic elements which work inconcert to drive spatio-temporal expression. The experimental characterization of gene regulatoryelements is a very complex and resource-intensive process...
gene regulation
[B. E. Rieman] Effective population size (Ne) is an important concept in the management of threatened species likebull trout Salvelinus confluentus... , "[Phillip R. England] Effective population size (N e) is a central concept in evolutionary biology and conservationgenetics. It predicts rates of loss of neutral genetic variation, fixation of deleterious andfavourable alleles, and the increase of inbreeding experienced by a population. A method exists forthe estimation of N e from the observed linkage disequilibrium between unlinked loci in a populationsample. While an increasing number of studies have applied this method in natural and managedpopulations, its reliability has not yet been evaluated... , "[Charles E. Taylor] Effective population size (Ne) is a single number which allows us to relate a large part of population-genetics theory built around ideal populations to real populations... , "[Friso P. Palstra] Effective population size (Ne) is a central evolutionary concept, but its genetic estimation can besignificantly complicated by age structure... , "[Phillip R. England] Effective population size (Ne) is a central concept in evolutionary biology and conservationgenetics. It predicts rates of loss of neutral genetic variation, fixation of deleterious andfavourable alleles, and the increase of inbreeding experienced by a population. A method exists forthe estimation of Ne from the observed linkage disequilibrium between unlinked loci in a populationsample...
effective population size
[B. W. Diers] Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is an important oilseed crop worldwide. Cultivars have been developed\n for many growing regions, however little is known about genetic diversity inB. napus germ plasm. The\n purpose of the research presented here was to study the genetic diversity and relationships ofB.\n napus accessions using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Eighty threeB. napus\n accessions were screened using 43 genomic DNA clones which revealed 161 polymorphic fragments... , "[Jacqueline Pierre] Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an entomophilous crop... , "[R. J. Snowdon] Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an amphidiploid species that originated from a spontaneous\n hybridisation of Brassica rapa L... , "[Xiaoling Song] Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an important agronomic crop used for oil, food and animal feed.\n Glyphosate resistant B. napus is tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate and has been widely adopted\n due to higher economic returns...
oilseed rape
[Beáta Faller] Phylogenetic diversity is a measure for describing how much of an evolutionary tree is spanned by a subset of species.
phylogenetic diversity
[Benedicte Michel] DNA synthesis is an accurate and very processive phenomenon
DNA synthesis
[Bo-christer Björk] Open access is a new Internet-enabled model for the publishing of scientific journals, in which the\n published articles are freely available for anyone to read. During the 1990’s hundreds of individual\n open access journals were founded by groups of academics, supported by grants and unpaid voluntary\n work. During the last five years other types of open access journals, funded by author charges, have\n started to emerge... , "[N. D. GHAWGHAWE] Open access is an essential feature in the deregulated power system. It permits all the generators\n to transmit power into the system. Depending upon the transmission network parameters, generator\n responses to the variation in loads differ from each other. To know these responses is important\n from various aspects such as for determination of nodal prices which will be needed in charging\n differential tariffs and also in congestion management...
open access
[Brecht Ingels] Intraguild predation (IGP) is a widespread interaction between predatory arthropods, and is influenced by several factors... , "[Kelly E. Flynn] Intraguild predation is an important interaction in which predators feed on a shared prey as well as on each other... , "[Ariane Verdy] Intraguild predation (IGP) is a widespread ecological phenomenon in which two consumers that share a resource also engage in a predator{prey interaction...
[Brent Sohngen] Tropical deforestation is a significant contributor to accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in\r\n the atmosphere. Previous estimates of GHG emissions from tropical deforestation have been in the\r\n range of 1 to 2 petagrams of carbon (Pg C) per year for the 1990s, equivalent to 15% to 30% of\r\n global annual GHG emissions from fossil fuels... , "[Brent Sohngen] Tropical deforestation is a signifi cant contributor to accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in\r\n the atmosphere. GHG emissions from deforestation in the tropics were in the range of 1 to 2 Pg C yr\r\n −1 for the 1990s, which is equivalent to as much as 25% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions. While\r\n there is growing interest in providing incentives to avoid deforestation and consequently reduce net\r\n carbon emissions, there is limited information available on the potential costs of these\r\n activities... , "[A. Henderson-Sellers] Tropical deforestation is a current anthropogenic change to the land surface. Tropical forests are\r\n known to be changing rapidly, but the rate and extent of deforestation and the resulting secondary\r\n cover, as would be needed for quantitative projections of future change, are difficult to establish\r\n now. Also necessary for climate simulations is a description of the micrometeorological processes\r\n within the forest canopy, including especially the processes of evapotranspiration and\r\n interception...
tropical deforestation
[Brian S. ChengKevin] Biotic resistance is the ability of native communities to repel the establishment of invasivespecies. Predation by native species may confer biotic resistance to communities, but theenvironmental context under which this form of biotic resistance occurs is not well understood...
biotic resistance
[Bruno Studer] Seed yield is a trait of major interest for the key grassland species Lolium perenne L. An F2\r\n mapping population of perennial ryegrass (VrnA), recently characterised for vernalisation response,\r\n was assessed in a glasshouse for traits related to seed yield based on a lattice design with four\r\n replications over 2 years...
seed yield
[Byung-Hwan Um] Forest biomass is a promising resource for future biofuels and bioproducts. Pre-pulping extractionof hemicellulose by alkaline (Green Liquor) pretreatment produces a neutral-pH extract containinghemicellulose-derived oligomers. A near-term option for use of this extract is to hydrolyze theoligomers to fermentable monomer sugars. Chips of mixed northern hardwoods were cooked in a rockingdigester at 160 øC for 110 min in Green Liquor at a concentration of 3% Na2O equivalent salts on drywood...
forest biomass
[Carla Khater] Restoration ecology is an emerging science dealing with applied ecology and aiming at "helping\n nature to recreate itself". This comprehensive paper presents the findings and main results\n related to the analysis of natural vegetation dynamics on abandoned limestone quarries in\n Mediterranean environment. It aims to answer three basic questions: where, when and how should\n intervention by ecological restoration be achieved in abandoned limestone quarries...
restoration ecology
ecological restoration
[Carla Khater] Restoration ecology is an emerging science dealing with applied ecology and aiming at \"helping nature to recreate itself\". This comprehensive paper presents the findings and main results related to the analysis of natural vegetation dynamics on abandoned limestone quarries in Mediterranean environment. It aims to answer three basic questions: where, when and how should intervention by ecological restoration be achieved in abandoned limestone quarries...
[Carlos José Pereira de Lucena] Self-organization is a dynamic and adaptive process where components of a system acquire and maintain information about their environment and neighbors without external control.
self organization
CO2 concentration
carbon dioxide concentration
concentration of carbon dioxid
A concentration is the amount of a substance in a given volume, thus CO2 concentration is a measure of the percentage of the atmosphere that is composed of CO2 (e.g., 380 ppm).
air carbon dioxide concentration
is a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons and thereby be reduced
redox potential of water
Water: Redox Potential
is a shrubland habitat found mainly on low quality, acidic soils, and is characterised by open, low growing woody vegetation
heathland and shrub
low-density forest forming open habitats with plenty of sunlight and limited shade. Woodlands may support an understory of shrubs and herbaceous plants including grasses. Woodland may form a transition to shrublandunder drier conditions or during early stages of primary or secondary succession. Higher densities and areas of trees, with largely closed canopy, provide extensive and nearly continuous shade and are referred to as forest.
woodland and forest
diversity of fauna
(ecol) diversity of animals. See diversity
faunistic diversity"@en
[source of definition ] own definition (nothing better found)" , "[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013
fauna diversity
faunistic diversity
moorings
litterbags
chronosequences
(Matric potential) When water is in contact with solid particles (e.g., clay or sand particles within soil), adhesive intermolecular forces between the water and the solid can be large and important
Matrix potential
matrix potential
[A. C. P ERIPATO] Litter size is an important reproductive trait as it makes a major contribution to fitness. Generally, traits closely related to fitness show low heritability perhaps because of the corrosive effects of directional natural selection on the additive genetic variance. Nonetheless, low heritability does not imply, necessarily, a complete absence of genetic variation because genetic interactions (epistasis and dominance) contribute to variation in traits displaying strong heterosis in crosses, such as litter size... , "The number of offspring produced at one birth by an animal.
think about homonym (soil litter characteristics)
litter size
[A. J. Shriar] Agricultural intensification is a process of raising land productivity over time through increasesin inputs of one form or another on a per unit area basis. Its study is important for severalreasons, many of which relate to agroforestry objectives...
agricultural intensification
[A. K. Fiedler] Habitat management is a type of conservation biological control that focuses on increasing natural enemy populations by providing them with plant resources such as pollen and nectar. Insects are known to respond to a variety of plant characteristics in their search for plantprovided resources. A better understanding of the speci?c characteristics used by natural enemy insects in selecting these resources could greatly improve ef?ciency in screening plants for habitat management... , "[Livy WILLIAMS] Habitat management is a component of conservation biological control that aims to improve theavailability of resources required by natural enemies. Access to non-host foods is a criticalrequirement for many natural enemies, and one that can be manipulated via habitat management. Foodsources, usually in the form of nectar (floral or extrafloral), pollen, and honeydew supply naturalenemies with energy for maintenance and reproduction...
habitat management
[A. K. Fiedler] Habitat management is a type of conservation biological control that focuses on increasing natural enemy populations by providing them with plant resources such as pollen and nectar.
[A. K. Pandey] Environmental degradation is a burgeoning problem owing to the continual expansion of industrial production, and high-levels of energy and material consumption associated with economic growth.Cleaner Production (CP) is a preventive environmental approach, aimed at increasing resource efficiency and reducing the generation of pollution and waste at source.
environmental degradation
[A. K. Pandey] Environmental degradation is a burgeoning problem owing to the continual expansion of industrialproduction, and high-levels of energy and material consumption associated with economic growth.Cleaner Production (CP) is a preventive environmental approach, aimed at increasing resourceefficiency and reducing the generation of pollution and waste at source...
BGE
[A. S. Pradeep Ram] Bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) is an index of organic carbon passing through bacteria in an aquatic system...
bacterial growth efficiency
[A. S. Pradeep Ram] Bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) is an index of organic carbon passing through bacteria in an aquatic system... , "[A. S. Pradeep Ram] Bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) is a key factor in understanding bacterial influence on carbon flow in aquatic ecosystems...
[A. V. Khrunin] DNA polymorphism is an important factor in the interindividual variations in the reactions of patients to the same drugs. In the current study, the polymorphism in the OCT2, GGT1, HO1, and DNASE1 genes were evaluated for the correlation with cisplatin nephrotoxicity in ovarian cancer patients... , " DNA polymorphism can be defined as an inheritable genetic variant on a particular place (locus) in the genome, with a population frequency above 1% in the population. Such polymorphism can consist of one single base substitution (so called single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP), of deletions or insertions of one or several bases, or of a variable length of one repetitive DNA sequence (so called &#34 , "[Ying-Jia Shen] DNA polymorphism is the basis to develop molecular markers that are widely used in genetic mapping today. A genome-wide rice (Oryza sativa) DNA polymorphism database has been constructed in this work using the genomes of Nipponbare, a cultivar of japonica, and 93-11, a cultivar of indica. This database contains 1,703,176 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 479,406 Insertion/Deletions (InDels), approximately one SNP every 268 bp and one InDel every 953 bp in rice genome. Both SNPs and InDels in the database were experimentally validated...
[ADOLFO CARBALLO PENELA] The ecological footprint (EF) is a sustainability indicator which provides a referential frameworkfor the analysis of human demand for bioproductivity, including energy issues...
ecological footprint
O layer
[Agren & Andersson 2012] Accumulation of litter and particular decomposed plant parts on top of the mineral soil. Often sub-divided into litter (S, L and F) and humus (H) horizons. This horizon consists mostly of organic matter. In forest soils, this horizon is often called forest floor
O horizon
Bedrock horizon
R layer
[Agren & Andersson 2012] Bedrock
R horizon
A layer
Eluviation (leaching) horizon
[Agren & Andersson 2012] Eluviation (leaching) horizon. Mineral soil horizon mixed with organic matter at different stages of decomposotion (Ah) and a white coloured or bleached horizon (Ae). Mineral soil horizon with inensive weathering and from which minerl elements and dissolved humus are leached.
A horizon
B layer
Illuvial (accumulation) horizon
[Agren & Andersson 2012] Illuvial (accumulation) horizon. Mineral soil horizon mixed with accumulation of organic and some inorganic (Al and Fe) material leached from the A horizon.
B horizon
C layer
Mineral horizon
[Agren & Andersson 2012] Mineral horizon largely unaffected by soil development.
C horizon
LST
[Ahmet Sariko] Land surface temperature is a significant parameter for energy and water cycle in the atmospheresystem.
land surface temperature
[Ahmet Sariko‡] Land surface temperature is a significant parameter for energy and water cycle in the atmospheresystem. For that reason, different algorithms have been developed for determining the land surfacetemperature by using land and satellite data. In this study, land surface temperature was calculatedby the Price1984 algorithm by using NOAA-AVHRR satellite data and results were compared with landvalues. The results of the comparison have shown that land surface temperature can be calculatedwith a very high accuracy by using NOAA-AVHRR satellite data... , "[Joan Miquel Galve] Land surface temperature (LST) is a key parameter in the physical study of atmosphere-landinteractions as well as hydrological, mass and energy balances and global warming monitoring. Remotesensing in the thermal infrared region is the main tool to obtain this parameter at global scalewith different spatial and temporal resolutions... , "[Donglian Sun] Land surface temperature (LST) is an important element of the climate system. Remote sensing methods for estimating LST have been developed in the past and several of them have been implemented at large-scales... , "[Yuanbo Liu] Land surface temperature (LST) is a key parameter in numerous environmental studies. Surfaceheterogeneity induces uncertainty in pixel-wise LST. Spatial scaling may account for theuncertainty, however, different approaches lead to differences in scaled values... , "[Matthias Vollmer] Land surface temperature (LST) is an important component of the energy-budget of the surface. Inorder to determine LST from satellite IR-data, it is necessary to know the atmospheric influence onthe radiation measured by the satellite. The atmospheric influence can be calculated with aradiation-transfer model, e.g. MODTRAN-3, provided one has sufficient knowledge about the state ofthe atmosphere (moistureand temperature-profiles) and the surface (emissivity)...
[Alexander Brenning] Land cover classification is a standard remote-sensing task in which typically multispectralsatellite data is used to identify features such as land use. The detection of rock glaciers is aparticularly challenging task that requires the combination of satellite data with terrain analysisdata because their spectral signature alone is not distinct enough for their classification based onsatellite imagery alone. The performance improvements that can be achieved by selecting an optimalclassifier in this particular land cover classification problem are investigated...
land cover classification
[Alexander Brenning] Land cover classification is a standard remote-sensing task in which typically multispectralsatellite data is used to identify features such as land use.
[Andrea Wiggins] Citizen science is a form of research collaboration that involves the public in scientific researchto address real-world problems. Virtual citizen science projects, entirely mediated by informationand communication technologies (ICTs), are often considered a form of crowdsourcing applied toscience...
citizen science
[Andrea Wiggins] Citizen science is a form of research collaboration that involves the public in scientific researchto address real-world problems.
[Andrew Grey] Nutritional status is an important determinant of skeletal health. Increased fat mass favorably\n influences bone mineral density and reduces fracture risk. The mechanisms by which adiposity\n influences skeletal health include mechanical skeletal loading, the effects of adipocyte and\n pancreatic β-cell-derived hormones that act on bone, and neuroendocrine outputs from the\n hypothalamus that respond to peripheral nutritional signals... , "[Soheila Korourian] Nutritional status is a primary factor in the effects of xenobiotics and may be an important\n consideration in development of safety standards and assessment of risk. One important xenobiotic\n consumed daily by millions of people worldwide is alcohol. Some adverse effects of ethanol, such as\n alcohol liver disease, have been linked to diet. For example, ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in\n animal models requires diets that have a high percentage of the total calories as unsaturated fat...
nutritional status
[Antonio S‚rgio Ramalho] Community genetics is a new discipline which aims to provide genetic services to the community as a whole.
community genetics
[Antonio S‚rgio Ramalho] Community genetics is a new discipline which aims to provide genetic services to the community as a whole. As a science, community genetics encompasses all research needed to develop and evaluate its application...
[Antti-Jussi Lindroos] Chemical weathering is an important neutralisation process and sourceof cations in forest soil. The presence of dissolved organic matter in the soil solution can have a considerable influence on weathering release. The aim of this study is to compare the weathering potentialof natural soil solutions, collected from Norway spruce, Scots pine and birch sites, to release Al, Ca, Mg, K, Na, and Si from the fine fraction in the C horizon of a podzol... , "[Ulrik Smith Korsholm] Chemical weather is a field of increasing popularity and several institutes, such as EnvironmentCanada and NOAA, currently forecast both chemical and meteorological weather. Following a definition(Lawrence et al., 2005), chemical weather may be given as local, regional and global distributionsof trace gases and aerosols with corresponding variability ranging from minutes to days. Twomodeling paradigms exist for forecasting chemical weather
chemical weathering
PDO
[Céline Bonfils] The pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is a mode of natural decadal climate variability, typically\n defined as the principal component of North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. To\n remove any global warming signal present in the data, the traditional definition specifies that\n monthly-mean, global-average SST anomalies are subtracted from the local anomalies. Differences in\n the warming rates over the globe and the PDO region may therefore be aliased into the PDO index... , "[HE Juanxiong] Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a long-term ENSO-like variability of the North Pacific. It is\n the first principal component of EOF of the North Pacific SST. ENSO is the strongest signal of\n annular change of global climate system. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method is applied to two\n types of indices. One type of index is the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index that represents a\n long-term ENSO-like variability of the North Pacific...
pacific decadal oscillation
[CHIEN-YIH LIN] Pest management is a key factor in sustainable agriculture, particularly for an economy with limited\n land and natural resources. In view of the general recognition and acceptance of the importance of\n sustainable agriculture by the public, technologies of plant protection have been improved and\n measures disseminated to farmers in Taiwan during the past two decades... , "[Chien-Yih Lin] Pest management is a key factor in organic agriculture, especially to an economy such as Taiwan,\n which has limited land and natural resources. Many non-chemical technologies and measures suitable\n for plant pest management in organic crop production have been developed and improved by researchers\n and scientists in Taiwan during the past two decades...
pest management
[Chinedum Nwajiuba] Oil palm (Elais guinensis) is the most important tree crop in the rural economy of the humid\n rainforest of eastern Nigeria. The oil is consumed as household food, used domestically for\n industrial purposes, and was an important foreign exchange earning export... , "[Aykkal Riju] The oil palm is a tropical oil bearing tree. Recently EST-derived SNPs and SSRs are a free\n by-product of the currently expanding EST (Expressed Sequence Tag) data bases. The development of\n high-throughput methods for the detection of SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) and small indels\n (insertion / deletion) has led to a revolution in their use as molecular markers. Available (5452)\n Oil palm EST sequences were mined from dbEST of NCBI. CAP3 program was used to assemble EST\n sequences into contigs... , "[DAE-SUNG CHOI] Oil palm is an oil producing tropical plant. While it is the highest yielding oil producing plant,\n it takes three years to yield. Therefore there is an urgent need for controlled production for oil\n palm suspension cells in a bioreactor to support the clonal propagation of elite planting materials.\n The propagation of the cells is affected by various culture conditions... , "[Totik Sri Mariani] Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a plant with highest productivity of oil among others\n oil-producing plants with total product per year is 5-6 ton/ha. Micropropagation of oil palm by\n somatic embryogenesis has several advantages: homogenous plants, higher production of fresh fruit\n bunches and larger amount of high quality seeds in a relatively shorter time...
oil palm
[Christopher D. G. Harley] Ecosystem engineering is an important process in a variety of ecosystems...
ecosystem engineer
[Chunjiang Zhou] Leaf senescence is a developmentally programmed cell death process that constitutes the final step of leaf development, and it can be regulated by multiple environmental cues and endogenous signals.
leaf senescence
[Complex Properties Model] The property or characteristic of the Object Of Interest that is observed during the act of observation. E.G. If the temperature of the water is measured, then the Observed Property is Temperature.
property
財産
财产
[Conghe Song] Forest succession is a fundamental ecological process which can impact the functioning of many terrestrial processes, such as water and nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration. Therefore, knowing the distribution of forest successional stages over a landscape facilitates a greater understanding of terrestrial ecosystems.
forest succession
forest successful
forest successions
forests successes
forests successful
forests succession
[Conghe Song] Forest succession is a fundamental ecological process, which has significant implications forsustainable natural resource management as well as ecosystem biological, biophysical, andbiogeochemical processes. Remote sensing is perhaps the only viable option to monitor succession inforest ecosystems over large areas in a timely and cost efficient manner. This study integrates thegeometric-optical and radiative transfer (GORT) canopy reflectance model with the ZELIG forestecosystem dynamics model to study the manifestation of forest succession in optical imagery... , "[Conghe Song] Forest succession is a fundamental ecological phenomenon, which has significant implications forsustainable ecosystem management as well as biological, biophysical, and biogeochemical processes.Remote sensing is perhaps the only viable option for monitoring changes in forest ecosystems overlarge areas in a timely and cost efficient manner... , "[Conghe Song] Forest succession is a fundamental ecological process which can impact the functioning of many terrestrial processes, such as water and nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration. Therefore, knowing the distribution of forest successional stages over a landscape facilitates a greater understanding of terrestrial ecosystems. One way of characterizing forest succession over the landscape is to use satellite imagery to map forest successional stages continuously over a region...
[Craig R. McClain] Habitat heterogeneity is a major structuring agent of ecological assemblages promoting beta diversity and ultimately contributing to overall higher global diversity. The exact processes by which heterogeneity increases diversity are scale dependent and encompass variation in other well-known processes, e.g., productivity, disturbance, and temperature.
habitat heterogeneity
[CSIRO] The substance, taxon or other physical/chemical phenomenon of the feature of interest that is being observed. E.g. Waves, Rainfall, Calluna Vulgaris, Aluminium.
entity
Oxidatively Damaged
oxidation damage
oxide damage
oxide damaged
oxides damaged
[D. Allan Butterfield] Oxidative damage is a feature of many age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's\n disease (AD). 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is a highly reactive product of the free radical-mediated\n lipid peroxidation of unsaturated lipids, particularly arachidonic acid, in cellular membranes... , "[Elizabeth Head] Oxidative damage is a consistent feature of brain aging in all species studied. Decline in cognitive\n functions, which accompanies aging, may have a biological basis, and many of the disorders\n associated with aging may be preventable through dietary modifications that incorporate specific\n nutrient. Based on previous research and results of both laboratory and clinical studies in the\n canine model of human aging and disease, antioxidants may be one class of nutrient that may be\n beneficial...
oxidative damage
[D. Álvarez] Compensatory growth is a phase of unusually rapid growth following a period of growth depression. This response allows animals to achieve the same size-for-age as continuously fed contemporaries...
compensatory growth
bodies temperature
body temperatures
[D. Cuesta] Body temperature is a classical diagnostic tool for a number of diseases. However, it is usually employed as a plain binary classification function (febrile or not febrile), and therefore its diagnostic power has not been fully developed... , "[S. F. Tsai] Body temperature is a basic vital sign of the human body, and the use of infrared ear thermometersfor medical diagnosis and health management on human bodies has been widespread nowadays. To gaincredibility and confidence in the usage of IR ear thermometers, a standard blackbody source (BBS)with a calibration traceable to ITS-90 is necessitated...
body temperature
IDH
[D. W. Schwilk] The intermediate disturbance hypothesis is a widely accepted generalization regarding patterns of species diversity, but may not hold true where fire is the disturbance. In the Mediterranean-climate shrublands of South Africa, called fynbos, fire is the most importance disturbance and a controlling factor in community dynamics. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis states that diversity will be highest at sites that have had an intermediate frequency of disturbance and will be lower at sites that have experienced very high or very low disturbance frequencies... , "[D. W. Schwilk] The intermediate disturbance hypothesis is a widely accepted generalization regarding patterns ofspecies diversity, but may not hold true where fire is the disturbance. In the Mediterranean-climateshrublands of South Africa, called fynbos, fire is the most importance disturbance and a controllingfactor in community dynamics. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis states that diversity will behighest at sites that have had an intermediate frequency of disturbance and will be lower at sitesthat have experienced very high or very low disturbance frequencies...
unclear
intermediate disturbance hypothesis
oil palms
oils palm
[DAE-SUNG CHOI] Oil palm is an oil producing tropical plant. While it is the highest yielding oil producing plant,\n it takes three years to yield. Therefore there is an urgent need for controlled production for oil\n palm suspension cells in a bioreactor to support the clonal propagation of elite planting materials.\n The propagation of the cells is affected by various culture conditions... , "[Totik Sri Mariani] Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a plant with highest productivity of oil among others\n oil-producing plants with total product per year is 5-6 ton/ha. Micropropagation of oil palm by\n somatic embryogenesis has several advantages: homogenous plants, higher production of fresh fruit\n bunches and larger amount of high quality seeds in a relatively shorter time... , "[Chinedum Nwajiuba] Oil palm (Elais guinensis) is the most important tree crop in the rural economy of the humid\n rainforest of eastern Nigeria. The oil is consumed as household food, used domestically for\n industrial purposes, and was an important foreign exchange earning export... , "[Aykkal Riju] The oil palm is a tropical oil bearing tree. Recently EST-derived SNPs and SSRs are a free\n by-product of the currently expanding EST (Expressed Sequence Tag) data bases. The development of\n high-throughput methods for the detection of SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) and small indels\n (insertion / deletion) has led to a revolution in their use as molecular markers. Available (5452)\n Oil palm EST sequences were mined from dbEST of NCBI. CAP3 program was used to assemble EST\n sequences into contigs...
[Daniel C. Dauwalter] Abundance estimation is an integral part of understanding the ecology and advancing the managementof fish populations and communities. Mark-recapture and removal methods are commonly used toestimate the abundance of stream fishes. Alternatively, abundance can be estimated by dividing thenumber of individuals sampled by the probability of capture...
abundance estimate
life history theories
[Daniel J. Kruger] Life history theory (LHT) is a powerful framework for examining relationship choices and otherbehavioral strategies which integrates evolutionary, ecological, and socio-developmentalperspectives...
life history theory
dryland saline
dryland salinization
[Daniella Csaky] Dryland salinity is a key environmental issue in Australia. Over the last 30 years, numerous studies have been undertaken in an attempt to increase our understanding and to try to remedy this growing problem. However, the extent of primary, secondary and urban salinity continues to expand. Various salinity hazard mapping methodologies have been tried, and published hazards maps and &#39 , "[Naeem U Khan] Dryland salinity is an insidious problem which progressively degrades arable or marginally productive farming land often to the point that such land becomes incapable of sustaining agriculture in the long term. In Australia, this problem has been exacerbated by the removal of millions of trees to make way for cultivation...
dryland salinity
[David B. Wilson] Meta-analysis is a statistical method of synthesizing quantitative results across studies examining a common research question.
meta analysis
aerial surveyed
aerial surveying
aerial surveys
aerially surveyed
[David Choquenot] Aerial survey is a rapid technique for obtaining information about the abundance and distribution offeral pigs. To obtain estimates of actual pig abundance from such surveys, visibility biasassociated with counts of pig groups must be estimated and accounted for. A double-count surveytechnique was used to estimate habitat-specific visibility bias associated with counts of pigsobtained from standardised helicopter surveys conducted in the semi-arid rangelands...
aerial survey
food chain lengths
[David J. Hoeinghaus] Food-chain length is a central characteristic of ecological communities that affects community structure and ecosystem function... , "[M. Jake Vander Zanden] Food chain length is a fundamental ecosystem property, and plays a central role in determining ecosystem functioning. Recent advances in the field of stable isotope ecology allow the estimation of food chain length (FCL) from stable nitrogen isotope (d15N) data...
food chain length
[David L. Williams] Sustainable agriculture is a global philosophy guiding the development of agricultural systems that address economic, social, and environmental issues in a multidisciplinary manner. Sustainable agriculture requires a holistic, system-oriented approach to solving problems in the food and fiber industry...
sustainable agriculture
ecologic restoration
[David Lamb] Ecological Restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has beendegraded, damaged or destroyed (SER 2004). Different practitioners interpret this in various ways.Some think it necessitates re-establishing the original ecosystem or trying to replicate thecommunities present in some supposed reference ecosystem... , "[Christophe P. Henry] Ecological restoration is a recent discipline that should be conducted scientifically and rigorouslyto move from a trial-and-error process to a predictive science to increase its success and theself-sustainability of restored ecosystems. The recent research developments in ecosystem dynamicsallow scientists to provide a strong theoretical base for restoration ecology... , "[Margaret M. Moore] Ecological restoration is the process of reestablishing the structure and function of native ecosystems and developing mutually beneficial human-wildland interactions that are compatible with the evolutionary history of those systems. Restoration is based on an ecosystem&#39
atmosphere carbon dioxide
atmospheric carbon dioxid
[Doris Do] Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) is a major green house gas contributing to global climatechange... , "[LiXin Liu] Atmospheric carbon dioxide is an important kind of greenhouse gas which influences global temperature. Its concentration variation could indicate the distribution of human and natural activities in various regions. Through the non-dispersive infrared method, flask sampling of atmospheric CO2 concentration was measured weekly at four national background stations including Waliguan, Shangdianzi, LinÕan, and Longfengshan...
LDD
long distance dispersals
long distance dispersers
long distance dispersing
long distance dispersion
long distance dispersive
[Dries Adriaens] Long-distance dispersal is a crucial factor in the life-cycle of plants, especially in our modern,highly fragmented landscapes. Because natural herds of large animals have disappeared and grazingpractices have been abandoned, important potential vectors for seed dispersal over large distancesmay have been lost. In the context of the reestablishment of grazing management for natureconservation purposes, it is therefore important to gain insight in the ability of grazing animalsto act as seed dispersal vectors...
long distance dispersal
IBD
[E. Crispo] Isolation by distance (IBD) is a phenomenon characterized by increasing genetic divergence anddecreasing gene flow with increasing geographic distance. IBD is often used in conservation biologyto infer the extent of gene flow among populations...
isolation by distance
PAN
pannonian
Pannonian Bio-geographical Region
[Eduardo G. F. Pinto] Time series is a sequence of observations of one or a few time variable of a dynamical system.
time series
habitat heterogeneities
habitat heterogeneous
habitat heterogenity
[Eduardo Romero-Alcaraz] Habitat heterogeneity is a determinant cause of biological diversity in natural ecosystems, andtherefore its preservation should be a priority when planning conservation strategies... , "[Craig R. McClain] Habitat heterogeneity is a major structuring agent of ecological assemblages promoting beta diversity and ultimately contributing to overall higher global diversity. The exact processes by which heterogeneity increases diversity are scale dependent and encompass variation in other well-known processes, e.g., productivity, disturbance, and temperature. Thus, habitat heterogeneity likely triggers multiple and cascading diversity effects through ecological assemblages...
CON
continental
Continental Bio-geographical Region
MAC
macaronesian
Macaronesian Bio-geographical Region
coral bleach
coral bleached
corals bleach
corals bleached
corals bleaching
[Ehud Banin] Coral bleaching is a disease that threatens coral reefs throughout the world. The disease is correlated with higher-than-normal seawater temperatures. Data have been reported showing that bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica during the summer in the Mediterranean Sea is the result of an infection with Vibrio shiloi. The summer temperatures induce the expression of virulence factors in the pathogen... , "[Yael Ben-Haim] Coral bleaching is the disruption of symbioses between coral animals and their photosyntheticmicroalgal endosymbionts (zooxanthellae). It has been suggested that large-scale bleaching episodesare linked to global warming. The data presented here demonstrate that Vibrio coralliilyticus is anetiological agent of bleaching of the coral Pocillopora damicornis. This bacterium was present athigh levels in bleached P...
coral bleaching
agriculture intensification
[Elena D. Concepci—n] Agricultural intensification is a major cause for biodiversity loss. It occurs at field scales through increased inputs and outputs, and at landscape scales through landscape simplification. Agri-environment schemes (AES) of the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) aim at reducing biodiversity loss by promoting extensification of agricultural practises mostly at field scales... , "[Elena D. Concepci—n] Agricultural intensification is a major cause for biodiversity loss. It occurs at field scales through increased inputs and outputs, and at landscape scales through landscape simplification. Agri-environment schemes (AES) of the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) aim at reducing biodiversity loss by promoting extensification of agricultural practises mostly at field scales... , "[A. J. Shriar] Agricultural intensification is a process of raising land productivity over time through increasesin inputs of one form or another on a per unit area basis. Its study is important for severalreasons, many of which relate to agroforestry objectives...
regional climate modeling
regional climate models
[Emmanouil Flaounas] Regional climate model (RCM) is a valuable scientific tool to address the mechanisms of regional\r\n atmospheric systems such as the West African monsoon (WAM). This study aims to improve our\r\n understanding of the impact of some physical schemes of RCM on the WAM representation. The weather\r\n research and forecasting model has been used by performing six simulations of the 2006 summer WAM\r\n season. These simulations use all combinations of three convective parameterization schemes (CPSs)\r\n and two planetary boundary layer schemes (PBLSs)...
regional climate model
chaparral
[ENVO] A shrubland area found primarily in regions with a Mediterranean climate (mild, wet winters and hot dry summers) often shaped by wildfires.
Chaparral
[F. Abbassi] Seed germination is an important phase of plant development during which soil water availability is crucial.
seed germination
flower time
flower timing
flowering times
flowering timing
[F. Lin] Flowering time is an important trait for the adaptation of wheat to its target environments. To identify chromosome regions associated with flowering time in wheat, a whole genome scan was conducted with five sets of field trial data on a recombinant inbred lines (RIL) population derived from the cross of spring wheat cultivars ?Nanda 2419? and ?Wangshuibai?... , "[Masaki J. Kobayashi] Flowering time is a well-studied subject in ecology, evolution and molecular biology. Long-term phenological studies have shown relationships between flowering time and environmental and endogenous factors in many species. In contrast, molecular studies using model plants have revealed a complex regulatory network of flowering...
flowering time
[F. Shahbazi] Sustainable agriculture is the main goal of land evaluation. The current study deals with land\r\n suitability evaluation of Ahar soils, 9000 ha approximately, located in East Azarbaijan. The\r\n decision support system, MicroLEIS DSS (Microcomputer land evaluation Information system) was used\r\n to evaluate the suitability for wheat (Triticum aestivum), maize (Zea maize), sugar beet (Beta\r\n vulgaris) and potato (Solanum tubersum)... , "[Ogunsumi LUCIA OMOBOLANLE] Sustainable Agriculture is a way of farming that can be carried out for generations to come. This\r\n long-term approach to agriculture combines effi cient production with the wise stewardship of the\r\n earth's resources. It is imperative to investigate the general welfare and social well-being\r\n of farmers' pattern of resources use as evidenced by their status relative to cassava and\r\n maize technologies. The main objective was to investigate the farmers' personal, economic\r\n and sociocultural characteristics as well as the contribution to their productivity... , "[David L. Williams] Sustainable agriculture is a global philosophy guiding the development of agricultural systems that\r\n address economic, social, and environmental issues in a multidisciplinary manner. Sustainable\r\n agriculture requires a holistic, system-oriented approach to solving problems in the food and fiber\r\n industry... , "[James C. Ascough II] Sustainable agriculture is a complex problem that demands consideration of many interrelated\r\n factors, processes, and institutions...
On Line Monitoring
on line monitor
on line monitored
on line monitors
[Feng Gao] On-line monitoring is a useful technique for ensuring system reliability. By continuously\n supervising the system's operation, a wide range of problems, such as physical defects,\n transient faults and design errors, can be detected. A monitor M*'s behavior can be viewed\n as an abstraction of the target system M's behavior, and can be represented by a homomorphic\n mapping from M to M*... , "[Feng Gao] On-line monitoring is a useful technique for ensuring system reliability. By continuously\n supervising the system's operation, a wide range of problems, such as physical defects,\n transient faults and design errors, can be detected. A monitor M * 's behavior can be viewed\n as an abstraction of the target system M's behavior, and can be represented by a homomorphic\n mapping from M to M * ...
on-line monitoring
Modeler simulator
modeling simulating
modeling simulation
models simulate
models simulation
[FengMei Yao] Model simulation is an important way to study the effects of climate change on agriculture. Such\n assessment is subject to a range of uncertainties because of either incomplete knowledge or model\n technical uncertainties, impeding effective decision-making to climate change... , "[JOHANNES CHRISTOF LEDERER] Model simulation is a recent and powerful tool in the fleld of psychology. Researchers design models\n to prepare fleld studies and to predict human behavior even when no real life surveys can be made.\n However, analytical examination of a psychological model revealing its features and stability has\n never been made so far...
model simulation
LUC
land use changed
land use changes
land use changing
land used changed
land uses changes
[Fr‚d‚ric Barraquand] Land use change is a main driver of biodiversity erosion, especially in agricultural landscapes.Incentive-based agri-environmental policies aim at inuencing land-use pattern... , "[Eric Koomen] Land-use change is a key factor in the development of the human and physical environment. Models ofland-use change help understand this intricate system and can provide valuable information onpossible future land-use configurations. The latter is crucial for policy makers across the globethat have to deal with such varied topics as: urbanisation, deforestation, water management, erosioncontrol and the like... , "[Shoufan Fang] Land use change is an important research area in landscape ecology and urban development. Prediction of land use change (urban development) provides critical information for making the right policies and management plans in order to maintain and improve ecosystem and city functions. Logistic regression is a widely used method to predict binomial probabilities of land use change when just two responses (change and no-change) are considered. However, in practice, more than two types of change are encountered and multinomial probabilities are therefore needed... , "[Qiu-Hao Huang] Land use change is an important topic in the field of global environmental change and sustainabledevelopment. Land use change modeling has attracted substantial attention because it helpsresearchers understand the mechanisms of land use change and assists regulatory bodies informulating relevant policies. Maotiao River Basin is located in the province of Guizhou, China,which has a developed agricultural industry in the karst mountain areas...
land use change
pollen dispersed
pollen dispersers
pollen disperses
pollen dispersibility
pollen dispersion
[Frederic Austerlitz] Pollen dispersal is a critical process that shapes genetic diversity in natural populations of\n plants. Estimating the pollen dispersal curve can provide insight into the evolutionary dynamics of\n populations and is essential background for making predictions about changes induced by\n perturbations...
pollen dispersal
effect population size
effective population sizes
effective populational size
effective populations size
effects populat
effects population sizes
size of effective population
[Friso P. Palstra] Effective population size (Ne) is a central evolutionary concept, but its genetic estimation can besignificantly complicated by age structure... , "[B. E. Rieman] Effective population size (Ne) is an important concept in the management of threatened species likebull trout Salvelinus confluentus... , "[Charles E. Taylor] Effective population size (Ne) is a single number which allows us to relate a large part of population-genetics theory built around ideal populations to real populations... , "[Phillip R. England] Effective population size (Ne) is a central concept in evolutionary biology and conservationgenetics. It predicts rates of loss of neutral genetic variation, fixation of deleterious andfavourable alleles, and the increase of inbreeding experienced by a population. A method exists forthe estimation of Ne from the observed linkage disequilibrium between unlinked loci in a populationsample... , "[Phillip R. England] Effective population size (N e) is a central concept in evolutionary biology and conservationgenetics. It predicts rates of loss of neutral genetic variation, fixation of deleterious andfavourable alleles, and the increase of inbreeding experienced by a population. A method exists forthe estimation of N e from the observed linkage disequilibrium between unlinked loci in a populationsample. While an increasing number of studies have applied this method in natural and managedpopulations, its reliability has not yet been evaluated...
Norway spruces
[G. Binelli] Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) is a most important species among European forest trees for both\r\n economical and ecological reasons. However, this species has suffered from a lack of information on\r\n the genetic side due to the scarcity of linkage data...
norway spruce
SST
temperature of sea surface
[G. N. Vlahakis] Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is a critical factor in the assessment of the climatic structure of a coastal region affected mainly by air temperature (AT).
sea surface temperature
NITROGEN AVAILABILITIES
nitrogen avail
nitrogen available
[G. Philip Robertson] Nitrogen availability is a critical component of productivity in successional lowland rainforests,\n and nitrogen losses from a given system may largely depend on rates of nitrification in soils of the\n system. Two hypotheses were tested in a study of a 6-point secondary rainforest sere in the coastal\n lowlands of Costa Rica: that nitrification and N mineralization change in a directed fashion in\n lowland rainforest successions, and that nitrification is regulated by ammonium availability at all\n points along the sere... , "[Sonya T. Dyhrman] Nitrogen availability is an important factor controlling phytoplankton abundance and species\n composition in marine waters. In addition to inorganic nitrogen, some phytoplankton species can use\n dissolved organic nitrogen sources such as urea for growth...
nitrogen availability
grasshopper
forest ecosystems
terrestrial ecosystems
[GEMET] In solutions, the mass, volume, or number of moles of solute present in proportion to the amount of solvent or total solution.
ozone concentration
concentration of ozone
atmosphere - nitrogen oxides - concentration
NOx concentration
SO2 concentration
biochemical cycles
biogeochem cycles
biogeochemical cycling
[GEMET] Movement of chemical elements in a circular pathway, from organisms to physical environment, back to organisms. The process is termed a nutrient cycle if the elements concerned are trace elements, which are essential to life. A biogeochemical cycle occurs when vegetation decomposes and minerals are incorporated naturally in the humus for future plant growth
biogeochemical cycle
kath
DOC in soil
dissolved organic carbon in soil
amount of dissolved organic carbon in soil
[GEMET] The nature and proportions of the elements comprising a chemical compound of the plant part
plant part chemical composition
leaf nutrients
genetic drifting
genetic drifts
genetically drifting
[Henderson's] (1) random changes in gene frequency in small isolated populations owing to factors other than natural selection, such as sampling of only a small number of gametes in each generation. alt. Sewall Wright effect; (2) random nucleotide changes in a gene not subject to natural selection; (3) small changes in the genome of the inﬂuenza virus that cause annual outbreaks but not serious epidemics or pandemics. cf. genetic shift.
genetic drift
[Henderson's] a horizontal ecological stratum of a plant community comprising the herba­ceous plants. alt. ﬁeld layer.
herb layer
[comments ] the Hendersons definition is for \"dendrometer bands\", but the new definition does not exclude such devices" , "[controlled by ] Neagu Stefan 31/05/13" , "[source of definition ] wikipedia
BMI
body mass indexing
[Henderson's] a measure of the amount of body fat for humans, calculated from the body weight (in kilograms) divided by the height (in metres) squared. “Normal” values for adults range from 18.5 to 24.9, with a value of greater than 30 being clas­siﬁed as clinical obesity.
body mass index
bodies mass
bodies masses
body masses
body mass
frequency of allele
[Henderson's] a measure of the com­monness of an allele in a population, being the proportion of a given allele in
allele frequency
allele frequencies
alleles frequencies
alleles frequency
allelic frequencies
allelic frequency
genetic distances
genetic distancing
genetical distances
genetics distance
genetics distances
[Henderson's] a measure of the difference between two DNAs from different species, which is used in the construction of phylogenetic trees. In its crudest form it is the percentage of nucleotide differences between the two DNAs. see also p-distance. alt. evolution­ary distance.
genetic distance
osmotic pressures
[Henderson's] a measure of the osmotic activity of a solution, deﬁned as the minimum pressure that must be exerted to prevent the passage of pure solvent into the solution when the two are separated by a semipermeable membrane. Osmotic pressure is proportional to solute concentration.
osmotic pressure
[Henderson's] a measure of the rate of metabolic activity in a living organism. It is the rate at which an organism uses energy to sustain essential life processes such as respiration, growth, reproduction and, in animals, processes such as blood circulation, muscle tone and activity. It can be determined in numerous ways: (i) as the total heat produced over a given period, (ii) as oxygen consumption (and sometimes also carbon dioxide production) over a given period, which although easier to measure, only gives the contribution of aerobic metabolism, (iii) as the energy content of the food eaten over a given period, and (iv) by the fate of isotopically labelled water. see average daily metabolic rate, basal metabolic rate, energy budget, ﬁeld metabolic rate, respiratory quotient, resting metabolic rate, standard metabolic rate.
metabolic rate
metabolic rates
metabolism rate
metabolism rates
neighbor join
neighbouring joined
neighbouring joining
[Henderson's] a method of building a phylogenetic tree in which the two most similar sequences are connected together through a node, the two next through another node and so on and then the most similar pairs are connected through a further node, and so on. It produces an additive, non-ultrametric, unrooted tree.
neighbour joining
game theories
games theories
games theory
gaming theory
[Henderson's] mathematical theory con­cerned with determining the optimal strategy in situations of competition or conﬂict. This theory can be applied to the relationships within a community, and the computer simulation of such relationships to determine winning strategies can help to throw light on ecological and social relationships and their evolution.
game theory
BOD
BoD
demand amound of biological oxygen
[Henderson's] measurement of the amount of organic pollution in water, measured as the amount of oxygen taken up from a sample containing a known amount of dissolved oxygen kept at 20 °C for 5 days. A low BOD indicates little pollution, a high BOD indicates increased activity of heterotrophic microorganisms and thus heavy pollution.
biological oxygen demand
cell proliferations
cells proliferate
cells proliferated
cells proliferating
cells proliferation
[Henderson's] multiplication of cells by division.
cell proliferation
decidual forest
decidual forests
deciduous forests
decuduous forested
[GEMET] The temperate forests comprised of trees that seasonally shed their leaves, located in the east of the USA, in Western Europe from the Alps to Scandinavia, and in the eastern Asia. The hardwood of these forests have been exploited since the 16th century.&nbsp
deciduous forest
[GEMET] Wildlife management is a large, complex, decisionoriented science. Information from research is needed to improve the decisions made by managers. The scope of the research needed to inform typical decisions far exceeds even the most optimistic assumptions about the available funds, time, or human resources...
wildlife management
[GEMET] Wildlife management is a large, complex, decisionoriented science. Information from research is\r\n needed to improve the decisions made by managers. The scope of the research needed to inform typical\r\n decisions far exceeds even the most optimistic assumptions about the available funds, time, or human\r\n resources...
meta analysi
[Geoff Cumming] Meta-analysis (MA) is the quantitative integration of empirical studies that address the same or\n similar issues. It provides overall estimates of ef fect size, and can thus guide practical\n application of research findings. It can also identify moderati ng variables, and thus contribute to\n theorybuilding and research planning. It overcomes many o f the disadvantages of null hypothesis\n significance testing... , "[David B. Wilson] Meta-analysis is a statistical method of synthesizing quantitative results across studies examining\n a common research question. This chapter discusses the logic and methods of meta-analysis with\n specific application to the field of criminology and criminal justice. A key feature of\n meta-analysis is the effect size, which encodes the study findings on a common index, such as the\n standardized mean difference, correlation coefficient, or odds-ratio... , "[Dean C. Adams] Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that allows one to combine the results from multiple\n studies to glean inferences on the overall importance of various phenomena. This method can prove to\n be more informative than common ''vote counting,'' in which the\n number of significant results is compared to the number with nonsignificant results to determine\n whether the phenomenon of interest is globally important. While the use of metaanalysis is\n widespread in medicine and the social sciences, only recently has it been applied to ecological\n questions... , "[Paulo Alfonso Bracarense Costa] Meta-analysis is a statistical procedure to do syntheses of evidences. In the production of\n scientific knowledge, in spite of paradigmatic skips of quality, the rising of the accumulation of\n acquired knowledge (based in camed studies) is, in the general, the way as science moves forward to\n accomplish new discoveries and to confirm other already obtained. The methods developed for the\n attainment of the meta-analysis, analysis of analyses previously accomplished, have been developed\n during this century... , "[Mark W. Russo] Meta-analysis is a systematic review of a focused topic in the literature that provides a\n quantitative estimate for the effect of a treatment intervention or exposure. The key to designing a\n high quality meta-analysis is to identify an area where the effect of the treatment or exposure is\n uncertain and where a relatively homogenous body of literature exists. The techniques used in\n meta-analysis provide a structured and standardized approach for analyzing prior findings in a\n specific topic in the literature...
brains evolution
[Georg F. Striedter] Brain evolution is a complex weave of species similarities and differences, bound by diverse rules and principles...
brain evolution
irrigate agricultural
irrigated agricultural
irrigating agricultural
irrigation agricultural
irrigation agriculture
[Georg Holtz] Irrigated agriculture is a main user of groundwater. Achieving a sustainable use of groundwater willoften require agricultural land-use changes such as shifting to entirely different kinds of cropsand/or technologies. Enhanced understanding of land-use change is hence required for developingpolicies for a sustainable water future... , "[Terry A. Howell] Irrigated agriculture is a vital component of total agriculture and supplies many of the fruits,vegetables, and cereal foods consumed by humans , "[C. Ray] Irrigated agriculture is a major sector of agricultural economy where high value crops are grown with substantial input of fertilizers and pesticides. High concentrations of nitrate and pesticides have been observed in ground water beneath irrigated areas in humid regions, where irrigation is practiced on sandy soils that have low water-holding capacity. Data from these areas indicate that irrigation wells are typically screened in the bottom part of the aquifer (which contain coarser deposits) whereas the domestic wells are screened just below the water table...
irrigated agriculture
[Georgios E. Pavlikakis] Ecosystem Management (EM) is a new holistic approach to the management of natural resources. It integrates the scientificknowledge on ecological interrelationships and the complex socioeconomic and political frame of values, aiming at the long-term sustainability of a region, i.e., the ecosystem.
ecosystem management
DNA Fingerprint
DNA fingerprint
DNA fingerprinted
DNA fingerprints
[Glyn Stacey] DNA fingerprinting is an important new development for the authentication of cell lines. Multilocus methods such as those developed by Alec Jeffreys provide information on a wide range of genetic loci throughout the human genome and thus give a useful genetic Òsnap-shotÓ of a cell culture. Our work has shown that Jeffreys multilocus fingerprinting method can be applied to cell lines from a wide range of animals including reptiles, birds, fish and diverse mammals. It can also differentiate very closely related cell lines including those from the same mouse strain... , "[W. B„r] DNA fingerprinting is a perfect tool for investigating the identity of disputed blood by alcoholsamples extracted. However, blood samples stored at an ambient temperature for longer periods canshow considerable degradation of high-molecular DNA, diminishing the value of fingerprintinvestigation because of loss of the less frequent bands formed by the longer DNA fragments.Addition of the complexing agent EDTA can retard this degradation. Determination of the sex with DNAprobes in the blood alcohol sample increases confidence in the investigation...
DNA fingerprinting
[Guang Chen] Mate choice is an essential process during sexual plant reproduction, in which self-incompatibility (SI) is widely adopted as an intraspecific reproductive barrier to inhibit self-fertilization by many flowering plants. Genetic studies show that a single polymorphic S-locus, encoding at least two components from both the pollen and pistil sides, controls the discrimination of self and non-self pollen...
mate choice
Mating choice
mate choices
mates choice
mating choices
[Guang Chen] Mate choice is an essential process during sexual plant reproduction, in which self-incompatibility\n (SI) is widely adopted as an intraspecific reproductive barrier to inhibit self-fertilization by\n many flowering plants. Genetic studies show that a single polymorphic S-locus, encoding at least two\n components from both the pollen and pistil sides, controls the discrimination of self and non-self\n pollen...
field surveyed
field surveying
field surveys
fielding surveys
fields surveyed
[GUANGMING ZHU] Field survey is a traditional method in the process of land consolidation. But it has such as lowefficiency, long time, and some other shortcomings in measuring length, area and calculating theamount of small object, especially for the project area with more complex terrain. The paper putsforward using GPS/PDA to calculate progress for project of land consolidation, which propels theapplication of GPS/PDA in the fields of land consolidation...
field survey
amount of organic carbon in soil
[Gustavo M. Vasques] Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an indicator of ecosystem quality and plays a major role in the biogeochemical cycles of major nutrients and water.
soil organic carbon
ground water contaminantion
groundwater contaminant
groundwater contaminanted
groundwater contaminants
groundwater contaminated
groundwaters contaminated
[Hamid Reza Nassery] Groundwater contamination is a well-known phenomenon, which occurs on local and regional scales inIzeh polje...
groundwater contamination
[HE Juanxiong] Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a long-term ENSO-like variability of the North Pacific. It is the first principal component of EOF of the North Pacific SST. ENSO is the strongest signal of annular change of global climate system.
rainfall variabilities
rainfalls variability
[Heiko Paeth] Rainfall variability is a crucial factor in food production,water resource planning and ecosystems,\r\n especially in regions with scarce freshwaterresources. In West Africa rainfall has been subject to\r\n largedecadal and interdecadal variations during the 20th century. The most prominent feature is\r\n thereduction in rainfall amount throughout the second half of the century with somerecovery at the\r\n end... , "[Philip A. Fay] Rainfall variability is a key driver of ecosystem structure and function in grasslands worldwide.\r\n Changes in rainfall patterns predicted by global climate models for the central United States are\r\n expected to cause lower and increasingly variable soil water availability, which may impact net\r\n primary production and plant species composition in native Great Plains grasslands...
rainfall variability
soil nutrients
dissolved nutrients
chemical potentials
chemicals potentially
[Henderson's] activity or free energy of a substance.
chemical potential
beta diverse
beta diversities
[Henderson's] biological diversity result­ing from competition between species that produces a ﬁner adaptation of a species to the complete habitat, thus narrowing its range of tolerance to other environmental factors. Beta diversity is represented by the extent of change of species composi­tion along an environmental gradient, e.g. of altitude, from one habitat to another. The greater the change, the higher the beta diversity. alt. habitat diversiﬁcation. cf. alpha diversity.
beta diversity
alpha diversities
[Henderson's] ecological diversity within a habitat due to the coexistence of many subtly different ecological niches, each occupied by a different species. This type of diversity results from competition between species that tends to reduce the variation within species as each species becomes more ﬁnely adapted to its niche. alt. niche diversiﬁcation. cf. beta diversity, gamma diversity.
breeding seasonality
breeding seasons
[Henderson's] for animals that do not breed all the year round, the period each year in which animals court, mate and rear their young.
breeding season
founder effects
founders effect
founders effective
[Henderson's] genetic differences between an original population and an isolated off­shoot due to alleles in the small number of founder members of the new population being unrepresentative of the alleles in the original population as a whole.
founder effect
BMR
[Henderson's] minimum metabolic rate required for survival, measured in humans at complete rest in a thermally neutral environment after fasting for 12 hours.
basal metabolic rate
basal metabolic rates
degenerate
degenerated
degenerates
degenerating
degenerations
[Henderson's] n. (1) breakdown in structure; (2) change to a less specialized or func­tionally less active form; (3) evolutionary change resulting in change from a complex to a simpler form. a. degenerate.
degeneration
apical dominant
apically dominant
[Henderson's] phenomenon common in plant development in which the bud at the tip of the shoot, the apical bud, sup­presses the development of lateral buds which have formed further down the stem. If the apical bud is removed, the lateral buds then develop. The apical bud pro­duces a growth-inhibitory hormone that is carried back down the stem.
apical dominance
growth curves
growths curve
growths curves
[Henderson's] plot of log numbers of a population of living organisms against time. For a culture of microorganisms with limiting nutrients the growth phase is typically bell-shaped. A short lag phase of little or no increase in numbers is followed by a steep rise in numbers (exponential growth or log phase) to a plateau, followed by a rapid fall in growth rate as nutrients become exhausted, waste products accu­mulate and the available “habitat” becomes overcrowded.
growth curve
[Henderson's] species that have a key role in an ecosystem, affecting many other species, and whose removal leads to a series of extinctions within the system.
keystone species
DOC in water
[Henderson's] the fraction of carbon bound in organic com­pounds in water in particles smaller than 0.45 µm.
Dissolved organic carbon in water
[Henderson's] the highest horizontal layer in a plant community, comprising the tree canopy.
tree layer
gene transferred
gene transferring
gene transfers
genes transfer
genes transferred
[Henderson's] the introduction of genes from one species into another, using recombinant DNA techniques. see genetic engineering, recombinant DNA, transgenic, transgene.
gene transfer
[Henderson's] the lowest horizontal ecological stratum of a plant community, comprising the ground surface and its immediate plant cover such as mosses and lichens. alt. ground layer.
moss layer
niche overlapping
niche overlaps
[Henderson's] the situation where two or more species use the same resources or the same habitat within a community and thus share the same ecological niche, lead­ing to competition between them. Two species with identical niche requirements cannot co-exist in the same community, but niche overlap may be seen where there are small and difﬁcult to determine eco­logical differences between species.
niche overlap
[Henderson's] the stable, long­term existence of multiple alleles of a gene in the population. Technically a gene is said to be polymorphic if the most com­mon homozygote occurs at a frequency of less than 90% in the population.
genetic polymorphism
islands biogeography
[Henderson's] the study of the ﬂora and fauna of islands with a view to under­standing the nature and evolution of biodiversity in an isolated environment.
island biogeography
gross primary productions
gross primary productivity
life formed
life forming
life forms
[Henderson's] the typical adult form of a species.
life form
radiocarbon date
radiocarbon dated
radiocarbon dates
radiocarbon datings
[Henderson's] the use of the differ­ential uptake of the rare radioactive isotope of carbon, 14C and the much more abund­ant isotope 12C, during carbon ﬁxation by plants to date the remains of organic material in archaeology. The radiocarbon method can be used to date material be­tween 3000 and 40,000 years old.
radiocarbon dating
dry weights
drying weight
[Henderson's] the weight or mass of organic matter or soil after removal of water by heating to constant weight. alt. dry mass.
dry weight
coastal zones
coastal zoning
[Henderson's] the zone that extends from the high-tide mark on land to the edge of the continental shelf. It comprises the ﬂora and fauna of the beach and rocks and of the relatively warm, nutrient-rich shallow waters over the continental shelf.
coastal zone
chemical defences
chemical defenses
chemical defensive
chemical defensiveness
chemical defensives
chemically defensive
[Henderson's] unpalatable or toxic chemicals, such as astringent tannins and toxic alkaloids, produced by plants in their tissues to deter herbivores.
chemical defense
carbon sourced
carbon sources
carbonate source
carbonate sourced
carbonate sources
[Henderson's] (1) any carbon-containing compound that can be utilized as a source of carbon by an organism; (2) in the carbon cycle, a source of carbon dioxide, such as respiration.
carbon source
OTU
[Henderson's] (1) any group of living organisms, e.g. genus or species, designated by numerical taxonomy; (2) any object that can be used as the unit to be ranked in a phylogenetic tree, e.g. a species, protein sequence or DNA sequence.
operational taxonomic unit
Operational Taxonomic Units
operational taxonomical units
operative taxonomic units
[Henderson's] (1) any group of living organisms, e.g. genus or species, designated by numerical taxo­nomy; (2) any object that can be used as the unit to be ranked in a phylogenetic tree, e.g. a species, protein sequence or DNA sequence.
growth factoring
growth factors
[Henderson's] (1) any organic compound, other than those required as carbon and energy sources, which is needed by an or­ganism for its proper growth and develop­ment, and which may include e.g. vitamins, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines; (2) biomolecules, usually proteins, that stimu­late cell growth (an increase in cell mass).
growth factor
general time
generate time
generating timed
generation times
generic timing
[Henderson's] (1) of cells, the time between formation of a somatic cell by mitosis and its own division; (2) of human and animal populations, the average span of time between the birth of parents and the birth of their offspring; (3) of microor­ganisms, time taken for one cell to divide and produce two new cells, often expressed as the time taken for the population to double.
generation time
[Henderson's] (1) species characteristic of climate, soil and other conditions in a particular region or habitat; (2) dom­inant species in a biotype; (3) species whose disappearance or disturbance gives early warning of the degradation of an ecosystem.
indicator species
seed banks
[Henderson's] a conservation collection of seeds of wild plant species and cultivated varieties, usually of important crop plants, kept in long-term storage, usually freeze­dried under liquid nitrogen. , "A seedbank stores seeds as a source for planting in case seed reserves elsewhere are destroyed. It is a type of gene bank. The seeds stored may be food crops, or those of rare species to protect biodiversity. The reasons for storing seeds may be varied. In the case of food crops, many useful plants that were developed over centuries are now no longer used for commercial agricultural production and are becoming rare. Storing seeds also guards against catastrophic events like natural disasters, outbreaks of disease, or war. Unlike seed libraries or seed swaps that encourage frequent reuse and sharing of seeds, seedbanks are not typically open to the public.
DNA markers
[Henderson's] a DNA sequence of known location, but usually of no function, in the genome that can be used e.g. in genetic mapping.
DNA marker
genetic markers
genetical markers
genetics markers
[Henderson's] a gene or other piece of DNA whose properties, and sometimes position on the chromosome, are known and which may be used to identify par­ticular cells or organisms, or as a point of reference in a genetic mapping experiment.
genetic marker
body mass indexes
Secondary successions
[Henderson's] a plant succession following the interruption of the normal or primary succession.
secondary succession
alpine
[Henderson's] a. living or found on land, as opposed to in rivers, lakes or oceans or in the atmosphere.
terrestrial
[henderson's] animals whose size is measured in centimeters rather than microscopic units , "[Henderson's] n. animals whose size is meas­ured in centimetres rather than microscopic units.
Plants Pathogens
plant pathogenic
plant pathogens
plants pathogen
[Henderson's] any agent (bacterium, fungus, virus or mycoplasma) causing disease in plants.
plant pathogen
[Henderson's] any of the various episodes in evolutionary history in which numerous large groups of organisms disappear from the fossil record over a relatively short time (e.g. the extinction of the dinosaurs and other groups at the end of the Cretaceous). Mass extinctions are generally explained by sudden changes in climate, of various causes.
mass extinction
mass extinctions
massed extinction
masses extinction
[Henderson's] any of the various epi­sodes in evolutionary history in which numerous large groups of organisms dis­appear from the fossil record over a rel­atively short time (e.g. the extinction of the dinosaurs and other groups at the end of the Cretaceous). Mass extinctions are generally explained by sudden changes in climate, of various causes.
carbon sinking
carbon sinks
carbonate sinks
[Henderson's] any part of the biosphere in which carbon is absorbed and immobilized faster than it is released, e.g. ocean sedi­ments and tropical rain forests.
carbon sink
biologic diversity
biological diverse
biological diversities
biologically diverse
[Henderson's] as deﬁned by the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity: “the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological com­plexes of which they are part. This includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.” The number of differ­ent living species is estimated at between 40 and 80 million, most of them still undiscovered and uncharacterized, each species containing yet further genetic diver­sity. Colloquially known as biodiversity. see also alpha diversity, beta diversity, gamma diversity, genetic diversity, species diversity, ecological diversity.
biological diversity
[Henderson's] balance of energy input and use in a biological system. It is expressed as consumption (C) = production (P) + respiration (R) + rejecta (faeces and urine) (F + U). see also assimilated energy.
energy budget
cooperating breeding
cooperation breeding
cooperatively breeding
cooperatives breeding
[Henderson's] breeding system in which parents are assisted in the care of their offspring by other adults.
cooperative breeding
lake ecology
[Henderson's] clinical diagnostic test for ability of bacteria to reduce nitrate to nitrite, to aid identiﬁcation of enteric bacteria, which are usually positive in this test.
nitrate reduction
nitrate Reductive
nitrate reductions
nitrates reduction
nitration reduction
green algae
[Henderson's] common name for the cyanobacteria q.v.
green alga
biologic control
biological controls
biologically control
biologics control
biologizing control
[Henderson's] control of pests and weeds by other living organisms, usually other insects, bacteria or viruses, or by biological products such as hormones.
biological control
deoxyribonucleic acid
[Hendersons] deoxyribonucleic acid, a very large linear molecule which acts as the store of genetic information in all cells. It contains carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus. A DNA molecule is composed of two chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide subunits, and a single molecule may be millions of nucleotides in length. The two chains are wound round each other to form the Watson–Crick righthanded “double helix”. The four types of deoxyribonucleotide subunit in DNA contain the bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G) respectively. Each chain is composed of nucleotides
DNA
[Henderson's] diagram like a family tree that represents evolutionary relationships between different taxa or between different proteins.
phylogenetic tree
phylogenetic treeing
phylogenetic trees
phylogenetics tree
phylogenetics trees
[Henderson's] diagram like a family tree that represents evolutionary relation­ships between different taxa or between different proteins.
semi arid region
semi arid regions
semi-arid region
semiarid regions
[Henderson's] dry regions with sufﬁ­cient rainfall (280–400 mm per annum) to support steppe or savanna grassland and some agriculture.
semiarid region
aride regions
arid region
arid regions
[Henderson's] electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths between those of the violet end of the visible light spectrum and X-rays. Although invisible to the human eye, it can be captured on photo­graphic ﬁlm. The ultraviolet (UV) spec­trum is subdivided by wavelength into A (400–320 nm), B (320–280 nm) and C (280–10 nm) bands, of which UV-B is most harmful to living organisms. Much of the solar UV radiation, esp. the shorter wavelengths, is absorbed by the stratos­pheric ozone layer before reaching the Earth’s surface.
ultraviolet light
[Henderson's] equilibrium state of body in which nitrogen intake and excretion are equal. alt. nitrogen equilibrium.
nitrogen balance
Nitrogen Balances
nitrogen balanced
breeding systems
[Henderson's] extent and mode of interbreeding within a species or group of closely related species.
breeding system
blood plasmas
[Henderson's] ﬂuid part of the blood in­cluding the soluble blood proteins, which is left as a clear yellow ﬂuid after the red and white cells have been removed by centrifugation. cf. blood serum.
blood plasma
species accumulation curve
species area curve
species area curves
[Henderson's] graph illustrating the number of species (plotted on the y-axis) found in a given area (increase in area plotted on the x-axis). The shape of the curve provides information on the species diversity and species richness of an area and is helpful in determining the most efﬁcient size of plot for sampling.
species-area curve
DNA chip
[Henderson's] hundreds to thousands of “spots” of different cDNAs or synthetic oligonucleotide probes, usually representing a selection of genes, arranged in a predetermined array on a glass microscope slide or other similar small-sized format. Microarrays are commonly used to measure the simultaneous expression of thousands of genes, by hybridization of the array with isolated cellular mRNA (or the cDNAs derived from it). They can also be used to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms or other genomic features by hybridizing genomic DNA with an array of appropriate oligonucleotide probes.
DNA microarray
DNA microarraying
DNA microarrays
[Henderson's] hundreds to thousands of “spots” of different cDNAs or synthetic oligonucleotide probes, usually represent­ing a selection of genes, arranged in a pre­determined array on a glass microscope slide or other similar small-sized format. Microarrays are commonly used to measure the simultaneous expression of thousands of genes, by hybridization of the array with isolated cellular mRNA (or the cDNAs derived from it). They can also be used to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms or other genomic features by hybridizing genomic DNA with an array of appropriate oligonucleotide probes. alt. DNA chip.
[Henderson's] idea that each evolutionary advance by one species is detrimental to other species, so that all species must evolve as fast as possible simply to survive.
red queen hypothesis
clonal selections
clonal selective
clonally selected
clonally selective
[Henderson's] in an immune response, the proliferation, in response to stimulation by an antigen, of clones of lymphocytes of the corresponding speciﬁcities.
clonal selection
ESS
evolutionarily stable strategies
[Henderson's] in evolutionary theory, a behaviour pattern or strategy which, if most of the population adopt it, cannot be bettered by any other strategy and will therefore tend to become established by natural selection. Using games theory the results of various dif­ferent strategies (e.g. in contests between males) can be worked out and a theoretical ESS determined and compared with actual behaviour.
evolutionarily stable strategy
[Henderson's] In oceans and water on land, soluble organic molecules derived from degradation of dead organisms or excretion of molecules synthesized by organisms.
dissolved organic matter
[Hendersons] Invation by endoparasitic bacteria
bacterial infection
[Henderson's] leaf area index q.v.
concept 'leaf area index' exists. LAI is just the code of it
[Henderson's] marked differences, in shape, size, morphology, colour, etc., between male and female of a species.
sexual size dimorphism
sexual size dimorphisms
[Henderson's] n. (1) (ecol.) see alpha diversity, beta diversity, biological diversity, ecolo­gical diversity, gamma diversity, species composition, species diversity, species richness; (2) (immunol.) the variety of antigen speciﬁcities displayed within the total repertoire of antigen receptors, i.e. immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors.
[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22" , "[source of definition ] Convention on Biological diversity
diversity measure
[Henderson's] n. (1) the plants peculiar to a country, area, speciﬁed environment or period; (2) a book giving descriptions of these plants; (3) the microorganisms that naturally live in and on animals and plants, e.g. gut ﬂora, skin ﬂora.
flora
auxine
auxines
auxinic
auxins
[Henderson's] n. any compound that regulates or inhibits growth stimulation by auxins.
auxin
[Henderson's] n. area habitually saturated with water. It may be partly or wholly covered permanently, occasionally or periodically, by fresh or salt water up to a depth of 6 metres. Wetlands include bogs, fens, ﬂood meadows, marshland and salt marshes, shallow ponds, river estuaries, and inter­tidal mud ﬂats, but exclude rivers, streams, lakes and oceans.
wetlands
prairie
[Henderson's] the number of mutations occurring in a population over some speciﬁed unit of time. The units used as the time denominator are commonly the total number of cell divisions or the total generation spans of the cells or organisms. The spontaneous mutation rate seems to vary between different organisms and between different genes. cf. mutation frequency.
mutation rate
Mutation Rates
mutational rate
mutational rates
mutations rate
mutations rates
[Henderson's] the number of mutations occurring in a population over some spe­ciﬁed unit of time. The units used as the time denominator are commonly the total number of cell divisions or the total genera­tion spans of the cells or organisms. The spontaneous mutation rate seems to vary between different organisms and between different genes. cf. mutation frequency.
DNA Sequencer
DNA sequenc
DNA sequencers
DNA sequences
DNA sequencing
[Henderson's] the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. In protein-coding DNA this determines the order of amino acids in the proteins speciﬁed. alt. base sequence, nucleotide sequence.
DNA sequence
n. or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity, and measures a material's ability to conduct an electric current. It is commonly represented by the Greek letter σ (sigma), but κ (kappa) (especially in electrical engineering) or γ (gamma) are also occasionally used. Its SI unit is siemens per metre (S⋅m−1) and CGSE unit is reciprocal second (s−1).
concept 'electrical conductivity' exists
electric conductivity
CO2 flux
CO2 fluxes
corbon dioxides fluxes
the flows of CO2 particles in a given space and per time unit
carbon dioxide flux
N2O flux
N2O fluxes
the flows of N2O particles in a given space and per time unit
nitrous oxide flux
layers
ectomycorrhizae
ectomycorrhizal fungi
ectomycorrhizas
[Henderson's] n. type of mycorrhiza in which the fungal hyphae form a sup­erﬁcial covering and do not extensively penetrate the root. It is found on both coniferous and broadleaved forest trees, the infecting fungi being chieﬂy higher basidiomycetes.
ectomycorrhiza
line transects
[Henderson's] the recording of types and numbers of plants along a measured line.
line transect
[Henderson's] the situation where two or more species use the same resources or the same habitat within a community and thus share the same ecological niche, leading to competition between them. Two species with identical niche requirements cannot co-exist in the same community, but niche overlap may be seen where there are small and difﬁcult to determine ecological differences between species.
[Henderson's] the small DNA genome contained in a mitochondrion.
mitochondrial DNA
social insects
[Henderson's] the species of insect that live in organized groups and colonies, with division of labour between different morphological forms and which include many bees, ants and wasps (Hymenoptera) and the termites (Isoptera). \r\n
social insect
[Henderson's] the study of how genetic principles apply to groups of interbreeding individuals (a population) as a whole.
population genetics
Population genet
population genetic
population genetical
populations genetic
populations genetics
[Henderson's] the study of how genetic principles apply to groups of inter­breeding individuals (a population) as a whole.
[Henderson's] the use of molecular characteristics (e.g. DNA and protein sequences, the presence of particular chemical compounds) to construct classiﬁcations of organisms.
molecular taxonomy
[Henderson's] the use of molecu­lar characteristics (e.g. DNA and protein sequences, the presence of particular chemical compounds) to construct classi­ﬁcations of organisms.
[Henderson's] the use of the differential uptake of the rare radioactive isotope of carbon, 14C and the much more abundant isotope 12C, during carbon ﬁxation by plants to date the remains of organic material in archaeology. The radiocarbon method can be used to date material between 3000 and 40,000 years old.
tracers
coevoluted
coevolutional
coevolutioned
coevolutive
[Henderson's] n. parallel evolution of two species or genes, in which changes in one tend to produce changes in the other.
coevolution
microsatellites DNAs
[Henderson's] n. repetitive DNA based on a dinucleotide sequence repeated in series many times. The numbers of repeats at each microsatellite locus are very variable between individuals, and microsatellite DNA can be used as a marker in genetic mapping and for DNA ﬁngerprinting.
microsatellite DNA
assortative mate
assortative matings
assortatively mate
assortatively mated
assortatively mating
[Henderson's] non-random mating within a population where individuals tend to mate with individuals resembling them­selves. In human populations for example, mating tends to be random for certain characteristics such as blood groups and assortative for others such as height and ethnic group.
assortative mating
concept 'leaf area index' exists
LAI (Leaf Area Index)
age structural
age structured
age structures
aging structured
aging structures
[Henderson's] of a population, the percent­age of the population in each age group, or the number of individuals of each sex in each age group. alt. age distribution.
age structure
MEDITERRANEAN REGIONAL
Mediterranean region
Mediterranean regionalism
Mediterranean regions
[Henderson's] part of the Boreal phytogeographical kingdom comprising Southern Europe and North Africa, around the Mediterranean Sea.
mediterranean region
[Henderson's] photosynthesis measured as the net uptake of carbon dioxide into the leaf, equal to gross photosynthesis less carbon dioxide released during respiration.
net photosynthesis
[Henderson's] photosynthesis meas­ured as the net uptake of carbon dioxide into the leaf, equal to gross photosynthesis less carbon dioxide released during respiration.
[Henderson's] plant succession that begins on bare ground.
primary succession
Primary Successions
primary success
primary successes
primary successful
[Henderson's] quantitative and qualitative determination of pollen grains preserved in deposits such as peat, from which the former vegetation of the area can be reconstructed.
pollen analysis
arid zones
aridic zones
aridity zone
aridized zone
[Henderson's] regions extending from latitudes 15° to 30° in both hemispheres in which rainfall is very low and either evaporates in the high daytime temperatures or drains away rapidly so that it is unavailable to vegetation. This zone contains most of the world’s deserts. Parts of the zone support vegetation and some cultivation but are subject to overgrazing and overcultivation in times of drought, which can lead to desertiﬁcation.
arid zone
[Henderson's] reproduction involving the formation and fusion of two different kinds of gametes to form a zygote, usually resulting in progeny with a somewhat different genetic constitution from either parental type and from each other.
sexual reproduction
Sexual reproductive
Sexually reproductive
[Henderson's] reproduction involving the formation and fusion of two dif­ferent kinds of gametes to form a zygote, usually resulting in progeny with a some­what different genetic constitution from either parental type and from each other.
asexual reproductive
[Henderson's] reproduction which does not involve formation and fusion of gametes and results in progeny with an identical genetic constitution to the parent and to each other. Reproduction may occur by binary ﬁssion, budding, asexual spore formation or vegetative propagation. In asexual division in eukaryotic organisms, all cell divisions are by mitosis.
asexual reproduction
chloroplast DNAs
chloroplastic DNA
[Henderson's] see chloroplast. chloroplast factor see ATP synthase. chloroplast pigments pigments present in plant cell chloroplasts: chlorophylls, caro­tene and xanthophyll.
chloroplast DANN
convergence evolution
convergent evolutions
converging evolution
[Henderson's] similarity between two organisms, structures or molecules due to independent evolution along similar lines rather than descent from a common ancestor.
convergent evolution
base paired
base pairing
based pairing
[Henderson's] single pair of complement­ary nucleotides from opposite strands of the DNA double helix. The number of base pairs is used as a measure of length of a double-stranded DNA.
base pair
base pairings
base pairs
[Henderson's] speciation that occurs due to intrinsic factors within the population, in the absence of geographical isolation.
sympatric speciation
[Henderson's] study of the molecular structure of DNA, the structure and arrangement of genes, and the biochemical basis of gene expression and its regulation.
molecular genetics
MOLECULARES GENETIC
molecular genet
molecular genetic
molecular genetical
[Henderson's] study of the molecu­lar structure of DNA, the structure and arrangement of genes, and the biochem­ical basis of gene expression and its regulation.
[Henderson's] territory q.v.
home range
age classes
[Henderson's] The age structure of a population, the percent­age of the population in each age group, or the number of individuals of each sex in each age group. alt. age distribution
age class
[Henderson's] the changes that occur in DNA and in proteins as a result of mutation over long periods of time, which may alter function, eventually giving rise to novel genes and proteins.
molecular evolution
Molecular evolutional
Molecular evolutions
molecular evolut
[Henderson's] the difference in the ability of individuals of different genetic types to acquire mates, and therefore the differential transmission of certain characteristics to the next generation. It is made up of the choices made between males and females on the basis of some outward characteristic such as bright plumage or length of tail in birds, and competition between members of the same sex.
sexual selection
[Henderson's] the difference in the abil­ity of individuals of different genetic types to acquire mates, and therefore the differ­ential transmission of certain character­istics to the next generation. It is made up of the choices made between males and females on the basis of some outward characteristic such as bright plumage or length of tail in birds, and competition between members of the same sex.
nutrient cycles
amount of dissolved organic carbon in water
[Henderson's] the fraction of carbon bound in organic compounds in water in particles smaller than 0.45 µm
dissolved organic carbon in water
[Henderson's] the inability of two populations to interbreed because they are geographically isolated, or isolated from each other by differences of behaviour, mating time (or in plants maturation times of male and female sex organs), or genital morphology. This is a phase in the devel­opment of new species.
reproductive isolation
NAR
[Henderson's] the increase in dry weight of an individual plant per unit time, with reference to the total area involved in assimilation.
net assimilation rate
Net assimilate rate
net assimilating rate
net assimilation rates
host rang
host ranges
host ranging
hosts range
hosts ranging
[Henderson's] the range of different species, or cell types, that a pathogen can infect.
host range
[Henderson's] the range of variability shown by the phenotype in response to environmental ﬂuctuations.
phenotypic plasticity
Phenotype Plasticity
phenotypic plastic
phenotypic plasticities
phenotypical plasticity
[Henderson's] the range of vari­ability shown by the phenotype in response to environmental ﬂuctuations.
[Henderson's] the ratio of males to females in a population. May be given as proportion of male births, number of males per 100 females or per 100 births, or as percentage males in the population.
sex ratio
sex ratios
LAR
leaf area ratios
ratio of leaf area
[Henderson's] the ratio of the photosynthetic surface area of a leaf to its dry weight.
leaf area ratio
fossil recorded
fossil records
fossils record
fossils recording
fossils records
[Henderson's] the record of past life on Earth as it can be obtained from fossils.
fossil record
[Henderson's] the various responses made by organisms or cells to heat shock, cold shock and other stresses, such as drought.
stress response
stress responses
old growth forested
[Henderson's] uncut virgin forest containing trees that are hundreds and sometimes thousands of years old, as in the forests of Douglas ﬁr, western hemlock, giant sequoia and redwoods in the western United States. \n
old-growth forest
[Henderson's] uncut virgin forest containing trees that are hundreds and sometimes thousands of years old, as in the forests of Douglas ﬁr, western hemlock, giant sequoia and redwoods in the western United States. \r\n
[Henderson's] Increase in the size of a population of organisms or cells per unit of time. Often expressed as the generation time.
growth rate
sensor networks
[Himanshu Gupta] A sensor network is a multi-hop wireless network of sensor nodes cooperatively solving a sensing\r\n task. Each sensor node generates data items that are readings obtained from one or more sensors on\r\n the node. This makes a sensor network similar to a distributed database system. While this view is\r\n somewhat traditional, efficient execution of database (SQL) queries in sensor network remains a\r\n challenge, due to the unique characteristics of such networks such as limited memory and battery\r\n energy on individual nodes, multi-hop communication, unreliable infrastructure, and dynamic\r\n topology... , "[Hamed Chok] A sensor network is a valuable new form of collective computational instrumentation by virtue of its\r\n ability to sense physical quantities of interest and to transmit such readings via sub-networks of\r\n nodes/computers for processing... , "[Martin Drozda] A sensor network is a collection of wireless devices that are able to monitor physical or\r\n environmental conditions. These devices are expected to operate autonomously, be battery powered and\r\n have very limited computational capabilities. This makes the task of protecting a sensor network\r\n against misbehavior or possible malfunction a challenging problem... , "[Xiaoyun Wang] A sensor network is a collection of tiny sensor nodes, which consists of sensing, data processing\r\n and communicating components. Directed Diffusion is an important data-centric routing protocol of\r\n sensor networks... , "[Morten Tranberg Hansen] A sensor network is a network consisting of small, inexpensive, low-powered sensor nodes that\r\n communicate to complete a common task...
sensor network
land degradations
land degraded
land degrades
lands degradation
lands degrading
[Hong Ma] Land degradation is a universal problem , "[Luncendo Ngcofe] Land degradation is a global problem affecting many countries. In South Africa extensive degradation can be related to a history of unjust land policies, which resulted in over-exploitation of the land. According to Hoffman and Todd (Journal of Southern African Studies 26:743Ð758, 2000) the problem is most severe in the communal districts of the Limpopo Province, Eastern Cape, and Northwest Province... , "[Brilliant M. Petja] Land degradation is a major concern on matters relating to sustainable agricultural development andlong-term food productivity in Africa. Not withstanding other factors, land degradation in mostAfrican countries has been driven by disparities in land distribution. This has led to aconcentration of people on limited portions of land and the need to address their development needsand issues of food security. The degradation of soil has been further exacerbated by the subsequentincrease in population on marginal lands... , "[D. P. Shrestha] Land degradation is a crucial issue in mountainous areas due to slope steepness. Soil loss caused bysheet erosion and mass movement processes is common in such highly fragile environments. Althoughdeforestation, overgrazing and intensive agriculture, in many cases related to population pressure,cause accelerated erosion, natural phenomena such as exceptional rains or earthquakes also induceerosion. Slope gradient, an important parameter for the assessment of land degradation, can beautomatically generated from elevation data... , "[A. Khamzina] Land degradation is a serious hindrance to agricultural development in Uzbekistan, a countrystriving to rebuild its agricultural sector for self-sustained production. The potential ofmultipurpose trees for upgrading degraded land is enormous. However, knowledge is lacking about theestablishment and growth characteristics of different species, the energy content of firewood andthe nutritive value of fodder. This study presents such data for 10 selected local multipurposespecies grown on gleyic solonchak soil...
[http://www.lter-europe.net/sites-platforms/categories] a) EMERGING: recently established LTER Sites (3-5 years of observation) being developed towards a higher category; b) EXTENSIVE: LTER Sites with specific long-term monitoring and scientific foci and therefore not following the full ecosystem approach (e.g. for reasons of limited considered spatial scale). Extensive LTER Sites may emphasize the long-term monitoring (observation), but there must be an explicit research component.
emerging site
[http://www.lter-europe.net/sites-platforms/categories] Highly instrumented and permanently operated sites, featuring an ecosystem approach in terms of combining regular sampling (weekly as standard), permanent measurements and inventories at appropriate intervals across drivers and ecosystem compartments. Design of sites customized according to the ecological profile of the site, enabling integrated analyses across system strata (geosphere to atmosphere) and covering therefore required spatial scales. Experimental approaches shall be existent or possible. All year access and power supply must be secured in order to enable e.g. measurement of climate data according to international standards. A maximum of other networks and/or related projects shall have been using this category of site. Operation for at least 10 years.
master site
[http://www.lter-europe.net/sites-platforms/categories] In principle, these sites comply with the description of Master LTER Sites, but differ in volume of instrumentation as well as multi use and availability of long-term data across all ecosystem compartments and disciplines.
regular site
biological soil crusts
[http://www.soilcrust.org/] The community of organisms living at the surface of desert soils. Major components are cyanobacteria, green algae, microfungi, mosses, liverworts and lichens
biological soil crust
PVA
[Hugh P. Possingham] Population Viability Analysis (PVA) is a Monte Carlo simulation method for estimating the probability of extinction of threatened species.
population viability analysis
local adaptive
localized adaptability
locally adapted
locally adapting
locally adaptive
[I. M. Sokolova] Local adaptation is an important mechanism generating physiological diversity and can be especiallypronounced in species with restricted dispersal and gene flow such as direct developing snails ofthe genus Littorina... , "[KATHLEEN G. O'MALLEY] Local adaptation is a dynamic process driven by selection that can vary both in space and time. One important temporal adaptation for migratory animals is the time at which individuals return to breeding sites...
local adaptation
[Ian Rose] Passive monitoring is an important tool for measuring, troubleshooting, and protecting modern wireless networks...
passive monitoring
passive monitor
passive monitors
passively monitor
passively monitoring
passively monitors
[Ian Rose] Passive monitoring is an important tool for measuring, troubleshooting, and protecting modern\n wireless networks...
[Ijaz Rasool Noorka] Food security is a human right and represents a serious threat to humankind, originating as it doesfrom a worsening shortage of irrigation water. The sustainability of rural development is purelysubjected to ethnic, gender and racial discrimination. The present study takes a look at the On-FarmWater Management (OFWM) programme, a participatory approach providing technical know-how and capitalshares for watercourse construction, and improving the capacity building and empowerment of farmersto help them combat poverty and become socially mobile... , "[Mauro Migotto] Food security is a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon. As such, its measurement may entail and benefit from the combination of both &#39 , "[Robin Kortright] Food security is a fundamental element of community health. Informal house-lot food growing, byproviding convenient access to diverse varieties of affordable and nutritious produce, can providean important support for community food security. In this exploratory assessment of the contributionhome food gardening makes to community food security, in-depth interviews were conducted withgardeners in two contrasting neighborhoods in Toronto, Canada... , "[Chen-Te Huang] Food security is an important issue that is of concern for all countries around the world. There aremany factors which may cause food insecurity including increasing demand, shortage of supply, tradecondition, another countries&#39 , "[Diana P. Giraldo] Food security is a worldwide problem that has called the attention to Governments and the scientificcommunity. It particularly affects developing countries. The scientific community has had increasingconcerns for strategic understanding and implementation of food security policies in developingcountries, especially since the food crisis in the 70s. The process of decision-making is becomingincreasingly complex due to the interaction of multiple dimensions related to food security...
food security
BNF
[Ingvild Wartiainen] Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is an important source of nitrogen input in many naturalecosystems. The rice production today depends on large amounts of chemical nitrogen fertilizer,which is an environmental hazard in rice producing areas... , "[L. M. Bordeleau] Biological nitrogen fixation is a phenomenon occurring in all known ecosystems. Symbiotic nitrogenfixation is dependent on the host plant genotype, theRhizobium strain, and the interaction of thesesymbionts with the pedoclimatic factors and the environmental conditions. Extremes of pH affectnodulation by reducing the colonization of soil and the legume rhizosphere by rhizobia... , "[Gabriele Pietsch] Biological nitrogen fixation is the main source of nitrogen in organic farming systems. There islittle known about the impacts of cultivation techniques in pannonic regions on the capacity ofbiological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and the water use efficiency (ETC: evapotranspirationcoefficient) of lucerne... , "[Abbas Biabani] Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a sustainable alternative for nitrogen supply to agriculture worldwide... , "[Eric S. Boyd] Biological nitrogen fixation is a keystone process in many ecosystems, providing bioavailable formsof fixed nitrogen for members of the community. In the present study, degenerate primers targetingthe nitrogenase iron protein-encoding gene (nifH) were designed and employed to investigate thephysical and chemical parameters that underpin the distribution and diversity of nifH as a proxy fornitrogen-fixing organisms in the geothermal springs of Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming...
biological nitrogen fixation
organic agricultural
organization agricultural
organize agricultural
organizing agricultural
organizing agriculture
[J. de Wit] Organic agriculture is a system of production and consumption in which values play a prom inent\n role. The new IFOAM principles reflect the current worldwide consensus on the most important values\n of organic agriculture...
DTM
digital terrain modeling
digital terrain models
digitized terrain models
[J. Morillo Barrag n] The Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is a schematic definition of the terrain relief, it tends to be a faithful representation of the reality while the spatial interpolation gets a correct estimations...
digital terrain model
agricultural product
agricultural productivity
agricultural products
agriculturally productive
agriculture production
[J. TAMµS] Agricultural production is an activity of high economic and environmental risk, nowadays especially.Handling of widening scientific knowledge and up-to-date technological appliances needs rethinkingof foregoing theory and practice
agricultural production
sediment traps
[J. White] A sediment trap is a container deployed in the water column with the aim of providing a representative sample of the material settling through that water column before it passes to a greater depth and ultimately to the seabed or lake bottom.
sediment trap
sediment trapping
[J. White] A sediment trap is a container deployed in the water column with the aim of providing a\r\n representative sample of the material settling through that water column before it passes to a\r\n greater depth and ultimately to the seabed or lake bottom. A review of the previous literature shows\r\n cylinders and baffled funnels to be the most efficient sediment trap design in flows less than 0.1\r\n m/s...
[Jacqueline Pierre] Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an entomophilous crop... , "[Xiaoling Song] Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an important agronomic crop used for oil, food and animal feed.\n Glyphosate resistant B. napus is tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate and has been widely adopted\n due to higher economic returns... , "[B. W. Diers] Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is an important oilseed crop worldwide. Cultivars have been developed\n for many growing regions, however little is known about genetic diversity inB. napus germ plasm. The\n purpose of the research presented here was to study the genetic diversity and relationships ofB.\n napus accessions using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Eighty threeB. napus\n accessions were screened using 43 genomic DNA clones which revealed 161 polymorphic fragments... , "[R. J. Snowdon] Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an amphidiploid species that originated from a spontaneous\n hybridisation of Brassica rapa L...
forest fragmentation
forest fragmentations
forest fragmented
forest fragments
forests fragmented
[James D. Hurd] Forest fragmentation is a growing concern throughout the Northeastern United States where the primary cause of fragmentation is suburban development. However, the extent and rate of change to the forest landscape is not fully understood, particularly by local land use decision makers. As part of the NASA funded Northeast Regional Earth Science Applications Center (RESAC) at the University of Connecticut, research is being conducted to quantify forest fragmentation in four pilot watersheds distributed throughout the Northeast... , "[Andrew Lister] Forest fragmentation is a problem in many areas of the United States. As contiguous forest isdivided into smaller and smaller patches, ecosystem services, such as support for waterinfiltration, microclimate stabilization, wildlife habitat, and human recreation activities becomemore limited...
forest fragment
[Jeanne Millet] Plant succession is a phenomenon ascribed to vegetation dynamics at the scale of the plant community.
plant succession
plant success
plant successions
planting success
plants Success
plants Successful
[Jeanne Millet] Plant succession is a phenomenon ascribed to vegetation dynamics at the scale of the plant\n community. The study of plant succession implies the analysis of the species involved and their\n relationships. Depending on the research done, the characteristics of trees have been studied\n according to either static, dimensional or partial approaches...
fire frequences
fire frequencies
fires frequency
firing frequencies
firing frequency
[Jennifer L. Beverly] Fire frequency is the most commonly used measure to characterize fire regimes for comparisons acrossgeographical areas or time periods. Within the boreal forest region of the Boreal Shield ecozone ofOntario, fire frequency changes over time and across longitudinal gradients have been associatedwith drought frequency and large-scale climate processes...
fire frequency
suspended sediments
phylogenetic analysi
phylogenetical analysis
phylogenetically Analysis
phylogenetics analysis
[Jesse Mecham] Phylogenetic analysis is a central tool in studies of comparative genomics. When a new region of DNA\n is isolated and sequenced, researchers are often forced to throw away months of computation on an\n existing phylogeny of homologous sequences in order to incorporate this new sequence. The previously\n constructed trees are often discarded, and the researcher begins the search again from scratch. The\n jumpstarting algorithm uses trees from the prior search as a starting point for a new phylogenetic\n search. This technique drastically decreases search time for large data sets... , "[Thomas M. Keane] Phylogenetic analysis is an area of computational biology concerned with the reconstruction of\n evolutionary relationships between organisms, genes, and gene families. Maximum likelihood\n evaluation has proven to be one of the most reliable methods for constructing phylogenetic trees...
phylogenetic analysis
MWP
[Johannes Koch] The Medieval Warm Period is an interval of purportedly warm climate during the early part of the past millennium. The duration, areal extent, and even existence of the Medieval Warm Period have been debated; in some areas the climate of this interval appears to have been affected more by changes in precipitation than in temperature...
medieval warm period
[Johannes Koch] The Medieval Warm Period is an interval of purportedly warm climate during the early part of the\n past millennium. The duration, areal extent, and even existence of the Medieval Warm Period have\n been debated; in some areas the climate of this interval appears to have been affected more by\n changes in precipitation than in temperature...
NEP
[Jonathan J. Cole] Net ecosystem production (NEP) is the difference between gross primary production (GPP) and community respiration (R)...
net ecosystem production
net ecosystem productivity
[Jonathan J. Cole] Net ecosystem production (NEP) is the difference between gross primary production (GPP) and\n community respiration (R)...
seed sizes
[JUAN L. CELIS-DIEZ] Seed size is a life history attribute that affects the probability of seed predation, and therefore\r\n affects plant fitness. Compared with smaller seeds, those with large size should be more attractive\r\n to predators, as they constitute a more profitable food item because of higher energetic and/or\r\n nutrient content. However, predator preferences may be frequency-dependent in the sense that they\r\n may be modulated by the relative abundance of alternative seeds of different sizes... , "[Britta Kerstin Kunz] Seed size is an important plant fitness trait that can influence several steps between fruiting and\r\n the establishment of a plant’s offspring. Seed size varies considerably within many plant species,\r\n yet the relevance of the trait for intra-specific fruit choice by primates has received little\r\n attention. Primates may select certain seed sizes within a species for a number of reasons, e.g. to\r\n decrease indigestible seed load or increase pulp intake per fruit...
seed size
[Juan P. Isacch] Vegetation structure is an integral component of avian habitat selection. Therefore, structure changes caused by management practices can influence avian communities. The salt marshes of the pampas region of Argentina have experienced an increase in fire use as a management tool to improve cattle forage and to avoid accidental fires...
vegetation structure
vegetation structures
[Juan P. Isacch] Vegetation structure is an integral component of avian habitat selection. Therefore, structure\r\n changes caused by management practices can influence avian communities. The salt marshes of the\r\n pampas region of Argentina have experienced an increase in fire use as a management tool to improve\r\n cattle forage and to avoid accidental fires...
[Jukka Jokela] Life-history evolution is a complex process. Life-history theory covers the fundamental level of the process, the evolution of life-history traits.
life history evolution
life histories evolution
[Jukka Jokela] Life-history evolution is a complexprocess. Life-history theory covers the fundamentallevel of theprocess, the evolution of life-historytraits. Life-history traits interact
size of bird egg
[JULIAN K. CHRISTIANS] Egg size is a widely-studied trait and yet the causes and consequences of variation in this traitremain poorly understood. Egg size varies greatly within many avian species, with the largest egg ina population generally being at least 50% bigger, and sometimes twice as large, as the smallest...
bird egg size
egg size
egg sizes
eggs size
exposure assess
exposure assessed
exposure assesses
exposure assessing
exposure assessments
[Karla D. Thrall] Exposure assessment is a critical component in estimating health risk. The analysis of exhaledbreath offers an ideal non-invasive matrix for measuring volatile biomarkers associated with theabsorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of chemicals under a variety of environmentalconditions. A real-time, field-portable system was developed to directly analyze undiluted exhaledair from experimental animals and humans...
exposure assessment
[Kate G. McAlpine] Seedling recruitment is a multi-phased process involving seed production, dispersal, germination, seedling establishment and subsequent survival.
seedling recruitment
seedlings recruitment
[Kate G. McAlpine] Seedling recruitment is a multi-phased process involving seed production, dispersal, germination,\r\n seedling establishment and subsequent survival. Understanding the factors that determine success at\r\n each stage of this process is of particular interest to scientists and managers seeking to\r\n understand how invasive species spread and persist, and identify critical stages for management. To\r\n understand the factors and processes influencing recruitment of the invasive species Berberis\r\n darwinii Hook...
landscape genetic
landscapes genetic
[Katherine M. Pease] Landscape genetics is an emerging discipline that utilizes environmental and historical data tounderstand geographic patterns of genetic diversity. Niche modelling has added a new dimension tosuch efforts by allowing species-environmental associations to be projected into the past so thathypotheses about historical vicariance can be generated and tested independently with genetic data.However, previous approaches have primarily utilized DNA sequence data to test inferences abouthistorical isolation and may have missed very recent episodes of environmentally mediateddivergence... , "[Niko Balkenhol] Landscape genetics is an emerging interdisciplinary field that combines methods and concepts from population genetics, landscape ecology, and spatial statistics. The interest in landscape genetics is steadily increasing, and the field is evolving rapidly...
landscape genetics
[KATHLEEN G. O'MALLEY] Local adaptation is a dynamic process driven by selection that can vary both in space and time.
N2 fixating
[Keiji Horikawa] N2 fixation is an important biological process that adds new nitrogen to oceans and plays a key role\r\n in modulating the oceanic nitrate inventory. However, it is not known how, when, and where N2\r\n fixation rates have varied in response to past climate changes. This study presents a new record of\r\n nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15N) over the last 83 kyr from a sediment core (KH02-4 SUP8) taken\r\n in the Sulu Sea in the western equatorial Pacific region; data allow the N2 fixation variability in\r\n the sea to be reconstructed...
added as alternative label under nitrogen fixation
n2 fixation
ecologic risk assessment
ecological risk assess
ecological risk assessments
[Keith R. Hayes] Ecological risk assessment is a common environmental management tool. It is routinely used for physical and chemical stressors, and has recently been used for biological stressors such as invasive species and genetically modified organisms... , "[Constantin-Horia BARBU] Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is an integral part of the environmental policy assumed by theRomanian Government, according to the standards of the European Union, to which our country hopes tobe admitted in 2007. Even though very difficult, the negotiations chapter on environment protectionwas closed not long ago, the norms the Government has passed, inspired by the Community ones, beingquite convincing... , "[Sebastian Jooste] Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is a commonly used decision support technique in many managementapplications...
ecological risk assessment
[Kerrie Wilson] Conservation planning is the process of locating and designing conservation areas to promote the persistence of biodiversity in situ.
conservation planning
conservation plan
conservation plans
conservative plan
conservative plans
conserving plan
[Kerrie Wilson] Conservation planning is the process of locating and designing conservation areas to promote thepersistence of biodiversity in situ. To do this, conservation areas must be able to mitigate atleast some of the proximate threats to biodiversity. Information on threatening processes and therelative vulnerability of areas and natural features to these processes is therefore crucial foreffective conservation planning. However, measuring and incorporating vulnerability intoconservation planning have been problematic...
leaf longevities
time span of leaf longevity
[Kihachiro Kikuzawa] Leaf longevity is an integral part of a quintet of highly intercorrelated and functionally interdependent traits that organize the function of leaves as photosynthetic organs: photosynthetic capacity, A max
leaf longevity time
leaf longevity
[Kiyoshi Kawanishi] The river discharge is an important hydrological quantity on river planning, management, and environment conservation. In order to monitor the discharge in real time, an acoustic velocity meter (AVM) has been developed and deployed at a tidal river. The AVM has breakthroughs as follows: 1) accurate time with GPS clock signals, 2) high signal-to-noise ratio with tenth order M-sequence, 3) thrifty power consumption, reduction in size and weight...
river discharge
river discharging
[Kiyoshi Kawanishi] The river discharge is an important hydrological quantity on river planning, management, and\r\n environment conservation. In order to monitor the discharge in real time, an acoustic velocity meter\r\n (AVM) has been developed and deployed at a tidal river. The AVM has breakthroughs as follows: 1)\r\n accurate time with GPS clock signals, 2) high signal-to-noise ratio with tenth order M-sequence, 3)\r\n thrifty power consumption, reduction in size and weight... , "[Caries Ibafiez] River discharge is the main factor controlling the hydrologic dynamics of the Ebre and Rhone\r\n estuaries. The topography of the estuary bed also influences the extent, advance, and retreat of the\r\n salt wedge. Tides have little influence because of the low tidal range. Mean annual river discharge\r\n is close to the critical value determining the formation and breakup of the salt wedge... , "[Kiyosi Kawanisi] River discharge is an important hydrological quantity on river and coastal planning/management,\r\n control of water resources, etc. In the present study, water discharge in a shallow tidal channel,\r\n which is 120 m wide and 0.3~3 m deep, was continuously measured using a new river acoustic\r\n tomography (RAT) system. A couple of transducers of central frequency 30 kHz were installed\r\n diagonally across the channel... , "[Laura Díaz] River discharge is an important issue to be monitored because of its significant influence on\r\n environmental systems, on human lives for water resource exploitation, and hazards related to floods\r\n and landslides...
stratified sample
[Konstantinos Sechidis] Stratified sampling is a sampling method that takes into account the existence of disjoint groups\r\n within a population and produces samples where the proportion of these groups is maintained... , "[Timur Keskintürk] Stratified sampling is a methodology in which a heterogeneous population is partitioned into\r\n homogeneous subgroups called strata...
stratified sampling
seed germinated
seeds germinated
[Lawrence Pomber] Seed germination is a crucial phase in the establishment and maint› of natural populations of\r\n plants. The dry seed is characterized by a low state of metabolism capable ofwithstanding extreme\r\n variations in its environment. Hydration of the seed is often all that is required to initiate an\r\n intricate and interlocked sequence of anabolic and catabolic processes essential for germination and\r\n growth. At this time, the seed is extremely vulnerable to environmental stress... , "[Bahman Shafii] Seed germination is a complex biological process that is influenced by various environmental and\r\n genetic factors... , "[Emilio Cervantes] Seed germination is a model system for the analysis of plant development. Cell elongation and\r\n differentiation processes are under the control of hormones and submitted to the influence of\r\n environmental factors. Hormones (abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellic acid, ethylene and others)\r\n interact with each other as well as with diverse components of cell metabolism... , "[F. Abbassi] Seed germination is an important phase of plant development during which soil water availability is\r\n crucial. Salinity can affect seed germination in two ways: 1) Change of osmotic potential of\r\n available water, 2) toxicity effects. In this experiment, interactive effects of salinity and water\r\n deficit on germination criteria of two species of A, littoralis and A. logopoides were studied in a\r\n factorial design with completely randomized arrangement and four replications...
seed weights
[Lea R. Wirth] Seed weight is a prominent life history trait of plants affecting dispersal, establishment, and\r\n survival. In alpine environments, the few studies investigating the effect of elevation on seed\r\n weight within species have mainly detected a decrease in seed weight with increasing elevation. This\r\n relationship is generally attributed to the adverse climate at high elevations... , "[M. A. R. Mian] Seed weight (SW) is a component of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., seed yield, as well as an\r\n important trait for food-type soybeans. Two soybean populations, 120 F4-derived lines of\r\n YoungxPI416937 (Pop1) and 111 F2-derived lines of PI97100xCoker 237 (Pop2), were mapped with RFLP\r\n makers to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conditioning SW across environments and\r\n populations. The genetic map of Pop1 consisted of 155 loci covering 973 cM, whereas Pop2 involved\r\n 153 loci and covered 1600 cM of map distance... , "[Chuchuan Fan] Seed weight is an important component of grain yield in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), but the\r\n genetic basis for the important quantitative trait is still not clear. In order to identify the\r\n genes for seed weight in oilseed rape, QTL mapping for thousand seed weight (TSW) was conducted with\r\n a doubled haploid (DH) population and an F2 population. A complete linkage map of the DH population\r\n was constructed using 297 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers...
groundwater recharged
groundwater recharges
groundwater recharging
groundwaters recharged
[Lihe Yin] Groundwater recharge is a key factor in water-balance studies, especially in (semi-)arid areas. Inthis study, multiple methods were used to estimate groundwater recharge in the Ordos Plateau(China), including reference to water-table fluctuation, Darcy?s law and the water budget. The meanannual recharge rates found were: water-table-fluctuation method (46?109 mm/yr) , "[J. L. McCallum] Groundwater recharge is a complex process reflecting many interactions between climate, vegetationand soils. Climate change will impact upon groundwater recharge but it is not clear which climatevariables have the greatest influence over recharge. This study used a sensitivity analysis ofclimate variables using a modified version of WAVES, a soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer model(unsaturated zone), to determine the importance of each climate variable in the change ingroundwater recharge for three points in Australia... , "[Bridget R. Scanlon] Groundwater recharge is a critical hydrological parameter that, depending on the application, mayneed to be estimated at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Quantification of water fluxesfrom the atmosphere to underlying aquifers is important for global water budgets... , "[Keith E. Schilling] Groundwater recharge is an important component to hydrologic studies but is known to vary considerably across the landscape. The purpose of this study was to examine 4 years of water-level behavior in a transect of four water-table wells installed at Walnut Creek, Iowa, USA to evaluate how groundwater recharge varied along a topographic gradient. The amount of daily water-table rise (WTR) in the wells was summed at monthly and annual scales and estimates of specific yield (Sy) were used to convert the WTR to recharge... , "[Niclas Bockg†rd] Groundwater recharge is an important but often a highly uncertain boundary condition when modelinggroundwater flow in bedrock. Here the distribution of water infiltrating through the soil overburdeninto the underlying fractured bedrock is studied for different infiltration rates, drainageconditions and soil-rock permeability contrasts...
Unclear. Duplicate
groundwater recharge
biological invasions
[Lucy Tiemi Takahashi] Biological invasion is an important area of research in mathematical biology and more so if itconcerns species which are vectors for diseases threatening the public health of large populations.That is certainly the case for Aedes aegypti and the dengue epidemics in South America. Without theprospect of an effective and cheap vaccine in the near future, any feasible public policy forcontrolling the dengue epidemics in tropical climates must necessarily include appropriatestrategies for minimizing the mosquito population factor...
biological invasion
agroforestry systemic
[Luiz Moreira Coelho Junior] Agroforestry System is the ecological and economical interaction of the use of the land, with the combination of agriculture, livestock and forest production, in temporary sequence and in asimultaneous way.
agroforestry system
agroforestry systems
[Luiz Moreira Coelho Junior] Agroforestry System is the ecological and economical interaction of the use of the land, with thecombination of agriculture, livestock and forest production, in temporary sequence and in asimultaneous way. The studies of investments in projects assume the existence of risks anduncertainties. An alternative to reduce the risk in the forest investment is the association withthe agricultural. This work analyzed the situations of risk of a system agroflorestal...
nitrogen leach
nitrogen leached
[M. Hoffmann] Nitrogen leaching is a world-wide concern for the quality of groundand surfacewater. Measures to\n abate this is still limited by a lack of understanding mechanisms behind all factors describing the\n leaching process, time lags between countermeasures and improvement in waterquality and spatial\n distribution of nitrogen leaching...
nitrogen leaching
[M. Jake Vander Zanden] Food chain length is a fundamental ecosystem property, and plays a central role in determining ecosystem functioning. Recent advances in the field of stable isotope ecology allow the estimation of food chain length (FCL) from stable nitrogen isotope (d15N) data... , "[David J. Hoeinghaus] Food-chain length is a central characteristic of ecological communities that affects community structure and ecosystem function...
[Malika Khalili] Spatial autocorrelation is a correlation between the values of a single variable, considering their geographical locations.
spatially autocorrelated"@en , "spatial autocorrelated"@en , "spatial autocorrelations"@en
spatial autocorrelation
spatial autocorrelated
spatial autocorrelations
spatially autocorrelated
[Malika Khalili] Spatial autocorrelation is a correlation between the values of a single variable, considering their\r\n geographical locations. This concept has successfully been used for multi-site generation of daily\r\n precipitation data (Khalili et al... , "[Suriatini Ismail] Spatial autocorrelation is a phenomenon where the values of a variable located within certain\r\n geographic area show a similar pattern. It is a source of imperfection in house price modelling that\r\n employs the popular technique of hedonic regression. Despite its long established concept, it is\r\n only recently when spatial autocorrelation has started to gain the attention of real estate\r\n studies...
chlorophyll fluoresc
chlorophyll fluorescent
chlorophyll fluorescing
chlorophylls fluorescence
[Manfred Jensen] Chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) is the absorption of blue or red photons (= excitation) by chlorophyllmolecules and the emission of far red photons (the energy difference is lost as heat). In contrastto chloroform solutions of chlorophyll or to fluorescent dyes, the emission from activephotosynthetic systems does not remain constant, but changes in a complicated way after a constantexcitation light is switched on...
chlorophyll fluorescence
[Manfred Jensen] Chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) is the absorption of blue or red photons (= excitation) by chlorophyllmolecules and the emission of far red photons (the energy difference is lost as heat).
Oxidation DNA damage
Oxidative DNA damaging
oxidants DNA damage
oxidative DNA damages
oxidized DNA damages
[MARCUS S. COOKE] Oxidative DNA damage is an inevitable consequence of cellular metabolism, with a propensity for\n increased levels following toxic insult...
oxidative dna damage
CBD
[Marcus Zisenis] The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a major step forward towards an integrated approachof biodiversity and conservation to sustainable development. The CBD mentions in its preamble theintrinsic value of biological diversity and the ecological, genetic, social, economic, scientific,educational, cultural, recreational and aesthetic values of biological diversity and itscomponents...
convention on biological diversity
organic fertility
organic fertilization
organic fertilizers
organically fertilized
organs Fertilization
[Márkilla Zunete Beckmann-Cavalcante] The organic fertilizer is a promising alternative capable to reduce the amounts of chemical\n fertilizers. In this way, a work was developed aiming to evaluate the productive behavior of tomato\n (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) as function of organic and mineral fertilizer under protected\n ambient...
organic fertilizer
[Martin Drozda] A sensor network is a collection of wireless devices that are able to monitor physical or\r\n environmental conditions. These devices are expected to operate autonomously, be battery powered and\r\n have very limited computational capabilities. This makes the task of protecting a sensor network\r\n against misbehavior or possible malfunction a challenging problem... , "[Xiaoyun Wang] A sensor network is a collection of tiny sensor nodes, which consists of sensing, data processing\r\n and communicating components. Directed Diffusion is an important data-centric routing protocol of\r\n sensor networks... , "[Himanshu Gupta] A sensor network is a multi-hop wireless network of sensor nodes cooperatively solving a sensing\r\n task. Each sensor node generates data items that are readings obtained from one or more sensors on\r\n the node. This makes a sensor network similar to a distributed database system. While this view is\r\n somewhat traditional, efficient execution of database (SQL) queries in sensor network remains a\r\n challenge, due to the unique characteristics of such networks such as limited memory and battery\r\n energy on individual nodes, multi-hop communication, unreliable infrastructure, and dynamic\r\n topology... , "[Hamed Chok] A sensor network is a valuable new form of collective computational instrumentation by virtue of its\r\n ability to sense physical quantities of interest and to transmit such readings via sub-networks of\r\n nodes/computers for processing... , "[Morten Tranberg Hansen] A sensor network is a network consisting of small, inexpensive, low-powered sensor nodes that\r\n communicate to complete a common task...
cell membranes
cell membranous
celled membraneous
cells membrane
cells membranes
[Martin Noble] The cell membrane is a location of bidirectional signalling. External events may activate signallingnetworks within the cell, while internal signals may be transduced through modulation of theproperties of cell-surface proteins that mediate cellular adhesion to the extracellular matrix or toother cells... , "[Akihiro Kusumi] The cell membrane is a 2-dimensional non-ideal liquid containing dynamic structures on various time-space scales, and the raft domain is one of them. Existing literature supports the concept that raft dynamics may be important for its formation and function: the raft function may be supported by stimulation-induced raft association/coalescence and recruitment of various raftophilic molecules to coalesced rafts, and, importantly, they both may happen transiently...
cell membrane
[Masood Zamani] The DNA barcoding is a promising technique for identifications of biological species based on a relatively short sequence of COI gene.
DNA barcode
DNA barcod
DNA barcoded
DNA barcodes
DNA barcoding
[Masood Zamani] The DNA barcoding is a promising technique for identifications of biological species based on arelatively short sequence of COI gene. A research area to improve the DNA barcoding is to study theclassification techniques that utilize common properties of DNA and amino acid sequences such asvariable lengths of gene sequences, and the comparison of different reference genes... , "[DNA BARCODING] DNA barcoding is a global initiative that provides a standardized and efficient tool to catalogueand inventory biodiversity, with significant conservation applications. Despite progress acrosstaxonomic realms, globally threatened marine turtles remain underrepresented in this effort... , "[Renaud Lahaye] DNA barcoding is a technique in which species identification is performed by using DNA sequencesfrom a small fragment of the genome, with the aim of contributing to a wide range of ecological andconservation studies in which traditional taxonomic identification is not practical. DNA barcodingis well established in animals, but there is not yet any universally accepted barcode for plants... , "[Senjie Lin] DNA barcoding is a diagnostic technique for species identification using a short, standardized DNA. An effective DNA barcoding marker would be very helpful for unraveling the poorly understood species diversity of dinoflagellates in the natural environment. In this study, the potential utility for DNA barcoding of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) and cytochrome b (cob) was assessed. Among several primer sets examined, the one amplifying a 385-bp cob fragment was most effective for dinoflagellates... , "[J. Neigel] DNA Barcoding (DBC) is a method for taxonomic identification of animals that is based entirely onthe 5? portion of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI-5). It can be especiallyuseful for identification of larval forms or incomplete specimens lacking diagnostic morphologicalcharacters. DBC can also facilitate the discovery of species and in defining ?molecular taxonomicunits? in problematic groups...
PBL
planetary boundary layers
[Massimiliano Burlando] The planetary boundary-layer (PBL) parameterization is a key issue for the definition of initial\n wind flow fields in diagnostic models. However, PBL theories usually treat separately stable,\n neutral, and convective stability conditions, so that their implementation in diagnostic wind models\n is not straightforward...
planetary boundary layer
CSS
[Matt V. Talluto] Coastal sage scrub (CSS) is a target for restoration because it provides habitat for numerous specialstatus species and it has been impacted by urbanization, agriculture and invasion by non-native species. Many restoration designs have neglected the herbaceous understory component of CSS, although it may comprise the majority of vascular plant species in a natural CSS stand. The omission of an understory may promote invasion by non-native plants and reduce overall success... , "[Jan L. Beyers] Coastal sage scrub is a fire-adapted, drought deciduous vegetation type, which is rapidly disappearing to urbanization in southern California. It is home to the threatened California gnatcatcher and several candidate vertebrate species. Planning efforts in southern California seek to identify and preserve key coastal sage scrub sites so that economic development activities may continue in other areas. Thorough knowledge of the habitat-requirements of the California gnatcatcher and associated species is critical to this effort...
coastal sage scrub
[Matthew E Picha] Compensatory growth (CG) is a period of growth acceleration that exceeds normal rates after animals are alleviated of certain growth-stuntingconditions.Inhybridstripedbass(HSB,Morone chrysops!Morone saxatilis), 3 weeks of complete feed restriction results in a catabolic state that, when relieved, renders a subsequent phase of CG... , "[Alfredo G. Nicieza] Compensatory growth (CG) is a key issue in work aiming at a full understanding of the adaptive significance of growth plasticity and its carryover effects on life-history. The number of studies addressing evolutionary explanations for CG has increased rapidly during the last few years, but there has not been a parallel gain in our understanding of the methodological difficulties associated with the analysis of CG... , "[D. Álvarez] Compensatory growth is a phase of unusually rapid growth following a period of growth depression. This response allows animals to achieve the same size-for-age as continuously fed contemporaries... , "[L. Kristensen] Compensatory growth is a phenomenon observed in pigs given free access to feed following a period of restricted feeding that results in increased growth rates. Compensatory growth is believed to increase protein turnover and thereby the proteolytic potential at the time of slaughter, leading to faster tenderization rates of meat. Nine litters of three gilts and three barrows were allocated within litter and gender to three dietary treatment groups... , "[David µlvarez] Compensatory growth is an organism&#39
leaf senescent
leaf senesces
leaf senescing
[Michal Sharabi-Schwager] Leaf senescence is a programmed developmental process governed by various endogenous and exogenousfactors, such as the plant developmental stage, leaf age, phytohormone levels, darkness, andexposure to stresses. It was found that, in addition to its well-documented role in the enhancementof plant frost tolerance, overexpression of the C-repeat/dehydration responsive element bindingfactor 2 (CBF2) gene in Arabidopsis delayed the onset of leaf senescence and extended the life spanof the plants by approximately 2 weeks... , "[Hye-Kyung Yoon] Leaf senescence is a highly regulated genetic process that constitutes the last stage of plantdevelopment and provides adaptive fitness by relocating metabolites from senescing leaves toreproducing seeds. Characterization of various senescence mutants, mostly in Arabidopsis, andgenome-wide analyses of gene expression, have identified a wide array of regulatory components,including transcription factors and enzymes as well as signaling molecules mediating growth hormonesand environmental stress responses... , "[Chunjiang Zhou] Leaf senescence is a developmentally programmed cell death process that constitutes the final stepof leaf development, and it can be regulated by multiple environmental cues and endogenous signals.The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play diverse roles in intracellular andextracellular signaling in plants. Roles of the MAPK signaling module in leaf senescence areunknown. Here, a MAPK cascade involving MKK9-MPK6 is shown to play an important role in regulatingleaf senescence in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)... , "[Naomi Ori] Leaf senescence is an active process involving remobilization of nutrients from senescing leaves to other parts of the plant. Whereas senescence is accompanied by a decline in leaf cytokinin content, supplemental cytokinin delays senescence. Plants that overexpress isopentenyl transferase ( ipt ), a cytokinin-producing gene, or knotted1 ( kn1 ), a homeobox gene, have many phenotypes in common... , "[Pyung Ok Lim] Leaf senescence is a sequence of biochemical and physiological events comprising the final stage inleaf development...
atlantic forested
atlantic forests
[Michelle de Oliveira Ribeiro] The Atlantic forest is a high diversity ecosystem that suffers with fragmentation effects and increasing of edges. This work aimed analyze the floristic composition and the physical structure of vegetation in edges of paved roads, within 10 meters, of Tijuca National Park, as well assess the occurrence of the exotic specie Dracena fragrans, comparing the relief situations slope up and down of the roads. It was established 10 plots of 10x10 m in the edges of pavement roads, in which were registered structural features of vegetation and sampled all individuals with DAP ³ 2,5 cm... , "[Hilton P. Silva] The Atlantic Forest (AF) of Brazil is a highly endangered natural ecosystem whose rural humaninhabitant?s socioeconomic and health situation also is generally precarious. Using atransdisciplinary and participatory methodology, the different characteristics of rural populationsliving near three protected areas in Santa Teresa?ES, Brazil, were investigated in a pilot projectexamining the human groups and the biodiversity of the region...
atlantic forest
coastal aquifers
[Miguel Rangel Medina] A coastal aquifer is a hydrogeological unit whose basic characteristic is that one of its geographiclimits is the sea or the coastline. In this sense, the unit is generally understood as representingthe water discharge from a continental hydrologic basin. This type of aquifer is highly sensitive togroundwater extraction by wells, since unlike a continental aquifer where over-exploitation iscompensated by taking water from storage, coastal aquifers allow the entrance of sea waterinstead...
coastal aquifer
spatial properties
[Miki Kertész] Any parameter referring to spatial domain, e.g. distance, area, volume, position, etc.
spatial property
[Miki Kertész] Any parameter referring to the properties of the sampling process, method, sample size, spatial or temporal distribution, etc.
those are not parameters, which observed
sampling parameter
[Miki Kertész] Sampling parameter referring to physical volume of the sample, e.g. volume of soil core, water sample, etc.
sampling volume
[Miki Kertész] Sampling parameter referring to the date and time of the sampling
sampling date and time
[Miki Kertész] Sampling parameter referring to the temporal frequency of the sampling, e.g. every 10 seconds, daily, yearly, etc.
sampling frequency
[Mikiya Hiroki] Organic matter decomposition is an important ecological function in tidal flat ecosystems, and\r\n extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activities can be used as indices of this process. In this study,\r\n the spatial and temporal variations of enzyme activities were determined to establish easily\r\n measured variables that could be used to assess wetland functions. Seven sampling sites belonging to\r\n the hydrogeomorphic subclasses estuary, foreshore, and lagoon were selected in the intertidal zone\r\n of the Obitsu River Delta and the Banzu Tidal Flat in Tokyo Bay, Japan...
organic matter decomposition
above ground biomasses
above-ground biomass
[NŽstor I. Gasparri] Above-ground biomass is a key parameter in the estimates of the carbon stock in forests and to know about their status of conservation. In this work, a multi-temporal analysis of satellite images is done in order to assess its use in estimating above-ground biomass in dry forests of the Parque Chaque–o region in Argentina. Biomass was estimated from field data and was correlated to spectral data... , "[Jerome Chave] The above-ground biomass (AGB) of tropical forests is a crucial variable for ecologists,biogeochemists, foresters and policymakers. Tree inventories are an efficient way of assessingforest carbon stocks and emissions to the atmosphere during deforestation...
flower phenology
flowering phenologies
[O. Godoy] Flowering phenology is an important and poorly understood plant trait that may possibly be relatedto the invasiveness potential of alien species. The present work evaluates whether flowering time ofinvasive alien species is a key trait to overcome the climatic filters operating in continentalMediterranean ecosystems of Spain (characterised by summer drought and low temperatures inwinter)...
flowering phenology
[O. SCHWEIGER] Habitat fragmentation is a major force affecting demography and genetic structure of wild populations, especially in agricultural landscapes. The land snail Cepaea nemoralis (L.) was selected to investigate the impact of habitat fragmentation on the spatial genetic structure of an organism with limited dispersal ability. Genetic and morphological patterns were investigated at a local scale of a 500 m transect and a mesoscale of 4 ? ? ? ? 4 km in a fragmented agricultural landscape while accounting for variation in the landscape using least-cost models... , "[Emilio M. Bruna] Habitat fragmentation is a leading cause of extinction, with effects that may be particularlypronounced in tropical ecosystems. However, little is known regarding the demographic mechanismsunderlying changes in abundance in fragmented landscapes... , "[GRACIELA VALLADARES] Habitat fragmentation is the transformation of once-extensive landscapes into smaller, isolatedremnants surrounded by new types of habitat. There is ample evidence of impoverished biodiversity asa consequence of habitat fragmentation, but its most profound effects may actually result fromfunctional changes in ecological processes such as trophic interactions... , "[Marcelo Tabarelli] Habitat fragmentation is a major cause of biodiversity erosion in tropical forests. The BrazilianAtlantic forest has both high species richness and a long history of anthropogenic disturbance,beginning with colonial agriculture in the sixteenth century... , "[Nusha Keyghobadi] Habitat fragmentation is a ubiquitous by-product of human activities that can alter the geneticstructure of natural populations, with potentially deleterious effects on population persistence andevolutionary potential. When habitat fragmentation results in the subdivision of a population,random genetic drift then leads to the erosion of genetic diversity from within the resultingsubpopulations and greater genetic divergence among them...
habitat fragmentation
ecosystem services
[Xiaoming Feng] Ecosystem service is an emerging concept that grows to be a hot research area in ecology. Spatiallyexplicit ecosystem service values are important for ecosystem service management. However, it isdifficult to quantify ecosystem services. Remote sensing provides images covering Earth surface,which by nature are spatially explicit. Thus, remote sensing can be useful for quantitativeassessment of ecosystem services...
ecosystem service
[Xiaoqiang Li] Vegetation history is a valuable tool to assist understanding of environmental changes, ecological restoration and human impact on the environment.
vegetation history
[Xiaoqiang Li] Vegetation history is a valuable tool to assist understanding of environmental changes, ecological\r\n restoration and human impact on the environment. This study discusses the pollen analysis of the\r\n Yaoxian section on the southern margin of the Loess Plateau in China. Based on the pollen diagram,\r\n the vegetation of Yaoxian shows four episodes of change, i.e. from steppe to humid-grassland, to\r\n steppe, to humid-grassland, and then to grassland, over the last 12 000 years...
MATE system
[Xiao-yong Chen] Mating system is an important factor affecting gene flow and genetic structure of plant populations. Based on identification of chlorophyll-deficient offsprings on heterozygous individuals, selfing rates were estimated for Kandelia candel, a viviparous mangrove species. Outcrossing rates were significantly decreased when population was thinned, indicating that plant density plays an important role in plant reproductive features...
Definition need revision!
mating system
mate systems
mated system
mated systems
mating systems
[Xiao-yong Chen] Mating system is an important factor affecting gene flow and genetic structure of plant populations.\r\n Based on identification of chlorophyll-deficient offsprings on heterozygous individuals, selfing\r\n rates were estimated for Kandelia candel, a viviparous mangrove species. Outcrossing rates were\r\n significantly decreased when population was thinned, indicating that plant density plays an\r\n important role in plant reproductive features...
humic soils
Oxygen saturation or dissolved oxygen (DO) is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in a given medium.
Water: O2-saturation
oxygen saturation
VO2
Oxygen uptake (VO2). It's the oxygen consumption or uptake per kilogram of body weight. It's the most relevant measure of the cardiorespiratory system. The highest rate at which oxygen can be consumed is called VO2Max, distributed and used by the body during exercise
oxygen uptake
fire severity
[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction, 2013-08-22" , "[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22
WMO
world meteorological organization
wind pollinated
wind pollination
wind dispersed
wind dispersal
WHO
world health organisation
wet deposition of nitrogen
present in EcoPar
nitrogen wet deposition Copy
nitrogen wet deposition
WCRP
world climate research programme
[Muhammad Ali] The mangrove forest is a coastal wetland ecosystem dominated by halophytic vegetation growing in brackish or saline waters. This complex ecosystem is formed by the integration of a variety of plant and animal communities, living either as aquatic or terrestrial life...
mangrove forest
mangrove forested
mangrove forests
mangroves forest
mangroves forests
[Muhammad Ali] The mangrove forest is a coastal wetland ecosystem dominated by halophytic vegetation growing in\n brackish or saline waters. This complex ecosystem is formed by the integration of a variety of plant\n and animal communities, living either as aquatic or terrestrial life...
self organized
self organizing
[N. Skorin-Kapov] Self-organization is a phenomenon that has been observed in many real-life complex networks and the\r\n associated concepts have been utilized in various branches of science. As capacity requirements in\r\n transparent optical networks (TONs) increase, so does their complexity. This in turn makes designing\r\n scalable security mechanisms critical, particularly due to the high speeds and transparency inherent\r\n in TONs. These security mechanisms should be able to handle unforseen attacks, as well as component\r\n faults... , "[Kashif Zia] Self-organization is a computing paradigm in which participating entities proceed to execute a\r\n global goal strictly based on local information. In population dynamics, the sense of togetherness\r\n (due to social bindings or a common confinement) experienced by a group of individuals (i.e. 'crowd\r\n group') is an interesting phenomenon to explore in the context of self-organization... , "[Matteo Casadei] Self-organization is a feasible metaphor for dealing with the growing complexity of today's\r\n software systems. Self-organization makes desired global system's behavior appear as an\r\n emergent property from component local interactions. The corresponding dynamics is usually\r\n non-linear so that the adoption of stochastic simulation and probabilistic model checking becomes\r\n essential in the early design stage... , "[Carlos José Pereira de Lucena] Self-organization is a dynamic and adaptive process where components of a system acquire and\r\n maintain information about their environment and neighbors without external control. Agent-Oriented\r\n Software Engineering (AOSE) can provide methods and technologies that help building self-organizing\r\n systems. A fundamental engineering issue when designing self-organizing emergent multi-agent systems\r\n (MASs) is to achieve required macroscopic properties by manipulating the microscopic behavior of\r\n locally interacting agents... , "[J. A. Valdivia] Self-organization is a possible solution to the seemingly contradicting observation of the\r\n repeatable and coherent substorm phenomena with underlying complex behavior in the plasma sheet.\r\n Self-organization, through spatio-temporal chaos, emerges naturally in a plasma physics model with\r\n sporadic dissipation...
[N. V. Hue] Soil acidity is a serious constraint to crop production and ecosystem health. Acidification can\r\n occur naturally via the formation of carbonic acid (CO2 + H2O Œ H2CO3 Œ HCO3 + H+) and subsequent\r\n leaching of basic cations or through man-made processes...
soil acidity
AMF
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
[N. Vassilev] Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is an important group of soil microorganisms which form beneficialsymbiotic associations with roots with a wide range of plants thus improving plant growth, nutritionand health...
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus
[NASA] A composite picture built up from a number of image segments.
mosaic
μοσαικό
[NASA] A system sensing only radiation emitted by the object being viewed or reflected by the object from a source other than the system.
passive remote sensing system
παθητική τηλεπισκόπηση
[NASA] Infrared is electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength spans the region from about 0.7 to 1000 micrometers
infrared radiation
υπέρυθρη ακτινοβολία
[NASA] Pictorial representation of data acquired by satellite systems, such as direct readout images from environmental satellites. An image is not a photograph. An image is composed of two-dimensional grids of individual picture elements (pixels). Each pixel has a numeric value that corresponds to the radiance or temperature of the specific ground area it depicts.
image
εικόνα
forest covered
forest covers
forests cover
forests covered
forests covering
[Nguyen Dinh Duong] Forest cover is an important indicator for environmental assessment of a territory. Land cover mapsthat also shows forest cover can be established by different methods, with different levels ofaccuracy...
forest cover
cover of forest
mitochondrial DNAs
[Nicole Hance] Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase gamma (Polg) is a heterodimeric enzyme containing a Pol I-like\n catalytic core (PolgA) and an accessory subunit. Mutations in POLGA, affecting the stability of\n mtDNA, have been identified in several human pathologies such as progressive external\n ophthalmoplegia and Alpers' syndrome. Extensive literature shows mitochondrial toxicity\n effects nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors used in the treatment of HIV and\n chronic hepatitis B as a consequence of an inhibitory effect on Polg... , "[Henderson's] the small DNA genome contained in a mito­chondrion. \n , "[Montserrat Sánchez-Céspedes] Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a circular molecule containing 27 genes involved in mitochondrial\n biology and the mitochondrial energy-generating pathway, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS).\n Alterations in mtDNA have been reported to accumulate with age and some mtDNA mutations are known to\n be responsible for specific degenerative diseases. Recently, somatic mtDNA variations have been\n described in human tumors, although their functional implications in tumorigenesis have so far not\n been elucidated...
[Niko Balkenhol] Landscape genetics is an emerging interdisciplinary field that combines methods and concepts from population genetics, landscape ecology, and spatial statistics. The interest in landscape genetics is steadily increasing, and the field is evolving rapidly... , "[Katherine M. Pease] Landscape genetics is an emerging discipline that utilizes environmental and historical data tounderstand geographic patterns of genetic diversity. Niche modelling has added a new dimension tosuch efforts by allowing species-environmental associations to be projected into the past so thathypotheses about historical vicariance can be generated and tested independently with genetic data.However, previous approaches have primarily utilized DNA sequence data to test inferences abouthistorical isolation and may have missed very recent episodes of environmentally mediateddivergence...
[Olanrewaju O. Olotu] Food safety is a global issue of increasing concern for governments, food producers and food handlers, as well as consumers. Safe and wholesome food supplies play a key role in ensuring the health of populations worldwide. Fermented foods play very important roles especially in the socio-economic and health promoting aspects of people in developing countries... , "[Geetanjali Kaushik] Food safety is an area of current concern in view of contamination of food commodities withxenobiotics such as heavy metals, pesticides, mycotoxins, and residues of veterinary drugs. Thetoxic pesticide residues present in the food can interact with essential minerals thereby affectingtheir bioavailability for the human body. Chlorpyrifos is one of the world?s most widely usedorganophosphorus pesticides in agriculture, especially in developing countries... , "[J›rgen Schlundt] Food safety is an important part of public health linking health to agriculture and other foodproduction sectors. For over a century, developments in food production and new control philosophieshave contributed to food safety systems in most developed countries perceived by many to beefficient in the prevention of foodborne disease. Nevertheless, a number of problems still remaindominant, one of these being the high level of foodborne microbiological diseases which seem, forsome pathogens, to have increased over the last decades...
food safety
function diverse
function diversity
function diversive
functional diversities
functionally diverse
[Owen L. Petchey] Functional diversity is a component of biodiversity that generally concerns the range of things that organisms do in communities and ecosystems... , "[Owen L. Petchey] Functional diversity is an important component of biodiversity, yet in comparison to taxonomicdiversity, methods of quantifying functional diversity are less well developed... , "[Mark S. Poos] Functional diversity is an important concept in community ecology because it captures information onfunctional traits absent in measures of species diversity. One popular method of measuringfunctional diversity is the dendrogram-based method, FD...
functional diversity
[Owen L. Petchey] Functional diversity is an important component of biodiversity, yet in comparison to taxonomicdiversity, methods of quantifying functional diversity are less well developed... , "[Mark S. Poos] Functional diversity is an important concept in community ecology because it captures information onfunctional traits absent in measures of species diversity. One popular method of measuringfunctional diversity is the dendrogram-based method, FD... , "[Owen L. Petchey] Functional diversity is a component of biodiversity that generally concerns the range of things that organisms do in communities and ecosystems...
ecosystem respir
ecosystem respire
ecosystem respired
[P. M. Lafleur] Ecosystem respiration (ER) is an important but poorly understood part of the carbon (C) budget ofpeatlands and is controlled primarily by the thermal and hydrologic regimes...
gene expressions
gene expressivity
genes expressed
genes expression
genes expressions
[Pankaj Kankar] Gene Expression is the process by which a gene&#39 , "[T. Elavazhagan] Gene expression is the process by which inheritable information from a gene, such as the DNAsequence, is made into a functional gene product, such as protein or RNA. Several steps in the geneexpression process may be modulated, including the transcription step and translation step and thepost-translational modification of a protein. A wide range of microorganisms produce invertase andcan, thus, utilize sucrose as a nutrient... , "[Didier Auboeuf] Gene expression is a multistep process starting in the cell nucleus with the synthesis of theprimary transcripts that undergo several modifications (including capping, splicing, andpolyadenylation) leading to the export of the mature mRNAs into the cytoplasm for translation intoproteins... , "[Peter Zahradka] Gene expression can be defined as the conversion of information existing in a molecule of DNA into amature RNA or protein product and each step in the process, which requires the concerted action ofseveral macromolecules for completion, may be perturbed by the post-translational modification ofspecific proteins with ADP-ribose. The participation of poly(ADP-ribose) in the regulation oftranscription initiation was examined using cell-free systems for both ribosomal RNA and ribosomalproteins... , "[Peter S. Swain] Gene expression is a stochastic, or &#39
gene expression
Open Sources
Open Sourcing
open sourc
open sourced
opens source
[Paolo Locatelli] Open source is a still unexploited chance for healthcare organizations and technology providers to\n answer to a growing demand for innovation and to join economical benefits with a new way of managing\n hospital information systems. This chapter will present the case of the web enterprise clinical\n portal developed in Italy by Niguarda Hospital in Milan with the support of Fondazione Politecnico\n di Milano, to enable a paperless environment for clinical and administrative activities in the\n ward... , "[Comino Fabio] Open source is an example of user-centric innovation initiated by an individual or group of users to\n satisfy their specific needs; the more a software evolves towards a stable release able to address\n the requirements of its developers, the more successful the project...
open source
rate of bacterial respiration
[Paul A. del Giorgio] Bacterial respiration (BR) of organic matter is an important flux in the carbon budgets of largerivers, yet the regulation of BR and the relationship of this respiration to various organic mattersources is poorly understood...
bacterial respiration
[Paul R. Rosenbaum] An observational study is an empiric investigation of treatment effects when random assignment to treatment or control is not feasible.
observational study
Observational studies
Observer Study
Observer studies
observation studies
observations Studies
[Paul R. Rosenbaum] An observational study is an empiric investigation of treatment effects when random assignment to\n treatment or control is not feasible...
sea surface temperatures
[Paulo Pereira Oliveira Matos] Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important parameter indicative of earths climate state. An\r\n accurate measurement of this parameter, in a global scale, plays a fundamental role in applications\r\n concerning marine environmental sciences and climate studies... , "[W. J. Emery] Sea surface temperature (SST) is a critical quantity in the study of both the ocean and the\r\n atmosphere as it is directly related to and often dictates the exchanges of heat, momentum and gases\r\n between the ocean and the atmosphere... , "[Kristinab. Katsaros] Sea surface temperature (SST) is a result of multiple interactions in air-sea processes. During days\r\n with strong insolation and low wind speed, there may be uneven net heating of the water layer near\r\n the surface of the ocean, when there are horizontal temperature gradients at the sea surface.\r\n Cooling of the water caused by evaporation, sensible, or longwave radiative, heat loss would be\r\n greater from warm water compared to that from relatively cold water... , "[Igor Tomazic] Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important parameter in oceanography and meteorology due to its\r\n major influence on the exchange processes at the air-sea interface. Ever-increasing complexity and\r\n resolution of global and local, oceanographic, meteorological and coupled models further stress the\r\n need for accurate estimates of this parameter... , "[G. N. Vlahakis] Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is a critical factor in the assessment of the climatic structure of a\r\n coastal region affected mainly by air temperature (AT). A regionalization of the Aegean Sea based on\r\n SST values measured at twenty-one representative stations is presented using a widely accepted\r\n clustering method...
animal communities
animal community
animated communicating
animating communicative
animation communities
[Peggy S. M. Hill] Animal communication is a dynamic field that promotes cross-disciplinary study of the complexmechanisms of sending and receiving signals, the neurobiology of signal detection and processing,and the behaviors of animals creating and responding to encoded messages. Alongside visual signals,songs, or pheromones exists another major communication channel that has been rather neglected untilrecent decades: substrate-borne vibration...
animal communication
drought toler
drought tolerances
drought tolerant
drought tolerated
drought tolerators
[Peiguo Guo] Drought tolerance is a key trait for increasing and stabilizing barley productivity in dry areasworldwide. Identification of the genes responsible for drought tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) will facilitate understanding of the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance, and alsofacilitate the genetic improvement of barley through marker-assisted selection or genetransformation...
drought tolerance
CLC
[Pekka H„rm„] CORINE Land Cover is an Europeanwide land cover and land use classification which is based in most countries on visual interpretation of satellite images...
corine land cover
GEC
global environmental changes
globally environmental change
[Peter J. Gregory] Global environmental change (GEC) is a consequence of a range of human activities and includeselements such as increasing concentrations of gases in the atmosphere, climate variation and change,rising sea level, loss of biodiversity, and changes in water and nitrogen cycling... , "[Steven L. ChownKevin] Global environmental change (GEC) is a significant concern. However, forecasting the outcomes of this change for species and ecosystems remains a major challenge. In particular, predicting specific changes in systems where initial conditions, instabilities, and model errors have large impacts on the outcome is problematic. Indeed, predictive community ecology has been deemed unworthy of pursuit or an unreachable goal. However, new developments in large-scale biology provide ways of thinking that might substantially improve forecasts of local and regional impacts of climate change...
global environmental change
[Peter J. Gregory] Global environmental change (GEC) is a consequence of a range of human activities and includeselements such as increasing concentrations of gases in the atmosphere, climate variation and change,rising sea level, loss of biodiversity, and changes in water and nitrogen cycling...
groundwater flowed
groundwater flowing
groundwater flows
groundwaters flowing
[Peter M. Thibodeau] Groundwater flow is an important factor in governing botanical zonation in the salt marsh at NorthInlet, SC. Areas of the marsh adjacent to upland forest are characterized by upward flow of freshgroundwater. This inhibits the infiltration and evapoconcentration of saline tidal water and thedevelopment of a habitat for hypersaline-tolerant fugitive species such as Salicornia europaea...
groundwater flow
ground water flow
atmosphere boundary layer
atmospheric boundary layers
[PETR BAUER] The atmospheric boundary layer is the lowest layer over the surface, where the eects of the viscous force are signican t. The air o w is determined by the balance between viscous and Coriolis force, pressure and Archimedean force. Its thickness extends from tens of meters to more then one kilometer in dependence on terrain shape and type of the surface... , "[Qiang Zhang] The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is an important physical characteristic of the Earth?satmosphere...
[Philip A. Fay] Rainfall variability is a key driver of ecosystem structure and function in grasslands worldwide. Changes in rainfall patterns predicted by global climate models for the central United States are expected to cause lower and increasingly variable soil water availability, which may impact net primary production and plant species composition in native Great Plains grasslands... , "[Heiko Paeth] Rainfall variability is a crucial factor in food production,water resource planning and ecosystems, especially in regions with scarce freshwaterresources. In West Africa rainfall has been subject to largedecadal and interdecadal variations during the 20th century. The most prominent feature is thereduction in rainfall amount throughout the second half of the century with somerecovery at the end...
host resistant
host resistivity
hosts resistance
hosts resistant
hosts resisted
[Phillip N. Miklas] Host resistance is an important component of integrated disease management strategies for control of Sclerotinia white mold disease in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)...
host resistance
[Qing-Li Liu] DNA fragmentation is a hallmark of cells undergoing apoptosis and is mediated mainly by thecaspase-activated DNase (CAD or DNA-fragmentation factor 40 (DFF40)), which is activated when released from its inhibitor protein (ICAD or DFF45) upon apoptosis signals.
DNA fragmentation
DNA fragment
DNA fragmentations
DNA fragmented
DNA fragmenting+M41
DNA fragments
[Qing-Li Liu] DNA fragmentation is a hallmark of cells undergoing apoptosis and is mediated mainly by thecaspase-activated DNase (CAD or DNA-fragmentation factor 40 (DFF40)), which is activated whenreleased from its inhibitor protein (ICAD or DFF45) upon apoptosis signals...
[Quanhou Dai] Ecosystem health is the object of water and soil conservation and ecological building in loess hillyareas under erosion environment. Using principles of ecosystem health quantitative assessment anddiagnosis index selection, 17 factors were considered from three aspects: resource and environmentalcapacity, social and economic impact, and ecological services. An evaluation index system onecosystem health was established for a small watershed under erosion conditions...
ecosystem health
stress tolerant
stress tolerating
[R. Hema] Stress tolerance is a multigenic character and there are many stress responsive genes, which are\r\n stress specific. Although many of these have been cloned, their functional significance remains\r\n fragmentary. Hence it is important to identify the relevant stress genes involved in altering the\r\n metabolism for adaptation. Overexpression is one of the several approaches and Chlamydomonas is a\r\n suitable system to study the functional relevance of stress genes. Stress responses can only be\r\n assessed on prior exposure to sublethal induction stress...
stress tolerance
RGR
relative growth rates
[R. M. Ceriani] Relative growth rate (RGR) is a fundamental trait for comparative plant ecology but cannot be\n measured in situ, leading to problems in interpreting vegetation function. However, the components\n of RGR (net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf weight ratio (LWR), and specific\n leaf area (SLA)) can be calculated for wild plants from morphological measurements (leaf area, leaf\n dry mass, whole plant dry mass), which potentially reflect RGR. Seeds of 19 species from Italian\n prealpine calcareous grasslands were collected and seedlings were cultivated under controlled\n conditions...
relative growth rate
nutrient limitations
nutrient limited
nutrient limiting
nutrients limit
nutrients limited
[R. Zougmoré] Nutrient limitation is the main cause of per capita decline in crop production in the Sahel, where\n water shortage also limits an efficient use of available nutrients. Combining soil and water\n conservation measures with locally available nutrient inputs may optimize crop production and\n economic benefit in cereal-based farming systems. A study conducted in 2001 and 2002 at Saria,\n Burkina Faso (annual rainfall 800 mm, PET of 2000 mm yr–1) assessed the combined effects of two\n types of semi-permeable barriers (stone rows and grass strips of Andropogon gayanus Kunth cv...
nutrient limitation
[Rahim M. Sail] Community development is a continuous process aimed at improving the quality of life of the community.
community development
communication develop
communication develops
communications developments
communities develop
community developed
[Rahim M. Sail] Community development is a continuous process aimed at improving the quality of life of thecommunity. It is about continual improvement by the people themselves to bring about change in theirlives. In relation to health, much attention has been given by the government to improve the healthstatus of the people, especially the rural sector through various programmes established by theMinistry of Health (MOH) since independence. Based on the so-called &#34 , "[Toshihiko Yamakami] Community development is a dynamic process in which a group of users show their own communicationstyle and culture... , "[John W. Handy] Community development is an issue of continuing interest not only because of the need for more successful economic development within our cities, but because the survival of a significant portion of African-American poor is at stake. Community development planning seeks to improve all aspects of community life, including health, education, crime prevention, employment and training, business development, family stability, and housing...
aerosol dynamic
aerosol dynamical
aerosols dynamics
[Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya] Aerosol dynamics (AD) is the discipline that deals with changes in particle size distributions in space and time. AD is based on (1) certain fundamental principles embodied in a set of equations, (2) experimental methods and instrumentation and (3) numerical and computational methods. Over the last few decades, AD has emerged as an enabling discipline in the design of aerosol reactors employed in the gas phase synthesis of fine powders, the characterization of particle emissions from sources such as coal-fired power plants and the atmospheric aerosol...
aerosol dynamics
DNA extract
DNA extracted
DNA extractions
DNA extracts
DNAs extracted
[Ranjana Bhattacharjee] DNA extraction is a time-consuming and expensive component of molecular marker analysis,constituting about 30?60% of the total time required for sample processing. Furthermore, theprocedure for extracting high-quality DNA from tree species such as cocoa differs from extractionprotocols suitable for other crop plants...
DNA extraction
biomass burn
biomass burned
biomass burnings
[Renata Libonati] Biomass burning is a significant global source of greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide and methane)as well as of nitric and carbon monoxides, methyl bromide and hydrocarbons that lead to acid rainand the photochemical production of tropospheric ozone and destruction of stratospheric ozone whichaffect global climate. Other impacts relate to the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen and carboncompounds, the hydrological cycle, the reflectivity and emissivity of the land, the stability ofecosystems and ecosystem biodiversity... , "[Joel S. Levine] Biomass burning is a source of greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. In addition, biomass burning is a source of chemically active gases, including carbon monoxide, nonmethane hydrocarbons, and nitric oxide. These gases, along with methane, lead to the chemical production of tropospheric ozone (another greenhouse gas) as well as control the concentration of the hydroxyl radical, which regulates the lifetime of almost every atmospheric gas... , "[Ricardo H. M. Godoi] Biomass burning is an important primary and secondary source of aerosol particles. The presence ofcarbonaceous particles in the respirable size range makes the study of this fraction important inview of possible health and climatic effects. The annual burning of sugar cane plantations causesemission of huge amounts of pyrogenic particles... , "[Malik Amraoui] Biomass burning is a significant global source of greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide and methane)as well as of nitric and carbon monoxides, methyl bromide and hydrocarbons that lead to acid rainand the photochemical production of tropospheric ozone and destruction of stratospheric ozone whichimpact global climate. Other impacts of biomass burning relate to the biogeochemical cycling ofnitrogen and carbon compounds, the hydrological cycle, the reflectivity and emissivity of the land,the stability of ecosystems and ecosystem biodiversity... , "[Chandra Prakash Singh] Biomass burning is a global phenomenon with agriculture residue burning having a sizeable share.Biomass burning is a major source of emission of green house gases (GHGs). Thus the space-basedobservations of global distribution of fire form a key component of climate change studies. Thisstudy is a step towards understanding the spatio-temporal occurrence of agricultural residuesburning in Indo-Gangetic plains of India using fire products from space borne satellites...
biomass burning
densities depend
densities depending
density dependent
density depending
density depends
[Res Altwegg] Density dependence is the major process keeping the sizes of natural populations within bounds. In organisms with complex life cycles, the stage at which density dependence occurs and whether it occurs in one or several life stages have important consequences for the dynamics of their populations... , "[Nicola Saino] Density dependence is a common feature in the dynamics of animal populations. Availability of foodresources critical to immunity is likely to be one of the mechanisms mediating the effect ofpopulation density on individual fitness. The ability to mount an immune response to an antigen isalso affected by levels of immunosuppressive hormones associated with reproduction or mediating theresponse to ecological and social stress...
density dependence
[Retno Kuswandari] Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is a vague and complex concept. There is no yardstick to clearly\r\n measure it. Forest certification is an instrument used to measure SFM considering three pillars:\r\n Production, Ecological and Social Sustainability. Sustainable Natural Production Forest Management\r\n (SNPFM) is a certification system applied in Indonesia, using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to\r\n support decisionmaking process. AHP has been criticised amongs other things by its compensatory\r\n approach using linear additive utility model to integrate crisp values... , "[L. F. Riley] Sustainable forest management is an international as well as a Canadian domestic concern.\r\n Sustainability is characterised by a framework of criteria and associated indicators which identify\r\n its principal attributes and the parameters which can be measured to assess the extent to which\r\n sustainability is being achieved. Canada is developing a set of criteria and indicators of\r\n sustainable forest management for domestic purposes, and is participating in a number of similar\r\n international initiatives which will establish international norms for sustainability...
sustainable forest management
[Robert J. Beichner] SCALE-UP is an extension of the highly successful IMPEC project (Integrated Math, Physics,\r\n Engineering, and Chemistry), one of NC State's curricular reform efforts undertaken as part\r\n of the SUCCEED coalition...
scaling up
CBFM
community based forest manage
[Rodel D. Lasco] Community-based forest management (CBFM) is a major strategy in managing forest lands in the Philippines. Forest and land management activities implemented in CBFM project sites include management of tropical forests (enrichment planting, timber stand improvement or TSI and limited harvesting), rehabilitation of degraded lands (reforestation, assisted natural regeneration (ANR)) and agroforestry... , "[Rodel D. LascoRemedios] Community-based forest management (CBFM) is the principal strategy in managing inhabited Ôforest landÕ in the Philippines. It involves the participation of local communities in various forestry activities to achieve sustainable forestry, advance social justice and improve socioeconomic welfare, and promote a stable and healthy environment...
community based forest management
[RT Watson] Global climate change is a qualitatively distinct, and very significant, addition to the spectrum of environmental health hazards encountered by humankind.
global climate change
global climate changes
global climates change
global climatic change
global climatic changes
globalization climate change
[S. Ahsan] Global climate change is a growing concern for Bangladesh. To evaluate the global climate changeeffects on environmental changes and agricultural production in Bangladesh, long-term data onselected climatic variables (1948?2006), agricultural production (1960?2006), and population growth(1940?2008) were collected, organized and analyzed. Results suggested that although Bangladesh emitsless than 0.2% of the global carbon dioxide (CO2), it is nevertheless facing the impact of globalclimate change. Average air temperature was found to be increased @ 0.7øC per decade acrossBangladesh... , "[RT Watson] Global climate change is a qualitatively distinct, and very significant, addition to the spectrum of environmental health hazards encountered by humankind. Historically, environmental health concerns have focused on toxicological or microbiological risks to health from local exposures. However, the scale of environmental health hazards is today increasing
[S. D. Tiegs] Resource availability is an important ecosystem attribute that can influence species distributions\r\n and ecosystem processes... , "[Allen H. Hurlbert] Resource availability is an important constraint on community structure. Some authors have suggested\r\n it conceptually links two of the most basic patterns in ecology, the species-area relationship and\r\n the latitudinal gradient in species richness... , "[Marja A. van Staalduinen] Resource availability is an important factor affecting the capacity of compensatory growth after\r\n grazing...
resource availability
[S. D. Tiegs] Resource availability is an important ecosystem attribute that can influence species distributions\r\n and ecosystem processes... , "[Marja A. van Staalduinen] Resource availability is an important factor affecting the capacity of compensatory growth after\r\n grazing... , "[Allen H. Hurlbert] Resource availability is an important constraint on community structure. Some authors have suggested\r\n it conceptually links two of the most basic patterns in ecology, the species-area relationship and\r\n the latitudinal gradient in species richness...
drought stressed
drought stresses
[S. Michael Gomez] Drought stress is a major constraint for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production and yield stability in rainfed ecosystems. Identifying genomic regions (QTLs) contributing in drought resistance will help to develop rice cultivars suitable for water-limiting environments through marker-assisted breeding. QTLs linked to physio-morphological and plant production traits under drought stress in the field were mapped by evaluating 177 F6 recombinant inbred (RI) lines of Bala × Azucena under rainfed conditions in the target environment (TE)... , "[Liming Xiong] Drought stress is a common adverse environmental condition that seriously affects crop productivityworldwide. Due to the complexity of drought as a stress signal, deciphering drought tolerancemechanisms has remained a major challenge to plant biologists...
drought stress
DNA sequences Analysi
DNA sequences Analysis
DNA sequencing analysis
DNAs Sequence analysis
[S. R. Palumbi] DNA sequence analysis is a powerful tool for identifying the source of samples thought to be derived from threatened or endangered species. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from retail whale meat markets has shown consistently that the expected baleen whale in these markets, the minke whale, makes up only about half the products analyzed...
DNA sequence analysis
land cover map
land cover mappings
land cover maps
[Sang-Ik Lee] Land cover map is a typical GIS database which shows the Earth&#39
land cover mapping
bacterial infected
bacterial infections
bacterial infective
bacterial infectivity
bacterially infected
[Satoru Okumura] Bacterial infection is a serious complication of permanent pacemaker implantation. A 52-year-old woman with sick sinus syndrome and vasospastic angina developed pacemaker infection 4 years after implantation, with methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus detected in arterial blood cultures... , "[Hendersons] Invation by endoparasitic bacteria
seed predating
seed predator
seed predators
[Scott J. Meiners] Seed predation is an important factor in determining the rate of tree establishment in abandoned\r\n agricultural land. Edges, through altered habitat use by small mammals, may influence the spatial\r\n pattern of forest regeneration in these successional sites...
seed predation
Prescribing Fire
prescribe fire
prescribe fires
prescribed fires
[Scott L. Stephens] Prescribed fire is a common method used to produce desired ecological effects in chaparral by\n mimicking the natural role of fire. Since prescribed fires are usually conducted in moderate fuel\n and weather conditions, models that accurately predict fire behavior and effects under these\n scenarios are important for management. In this study, explosive audio devices and steel stakes were\n used to record the location of the flaming front during seven prescribed fires in mature, chamise (\n Adenostoma fasciculatum) dominated chaparral in northern California... , "[Robin E. Russell] Prescribed fire is a management tool used to reduce fuel loads on public lands in forested areas in\n the western United States. Identifying the impacts of prescribed fire on bird communities in\n ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests is necessary for providing land management agencies with\n information regarding the effects of fuel reduction on sensitive, threatened, and migratory bird\n species. Recent developments in occupancy modeling have established a framework for quantifying the\n impacts of management practices on wildlife community dynamics... , "[Keith Grabner] Prescribed fire is a valuable tool in the restoration and management of oak savannas. BEHAVE, a fire\n behavior prediction system developed by the United States Forest Service, can be a useful tool when\n managing oak savannas with prescribed fire. BEHAVE predictions of fire rate-of-spread and flame\n length were validated using four standardized fuel models: Fuel Model 1 (short grass), Fuel Model 2\n (timber and grass), Fuel Model 3 (tall grass), and Fuel Model 9 (hardwood litter)... , "[Frank Lepine] Prescribed fire is an important silvicultural tool. Several factors, including changes in\n silvicultural techniques, regulations regarding the use of prescribed fire, air quality concerns,\n and concerns over escaped fires have led to a declining use of prescribed fire for silvicultural\n purposes in British Columbia... , "[Haiganoush K. Preisler] Prescribed fire is a management tool used by wildland resource management organizations in many\n ecosystems to reduce hazardous fuels and to achieve a host of other objectives. To study the effects\n of fire in naturally accumulating fuel conditions, the ambient soil temperature is monitored beneath\n prescribed burns...
prescribed fire
[Scott L. Zeger] A time series is a sequence of observations made over time. Examples in public health include daily\r\n ozone concentrations, weekly admissions to an emergency department or annual expenditures on health\r\n care in the United States. Time series models are used to describe the dependence of the response at\r\n each time on predictor variables including covariates and possibly previous values in the series.\r\n Time series methods are necessary to account for the correlation among repeated responses over\r\n time... , "[Eduardo G. F. Pinto] Time series is a sequence of observations of one or a few time variable of a dynamical system.\r\n Linear analysis assumes that the intrinsic dynamics of the system is related to the fact that small\r\n causes lead to small effects. On the other hand, nonlinear data set may be related to irregular data\r\n with purely deterministic inputs. Nonlinear time series analysis is of special interest of several\r\n areas... , "[Tilmann Gneiting] A time series is a set of data fxtg in which the subscript t indicates the time\r\n at which the datum xt was observed. Statistics 519 provides an introduction to\r\n the theory and practice of statistical time series analysis. Topics covered include stationary and\r\n non-stationary stochastic processes, autoregressive and moving average (ARMA) models, model tting\r\n and forecasting with ARMA processes, multivariate and non-linear processes, long-range dependence,\r\n state-space models and Kalman lter, and an outline of spectral techniques... , "[David Ruppert] A time series is a sequence of observations in chronological order, for example, daily log returns\r\n on a stock or monthly values of the Consumer Price Index (CPI)... , "[Kai Bachmann] A time series is a set of statistical information, compiled, registered or observed in different\r\n dates or periods of time and arranged chronologically...
seeds Dormancy
[Sedigheh Sadeghi] Seed dormancy is a mechanism that insures the survival of the species. Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.)\r\n seeds present low germination due to the high degree of seed dormancy. Different methods to overcome\r\n seed dormancy were compared: mechanical scarification (sanding), chemical scarification (dilution in\r\n concentrated sulfuric acid for 10, 15 or 20 minutes, dilution in hot water at 70°C and 90°C for 5\r\n and10 minutes, soaking of seed in gibberelic acid (0.05% GA ), light (24 hour), pre chilling at 4°C\r\n for 4, 6 or 3 10 week and germination test (control)... , "[M. Arumugam] Seed dormancy is a genetically inherited trait whose intensity is modified by the environment during\r\n seed development and maturation. In order to study the effect of harvest time on the seed quality\r\n and optimum time of sowing to obtain good quality seeds, freshly threshed seeds of ten diverse rice\r\n genotypes harvested from six environments were evaluated for seed dormancy and seedling vigour index\r\n as a measure of seed quality. There were significant differences in germination in different\r\n genotypes in all the six environments as well as days after harvest... , "[Paul C. Bethke] Seed dormancy is a common phase of the plant life cycle, and several parts of the seed can\r\n contribute to dormancy. Whole seeds, seeds lacking the testa, embryos, and isolated aleurone layers\r\n of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) were used in experiments designed to identify components of\r\n the Arabidopsis seed that contribute to seed dormancy and to learn more about how dormancy and\r\n germination are regulated in this species. The aleurone layer was found to be the primary\r\n determinant of seed dormancy... , "[Mohammed A. Al-Fredan] Seed dormancy is a means to allow seeds to initiate germination when conditions are normally\r\n favorable for germination and survival of the seedlings. Dormancy can be regulated by the\r\n environment or by the seed itself. The seed dormancy may be due to unfavorable environmental\r\n conditions or sometimes, some seeds may not germinate because of some inhibitory factor of the seed\r\n itself. Dormancy of seed due to inhibitory factors, are either due to hard seed coat (external) or\r\n physical of physiological status of the interior of the seed. Seed dormancy in Doum palm (H... , "[CONCEIÇÃO A. PREVIERO] Seed dormancy is a marked characteristic of forage grasses seeds and the understanding of the\r\n mechanisms of this phenomenon is of great importance concerning seed technology aspects. It is known\r\n that seed dormancy is naturally released as the time passes. The objective of this study was to\r\n investigate the release of Brachiaria brizantha seeds dormancy packed in two types of packages with\r\n different initial seed moisture contents and stored in a open warehouse in Campinas SP, for 10\r\n months...
seed dormancy
sexual dimorphisms
sexually dimorphic
[Shawn E. Vincent] Sexual dimorphism is a common phenomenon among animals. The usual cause cited for sexual dimorphism\r\n in animals is sexual selection acting through female choice or male-male combat... , "[M. T. Krueger] Sexual dimorphism is a common phenomenon among many different types of animals including peafowl,\r\n pheasants, humans, praying mantises, and others. It can be recognized in structural differences\r\n between the two genders in a species. These differences reflect the outcome of natural selection's\r\n actions relative to the roles of each gender... , "[Celina M. Takemura] Sexual dimorphism is an important source of intraspecific variability in biological species, and so\r\n virtually all studies in populational or interspecific levels need to take dierences among males and\r\n females into consideration... , "[Mylène LeBlanc] Sexual dimorphism is an important characteristic of many mammals, but little is known about how\r\n environmental variables may affect its phenotypic expression. The relationships between population\r\n size, body mass, seasonal mass changes, and sexual mass dimorphism were investigated using 22 years\r\n of data on individually marked bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) on Ram Mountain, Alberta. The number\r\n of adult ewes was artificially maintained low from 1972 to 1981 and then allowed to increase. The\r\n body mass of males from 0 to 7 years of age was negatively affected by population density...
sexual dimorphism
[Shoufan Fang] Land use change is an important research area in landscape ecology and urban development. Prediction of land use change (urban development) provides critical information for making the right policies and management plans in order to maintain and improve ecosystem and city functions.
[Shutian Li] Self-incompatibility (SI) in higher plants is an important mechanism to prevent inbreeding and involves specific rejection of incompatible (''self'') pollen.
self incompatibility
[Simon Croom] Environmental sustainability is an important issue and one that receives attention in the media,press and journals. Much of the discussion and debate surrounds the environmental impact that occursacross organizational supply chains... , "[David Vackar] Environmental sustainability is a multidimensional concept which many analysts approached by using DPSIR (driving force-pressure-state-impact-response) framework. Composite indicators and indices (such as ecological footprint) usually combine different sub-indicators, which reflect different perspectives on the environment, into a unidimensional number. However, in many integrated indicators, measures of state and impact are suppressed compared with driving forces, pressures and responses. Ecological Footprint (EF) is one of the leading composite indicators of environmental sustainability... , "[Margareta Lundin] Environmental sustainability is a concern and stated objective for municipalities and organisations,but is often vaguely defined and clear measurement procedures are lacking. An iterative procedurefor the selection of indicators, which reflects the environmental sustainability of urban watersystems, is presented. The analytical basis for selecting indicators is life cycle assessment (LCA),which provides a stringent assessment of environmental sustainability. The indicators were evaluatedin Case Studies in a developed and a developing region...
environmental sustainability
heterogeneity of environment
[Simone D. LANGHANS] Environmental heterogeneity is a key regulator of ecological processes. Riverine floodplains areparticularly heterogeneous and dynamic systems and loss of their natural environmental heterogeneityand dynamism as a consequence of human impacts constitutes their most serious threat. On riverfloodplains, flow and flood pulses create a shifting mosaic of channels, ponds, bars, islands, andriparian forest patches. Composition and spatial arrangement of these habitat patches determinetheir degree of connectivity, which in turn controls the flux of matter and energy among adjacentpatches...
environmental heterogeneity
[Simone Maynard] &#39 , "[Xiaoming Feng] Ecosystem service is an emerging concept that grows to be a hot research area in ecology. Spatiallyexplicit ecosystem service values are important for ecosystem service management. However, it isdifficult to quantify ecosystem services. Remote sensing provides images covering Earth surface,which by nature are spatially explicit. Thus, remote sensing can be useful for quantitativeassessment of ecosystem services...
spatial scales
[Siquan Tian] Spatial scale is an important factor that needs to be considered in data collection and analysis in\r\n ecological studies. Studies focusing on the quantitative evaluation of impacts of spatial scales\r\n are, however, limited in fisheries...
spatial scale
microbial communities
[SOULAS Guy] A microbial community is a functional unit which is characterized by a wide range of metabolic capacities (Wünsche et al, 1995). The pattern of carbon substrates utilization may be used as a fingerprint with the possibility of classifying microbial communities of different soils or comparing the modification of the structure of a stressed microbial community...
microbial community
microbial commun
microbial communication
[SOULAS Guy] A microbial community is a functional unit which is characterized by a wide range of metabolic\r\n capacities (Wünsche et al, 1995). The pattern of carbon substrates utilization may be used as a\r\n fingerprint with the possibility of classifying microbial communities of different soils or\r\n comparing the modification of the structure of a stressed microbial community...
forest harvest
forest harvested
forest harvesters
forest harvests
forestation harvesting
[Stephanie Grand] Forest harvesting is a major threat to environmental quality in the Puget Sound Georgia Basin area.One of the impacts of logging is increased aluminum levels in soil and water. The classic study ofLikens et al. (1970) showed a ten-fold increase in stream aluminum concentration as a result ofclear-cut logging with vegetation re-growth suppressed for two years by herbicides. High levels ofdissolved aluminum in streams have been shown to cause mortality in fish and aquatic invertebrates.Dissolved aluminum precipitates as aluminum hydroxide in fish gills and causes respiratoryproblems... , "[Ian D. BISHOP] Forest harvesting is a controversial topic in Australia. The Australian public has a specialaffection for the native Eucalpytus forest and the animals it supports. The practice ofclearfelling, followed by high temperature burning and aerial sowing of eucalypt seeds (clearfell,burn and sowCBS) is the most commonly used approach for wood production in tall wet eucalypt forestin south-east Australia (FLORENCE, 1996)... , "[Robert I. McDonald] Forest harvesting is an important, ongoing disturbance that affects the composition, structure, and ecological function of the majority of the world&#39
forest harvesting
[Stephen M. Haley] Suspended particulate matter (SPM) is a key component regulating the biogeochemistry of natural and\r\n contaminant moieties in estuaries... , "[Marieke A. Eleveld] Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is an important parameter affecting the marine environment by\r\n influencing light conditions in the water... , "[Thijs van Kessel] Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is an important environmental parameter in coastal seas such as\r\n the North Sea. Our description and understanding of the complex dynamical SPM transport system can\r\n be much improved by means of an integration of remote sensing data and numerical modelling...
suspended particulate matter
[Stephen M. Haley] Suspended particulate matter (SPM) is a key component regulating the biogeochemistry of natural and\r\n contaminant moieties in estuaries... , "[Thijs van Kessel] Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is an important environmental parameter in coastal seas such as\r\n the North Sea. Our description and understanding of the complex dynamical SPM transport system can\r\n be much improved by means of an integration of remote sensing data and numerical modelling... , "[Marieke A. Eleveld] Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is an important parameter affecting the marine environment by\r\n influencing light conditions in the water...
NAO
[Stephen R. Meyers] The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the leading mode of atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic region, influencing storm tracks and creating a dipole pattern of precipitation from north to south across Western Europe.
north atlantic oscillation
[Stephen S. Fong] Adaptive evolution is a process that influences and alters all biological organisms over time.Changes involved in adaptive evolution begin with genetic mutations and can lead to large changes inphenotypic behavior. Thus, the relationship between genotype and phenotype is a central issue instudying adaptive evolution...
adaptive evolution
Participatory Approaches
[Surasak Buranatrevedh] Participatory approach is an important tool to empower people to take care of their health. In this\n study, participatory approach was used in a poultry processing plant which had almost 8,000 workers.\n A group of volunteers from each department in this plant was selected from workers...
participatory approach
forests health
[T. E. Kolb] Forest health is an increasingly important concept in natural resource management. However,definition of forest health is difficult and dependent on human perspective. From a utilitarianperspective, forest health has been defined by the production of forest conditions which directlysatisfy human needs. From an ecosystem-centered perspective, forest health has been defined byresilience, recurrence, persistence and biophysical processes which lead to sustainable ecologicalconditions... , "[Jay O'Laughlin] Forest health is the condition of forests relative to management objectives, which reflect the forest values managers intend to provide. Indicators of forest health condition in the National Report on Sustainable Forests-2003 (under criteria 2 and 3) highlight the role of wildland fire and its associated risks in sustainable forest management (SFM)...
forest health
[T. Elavazhagan] Gene expression is the process by which inheritable information from a gene, such as the DNAsequence, is made into a functional gene product, such as protein or RNA. Several steps in the geneexpression process may be modulated, including the transcription step and translation step and thepost-translational modification of a protein. A wide range of microorganisms produce invertase andcan, thus, utilize sucrose as a nutrient...
depth of soil
[T. K. Tesfa] Soil depth is an important input parameter in hydrological and ecological modeling. Presently, the soil depth data available in national soil databases (STATSGO, SSURGO) is provided as averages within generalized map units. Spatial uncertainty within these units limits their applicability for spatially distributed modeling. This work reports a statistical model for prediction of soil depth in a semi-arid mountainous watershed that is based upon topographic and other landscape attributes...
soil depth
soil depths
[T. K. Tesfa] Soil depth is an important input parameter in hydrological and ecological modeling. Presently, the\n soil depth data available in national soil databases (STATSGO, SSURGO) is provided as averages\n within generalized map units. Spatial uncertainty within these units limits their applicability for\n spatially distributed modeling. This work reports a statistical model for prediction of soil depth\n in a semi-arid mountainous watershed that is based upon topographic and other landscape\n attributes...
[T. P. Singh] Vegetation mapping is a primary requirement for various management and planning activities at the regional and global level. It has assumed greater importance in view of the shrinkage and degradation in forest cover. Usage of remotely sensed data for mapping provides a cost -effective method. In the present study vegetation cover assessment has been done using remotely sensed data in West Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh. Standard method was adopted for ground data collection by establishin g the correlation between satellite data and various vegetation types...
vegetation mapping
[T. P. Singh] Vegetation mapping is a primary requirement for various management and planning activities at the\r\n regional and global level. It has assumed greater importance in view of the shrinkage and\r\n degradation in forest cover. Usage of remotely sensed data for mapping provides a cost -effective\r\n method. In the present study vegetation cover assessment has been done using remotely sensed data in\r\n West Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh. Standard method was adopted for ground data collection by\r\n establishin g the correlation between satellite data and various vegetation types...
Networked Analysis
Networks Analysis
networking analysis
[Tatiana von Landesberger] Network analysis is an important task in a wide variety of application domains including analysis of\n social, financial, or transportation networks, to name a few. The appropriate visualization of\n graphs may reveal useful insight into relationships between network entities and subnetworks.\n However, often further algorithmic analysis of network structures is needed... , "[Douglas A. Luke] Network analysis is an approach to research that is uniquely suited to describing, exploring, and\n understanding structural and relational aspects of health... , "[F. Bellomi] Network analysis is a quantitative methodology for studying properties related to connectivity and\n distances in graphs, with diverse applications like citation indexing and information retrieval on\n the Web. The hyperlinked structure of Wikipedia and the ongoing, incremental editing process behind\n it make it an interesting and unexplored target domain for network analysis techniques... , "[Brian D. Fath] Network analysis is an important methodology that has been applied in systems ecology. Many\n theoretical insights have arisen from this approach, primarily the importance of indirect relations\n in ecosystems and the holistic determination of ecological relations. This approach, adopted from\n economic input-output analysis, treats systems as interconnected nodes and arcs of material or\n energy transfer...
network analysis
[Theweatherprediction.com] The frost point is the temperature at which the air is saturated with respect to water vapour over an ice surface. The frost point is between air temperature and dew point
frost point
[Thiago S. F. Silva] Aquatic vegetation is an important component of wetland and coastal ecosystems, playing a key rolein the ecological functions of these environments. Surveys of macrophyte communities are commonlyhindered by logistic problems, and remote sensing represents a powerful alternative, allowingcomprehensive assessment and monitoring. Also, many vegetation characteristics can be estimated fromreflectance measurements, such as species composition, vegetation structure, biomass, and plantphysiological parameters...
aquatic vegetation
animal movements
animals movement
animated movement
animating movements
anime movement
[Thomas A. Schlacher] Animal movement is a pivotal element of many ecological processes, and on ocean-exposed sandyshores, ghost crabs (genus Ocypode) undertake extensive nocturnal forays on the beach surface...
animal movement
[Thomas M. Keane] Phylogenetic analysis is an area of computational biology concerned with the reconstruction of evolutionary relationships between organisms, genes, and gene families.
[Thomas N. Kaye] Population viability analysis is an important tool for conservation biologists, and matrix models\n that incorporate stochasticity are commonly used for this purpose. However, stochastic simulations\n may require assumptions about the distribution of matrix parameters, and modelers often select a\n statistical distribution that seems reasonable without sufficient data to test its fit... , "[SUSAN E. MEYER] Population viability analysis (PVA) is a valuable tool for rare plant conservation, but PVA for\n plants with persistent seed banks is difficult without reliable information on seed bank\n processes... , "[Hugh P. Possingham] Population Viability Analysis (PVA) is a Monte Carlo simulation method for estimating the\n probability of extinction of threatened species. There has been a shift in the use of PVA from\n absolute species risk measurement to relative risk assessment associated with a ranking of\n management strategies...
tropical dry forests
[Thomas W Gillespie] Tropical dry forest is the most endangered major vegetation type in the New Caledonia biodiversity\n hotspot. Vegetation surveys following a transect method used by Gentry were undertaken in two\n tropical dry forest sites, Ouen-Toro and Pindai, in order to compare species richness, floristic\n composition, and structure... , "[Patricia Moreno-Casasola] The tropical dry forest is an ecosystem under strong human pressure. It is found both inland and on\n coastal dunes... , "[THOMAS W GILLESPIE] Tropical dry forest is the most endangered major vegetation type in the New Caledonia biodiversity\n hotspot. Vegetation surveys following a transect method used by Gentry were undertaken in two\n tropical dry forest sites, Ouen-Toro and Pindai, in order to compare species richness, floristic\n composition, and structure...
tropical dry forest
[THOMAS W GILLESPIE] Tropical dry forest is the most endangered major vegetation type in the New Caledonia biodiversity\n hotspot. Vegetation surveys following a transect method used by Gentry were undertaken in two\n tropical dry forest sites, Ouen-Toro and Pindai, in order to compare species richness, floristic\n composition, and structure... , "[Thomas W Gillespie] Tropical dry forest is the most endangered major vegetation type in the New Caledonia biodiversity\n hotspot. Vegetation surveys following a transect method used by Gentry were undertaken in two\n tropical dry forest sites, Ouen-Toro and Pindai, in order to compare species richness, floristic\n composition, and structure... , "[Patricia Moreno-Casasola] The tropical dry forest is an ecosystem under strong human pressure. It is found both inland and on\n coastal dunes...
nest predator
nest predators
nesting predators
nests Predated
nests predators
[Thor Veen] Nest predation is a major determinant of ¢tness in birds and costly nest defence behaviours have\n evolved in order to reduce nest predation. Some avian studies have suggested that predator\n recognition is innate whereas others have stressed the importance of learning... , "[Timothy M. Bergin] Nest predation is an important cause of mortality for many bird species, especially in grassland\n ecosystems where generalist predators have responded positively to human disturbance and landscape\n fragmentation. Our study evaluated the influence of the composition and configuration of the\n surrounding landscape on nest predation. Transects consisting of 10 artificial ground nests each\n were set up in 136 roadsides in six watersheds in south-central Iowa. Nest predation on individual\n roadside transects ranged from 0 to 100% and averaged 23%...
nest predation
stratified samples
[Timur Keskintürk] Stratified sampling is a methodology in which a heterogeneous population is partitioned into\r\n homogeneous subgroups called strata... , "[Konstantinos Sechidis] Stratified sampling is a sampling method that takes into account the existence of disjoint groups\r\n within a population and produces samples where the proportion of these groups is maintained...
carbon balances
carbon balancing
carbonate balance
[Tommi Aho] Carbon balance is a common requirement in various mathematical modeling approaches which aim tomodel operation of a bioreactor...
carbon balance
WFD
[Tony McNally] The Water Framework Directive is the most important piece of European water legislation to date. It\r\n arose from the need to consolidate water policy and to integrate water-resources management,\r\n recognising the interrelationships between water quality and quantity, groundwater and surface\r\n water, an aquatic ecosystem approach and catchment-based management...
water framework directive
forest soils
forested soil
forested soils
forests soil
forests soils
[Víctor Hugo Durán Zuazo] Sustainable land use is the management of the natural environment and the built environment to conserve the resources that help to sustain the current local human population and that of future generations. This review serves three purposes. First, it gives an introduction to the concept of sustainability in relation to land use, assessing what is “unsustainable” and what is “sustainable.” The environmental, historical, and social context is described for understanding current land-use practices...
sustainable land use
snow covering
snow covers
[V. D. Mishra] Snow cover is an important variable for climatic and hydrologic models due to its effect on surface\r\n albedo, energy, and mass balance. Satellite observations successfully provide a global and\r\n comprehensive hemispheric-scale record of the short-term, as well as inter-seasonal variations in\r\n snow cover. Passive microwave sensors provide an excellent method to monitor temporal and spatial\r\n variations in large-scale snow cover parameters, overcoming problems of cloud cover... , "[K. K. Singh] Snow cover is an important variable for climatic and hydrologic models due to its effects on surface\r\n albedo, energy, and moisture budgets. Passive microwave sensors can be used to monitor temporal and\r\n spatial variations in large-scale snow cover parameters, avoiding problems of cloud cover and polar\r\n nights. In the present study, brightness temperature values were estimated (using calibration\r\n curves) for moist snow on natural and blackbody/metal surface... , "[M. TEDESCO] Snow cover is a key component of the Earth's energy balance and a key storage mechanism for\r\n water. In many areas of the world, people rely on snowmelt runoff for their water resources. It is\r\n essential that the extent and water content of seasonal snow cover be determined to a degree of\r\n accuracy concomitant with the instrumentation available... , "[Marco Brogioni] Snow cover is an important component of the hydrological cycle and a key indicator of global\r\n warming. Microwave radiometry has proved to be an important method to monitor this quantity. This\r\n work aims at investigating the sensitivity of microwave emission to snow parameters by means of an\r\n advanced model called IRIDE (Ifac RadiatIve Dry snow Emission). The model is obtained by properly\r\n coupling the Advanced Integral Equation Method and the Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory under\r\n the Quasi-Crystalline Approximation...
snow cover
[V. Polyakov] Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock is an important component of the global carbon (C) cycle, which has\r\n the potential to influence global climate... , "[R. Bou Kheir] Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a dynamic component of the terrestrial system, with both internal\r\n changes in the vertical and horizontal directions and external changes with the atmosphere and the\r\n biosphere... , "[D. S. Mendham] Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a significant component of the worlds terrestrial carbon stocks, and\r\n changes in land-use have potential to change pools of soil C. Land-use change is occurring over\r\n large areas of the world, so soil has potential to be a large source or sink for atmospheric C.\r\n Changes in amounts of soil C (0-1 m) were examined after clearing of native vegetation for pasture\r\n (20-71 years prior to study), and after establishment of Eucalyptus globulusplantations on\r\n ex-pasture sites (7-10 years prior to study)... , "[J. M. Novak] Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is an important process to mitigate CO2 emissions. Our\r\n objectives were to determine the rates of C sequestration and to determine if the SOC pool was at or\r\n approaching equilibrium in plots under long-term (24-yr) conservation (CT) and disk tillage (DT)\r\n management... , "[Gustavo M. Vasques] Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an indicator of ecosystem quality and plays a major role in the\r\n biogeochemical cycles of major nutrients and water. Shortcomings exist to estimate SOC across large\r\n regions using rapid and cheap soil sensing approaches. Our objective was to estimate SOC in 7120\r\n mineral and organic soil horizons in Florida using visible/near-infrared diff use refl ectance\r\n spectroscopy (VNIRS) calibrated by committee trees and partial least squares regression (PLSR)...
river basins
[Van der Westhuizen] The river basin is a geographical unit that defines an area where various users of the basin's\r\n water interact, and where most of them live. A basin perspective helps include in the analysis the\r\n interactions among various types of water uses and users, and in the process, it helps in better\r\n understanding the physical, environmental, social and economic influences that impinge on the\r\n productivity of agricultural water management...
river basin
livestock graze
livestock grazed
[Veli-Matti Pakanen] Livestock grazing is an important management tool of agri-environment schemes initiated within the European Union to maintain and restore biodiversity of grassland birds. However, grazing can affect bird populations negatively by depressing reproduction through nest trampling and increasing nest predation. These effects are, however, considered low when using recommended stocking rates... , "[Terrell D. Wch] Livestock grazing is a widespread and important influence on neotropical migratory birds in fourmajor ecosystems in western North America: grasslands of the Great Plains and Southwest, riparianwoodlands, Intermountain shrubsteppe, and open coniferous forests...
livestock grazing
[Víctor Hugo Durán Zuazo] Sustainable land use is the management of the natural environment and the built environment to\r\n conserve the resources that help to sustain the current local human population and that of future\r\n generations. This review serves three purposes. First, it gives an introduction to the concept of\r\n sustainability in relation to land use, assessing what is “unsustainable” and what is “sustainable.”\r\n The environmental, historical, and social context is described for understanding current land-use\r\n practices...
phylogenetic diversities
phylogenetically diverse
[Vincent Moulton] Phylogenetic diversity (PD) is a measure of the extent to which different subsets of taxa span an\n evolutionary tree, and provides a quantitative tool for studying biodiversity conservation.\n Recently, it was shown that the problem of finding subsets of taxa of given size to maximize PD can\n be efficiently solved by a greedy algorithm... , "[Fabio Pardi] Phylogenetic diversity (PD) is a useful metric for selecting taxa in a range of biological\n applications, for example, bioconservation and genomics, where the selection is usually constrained\n by the limited availability of resources... , "[Ana S. L. Rodrigues] Phylogenetic diversity (PD) is a biodiversity measure that takes account of phylogenetic\n relationships (hence evolutionary history) between taxa. It may therefore provide a better currency\n for conservation evaluation than taxonomic richness... , "[Beáta Faller] Phylogenetic diversity is a measure for describing how much of an evolutionary tree is spanned by a\n subset of species. If one applies this to the (unknown) subset of current species that will still be\n present at some future time, then this `future phylogenetic diversity' provides a measure of\n the impact of various extinction scenarios in biodiversity conservation...
ACO
ant colonies optimization
ant colony optimizations
ant colony optimizer
ant colony optimizers
ants colony optimization
[Vittorio Maniezzo] Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a class of metaheuristic algorithms sharing the common approach of constructing a solution on the basis of information provided both by a standard constructive heuristic and by previously constructed solutions... , "[Xiangpei Hu] The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a recent meta-heuristic algorithm for solving hard combinatorial optimization problems. The algorithm, however, has the weaknesses of premature convergence and low search speed, which greatly hinder its application... , "[Enrique Alba] The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) metaheuristic is a bio-inspired approach for hard combinatorial optimization problems for stationary and non-stationary environments. In the ACO metaheuristic, a colony of artificial ants cooperate for finding high quality solutions in a reasonable time. An interesting example of a non-stationary combinatorial optimization problem is the Multiple Elevators Problem (MEP) which consists in finding a sequence of movements for each elevator to perform in a building so that to minimize, for instance, the users waiting average time... , "[K. Thangavel] Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) metaheuristic is a recent population-based approach inspired by the observation of real ants colony and based upon their collective foraging behavior... , "[Chia Jim Tong] Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a paradigm that employs a set of cooperating agents to solve functions or obtain good so lutions for combinatorial optimization problems...
Unclear
ant colony optimization
North Atlantic Oscillations
[W. A. Müller] The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a major winter climate mode, describing one-third of the\n inter-annual variability of the upper-level flow in the Atlantic European mid-latitudes. It provides\n a statistically well-defined pattern to study the predictability of the European winter climate... , "[António R. Tomé] The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a major feature of the Northern Hemisphere climate system.\n The unprecedented trends it exhibited after the early 60's led some authors to propose human\n induced climate forcing as a possible cause... , "[Stephen R. Meyers] The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the leading mode of atmospheric variability in the North\n Atlantic region, influencing storm tracks and creating a dipole pattern of precipitation from north\n to south across Western Europe. This distinct spatial distribution of precipitation provides a\n framework that can be potentially used to identify and reconstruct patterns of past NAOforced\n climate variability... , "[Gordana Jovanovic] The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the most significant large-scale mode of natural climate\n variability on the Northern Hemisphere and Arctic Oscillation (AO) is its supplement. Both have\n large impacts on weather and climate in the North Atlantic region and surrounding continents\n including Europe. NAO and AO phases cause specific already defined changes in distribution of\n climate elements in wide area... , "[Eleanor Jennings] The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a winter phenomenon in which the north-south contrast in\n barometric pressure in the Atlantic shows interannual variability with approximately decadal\n cycles...
[W. Y. Cheung] Self-incompatibility (SI) in Brassica is a sporophytic system, genetically determined by alleles at\r\n the S-locus, which prevents self-fertilization and encourages outbreeding... , "[M. Watanabe] Self-incompatibility (SI) in Brassica species is an elaborate system preventing self-fertilisation.\r\n It is important for high-quality seed production in Brassica vegetables, such as cabbage, turnip and\r\n Chinese cabbage. In classical genetics, Brassica SI is sporophytically controlled by a single\r\n S-locus with multiple alleles. This concept of the S-locus enabled us to beginmolecular studies to\r\n determine how the SI system is regulated... , "[Shutian Li] Self-incompatibility (SI) in higher plants is an important mechanism to prevent inbreeding and\r\n involves specific rejection of incompatible (''self'') pollen. In\r\n field poppy (Papaver rhoeas), S proteins encoded by the stigma component of the S-locus interact\r\n with incompatible pollen, resulting in cessation of tip growth... , "[Daniel P. Matton] Self-incompatibility (SI) in angiosperms is a genetic mechanism that promotes outcrossing through\r\n rejection of selfpollen. In the Solanaceae, SI is determined by a multiallelic S locus whose only\r\n known product is an S RNase. S RNases show a characteristic pattern of five conserved and two\r\n hypervariable regions... , "[Kristina Edh] Self-incompatibility (SI) in plants is a classic example of a trait evolving under strong\r\n frequency-dependent selection. As a consequence, population genetic theory predicts that the S\r\n locus, which controls SI, should maintain numerous alleles, display a high level of nucleotide\r\n diversity, and, in structured populations, show a lower level of among-population differentiation\r\n compared to neutral loci...
self incompatible
[Warren E. Mabee] Ecosystem management is an approach to natural resource planning that theoretically places environmental issues on an equal footing with the economic concerns that dominate resource use. This approach recognizes the importance of both a healthy environment and access to natural resources. Each of these factors is an implicit element of human security, a political concept that promotes the protection of human lives and livelihoods... , "[Robert C. Szaro] Ecosystem management is an approach that attempts to involve all stakeholders in definingsustainable alternatives for the interactions of people and the environments in which they live. Itsgoal is to restore and sustain the health, productivity, and biodiversity of ecosystems and theoverall quality of life through a natural resource management approach that is fully integrated withsocial and economic needs... , "[Georgios E. Pavlikakis] Ecosystem Management (EM) is a new holistic approach to the management of natural resources. Itintegrates the scientificknowledge on ecological interrelationships and the complex socioeconomicand political frame of values, aiming at the long-term sustainability of a region, i.e., theecosystem. Itincludes the human, biological and natural dimensions, and canregulate the internalstructures and functions of the ecosystem,and the inputs and outputs from it, so that solutions todevelopment and protection problems can be achieved and be socially well-accepted...
BBS
breeding bird surveys
breeding birds surveys
[WAYNE C. WEBER] The Breeding Bird Survey (hereafter BBS) is a standardized technique designed to measureyear-to-year changes in numbers of breeding birds (Robbins and Van Velzen 1967, 1969
breeding bird survey
gene flows
genes flow
genes flowing
[WEI Wei] Gene flow is an important ecological and genetic process, and the fitness conferred by the insertionof a foreign gene could be important in ecology after it becomes introgressed into the wild geneticbackground of organisms, which is the determinative factor for the fate of GMOs or foreign genes innatural ecosystem and for the competition with native species... , "[Wei Wei] Gene flow is an important ecological and genetic process, and the fitness conferred by the insertion of a foreign gene could be important in ecology after it becomes introgressed into the wild genetic background of organisms, which is the determinative factor for the fate of GMOs or foreign genes in natural ecosystem and for the competition with native species...
gene flow
BBL
benthic boundary layers
[Wikipedia 2016-08-15] The strongbenthic boundary layer (BBL)/strong is the layer of water directly above the sediment at the bottom of a river, lake or sea. It is generated by the friction of the water moving over the surface of the substrate. The thickness of this zone is determined by many factors including the Coriolis force.
benthic boundary layer
[Wikipedia, 2013-10-01] Evolutionary ecology lies at the intersection of ecology and evolutionary biology. It approaches the study of ecology in a way that explicitly considers the evolutionary histories of species and the interactions between them. Conversely, it can be seen as an approach to the study of evolution that incorporates an understanding of the interactions between the species under consideration.
evolutionary ecology
NDVI
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
CFU
colonies forming units
colony forming units
[Wikipedia, 2016-08-16] In microbiology, a strongcolony-forming unit/strong (strongCFU/strong) is a unit used to estimate the number of viable bacteria or span class=\"mw-redirect\"fungal cells in a sample.
colony forming unit
[wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome] Biomes are climatically and geographically defined as contiguous areas with similar climatic conditions on the Earth, such as communities of plants, animals, soil organisms,[1] and viruses[2] and are often referred to as ecosystems. Some parts of the earth have more or less the same kind of abiotic and biotic factors spread over a large area, creating a typical ecosystem over that area. Such major ecosystems are termed as biomes. Biomes are defined by factors such as plant structures (such as trees, shrubs, and grasses), leaf types (such as broadleaf and needleleaf), plant spacing (forest, woodland, savanna), and climate. Unlike ecozones, biomes are not defined by genetic, taxonomic, or historical similarities. Biomes are often identified with particular patterns of ecological succession and climax vegetation (quasiequilibrium state of the local ecosystem). An ecosystem has many biotopes and a biome is a major habitat type. A major habitat type, however, is a compromise, as it has an intrinsic inhomogeneity.
Structured according to http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/
biome
date of emergence
[Wikipedia] Dormancy is a period in an organism's life cycle when growth, development, and (in animals) physical activity are temporarily stopped.
emergence
date of emergence from dormancy
emergence date
stage
[Wikipedia] Plant nutrition is the study of the chemical elements and compounds necessary for plant growth, plant metabolism and their external supply
plant nutrition
植物栄養
植物营养
[Wikipedia] The BBCH-scale is a scale used to identify the phenological development stages of a plant
BBCH-scale
ecological engineer
ecological engineers
ecologically engineered
[William J. Mitsch] Ecological engineering is defined as &#34
ecological engineering
[Yael Ben-Haim] Coral bleaching is the disruption of symbioses between coral animals and their photosynthetic microalgal endosymbionts (zooxanthellae).
sedimentation rates
[Yu. A. Fedorov] The sedimentation rate is an important factor influencing the quantitative distribution and\r\n composition of sedimentary material, the thickness of bottom sediments, and the dynamics of their\r\n transformation at the early diagenesis stage [1]. In [2‐4], the average sedimentation rates were\r\n largely determined for the entire Sea of Azov using calculation methods (balance method and\r\n comparison between bathymetric charts)...
sedimentation rate
model valid
model validated
model validators
model validity
modeling Validation
[Yuqing Yang] Model validation is an important part of model development. It is performed to increase the\n credibility and gain sufficient confidence about a model... , "[Richard Dorling] Model validation is a crucial aspect of the development of any dynamic system that uses computer\n aided engineering (CAE). The ease of applying model validation techniques is dependent on the\n structure of the model, and this is often dependent on the CAE tool used. The Modelica language is\n both well-structured, and independent of any CAE tool. As such it exhibits many features that make\n it ideal in the application of model validation techniques... , "[M. Y. Mashor] Model validation is an important step in system identification process. However, theoretical\n derivation of model validity tests for neural network such as RBF network is very complicated. The\n current study, investigate the capability of some of the model validity tests that are widely been\n used namely one step ahead prediction, model predicted output, means square error and correlation\n tests...
model validation
NUE
nitrogen use efficiencies
nitrogen use efficient
[Zhi-You YUAN] Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is the product of nitrogen productivity (NP) and the mean residence time of nitrogen (MRT)...
nitrogen use efficiency
[Zhi-You YUAN] Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is the product of nitrogen productivity (NP) and the mean residence\n time of nitrogen (MRT)...
species lists
div class=\"swa-object-row\"\r\ndiv id=\"uniqueId141076\" class=\"swa-widget-row\"\r\ndiv class=\"swa-object-widget\"\r\ndiv class=\"swa-shifted-label\"A compilation of all found species in a given area or ecosystemspan class=\"swa-lang\"br //div\r\n/div\r\n/div\r\n/div\r\ndiv id=\"uniqueId141077\" /div
div id=\"formula-bar\"\r\ndiv id=\"t-formula-bar-input-container\"\r\ndiv dir=\"ltr\"\r\ndiv id=\"t-formula-bar-input\"\r\ndiv class=\"cell-input\" dir=\"ltr\"[NASA] The process in which radiant energy is retained by a substance. A further process always results from absorption, that is, the irreversible conversion of the absorbed radiation into some other form of energy within and according to the nature of the absorbing medium. The absorbing medium itself may emit radiation, but only after an energy conversion has occurred./div\r\ndiv /div\r\n/div\r\n/div\r\n/div\r\n/div
absorption
απορρόφηση
p dir=\"ltr\"An observable property can be observed or measured by a single action of observation, field or laboratory measurement, scaling, equipment reading, visual estimation, etc., resulting in a single data. (e.g. NT size, mass, length). /p\r\ndiv /div
observable property
Deprecated concept is a container that contains concepts which are no longer in use. Concepts which are not used anymore or are replaced by another updated terms are moved to deprecated and maintain their link to the following term. By this no broken links are guaranteed throughout the lifetime of the controlled vocabulary./p
concept for internal organization
deprecated concept
net ecosystem exchanges
pResearch focus defines the scientific scope of the observations or experiments and encompasses the spatial or temporal scale addressed in the work as well as the thematic focus./p
research focus
Things happening in an uncontrolled way to nature (e.g. draught, floods, fire, storm).
pThings happening in an uncontrolled way to nature (e.g. draught, floods, fire, storm). Not human induced events, natural process happening irregularly and unpredictable in time. Is a property of the environment of a system (external drivers). e.g. wind
event
[BEEF Magazine] Stocking rate is the basic relationship between livestock and the forage resource
stocking rate
span class=\"st\"[BEEF Magazine] Stocking rate is the basic relationship between livestock and the forage resource
span lang=\"EN-GB\"A derived property cannot be directly observed, but are derived by sets of observed properties., e.g. temperature and oxygen content to determine oxygen saturation. This is appropriate for any calculated property based on different kinds of measurements (e.g. NT ratio, productivity, frequency).
derived property
In EnvThes a variable is defined aligned to the I-ADOPT Framework. It is a compound concept built by a property for an object of interest. For example, temperature (property) of air (the object of interest) results in the compound concept air temperature. As temperature can be measured in different media (e.g. water, soil, air), it is necessary to use compound concepts.
variable
The characteristic is a basket for more general properties of the objects of interests like empattern, composition, configuration/em, which can be approximated by several derived properties. They can be also qualitative properties, e.g. emnaturalness/em, which are assessed by expert decision.
characteristic
This is a basket for all physical objects of interest.
material entity
aerodynamic resistance
aerodynamic resistance of canopy
The transfer of heat and water vapour from the evaporating surface into the air above the canopy.
canopy aerodynamic resistance
span style=\"font-size: small;\"The transfer of heat and water vapour from the evaporating surface into the air above the canopy.
1) The NO3- ion, formed by reaction of nitric acid* with a base*. 2) A compound containing the NO3- ion, for example ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3.
nitrate deposition
Deposition NO3-
1) The SO42- ion, formed by reaction of sulfuric acid* with a base*. 2) A compound containing the SO42- ion.
Deposition SO42-
A camera that takes images in the infrared portion of the radiation spectrum. It can be used to assess thermal condition of bodies
[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 30/05/2013" , "[source of definition ] Expert
infrared camera
[source of definition ] Expert" , "[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 30/05/2013
physical processes
A distinct stratum of vegetation within a forest community;
forest layer
A general term that usually refers to named landmark events during development of an organism
[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22" , "[source of definition ] http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/46317
developmental stage
A measure is a compound concept formed by determining an Observed Property for an Object Of Interest - for example the pH (Observed Property) of a sample of stream water (the Object Of Interest). Measures may optionally have associated Units Of Measure, a Matrix, and various Constraints and Statistical Measures.
it is a synonym of parameter
measure
content of chlorophyll in water
A measure of the chlorophyll content of a volume of water giving an indication of photosynthetic capability.
chlorophyll a concentration in water
A metal whose specific gravity is approximately 5.0 or higher.
Heavy metal deposition
heavy metal deposition
intensity of land use
A piece of land, irrespective of its size, is characterized by a particular use. This use is associated with a given type of management which is dictated mainly by climate and changes because of environmental, social, economic, technological and political factors. Depending on the particular type of management or land use intensity, land resources are subject to a given degree of stress.
land use intensity
A portion of geographic space confined to the interaction of a species with the same species
tree distribution
analytical tools
temporal properties
a property relating to time
temporal property
residu
residue
a residual is generally a quantity left over at the end of a process
residual
A river is a natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river. Small rivers may be called by several other names, including stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill. A lake is a body of relatively still water of considerable size, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land apart from a river, stream, or other form of moving water that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes are inland and not part of the ocean and therefore are distinct from lagoons, and are larger and deeper than ponds. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing.
rivers and lakes
solute
a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent
solution
canopy gap
[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013" , "[source of definition ] http://biology.duke.edu/bio265/msw10/gaps1.html
A systematic and description and measurement of the structure and species composition of the vegetation, often accompanied by analyses of environmental factors such as soil and microclimate characteristics
vegetation survey
A technique used to estimate leaf area index (i.e. the leaf area (m2) that is overlayed over soil (m2)) by elaborating photographs taken with a camera equipped with a fish-eye lens
Hemispherical photography
a young tree
sapling
NH4+ N
Ammonium nitrogen related salts include nitrate, nitrite and nitride
ammonium nitrogen compounds
An authomatic-electrical device to measure rainfall or other process which involve dripping water. A giving amount of water makes tipping a bucket, each bucket movement record a signal that can be measured by an automatic data logger or, in old models, recorded on paper
[source of definition ] Expert" , "[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 29/05/2013
tipping-bucket gauge
on-site sensors
An electrical, electronic, automatic device that automatically identifies and records or registers a stimulus, such as an environmental change in pressure or temperature or other environmental variable, an electrical signal, installed at a monitoring or research site
[comments ] Very general and broad term, difficult to give a short and ready-to-use definition" , "[source of definition ] Expert, partly mutuated by GEMET item \"Detector\"" , "[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 23/05/2013
on-site sensor
[source of definition ] Expert, partly mutuated by GEMET item \"Detector\"" , "[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 23/05/2013" , "[comments ] Very general and broad term, difficult to give a short and ready-to-use definition
mobile sensors
An electrical, electronic, automatic device that automatically identifies and records or registers a stimulus, such as an environmental change in pressure or temperature or other environmental variable, an electrical signal, used in mobile mode (i.e. transported and then used to measure, installed on a mobile platform)
[comments ] Very general and broad term, difficult to give a short and ready-to-use definition" , "[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 30/05/2013" , "[source of definition ] Expert, partly mutuated by GEMET item \"Detector\
mobile sensor
[comments ] Very general and broad term, difficult to give a short and ready-to-use definition" , "[source of definition ] Expert, partly mutuated by GEMET item \"Detector\"" , "[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 30/05/2013
Present weather sensors
An electrical, electronic, automatic device that automatically identifies and records or registers changes in weather parameters such as temperature, air humidity, pressure, radiation, precipitation
[source of definition ] Expert, partly mutuated by GEMET item \"Detector\"" , "[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 29/05/2013
present weather sensor
An electrical, electronic, device that automatically identifies changes in solar radiation
[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 29/05/2013" , "[source of definition ] Expert, partly mutuated by GEMET item \"Detector\
phododiode sensor
An electrical, electronic, device that automatically identifies changes in solar radiation (see also photodiode sensor)
radiometer
An electrical, electronic, or automatic device that automatically identifies changes in air humidity
moisture sensor
An electrical, electronic, or automatic device that automatically identifies changes in pH of a solution
pH-meter
An electrical, electronic, or automatic device that automatically identifies changes in snow height
snow height sensor
An electrical, electronic, or automatic device that automatically identifies changes in soil moisture
soil moisture sensor
An electrical, electronic, or automatic device that automatically identifies changes in soil temperature
soil temperature sensor
An electrical, electronic, or automatic device that automatically identifies changes in temperature
temperature sensor
An electrical, electronic, or automatic device that automatically identifies changes in temperature of a body without contact with it, usually with infrared technology
non-contact T sensor
An electrical, electronic, or automatic device that automatically identifies changes in water level at dams or reservoirs
water gauge measurement
An instrument that can measure Leaf Area Index (LAI) of vegetation. Generally uses optical methods
LAI meter
An instrument that can measure the stomatal conductance of plants. Stomatal conductance gives an indication of transpiration of water from foliage, the higher the conudctance the easier the flow of water out of the foliage. Similar for the exchange of CO2
porometer
questionnaire
An interview is a conversation between two or more people where questions are asked by the interviewer to elicit facts or statements from the interviewee. A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.
[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questionnaire" , "[comments ] two terms = to be separated" , "[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013
interview
[source of definition ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questionnaire" , "[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013" , "[comments ] two terms = to be separated
animals breeding
Animal breeding is a field related to a whole range of biotechnologies. The impact of a biotechnology can be measured by the influence it has on genetic progress. According to the type of biotechnology considered, different component of genetic progress may be affected: accuracy of prediction, generation interval, intensity of selection and genetic variance...
animal breeding
Any biological property (e.g. abundance), regardless of the object of interest or matrix.
biological property
Any chemical species, ionic or molecular, capable of accepting or receiving a proton (hydrogen ion) from another substance; the other substance acts as an acid in giving of the proton; the other ion is a base.
Deposition: Base cations (K, Na, Ca, Mg)
diameter of tree
any straight line segment that passes through the center of the circle and whose endpoints lie on the tree circumference. A standard method of expressing the diameter of the trunk or bole of a standing tree is Diameter at breast height, or DBH. Tree trunks are measured at the height of an adult's breast, which is defined differently in different countries and situations. In continental Europe, Australia, the UK, and Canada the diameter is measured at 1.3 metres above ground. In The US, New Zealand, Burma, India, Malaysia, and South Africa, breast height diameter is measured at a height of 1.4 metres. Previously 4.5 ft (1.37 m) was used. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter_at_breast_height#cite_note-1
tree diameter
proxies
Any variable or parameter that can be used as a surrogate for another (proxy varaible, proxy parameter)
[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 23/05/2013" , "[source of definition ] Expert
proxy
clearcuts
[source of definition ] wikipedia" , "[controlled by ] Mauro Bastianini 6.6.13
atmosferic deposition collected in an open funnel in a location not affected by the vegetation canopy
[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013" , "[source of definition ] http://lawr.ucdavis.edu
Bulk precipitation
former label: atmospheric property
Atmospheric measure is a compound concept formed by determining an atmospheric property for an object of interest in the atmosphere - for example the concentration (Observed Property) of SO3 (the Object Of Interest) in the air (Matrix). Measures may optionally have associated Units Of Measure (e.g. ppb), and various Constraints (e.g. in certain heights) and Statistical Measures. (e.g. daily means)
atmospheric measure
ecosystem structures
Attributes related to the instantaneous physical state of an ecosystem; examples include species population density, species richness or evenness, and standing crop biomass.
[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013" , "[source of definition ] http://iaspub.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/termreg/searchandretrieve/termsandacronyms/search.do
ecosystem structure
[source of definition ] http://iaspub.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/termreg/searchandretrieve/termsandacronyms/search.do" , "[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013
bodies size
bodies sizes
body sized
body sizes
body sizing
Body size is an important determinant of fitness in many organisms. While size will typically changeover the lifetime of an individual, heritable components of phenotypic variance may also showontogenetic variation... , "[James M. Cheverud] Body size is an archetypal quantitative trait with variation due to the segregation of many geneloci, each of relatively minor effect, and the environment... , "[CHRISTIAN P ETER K LINGENBERG] Body size is a central element in current theories of life-history evolution. Models for optimal age at maturity are based on the assumptions that there is a trade-off between development time and adult size and that larger size provides a reproductive advantage. 2. The results of large, replicated experiments with the water strider Gerris buenoi (Heteroptera: Gerridae) contradict both these assumptions...
body size
[controlled by ] Tomas Staszevski , 2013-06-08" , "[source of definition ] http://www.simplycontrol.co.uk/shop/soil_warming/2_39_0_0/default.aspx
woody debris
biogeochemical processes
Community ecologists study the interactions between species in communities on many spatial and temporal scales, including the distribution, structure, abundance, demography, and interactions between coexisting populations. The primary focus of community ecology is on the interactions between populations as determined by specific genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. (wikipedia)
community ecology
layer composition of vegetation
Composition of the vegetation layer in an area. The vegetation layers is the plant cover of an area. There could be different vegetation layers in an ecosystem (e.g. moss-, herb-, understory-, tree-layer). The composition of vegetation layer can be generic (e.g. the presence and name of different layers) or specific (e.g. the species composition of a layer down to the taxonomical definitions
[source of definition ] Hend + Expert" , "[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 23/05/2013
vegetation layer composition
[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 23/05/2013" , "[source of definition ] Hend + Expert
container for concepts, where the position in the hierarchy of the thesaurus is not yet clear or decided
unstructured concept
container for concepts, which by error have been created twice or more times.
duplicated concepts
Containers made of polyethylene used to collect wet deposition. Through precipitation compounds are deposited over ecosystem and earth.
[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 29/05/2013" , "[source of definition ] Expert
wet deposition: open polyethylene collectors
Content of chemical elements and compounds in the soil
too general
soil chemical characteristics (pH, CEC, EC, C and N content, …)
quantity (according to qudt ontology)
copyright: QUDT - Quantities, Units, Dimensions and Data Types Ontologies - March 18, 2014 - Authors: Ralph Hodgson, TopQuadrant, Inc. ; Paul J. Keller, NASA AMES Research Center; Jack Hodges; Jack Spivak
dimension
Counting of individuals of species of plants or animals. Sampling method that involves counting individuals on a certain area
counting of individuals
[source of definition ] Expert" , "[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 23/05/2013
Damaging effects of a hurricane both on nature and on humans and infrastructures.
hurricane damage
Daphnia (genus) are small, planktonic crustaceans, between 0.2 and 5 mm in length. Daphnia are members of the order Cladocera, and are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans commonly called water fleas because of their saltatory swimming style.
[source of definition ] Wikipedia" , "[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen" , "[comments ] should basically read Daphnia (starting with upper case D) as a name of a genus
daphnia
leaf litter
biomass of deadwood
deadwood biomass
Dead trees or dead branches or wood on a tree
dead wood biomass
dead wood
Defined as the \"arrangement of objects in space”. Has at least 3 major elements: structural complexity, heterogeneity and scale (McCoy and Bell 1991).
habitat structure
suction cups
Device used to collect water moving into soils (soil solution). A vacuum is usually applied to the cups in order to suck water throuhg the cups. The water is then collected in glass bottles to be successively analysed in the laboratory
suction cup
Devices used to measure or estimate dry deposition of compounds such as polluttants in the atmosphere. Dry deposition is a porcess involving deposition of compounds directly from atmosphere and not through precipitation
dry deposition: filters / passive samplers / denuders
net radiation
direct radiation
intensity of direct radiation
Direct radiation is the solar radiation directly reaching the earth surface from the sun
direct radiation intensity
amount of direct radiation
DNA polymorphism can be defined as an inheritable genetic variant on a particular place (locus) in the genome, with a population frequency above 1% in the population.
mesic soils
geological processes
plot size
e.g sampling area size, plot size, transect length
sampling unit size
each of a number of small plots of vegetation, analysed as a sample of a wider area
[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22" , "[source of definition ] http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/relevé, 2013-08-22
vegetation relevée
[source of definition ] http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/relevé, 2013-08-22" , "[controlled by ] U Grandin, 2013-08-22
ecosystem classification based on the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (MAES) and the MAES working group at the EEA
ecosystem (MAES)
Ecosystem diversity refers to the diversity of a place at the level of ecosystems.
ecosystem diversity
is it possible to show ecosystem diversity only as a untergeordnetes Konzept in disciplines-biodiversity, but not in biology-biodiversity? Generally, there are these 3 levels of biodiversity (genes, species, ecosystems), but you cannot deal with diversity
Estimation is the process of finding an estimate, or approximation, which is a value that is usable for some purpose even if input data may be incomplete, uncertain, or unstable.
estimation
former label: ecosystem properties
Everything about biotic compartments like food chains, layering or spatial structuring of the ecosystem and so on
ecosystem measure
External event affecting the ecosystem , "[Henderson's] n. in ecology, any perturba­tion (either natural or caused by humans) experienced by an ecosystem.
feeding of herbivore animals on plants (such as seedlings)
Removal: grazing
FWC
field water capacity
Field Capacity is the amount of soil moisture or water content held in the soil after excess water has drained away and the rate of downward movement has decreased. This usually takes place 2–3 days after rain or irrigation in pervious soils of uniform structure and texture. The physical definition of field capacity (expressed symbolically as θfc) is the bulk water content retained in soil at −33 J/kg (or −0.33 bar) of hydraulic head or suction pressure. The term originated from Israelson and West and Frank Veihmeyer and Arthur Hendrickson. [Wikipedia 2014-12-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_capacity]
field capacity
Flow of water, elements and compounds in discharge
run off discharge
For a given positive natural number k, the k-th central moment of a random variable x is defined as k=E[(x−E[x])k]. That is, it is the expected value of the deviation from the mean to the power k. In particular, 0=1, 1=0 and 2 is the variance of x. [UncertML] http://www.uncertml.org/statistics/centred-moment
centred moment
CO2 surface flux
@05f1442498d2030c01696d49b2c1c20b" , "@f77eafa1ec8b0040cc244e05f102e13c
For the exchange of chemicals (water,CO2, etc.) a surface ﬂux is deﬁned as the amount per unit volume of a quantity that passes through a horizontal unit area on the surface
carbon dioxide surface flux
@f77eafa1ec8b0040cc244e05f102e13c" , "@05f1442498d2030c01696d49b2c1c20b
Functional ecology is the branch of ecology that focuses on the roles, or functions, that species play in the community or ecosystem in which they occur. In this approach, physiological, anatomical, and life history characteristics of the species are emphasized. It represents the true crossroads between ecological patterns and the processes and mechanisms that underlie them.
functional classification
irradiance of global radiation
Global radiation is the solar radiation reaching the earth's surface on a horizonatl plane
global radiation irradiance
global radiation
Grasslands frequently have been converted to cropland on which edible grains are grown; this allows food for humans to be taken directly from the grasslands themselves rather than via grazing animals feeding on the native grasses in a rangeland situation
[source of definition ] www.britannica.com" , "[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013
cropland
ground water recharge
Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater.
Ground water recharge
actinorhizal
Les plantes actinorhiziennes sont des angiospermes caractérisées par leur capacité à former des nodosités fixatrices d'azote au niveau des racines en s'associant avec des bactéries filamenteuses du sol du genre Frankia.
group of angiosperms characterized by their ability to form a symbiosis with the nitrogen fixing actinobacteria Frankia , "Les plantes actinorhiziennes sont des angiospermes caractérisées par leur capacité à former des nodosités fixatrices d'azote au niveau des racines en s'associant avec des bactéries filamenteuses du sol du genre Frankia.
[comments ] Henderson definition was in French" , "[controlled by ] Neagu Stefan 07/06/13
actinorhizal plants
Removal. harvesting
Hydraulic conductance is a measure of the efficiency of bulk flow through a material, and defined as the flow rate per unit pressure driving force.
hydraulic conductance
If the word \"Matter\" means “Soil organic matter\", the definition could be: the storage of Soil Organic Matter (SOM). \"SOM is a heterogeneus mixture consisting of plant, animal, and microbial materials in all stages of decay combined with a variety of decomposition products of different ages and levels of complexity\"
matter storage
Soil Organic Matter (SOM) is a heterogeneus mixture consisting of plant, animal, and microbial materials in all stages of decay combined with a variety of decomposition products of different ages and levels of complexity.
Includes macroscopic, multicellular algae, and diatoms macrocolonies that lives on the bottom of seabed and freshwaters. Marine benthic macrophytes (macrophytobenthos) are mentioned in the WFDas a \"quality element\" for the classification of marine coastal areas. They include two fundamentally different groups of plants: the seaweeds (macroscopic algae) and the sea grasses (vascular plants).
macrophytobenthos
inorganic nutrients
inorganic nutrient
[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614" , "[source of definition ] Free on line dictionary
hydrogen ions
[controlled by ] Mauro Bastianini 6.6.13" , "[source of definition ] Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd edition McNaught, A.D. and Wilkinson, A. Blackwell Science, 1997 [ISBN 0-86542-684-8]
Land cover is the physical material at the surface of the earth.
landscape cover
connectivity of landscape
Landscape connectivity is, broadly, \"the degree to which the landscape facilitates or impedes movement among resource patches\". Connectivity includes both structural connectivity (the physical arrangements of patches) and functional connectivity (the movement of individuals among patches). The degree to which a landscape is connected determines the amount of dispersal there is among patches, which influences gene flow, local adaptation, extinction risk, colonization probability, and the potential for organisms to move as they cope with climate change.
landscape connectivity
concept 'landscape fragmentation' exists
Leaf chlorophyll content provides valuable information about physiological status of plants
[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013" , "[source of definition ] ftp://ftp.cis.rit.edu/people/vanaardt/Vineyard_work/Vineyard_Papers/Chlorophyll_HSI.pdf
Water: Chlorophyll a content
chlorophyll a content in plant
permanent plots
loss of soluble constituents from soil by the action of percolating liquid
Removal: leaching
leaching
LTER-Sites ('traditional' LTER-Sites) are LTER facilities of limited size (about 1-10 km²), comprising mainly one habitat type and form of land use. Activities are concentrating on small scale ecosystem processes and structures (biogeochemistry, selected taxonomic groups, primary production, disturbances etc.). , "LTER-facility of limited size (up to 10 km²) and comprising mainly one habitat type and form of land use (traditional).
LTER Europe site classification
Mass per unit volume of the soil
soil bulk density
measured abundance of annelid species within a habitat or ecosystem.
abundance of annelida
NH4+NO3- concentration
concentration of ammonium nitrate
Measured concentration of ammonium nitrate NH4NO3.
ammonium nitrate concentration
content of ammonium
measured content of ammonium NH4 cation in solution.
ammonium content
diatom species richness
richness of bacillariophyceae species
Measured species diversity in bacillariophyceae species.
bacillariophyceae species richness
Measurement by direct sampling of the amount of vegetation present over a certain area (biomass is the living mass of organism, either plant or animal).
biomass measurement
carbon fluxes
n. a form of a chemical element having the same atomic number (number of protons) and identical chemical prop­erties as another, but differing in atomic mass as a result of a different number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus. a. isotopic.
dataloggers
n. devices/gadgets that record data over time or in relation to location either with a built in instrument or sensor or via external instruments and sensors
datalogger
snowfences
Observation of a particular species presence within the environment in a location or habitat
species presence
presence of birds
Observation of the presence of bird species within the environment
birds presence
presence of species
Observed presence of an particular species within the environment or in a location or habitat.
size of patch
Patch, a term fundamental to landscape ecology, is defined as a relatively homogeneous area that differs from its surroundings. Therefore, patch size should be a measure of its extent in terms of area.
patch size
Plotting the distribution and extent of habitats to create a map with their complete coverage showing the distinct boundaries separating adjacent habitats.
habitat mapping
population size change
Population dynamics
change in population size over time
position of deadwood
Position of deadwood in forest, in terms of location (mapping). Deadwood is made up by dead branches, dead stems, stump remnants or dead trees (complete). The volume or biomass of deadwood in a forest is taken as an estimate of the suitability of that forest to host hifgher biodiversity of saproxilic fauna (fauna that lives on dead matter)
deadwood position
rate of deadwood decaying
Rate of decomposition (decaying) of deadwood in forest. Usually is expressed in decaying classes (1, less decayed or just dead, to 5 almost completely decayed). Deadwood is made up by dead branches, dead stems, stump remnants or dead trees (complete). The volume or biomass of deadwood in a forest is taken as an estimate of the suitability of that forest to host hifgher biodiversity of saproxilic fauna (fauna that lives on dead matter)
deadwood decaying rate
Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_analytical_tools#ixzz2ciN6SI2e
vegetation relevé
Refers to decrease in temperature with increasing altitude.
adiabatic cooling
αδιαβατική μείωση θερμοκρασία
Remote sensing methods that provide their own source of electromagnetic radiation to illuminate the terrain. SAR is one example.
active remote sensing
ενεργητική τηλεπισκόπηση
Steinlaus
követ tetű
petrophaga lorioti
pidocchio petrovoro
pou de pierre
uš kamni
πέτρες ψείρα
Die Steinlaus (wissenschaftlich Petrophaga lorioti) ist ein zum Stamm der Fabelwesen gehörendes Nagetier, circa 20–24 mm lang. Die Steinlaus wurde zuerst 1976 vom Humoristen Loriot bei Forschungsarbeiten an einer Parodie auf den Frankfurter Zoologen Dr. Bernhard Grzimek entdeckt.
rodent-like mite in the order Fictional Rodents, between 20 and 24 mm in length which consumes about 28 kilograms of stone per day, depending on the density and tastiness of said stone. Loriot gave some deadpan comments on a filmed building implosion, mentioning the shy rodent to be at lunch in its natural habitat (before the explosion). , "Die Steinlaus (wissenschaftlich Petrophaga lorioti) ist ein zum Stamm der Fabelwesen gehörendes Nagetier, circa 20–24 mm lang. Die Steinlaus wurde zuerst 1976 vom Humoristen Loriot bei Forschungsarbeiten an einer Parodie auf den Frankfurter Zoologen Dr. Bernhard Grzimek entdeckt.
stone lice
Pschyrembel
litter traps
Sampling method used to collect the input of litter from vegetation (litterfall). The method is used to estimate aboveground litter input. Litter is made of foliage, flower, fruits, branches, seeds falling down from vegetation. Traps can be square or circular, of different size (0.16 m2, 0.25 m2, 0.50 m2)
litter trap
See definition in Linked Date (Gemet)
Ozone_TO_BE_DELETED_TEST
snow water equivalence
Soil classification by the World Reference Base system of 2006
[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130614" , "[source of definition ] WRB 2006
WRB 2006 Soil type
Structure of the vegetation layer in an area. The vegetation layers is the plant cover of an area. There could be different vegetation layers in an ecosystem (e.g. moss-, herb-, understory-, tree-layer). The structure of a vegetation layer may include the number and type of layers (e.g. herb-, understory-, tree-layer), their features such as height, coverage, percent over the whole layer.
vegetation layer structure
Structure of the habitat where an organism is living. It may include the number and type of layers (e.g. herb-, understory-, tree-layer), their features such as height, coverage, percent over the whole habitat. A habitat is the environment within which an organism is normally found. A habitat is characterized by the physical characteristics of the environment and/or the dominant vegetation or other stable biotic characteristics.
[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci, 23/05/2013" , "[source of definition ] Expert (first part) + Hend for habitat definition
biotic diversity within habitat structure
Sum of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium cations.
Base cations deposition
deposition of base cations
test element to be deleted later
Finland Leitfähigkeit
Finland_conductivity
Test in order to show what could be done within the catalogue of life
COL-TEST
third source , "first source , "second source
abundance of bacillariophyceae
diatom abundance biomass
The abundance of bacillariophyceae as measured by biomass
bacillariophyceae abundance
[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen" , "[source of definition ] McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
The biophysical property of the surface of the earth that indicates its greenness in a biological sense and gives a qualitative estimate of green biomass. It measures plant vigor, water wellness, and chlorophyll content.
greenness
ποσοστό πράσινου
C/N ratio
carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
NH4+NO3-
The chemical compound ammonium nitrate, the nitrate salt of ammonia, has the chemical formula NH4NO3
ammonium nitrate
Chloride deposition
Cl deposition
The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine (a halogen) gains an electron to form an anion (negatively charged ion) Cl−.
Deposition Cl-
chloride deposition
[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013" , "[source of definition ] http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O14-habitatselection.html
VPD
The difference (deficit) between the amount of moisture in the air and how much moisture the air can hold when it is saturated. Once air becomes saturated water will condense out to form clouds, dew or films of water over leaves.
vapor pressure deficit
The difference between Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN) and Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN), which comprises nitrate-N (NO3-), ammonia-N (NH4+) and nitrite-N (NO2-). DON is not a single compound but a mixture of compounds ranging from simple amino acids to complex humic substances.
[source of definition ] http://www.tesionline.com" , "[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen
Dissolved organic nitrogen
diversity of flora
floristic diversity
flora diversity
biodiversity parameter
the ecology of microorganisms: their relationship with one another and with their environment.
microbial ecology
The European Ecotron is a research platform dedicated to the study of ecosystems and organisms in the context of environmental changes
[source of definition ] http://www.ecotron.cnrs.fr/" , "[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013
ecotron
FAPAR
The FAPAR quantifies the fraction of the solar radiation absorbed by live leaves for the photosynthesis activity. Then, it refers only to the green and alive elements of the canopy.
fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation
κλάσμα απορροφημένης φωτοσυνθετικά ενεργού ακτινοβολίας
CH4 flux
CH4 fluxes
the flows of CH4 particles in a given space and per time unit
methane flux
ground water level
level of ground water
The interface balance of saturated soil water and atmosphere
groundwater level
The International System of Units (SI) specifies a set of seven base units from which all other units of measurement are formed, by products of the powers of base units. These other units are called SI derived units, for example, the SI derived unit of area is square metre (m2), and of density is kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3). The number of derived units is unlimited.
SI derived units
the interrelationships be­tween fungal organisms and their environment and each other
fungal ecology
the interrelationships be­tween organisms and their environment and each other in wetlands
wetland ecology
NH4+ N compound content
content of ammonium nitrogen
The measure content of ammonium nitrogen compounds
ammonium nitrogen content
compartment
medium
The medium in which the actual Object Of Interest is mixed, embedded, suspended, or entailed in some way - such that a process is required to extract or separate it before an observation can be made.
matrix
The method used to sample an ecological variable, an ecosystem feature, a population
sampling method
net solar radiation
The net solar radiation, Rns, is the fraction of the solar radiation Rs that is not reflected from the surface. Its value is (1-a)Rs.The net radiation, Rn, is the difference between incoming and outgoing radiation of both short and long wavelengths.
net solar radiation irradiance
bacteria abundance
The number of bacterial organisms in a population, combining 'intensity' (density within inhabited areas) and 'prevalence' (number and size of inhabited areas)
abundance of bacteria
density of patches
The number of patches in a landscape per unit area
patch density
coverage
the number of species, or the proportion of an area covered by a species
cover
nombre
全数
the number representing the result of a process of counting; the total number.
count
long-term monitoring
The observed presence of an organism within the environment or in specific locations or habitats.
presence
The observed presence of annelid species presence with a habitat or ecosystem.
presence of annelida
the possible rate of loss without any limits imposed by the supply of water
Potential Evapotranspiration (PET)
PET
rate of potential evaporation
potential evaporation
the process of extracting base cations (K, Na, Ca, Mg) from a solid by dissolving it in a liquid, either as a natural or industrial process
base cations leaching
base cations (K, Na, Ca, Mg) leaching
NO3-leaching
the process of extracting NO3 from a solid by dissolving it in a liquid, either as a natural or industrial process
nitrate leaching
logging
The process of gathering the timber from a forest
timber harvest
the process of leaf litter production
leaf litter production
production: leaf litter
the process of litter decomposition
decomposition: litter
point transects
the recording of types and numbers of plants along a transect with a series of points
[source of definition ] Expert, partly mutuated by Hend - \"line transect\"" , "[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 23/05/2013
point transect
the recording of types and numbers of plants using a frame, usually divided in quadrats) (check also line transect, line intercept sampling)
[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 23/05/2013" , "[source of definition ] Expert, partly mutuated by Hend - \"line transect\
frame method
the recording of types and numbers of plants using a grid of points (check also line transect, line intercept sampling)
point frame method
the recording of types and numbers of plants using a series of points (check also line transect, line intercept sampling)
point intercept method
sample
samples
The selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population
sampling theory
[controlled by ] Mark Frenzel, 22 May 2013" , "[source of definition ] http://www.thefreedictionary.com/life+history
The SO42- ion, formed by reaction of sulfuric acid* with a base.
sulfate deposition
OUR
SOUR
oxygen uptake rates
specific oxygen uptake rate
The Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate (SOUR), also known as the oxygen consumption or respiration rate, is defined as the milligram of oxygen consumed per gram of volatile suspended solids per hour
oxygen uptake rate
condition of tree
The state of health of a tree
tree condition
The total phosphorus test measures all the forms of phosphorus in the sample (orthophosphate, condensed phosphate, and organic phosphate). This is accomplished by first \"digesting\" (heating and acidifying) the sample to convert all the other forms to orthophosphate. Then the orthophosphate is measured by the ascorbic acid method. Because the sample is not filtered, the procedure measures both dissolved and suspended orthophosphate.
irradiance of reflected gloval radiation
The upward-directed solar radiation, reflected and scattered by the earth's surface and the atmosphere
reflected global radiation irradiance
reflected global radiation
snow thickness
The volume of cells in a unit amount of water (normally quoted in cubic millimetres per litre)
biovolume
water pH value
The pH of a sample of water is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions
[source of definition ] http://www.waterontheweb.org/under/waterquality/ph.html" , "[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013
pH value of water
[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013" , "[source of definition ] http://www.waterontheweb.org/under/waterquality/ph.html
Water: pH
This system consists of intertidal areas with sparse vascular vegetation. It includes partially protected intertidal shores along rivers and other embayments; coastal shoreline strand/swales on coarse to fine mineral sediments; intertidal rocky shores on rocky or cobbly materials; and intertidal mudflats on broad to narrow, nearly flat extents of sand, mud, and silt. Vascular plant cover is sparse to generally no more than 25%
[source of definition ] http://www.nhdfl.org/about-forests-and-lands/bureaus/natural-heritage-bureau/photo-index/SystemPhotos/intertidal-system.aspx" , "[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013
unvegetated land
Transfer of heat through the physical movement of heated matter.
height of tree
Tree height is the vertical distance between the base of the tree and the tip of the highest branch on the tree. The base of the tree is where the projection of the pith (center) of the tree intersects the existing supporting surface upon which the tree is growing or where the acorn sprouted.
tree height
Turbidity is a measure of water clarity how much the material suspended in water decreases the passage of light through the water
[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013" , "[source of definition ] http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms55.cfm
Water: Turbidity
layer type of vegetation
Type of the different vegetation layers present in a habitat. The vegetation layers is the plant cover of an area. There could be different vegetation layers in an ecosystem (e.g. moss-, herb-, understory-, tree-layer).
vegetation layer type
emplacement
现场
Type of the site of platform according to their inner heterogeneity. Simple sites are classical LTER sites measuring ecosystem processes in one or a very limited number of habitats. Complex sites are classical LTSER sites investigating processes and fluxes on a landscape or regional level or form the bracket over a number of LTER or simple sites.
LTER Europe site type
units with the scope note NASA sweet unit are taken from the qdty ontology copyright: QUDT - Quantities, Units, Dimensions and Data Types Ontologies - March 18, 2014 - Authors: Ralph Hodgson, TopQuadrant, Inc. ; Paul J. Keller, NASA AMES Research Center; Jack Hodges; Jack Spivak (en)span class=\"swa-lang\"(en)
unit
units with the scope note NASA sweet unit are taken from the qdty ontology copyright: QUDT - Quantities, Units, Dimensions and Data Types Ontologies - March 18, 2014 - Authors: Ralph Hodgson, TopQuadrant, Inc. ; Paul J. Keller, NASA AMES Research Center; Jack Hodges; Jack Spivak (en)
Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by some closed boundary, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains
concept 'volume' exists
volume of deadwood
Volume of deadwood in forest, expressed in m3 ha-1. Deadwood is made up by dead branches, dead stems, stump remnants or dead trees (complete). The volume or biomass of deadwood in a forest is taken as an estimate of the suitability of that forest to host hifgher biodiversity of saproxilic fauna (fauna that lives on dead matter)
deadwood volume
Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of a certain water.
chemical composition of water
Water chemistry: Cl, NO3
Water efficiency is reducing water wastage by measuring the amount of water required for a particular purpose and the amount of water used or delivered
water_efficiency measures
water efficiency measure
hydrologic processes
Water that reaches the ground via the trunks and stems of the vegetation is called stemflow
[controlled by ] Leca Stefan 14.06.2013" , "[source of definition ] www.britannica.com
precipitation stemflow
Precipitation Stemflow
When precipitation reaches the surface in vegetated areas, a certain percentage of it is retained on or intercepted by the vegetation. Rainfall that is not intercepted is referred to as throughfall
Precipitation Throughfall
precipitation throughfall
yield of seed
year since start of treatment
year in rotation
WWF
world wide fund for nature
woody plant
woody plants
soil suction
water pressure head in soil
soil matrix water pressure head
water potential in soil
soil water potential
soil matrix water potential
water depths
volumetric water content in soil
soil volumetric water content
volume of water
water volume
vegetation patterns
vegetation pattern
vascular plant cover
vascular plant coverage
vascular plant species abundance
vascular plant species cover
vascular plant species coverage
approximately
unifiedAtomicMassUnit
UNFCCC
united nations framework convention on climate change
UNEP
united nations environment programme
turnover of species
species turnover
tropical wet forests
tropical wet forest
tropical soils
tropical montane forests
tropical montane forest
tropical deciduous forests
tropical deciduous forest
trophic interactions
trophic interaction
transpiration rates
transpiration rate of canopy
canopy transpiration
transpiration of plant
plant transpiration
transparency of water
water transparency
transmissivity of water
water transmissivity
TIC
total inorganic carbonate
total inorganic carbon
total amount of carbon
total carbon
TOM
total organic matter
time span of seed longevity
seed longevity time
tidal flats
tidal currents
thickness of perched water table
perched water table thickness
Temporal Variable
Temporally Variable
temporal variabilities
temporal variables
temporally variability
temporal variability
temporal variations
temporal variation
temporal trends
temporal trend
temporal scales
temporal scale
temporal resolutions
temporal resolution
temporal patterns
temporal pattern
Temporal Dynamical
temporal dynam
temporal dynamic
temporally dynamic
temporally dynamically
temporal dynamics
temporal changes
temporal change
temperature of sky
sky temperature
temperature of river
river temperature
temperature of crop
crop temperature
temperature of canopy
canopy temperature
temperate rainforests
temperate rainforest
teleost fishes
teleost fish
system classifications
system classification
sustainability forestry
sustainable forestry
survival rates
survival probabilities
survival probability
surface temperature of crop
crop surface temperature
surface sediments
surface sediment
surface layers
surface areas
surface air temperatures
temperature of surface air
surface air temperature
submerged macrophytes
submerged macrophyte
structure of pores
pore structure
structure of landscape
landscape structure
stratified random sample
stratified random samples
stratified random sampling
storage of carbon in soil
soil carbon storage
standing waters
standing water
specific humidity of air
air specific humidity
species traits
species trait
species richness of prymnesiophyceae
prymnesiophyceae species richness
species richness of nanoflagellata
nanoflagellata species richness
species richness of dinoflagellata
dinoflagellata species richness
species richness of cyanobacteria
cyanobacteria species richness
species losses
species loss
species list of invasive species
invasive species list
species invasions
species invasion
species area relationships
species area relationship
spatial structures
spatial structuring
spatially structured
spatial structure
spatial variations
spatial variation
spatial patterns
spatial methods
spatial dynamics
spatial dynamic
spatial configurations
spatial configuration
soil solute sorbed
sorbed content of soil solute
soil solute sorbed content
solute content of crop
crop solute content
content of moisture in soil
soil solute
soil solution
soil pore architecture
structure of soil pore
soil pore structure
pH of soil
soil pH
soil solution pH
soil microorganisms
soil microorganism
soil gazeous concentration
soil gas concentration
soil food webs
soil food web
soil flux
soil carbon dioxide flux
SOD
sediment oxygen demand
socio-ecological systems
social ecological system
smell of water
water smell
small mammal
small mammals
size of seeds
size of plant
plant size
size of litter
size of body
size distribution of aggregates
aggregate size distribution
siemensPerMeter
S/m
siemensPerKilogram
S/kg
SIE
extension of sea ice
sea ice extent
shoot ratios
shoot ratio
shoot growth
shoots growth
shoot growth rate
shoot dry weights
shoots dry weight
shallow waters
not sure if habitat is the best umbrella!
shallow water
shallow lakes
shallow lake
shade tolerances
shade tolerant
shade tolerance
secondary forests
secondary forest
seedset
seeds viability
seed viability
Seedlings growth
rate of seedling growth
seedling growth rate
seedling growth
seedlings emergence
seedling emergence
rate of survival of seedlings
seedling survival
seedling survival rate
seed masses
sedimented organic matter
sediment organic matter
sediment oxygen demands
sediment colour
sediment color
sediment budgets
sediment budget
Seasonally variability
season variability
seasonal variabilities
seasonal variables
seasonally variable
seasonal variability
SEASONAL DYNAMICAL
Seasonal Dynamic
season dynamics
seasonally dynamic
seasons dynamic
seasonal dynamics
seasonal changes
seasonally changing
seasonal change
seasonable cycles
seasonal cycles
seasonal cycling
seasonality cycle
seasonality cycles
seasonal cycle
seagrass leaf senescence
seagrass leaf formation senescence
sea level changes
sea level change
scientific activities
scientific activity
scale dependent
scale dependence
saturation of soil
soil saturation
sap flows
sap flow
sandy soils
sampling strategies
sampling strategy
sampling effects
sampling effect
sample designs
sampling design
sampling designs
salt tolerant
salt tolerance
salinity of dryland
running waters
running water
retention time
reproduction success
reproductive success
abundance of rotifera
rotifera abundance
rotifera species abundance
river restorations
river restored
rivers restoration
rivers restoring
river restoration
riparian habitats
riparian habitat
riparian forests
riparian forest
riparian buffers
riparian buffer
richness of plant species
plant species richness
retention times
response rates
response rate
resource limitations
resource limitation
Resource Allocating
resource allocations
resources allocation
definition to be found, msa is wrong id
resource allocation
marine currents residence time
residence time of marine currents
marine current residence time
residence time of litter
litter residence time
repeated measure
repeated measurement
repeated measurements
removal experiments
removal experiment
Remote Sensed Images
remote sensed image
remote sensing images
remotely sensed image
remotely sensed images
remote sensing image
regional climate changes
regional climatic change
regional climatic changes
regional climate change
regime shifting
regime shift
regime changing
regime change
reflectance of water
water reflectance
reflectance of vegetation
vegetation reflectance
reciprocalMeter
m-1
RCM
rate of sedimentation
rate of root growth
root growth rate
rate of microbial respiration
microbial respiration
rate of emission
emission rate
rate of below ground autotrophic respiration
below ground autotrophic respiration
range size
range shift
range expansion
randomized block design
radiation of long wave
long wave radiation
radiation direct
PSF
peat swamp forests
peat swamp forest
pruning residue
amount of pruning residue
pruning dry matter
ask expert, perhaps only biomass?
amount of pruning dry matter
pruning biomass
amount of pruning biomass
Protected Areas Managers
Protected area managers
protected area manage
protected areas management
protected area management
proportion of organic content in sediment
sediment organic content proportion
PRI
photochemical reflectance index
Photochemical Reflectance Index
Prey captured
prey captures
prey capturing
preys captured
prey capture
prey selected
prey selectively
prey selectivities
prey selectivity
preys selectively
prey selection
prey avail
prey availabilities
prey available
prey availability
pressure of water vapour in air
air water vapour pressure
pressure head in soil
water potential
pressure deficit of air vapor
air vapor pressure deficit
presence of plant species
plant species presence
presence of fungi species
fungi species presence
presence of bryophytes
bryophytes presence
presence of benthic invertebrates
benthic invertebrates presence
presence of bacteria
bacteria presence
presence of bacillariophyceae
bacillariophyceae presence
annelida presence
presence of animal species
animal species presence
presence of algae species
algae species presence
Predation Risks
predator risk
predation risk
predator prey system
predator prey systems
predator preys systems
predator-prey system
Predator Prey Interacting
predator prey interaction
predator prey interactions
predator-prey interaction
Predation controls
predation control
predator controls
predators control
predator control
KilogramPerKilogram
ppb
ppm
ppt
kg/kg
pore waters
pores water
pore water content
Pore structural
pore structured
pore structures
pores structure
pores structures
Population Viabilities
population viabil
populations Viability
population viability
population declinations
population declined
population declines
populations decline
populations declined
population decline
population cycle
population cycling
populations Cycles
populations cycle
population cycles
population and community properties
population and community property
pollen limit
pollen limitations
pollen limited
pollen limiting
pollen limits
pollen limitation
ploidy levels
ploidy level
Pleistocene glaciations
pleistocenic glaciations
pleistocene glaciation
plasmid DNAs
plasmidic DNA
plasmids DNA
plasmid dna
plant traits
plants trait
plants traits
Plant species rich
planting species richness
plants species richness
plant sized
plant sizes
planting size
plants size
plants sized
plant macrofossils
plants macrofossils
plant macrofossil
plant invasions
plants invasion
plant invasion
Plants Interaction
plant interactions
plants interact
plants interacting
plants interactions
plant interaction
plants Evolution
plant evolution
plant diversity
Plants distribution
plant distributions
planted distribution
plants distributed
plants distributing
plant distribution
plant densities
plants Densities
plants Density
plant defenses
plant defensive
plants defense
plants defensive
plant defense
Plant Competitive
Plants Competitive
plant competitiveness
plants Competition
plant competition
diversity of plants
plant specie diversity
plants species diversity
Added as alternative label under \"plant diversity\
plant species diversity
plant nutrients
planting nutrient
planting nutrients
plants nutrient
plants nutrients
plant nutrient
Plant herbivore interaction
plant herbivore interactions
plant-herbivore interaction
plant function types
plant functional types
plant functional type
PLANTS Disease
plant diseases
planting diseased
planting diseases
plants diseases
plant disease
plant animal interaction
plant animal interactions
plant-animal interaction
PINES FOREST
pine forestation
pine forested
pine forests
pine forest
Physiological responser
physiologic response
physiologic responses
physiological responses
physiological responsiveness
physiological response
phylogenetic relationships
phylogenetical relationship
phylogenetical relationships
phylogenetics relationship
phylogenetic relationship
Phylogenetic independent contrast
phylogenetic independent contrasts
phylogenetically independent contrast
phylogenetically independent contrasts
Photosynthetic rates
phenotype variation
phenotypes Variation
phenotypic variations
phenotypical variation
phenotypics variations
phenotypic variation
phaeopigments
ph of soil solution
potential evapotranspiration
Pesticides Residuals
Pesticides Residues
pesticide residuals
pesticide residue
pesticides residue
perVolt
1/V
perTesla
1/T
perSteradian
1/sr
perSecondSquare
perSecondCube
perRadian
1/rad
perPascal
1/Pa
perMeterSquare
perMeterCube
perMeter
1/m
ground water permeability
permeability of groundwater
groundwater permeability
Permanent Sample Plots
Permanent Sampling Plots
permanent samples plots
permanent sample plot
perKilogramMole
1/Kgmol
perKilogramMeterSquarePerSecondKelvin
1/(kg·m²·s·K)
perKilogram
1/kg
perKelvin
1/K
perennial grasses
perennials grasses
perennial grass
perCandela
1/Cd
perAmpereSquare
perAmpere
1/A
peat soils
peat bogs
pattern of landscape
landscape pattern
pattern of land use
land use pattern
Patching Dynamic
patch dynamic
patches Dynamic
patches dynamics
patch dynamics
passive fluorescence
fluorescence passive
pascalPerSecond
Pa/s
parts of plants
part of plant
a better term should be found
PARTICULATE CARBONATE
particulate carbons
particulates carbon
particulate carbon
particle deposited
particle deposits
particles deposited
particles depositing
particles deposition
particle deposition
particle size of soil
soil particle size
parasitoid wasps
parasitoid wasp
oxygen consumptions
oxygenation consumption
oxygen transference
oxygen transferred
oxygen transferring
oxygen transfers
oxygen transfer
oxygen saturated
oxygen saturations
oxygen isotop
oxygen isotopes
oxygen isotopic
oxygen isotopically
oxidant metabolism
oxidation Metabolic
oxidation metabolism
oxidative metabolic
oxidizing metabolism
Outcrossing Rates
outcrossing rate
outbreeding rate
OTC
open top chamber
osmotic stressed
osmotic stresses
osmotic stressing
osmotically stressed
osmotically stressful
osmotic stress
osmotic potential of soil
soil osmotic potential
organic soils
organism soil
organisms soil
organisms soils
organize soil
organic soil
OECD
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Develop
organisation for economic cooperation and development
organic residual of soil
soil organic residual
organic compounds
open fields
opened field
opener field
opening fields
opens fields
open field
open top chambers
open topped chamber
open topped chambers
online Surveying
online surveys
online survey
ohmMeter
OGCM
ocean general circulation model
oceanic acidification
ocean acidification
Oceanic General Circulation Model
ocean general circulation modeling
ocean general circulation models
oceanic general circulation models
oceans General circulation models
oak savannas
oak savanna
oak forested
oak forests
oak forest
Nutrients Uptake
nutrient uptakes
nutrients of plant
Nutrients dynamics
nutrient dynam
nutrient dynamic
nutrients Dynamic
nutrient dynamics
NUTRIENT CONCENTRATE
nutrient Concentrates
nutrient concentrations
nutrients concentration
nutrients concentrations
nutrient concentration
NUTRIENTS SOLUTIONS
nutrient solutions
nutriente solution
nutrient solution
nutrient losses
nutrients loss
nutrients losses
nutrient loss
Nutrients fluxes
nutrient fluxes
nutrients flux
nutrient flux
Nutrient Enriched
Nutrient Enrichments
nutrient enrich
nutrients enrichment
nutrient enrichment
numberPerCentimeterCube
1/cm³
Nuclear DNAs
nuclear dna
nitrogen retention
NPO
north pacific oscillation
northern hardwood forests
northern hardwoods
northern hardwood forest
northern hardwood
added as alternative label under \"northern hardwood forest\
normalizedUnit
mol/L
normality
NITROGENOUS METABOLISM
nitrogen metabolic
nitrogen metabolisms
nitrogen metabolized
nitrogen metabolism
nitrogen volatilisation from organic fertiliser
amount of nitrogen volatilisation from organic fertiliser
nitrogen volatilisation from mineral fertiliser
amount of nitrogen volatilisation from mineral fertiliser
nitrogen volatilisation from fertiliser
amount of nitrogen volatilisation from fertiliser
nitrogen symbiotic fixation
amount of nitrogen symbiotic fixation
nitrogen saturated
nitrogen saturation
nitrogen retentions
Nitrogen Removing
nitrogen remov
nitrogen removals
nitrogen removed
nitrogenous removal
nitrogen removal
amount of nitrogen lixiviation
nitrogen lixiviation
amount of nitrogen leaching
Nitrogen Limitations
Nitrogen limits
nitrogen limit
nitrogen limited
nitrogen limiting
nitrogen isotopic
nitrogen isotopes
nitrogen budgeting
nitrogen budgets
nitrogen budget
nitrate uptakes
amount of nitrate lixiviation
nitrate lixiviation
amount of nitrate leaching
nitrate flow in drain
amount of nitrate flow in drain
Nile tilapias
nile tilapia
niche partition
niche partitioning
niche breadths
niche breadth
NFI
National Forests Inventory
national forest inventories
national forest inventory
neutral theories
neutral theory
network structured
network structures
networked structures
networks structural
networks structures
network structure
net Primary Product NPP
net primary production NPP
net primary productions NPPs
net primary productivities NPP
net primary productivity npp
net photosynthetic rates
net far infrared radiation
net far infrared radiation irradiance
NCP
net community productivity
net community production
nesting success
nests Successful
nest success
nest sites
nesting site
nesting sites
nest site
normalized difference vegetation index
normalised difference vegetation index
Naturalized History
Nature History
natural histori
natural histories
natures histories
natural history
Natural Capitalism
natural capitals
natural capital
forest inventories
foresters inventoried
forests inventory
forest inventory
nitrogen dioxide flux
mycroVolt
mycroMole
µmol
micron
mycroMeter
mycrogramPermycrometerCube
µg/mm³
MycrogramPerMeterSquare
µg/m²
mycrogramPermeterCube
µg/m³
mycrogramPerLitre
µg/l
mycrogramPerKilogram
µg/kg
mycrogramPerCentimeterCube
µg/cm³
mycrogram
mycroAmpere
MVP
minimum viable populations
minimum viable population
MPA
marine protected areas
marine protection areas
marine protected area
movement patterning
movement patterns
movements Pattern
movements patterns
movement pattern
mountain lakes
mountains Lake
mountains lakes
mountain lake
moss cover
moss coverage
moss species abundance
moss species cover
moss species coverage
mosquitoes control
mortal risk
mortality risks
mortality risk
mortalities Rates
mortality rates
mortality rating
mortality ratings
mortally rates
morphological traits
morphological trait
morphologic traits
macrophytobenthos morpho-functional groups
Mooses
moose
Montane Forested
montane forests
MolePerMole
mol/mol
Molecular systemat
molecular systematic
molecular systematics
molecular markers
Models fitting
model fits
model fitted
models fit
models fitted
model evaluated
model evaluators
modeling evaluation
models Evaluation
models evaluated
model evaluation
model systems
modeled system
modeling system
modeling systems
models systems
model system
model performs
models perform
models performance
models performed
models performs
model performance
mixed conifer forests
mixed conifer forest
minute (angle)
mink whale
minke whales
minke whaling
minke whale
mineral nitrogen mineralised from organic matter
amount of mineral nitrogen mineralised from organic matter
mineral nitrogen mineralised from humus
amount of mineral nitrogen mineralised from humus
milliWatt
milliVolt
million_km³
Miokm³
million_km2
Miokm²
milliMolePerMeterCube
mmol/m³
milliMolePerKilogram
mmol/kg
milliMole
mmol
milligramPerMillimeterCube
mg/mm³
milligramPerMeterSquareAndDay
mg/(m²·d)
MilligramPerMeterSquare
mg/m²
milligramPermeterCube
mg/m³
milligramPerLitre
mg/l
milligramPerKilogram
mg/kg
milligramPerCentimeterCube
mg/cm³
milliAmpere
migratory bird
migratory birds
microsatellite markers
microsatellites marker
microsatellites markers
microsatellites loci
microsatellite loci
coverage of microhabitat types
microhabitat type coverage
microhabitat coverage
microbial respir
microbially respired
microbial growths
microbial growth
microbial food webs
microbial food web
microbial diversity in soil
soil microbial diversity
microbial community structur
microbial community structural
microbial community structures
microbial community structure
microbial community compositions
microbial community composition
10^3 kg
metricTon
meterSquarePerSecondSquare
m²/s²
MeterCubePerMeterCube
m³/m³
metapopulation dynam
metapopulation dynamic
metapopulations Dynamics
metapopulation dynamics
metapopulation modeled
metapopulation modeling
metapopulation models
metapopulation model
megahertz
MHz
Mediterranean ecosystems
mediterranean ecosystem
Mediterranean basins
mediterranean basin
mean speed of wind
wind speed (mean and gust)
mean direction of wind
wind direction (mean and gust)
MBC
microbial biomass of carbon
microbial biomass carbon
matter_efficiency measures
[comments ] absolutely no clue
matter_efficiency measure
matter efficiency measure
maternal effects
mean annual temperatures
mass of organic sediments
organic sediments mass
mass of body
mass of bird egg
bird egg mass
marine turtl
marine turtles
marine turtle
marine systems
marine system
marine invertebr
marine invertebrates
marine invertebrate
Marin fish
marinated fish
marine fishes
marine fishing
marin alga
marine alga
marine algae
marin systems
MAP
mean annual precipitations
mean annual precipitation
amount of mean annual precipitation
male reproduction success
males Reproductive success
male reproductive success
male fitted
males fitness
males fitted
male fitness
Males fertilize
male fertile
male fertilities
male fertilization
male fertilizing
male fertility
biomass of consumers
main consumers biomass
consumers biomass
MAAT
Mean Annual Air Temperatures
mean annual air temperature
millennium ecosystem assessment
LTER
long term ecological research
lowland rain forests
lowland rain forest
local extinctions
localized extinction
localized extinctions
localizing extinction
locally extinct
local extinction
line intercept sampling
transect (line intercept sampling)
life spanned
life spanning
life spans
life span
life history traits
life history trait
life history trade off
life history trade offs
life history trade-off
life histories traits
life histories strategies
life history strategies
life history strategy
lichen cover
lichen coverage
lichen species abundance
lichen species cover
lichen species coverage
length of daylight
daylight length
leaf traits
leaf trait measure
leaf sizes
leaf morphologies
leaf litters decomposition
leaf litter decomposition
leaf aged
leaf ageing
leaf ages
leaf aging
leaf age
leaching of soil nitrate
soil nitrate leaching
latitudinal gradients
latitudinal gradient
latitudinal diversity gradients
latitudinal diversity gradient
larval dispersion
larval dispersive
larval dispersal
dispersal of larvae
larval develop
larval developments
landscape patterning
landscape patterns
landscaper patterns
landscapes pattern
landscapes patterns
landscape structural
landscape structuration
landscape structured
landscape structures
landscaped structures
landscape heterogeneities
landscape heterogeneous
landscape heterogenity
landscape heterogeneity
landscape evolutions
landscape evolution
landscape dynamical
landscape dynamics
landscapes dynamic
landscapes dynamics
landscape dynamic
land use patterns
land used pattern
land uses patterns
land use classes
land use classification
land cover classes of catchment
land cover of catchment
catchment land cover class
land cover chang
land cover changed
land cover changes
land cover changing
land covers change
land cover change
lake sediments
lakes sediment
lakes sediments
kilometerPerHour
km/h
kilohertz
kHz
kilogramRadianPerSecond
kg/rad·s
kilogramPerHectarAndYear
kg/(ha·yr)
kelvinPerMeter
K/m
katalPerMeterCube
kat/m³
joulePerSecond
J/s
joulePerMeterCubePerKelvin
J/m³K
iucn red listed
iucn red lists
iucns red list
iucn red list
IT Object
model property
isotopes measurements
isotopes measurement
irradiance of total radiation
total radiation irradiance
invasions biology
invasion biology
invasibility plant
invasive plants
invasives plants
invasive plant
introduce speci
introduces speci
introducing speci
introducing species
intraspecific variations
intraspecific variation
intraspecific competitions
intraspecific competitive
intraspecific competitiveness
intraspecific competition
interspecific variations
interspecific variation
interspecific competitions
interspecific competitive
interspecifics competition
interspecific competition
intensity of reflected radiation
reflected radiation intensity
intensity of radiation below canopy
radiation below canopy intensity
intensity of precipitation
precipitation intensity
intensity of photosynthetically active radiation
photosynthetically active radiation intensity
insect pests
insects pest
insects pests
insect pest
insects herbivory
insect herbivory
inorganic N content
inorganic nitrogen content
inorganic compounds
content of inorganic carbon
inorganic C content
inorganic carbon content
index of the quality of the environment
environmental quality index
incoming radiation
incoming radiation intensity
inclusive fit
inclusive fitness
IAS
invasives alien species
invasive alien species
hydromorphological quality of rivers
hydromorphological quality of streams
stream hydromorphological quality
hydrological properties
hydrological property
habitat suitability
host plants
hosted plant
hosting plants
hosts plant
hosts plants
host plant
host specific
host specifically
host specificities
hosts specific
hosts specifically
host specificity
host prefer
host prefere
host preferences
host preferred
hosts preferences
host preference
host parasite interaction
host parasite interactions
host parasite interactive
host parasite coevolution
host-parasite coevolution
hillslopes
heterotrophs bacteria
heterotrophic bacteria
heterotrophic respirations
heterotrophically respired
heterogeneity of landscape
Hektar
habitat used
habitat using
habitats use
habitats used
habitats using
habitat use
habitat disturb
habitat disturbances
habitat disturbed
habitats disturbance
habitats disturbed
habitat disturbance
habitat suitabilities
habitat suitable
habitat suitably
habitats suitable
habitat qualities
habitat quality
habitat degrade
habitat degrades
habitat degrading
habitats degradation
habitats degraded
habitat changed
habitat changes
habitat changing
habitats change
habitats changes
habitat change
GST
ground surface temperatures
ground surface temperature
genetic similarity
growth rate of shoots
growth rate of canopy
canopy growth rate
growing seasons
growing season
green leaves
green leaf
green house gas
green houses gases
greenhouse gases
grazed pressure
grazing pressures
grazing pressure
grassland birds
grasslands bird
grasslands birds
grassland bird
granulometric fractions of sediment
sediment granulometric fraction
gramPerMeterSquareAndDay
g/(m²·d)
gramPerMeterSquare
g/m²
gramPerMeterCube
g/m³
gramPerHectarAndYear
g/(ha·yr)
grain sized
grain sizes
grain sizing
grained sized
grains size
grain weights
grains weight
GCM
global circulation modeling
global circulation models
global circulations models
global circulation model
global carbon cycles
global carbon cycling
global carbonate cycle
global carbon cycle
gigahertz
GHz
greenness index
greenhouse gas fluxes
geographic rang
geographic ranges
geographic ranging
geographical range
geographical ranges
geographic range
geographic distributions
geographical distributed
geographical distribution
geographically distribut
geographically distributed
geographic distribution
genotype variation
genotype variations
genotypic variations
genotypical variation
genotypical variations
genotypic variation
genotype diversities
genotype diversity
genotypic diversities
genotypically diverse
genotyping diversity
genotypic diversity
genetic variances
genetics variance
genetic variance
genetic selections
genetically selected
genetically selecting
genetically selects
genetics selection
genetic susceptibilities
genetic susceptible
genetically susceptible
genetic similar
genetic similarities
genetical similarities
genetically similar
genetics similarity
genetic population structures
genetic population structuring
genetical population structure
genetics population structure
genetic population structure
gene mutated
gene mutational
gene mutations
genes mutational
genes mutators
gene structural
gene structures
genes structural
genes structurally
genes structures
gauging station
river station
gallery forests
gallery forest
GramPerHundredMilliLiter
g/dL
g/100mL
fresh weights
fresh weight
function type
function types
functional typed
functional types
functions types
functional type
fruits
fossil woods
fossilized wood
fossil wood
FormazinTurbidityUnit
FTU
FormazinNephelometricUnit
FNU
forest restorations
forests restoration
forests restored
forest restoration
forest hydrologie
forests hydrology
forest hydrology
forests growth
forest growth
forest edges
forested edge
forested edges
forests edge
forests edges
forest edge
forest conserved
forest conserves
forested conservation
forests conservation
forests conservatively
forest conservation
forests birds
forest bird
forest regenerates
forest regenerating
forests regenerated
forests regenerating
forests regeneration
forest regeneration
forest plantations
forested plantations
forests plantations
forest plantation
forest dynam
forest dynamic
forest dynamism
forest degradations
forest degraded
forest degrading
forests degrade
forests degraded
forest degradation
forest declined
forest declines
forest declining
forests decline
forests declined
forest decline
forage behavior
forager behavior
forager behaviors
foraging behavioral
foraging behaviors
foraging behaviour
food web structural
food web structures
food webs structure
food web structure
fluxes
@b2730bb861482073d9b0cee5e6795ad5" , "@dc42654cf4efb3e7b196a754759746a2
flux of gas in soil
soil gas flux
CO2 flux per soil horizon
flux of carbon dioxide per soil horizon
carbon dioxide flux per soil horizon
flus of soil heat
soil heat flux
flow of heat
heat flow
florist composition
floristic compositional
floristic compositions
floristical composition
floristic composition
floodplain forests
floodplain forest
flood manage
flood managements
flood managers
flood management
flavour of water
water flavour
fishing yields
fishing yield
fish abundance
fish species abundance
fire histories
firing histories
firing history
fire history
fire resistances
fire resistant
fire resisting
fire resistive
firing resistance
fire resistance
fire regim
fire regimes
fires regimes
firing regime
firing regimes
fire regime
field measure
field measured
field measurements
field measures
fields measured
field measurement
field capacity of moisture in soil
soil moisture field capacity
extremal event
extremal events
extremality events
extreme events
extremely events
extreme event
extinction risks
extinction risk
exploratory studies
exploratory study
experimental researchers
experimental researches
experimental researchs
experimentation research
experimentation researchers
experimental research
exotic planting
exotic plantings
exotic plants
exotic plant
evaporation in soil
soil evaporation
evaporation from water surfaces
evaporation water surface
ESA
endangered species acts
endangered species act
EOS
earth observation system
earth observation systemic
earth observation systems
earth observe system
earth observing systems
earth observing system
environmental pollut
environmental pollutants
environmental polluters
environmental polluting
environmentally polluted
environmental pollutant
environmental contaminants
environmental contaminated
environmental contamination
environmental contaminations
environmentally contaminated
environmental measure
environmental variable
environmental parameter
environmental values
environmental valuing
environmental value
environmental valuations
environmental valuation
environmental risk factors
environmental risks factors
environmental risk factor
environmental restorations
environmental hazards
environmental hazard
environmental gradients
environmental gradient
energy_efficiency measures
energy efficiency measure
energy_efficiency measure
energy intak
energy intakes
energy intake
energies flux
energy fluxed
energy fluxes
energy flux
energy cropping
energy crops
energy crop
endophyte fungi
endophytes fungi
endophytic fungi
endophytic fungus
el ninos
emission rates
emissions rate
emissions rates
emissions ratings
emissive rates
EMAP
environmental monitoring and assessment program
elongation period
elongation
elevation gradients
elevational gradient
elevational gradients
Entered as an alternative label to altidudinal gradient
elevation gradient
elevated temperatures
elevating temperature
elevation temperature
elevation temperatures
elevations temperatures
elevated temperature
altitudinal gradient
altitudinal gradients
elementary particl
elementary particles
eH of soil solution
soil solution eH
egg weight
egg weights
eggs weight
egg mass
egg masses
eggs mass
eggs masses
ecosystem restore
ecosystem restoring
ecosystems restoration
ecosystems restored
ecosystems restoring
ecosystem restoration
ecosystem modeling
ecosystem modelling
ecosystem models
ecosystem model
ecosystem functioning
ecosystem functions
ecosystem function
economic values
economical value
economic value
economic valuations
economical valuation
economic valuation
ecological networks
ecological network
ecologic modelling
ecological modellers
ecological modelling
ecological indication
ecological indicators
ecological indicator
ecologic risk
ecologic risks
ecological risks
ecological risk
ecologic impact
ecologic impacts
ecological impacts
ecologically impacted
ecological impact
sunshine duration
dry tropical forests
dry tropical forest
dry seasons
dry periods
dry period
dry matter yields
dry matter productions
dry matter productivity
dry matter production
DEF
dry evergreen forests
dry evergreen forest
dry bulk density in soil
soil dry bulk density
DRS
diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
DRP
dissolved reactive phosphorus
drought resist
drought resistances
drought resistant
drought resistence
drift rates of benthic invertebrates
benthic invertebrates drift rates
dormancy period
dormancy
domestic animals
domesticate animal
domesticated animal
domesticated animals
domestics animals
DNA isolated
DNA isolates
DNA isolations
DNAs isol
DNAs isolated
DNA isolation
diversity of microhabitat types
microhabitat type diversity
microhabitat diversity
diversity of microbes
microbial diversity
diversity of fungi
fungal diversity
diversity of bacteria
bacterial diversity
diverged selection
divergence selective
divergent selective
divergently selected
diverging selection
divergent selection
disturbed ecology
disturbance ecology
disturbance regimes
disturbances regime
disturbed regimes
disturbance regime
dispersal limitations
dispersion limit
dispersion limited
dispersion limits
dispersive limits
dispersal limitation
dispersal distances
dispersed distance
dispersed distances
dispersion distance
dispersions distances
dispersal distance
discharge inflowing streams
discharge inflowing stream
DIP
dissolved inorganic phosphorus
dimensionlessUnit
diffuse reflecting
diffuse reflection
diffuse reflections
diffusely reflected
diffusely reflecting
diffuse reflectance
diffuse reflectance spectroscopies
diffuse reflection spectroscopy
diffused reflectance spectroscopy
diffuse radiation
amount of diffuse radiation
diet selected
diet selective
diet selectivities
diet selectivity
diets selected
diet selection
diet qualities
diet quality
diet composite
diet composites
diet compositions
diet composition
diatom biovolume
biovolume of bacillariophyceae
DbH
diameter at breast heights
diameter breast height
diameters at breast height
development stage of plants
plant development stage
depth of sight
sight depth
depth of perched water table
perched water table depth
delayed responses
delayed response
degree days
growing degree day
degree day
deep watering
deep waters
deep water
decay rates
date of senescence
senescence
date of germination
germination date
date of flowering
flowering date
dairy cattl
dairy cattle
dairies manure
dairy manures
dairy manure
dairies cows
dairy cows
dairy cow
cultural landscapes
culturalized landscape
culture landscape
culture landscapes
cultural landscape
cubic meter per kilogram
m³/kg
conventional tillage
crown fires
crowning fire
crown fire
crown closures
crown closure
crop yields
cropped yields
crops yield
crops yielded
crops yields
crop yield
crop transpiration
amount of crop transpiration
amount of potential crop transpiration
crop potential transpiration
potential crop transpiration
amount of actual crop transpiration
crop actual transpiration
actual crop transpiration
critic load
critical loaded
critical loading
critical loads
critically loaded
critical load
CRD
complete randomized design
capture recaptur
captures recaptures
capturing recapturing
capture recapture
CPOM
coarse particulate organic matter
coverage by land use classes
land use classes coverage
cover of bare soil
bare soil cover
cost of reproductive
costing of reproductive
costs of reproduction
costs of reproductive
cost of reproduction
coral reef fishes
coral reef fishing
coral reefs fishes
coral reefs fishing
corals reef fishes
coral reef fish
abundance of copepoda
copepoda abundance
copepoda species abundance
conventional tillag
conventional log
conventional logs
conventional logging
convention agricultural
conventional agricultural
conventional agriculture
control measurements
control measurement
content of total phosphorus
total phosphorus content
content of soluble reactive phosphorus
soluble reactive phosphorus content
content of soil water in the root zone
soil water content in the root zone
content of soil profile water
soil profile water content
content of saturated water
saturated water content
content of saturated water in macropores
macropores saturated water content
content of residual water
residual water content
content of particulate organic carbon
particulate organic carbon content
content of mobile water in soil
soil mobile water content
content of insoluble organic carbon
insoluble organic carbon content
content of inorganic nitrogen content
content of immobile water in soil
soil immobile water content
content of gravimetric water in soil
soil gravimetric water content
content of chlorophyll a
chlorophyll a content
conservative strategies
conserved strategy
conserving strategies
conservation strategy
conservation manage
conservation managers
conservative manage
conservative management
conservatively managed
conservation management
conservational status
conservative status
conserving status
conservation priorities
conserve priority
conservation priority
configuration of landscape
landscape configuration
concentration of water vapour in air
air water vapour concentration
concentration of soil solution
soil solution concentration
concentration of plant nitrogen
plant nitrogen concentration
concentration of plant carbon
plant carbon concentration
concentration of nitrogen in leaves
leaf nitrogen concentration
concentration of N in the entire plant
concentration of nitrogen in the entire plant
concentration of N in seeds
concentration of nitrogen in seeds
concentration of methane
methane concentration
concentration of gas in soil
complete random design
completely random design
completely randomize design
completely randomized design
completely randomized designs
competition advantage
competitive advantag
competitive advantages
competitively advantaged
competitiveness advantage
competitive advantage
competition exclusion
competitive exclusion
community patterns
CBNRM
community based natural resources management
community based natural resource management
communicate change
communicate changing
communication change
communication changes
communities change
community change
CFM
communal forest management
communicating forest man
communicating forest management
communities forest management
communities forest managers
community forest managers
community forest management
cold stressed
cold stresses
cold stress
cohort studied
cohort studies
cohorts studied
cohorts studies
cohorts study
cohort effects
cohorts effects
cohort effect
coastal zone manage
coastal zone manager
coastal zone managers
coastal zones management
coastal zone management
coastal waters
coastal upwelled
coastal upwellings
coastal plains
CO2 flux (output)
carbon dioxide flux (output)
CO2 enrich
CO2 enriched
CO2 enrichment
carbon dioxide enrichment
CO2 emission
CO2 emissions
CO2 capture
CO2 captured
CO2 capturer
CO2 capturing
carbon dioxide capture
clutch sizes
clutch size
clonal propagants
clonally propagate
clonally propagated
clonally propagating
clonal propagation
clonal diversities
clonally diverse
clonal diversity
clonal growths
clonality growth
clonal growth
clonal reproductive
clonal reproduction
clonal planting
clonal plantings
clonal plants
clonal plant
climate impacted
climatic impacts
climate impact
climate condition
climate conditions
climatic conditions
climatic condition
climate change scenarios
climatic change scenario
climatic change scenarios
climate change scenario
climate change mitigating
climate change mitigative
climatic change mitigation
climate change mitigation
CFS
climate forecasting system
climate forecasts system
climate forecast system
climate change policies
climate change policy
climate change impacts
climate change impact
climate change adaptable
climate change adaptations
climate change adapting
climate change adaptive
climate changes adaptation
climate change adaptation
CWA
clean water acts
clean water act
CAA
clean air acts
clean air act
citizens participants
citizens participate
citizens participated
citizens participating
citizens participation
citizen participation
chlorophyll a fluoresc
chlorophyll a fluorescent
chlorophyll a fluorescence
chemical reactors
chemical reactor
chemical measure
chemical parameter
element and compound
CFR
cape floristic region
cell sized
cell sizes
cell sizing
celle size
cells size
CDW
circumpolar deep water
cavity nesting birds
cavity-nesting bird
cattle manures
cattle manure
cattle graze
cattle grazed
cattle grazing
catchment modelled
catchment modellers
catchments modelled
catchments modelling
catchment modelling
catchment manage
catchment managed
catchment managers
catchment management
catch rate
catching rate
catching rates
catch rates
case studied
case studies
cases studied
cases studies
cases study
case study
carbon emissions
carbons emissions
carbon emission
carbon dynam
carbon dynamic
carbon dynamical
carbonate dynamics
carbons dynamic
carbon sequestrated
carbonation sequestration
carbon sequestration
carbon mineral
carbonate mineral
carbonate mineralization
carbonate minerals
carbonated mineral
carbon mineralization
carbon budgeting
carbonate budget
carbon budget
carbon to nitrogen ration in litter
litter carbon to nitrogen ratio
carbon storages
carbon storage
carbon metabolic
carbon metabolisms
carbon metabolizing
carbon metabolism
carbon dioxide productivity
carbon dioxide production
carbon content primary consumers / carbon content secondary consumers ratio
carbon content primary consumers to carbon content secondary consumers ratio
carbon content of primary consumers / primary production ratio
carbon content primary consumers to primary production ratio
carbon budgets
carbonate budgets
carbon alloc
carbon allocated
carbon allocations
carbon allocation
capillary rise of soil water
soil water capillary rise
canopy structural
canopy structures
canopy structure
calcare soil
calcareous soils
calcareous soil
C/N ratio of soil
century
body weights
BVOC
biogenic volatile organic compounds
biogenic volatile organic compound
buffer capacities
buffering capacities
buffering capacity
buffer capacity
temperature of body
brood parasite
brood parasitic
brood parasitized
broods parasitism
brood parasitism
brood parasites
breeding successes
breeding success
breeding grounds
breeding ground
breeding birds
breeding bird
breeding biologies
breeding biology
brain sizes
bottom sediments
bottom sediment
body lengths
body fatness
body fats
blood parasitic
blood parasitism
blood parasite
blood parasites
blood parameters
blood parameter
block designed
block designs
blocked design
blocks design
blocks designs
bird migrations
birds migrate
birds migrated
birds migrating
birds migration
bird migration
bird of prey
biovolume of picophytoplankton
picophytoplankton biovolume
biovolume of dinoflagellata
dinoflagellata biovolume
biovolume of cyanobacteria
cyanobacteria biovolume
biovolume of chlorophyta
chlorophyta biovolume
bacillariophyceae biovolume
biotic interactions
biotic interaction
biomass (storage)
biomass sulphur content
sulphur content of biomass
biomass ratio of primary production / total living biomass
biomass ratio of primary production to total living biomass
biomass of primary production to total living biomass ratio
biomass of secondary consumers / production of primary consumers ratio
biomass of secondary consumers to production of primary consumers ratio
biomass of roots
root biomass
biomass of phytobenthos
phytobenthos biomass
biomass of macrophytes
macrophytes biomass
biomass of fine woody debris
fine woody debris biomass
biomass of emerging insects
emerging insects biomass
biomass of dry matter
dry matter biomass
biomass of bacillariophyceae
bacillariophyceae biomass
biomass nitrogen content
nitrogen content of biomass
biomass below-ground
below ground biomass
biomass allocated
biomass allocations
biomass allocation
biologic marker
biologic markers
biological markers
biologicals markers
BAC
biological activities carbon
biological activity carbon
biologically activated carbon
biologically active carbon
biological activated carbon
biological systems
biological system
biological substances
biological events
phenological stage
biologic activities
biological activ
biological activities
biologically activated
biologically active
biological activity
biologic value
biological values
biologically valued
biologics value
biological value
biogenic emissions
biogenics emissions
biogenic emission
biodiversity losses
biodiversity loss
biodiversity conservations
biodiversity conservative
biodiversity conserved
biodiversity conserves
biodiversity conserving
biodiversity conservation
biodiverse hotspots
biodiversity hotspots
biodiversity hotspot
biochemical compositional
biochemical compositions
biochemical composition
Any trait which refers to the elemental chemical composition of an organism and involves biochemical processes consistent with the normal functioning of an organism.
benthic macroinvertebr
benthic macroinvertebrates
benthic macroinvertebrate
benthic communities
benthic community
beech forests
beech forest
BCC
bacterial community compositional
bacterial community compositions
bacterial community composition
basins
base saturation of soil
soil base saturation
bark beetles
bark beetle
bare soil
bacterial resist
bacterial resistances
bacterial resistant
bacterial resistence
bacterial resistance
bacterial growths
bacterial growth
bacterial diversities
AWC
available water capacity
availabe amount of phosphorus
available phosphorus
atmosphere general
atmosphere general circulation model
atmosphere general circulation modeling
atmosphere general circulation models
atmospheric general circulation modeling
atmospheric general circulation models
atmospheric general circulation model
atlantic rainforests
atlantic rainforest
artificial reefs
arid environ
arid environments
aridic environments
arid environment
area of home range
home range area
aquatic plants
aquatics plants
aquatic plant
aquatics plant
aquatic we
aquatic weeds
aquatic weed
ANS
aquatic nuisance specie
aquatic nuisance species
aquatic macrophytic
aquatic macrophyte
aquatic macrophytes
aquatic insects
aquatic insect
aquatic hyphomycete
aquatic hyphomycetes
aquatic habitats
aquatic habitat
APAR
absorbed photosynthetic active radiation
absorbed photosynthetically active radiation
anthropogenic climatic change
anthropogenic climate change
anthropogenic climate changes
anthropogenic climatic changes
above-ground net primary production
annelid abundance
annelid species abundance
annelida species abundance
AnimalUnitEquivalent
AUE
AnimalUnit
anaerobe bacteria
anaerobes bacteria
amphibian declines
amphibians declines
amphibians declining
amphibian decline
ampereSquare
amount of soil solute
soil solute amount
amount of precipitation
precipitation amount
amount of dissolved organic phosphorus
dissolved organic phosphorus
amazonian rain forests
amazonian rain forest
alpine lakes
alpine lake
allee effects
allee effect
alcalinity of water
alkalinity of water
water alkalinity
alien plants
aliens plants
alien plant
albedo of water
water albedo
albedo of soil
soil albedo
air sample
air sampled
air samples
air samplings
air pollut
air pollutants
air polluter
air polluters
air polluting
air pollutant
AES
agri environmental schemes
agri environmental scheme
agri environmental policies
agri environmental policy
agri-environmental policy
age distributed
age distributions
agee distribute
aging distributed
aging distribution
age distribution
aerosol cloud interactions
aerosols cloud interactions
aerosol cloud interaction
adaptive phenotypic plastic
adaptive phenotypic plasticity
active fluorescence
fluorescence active
acoustic surveying
acoustic surveys
acoustical surveys
acoustically surveyed
acoustics surveys
acoustic survey
acidity of soil
acid neutralizing capacity
acid neutralising capacity
acid neutralizing capacity of soil
acid neutralising capacity of soil
abundunce of algae species
algae species abundance
abundance of species group
species group abundance
abundance of soil macrofauna species
soil macrofauna species abundance
abundance of plant species
plant species abundance
abundance of phytoplankton
phytoplankton abundance
abundance of macrophytes
macrophyte abundance
macrophyte species abundance
abundance of macrofauna
macrofauna abundance
abundance of invasive species
invasive species abundance
abundance of fungi species
fungi species abundance
abundance of fish
abundance of earth worms
earth worms abundance
abundance of cladocera
cladocera abundance
cladocera species abundance
abundance of birds
birds abundance
abundance of benthic invertebrates
benthic invertebrates abundance
benthic invertebrate species abundance
abundance of animal species
animal species abundance
absorptive coefficient
absorptivity coefficient
absorption coefficient
absorption coefficiant
absorption coefficients
absorptivity coefficients
aboveground net primary production
amount of above groung net primary production
above ground net primary production
astronomicalUnit
1 B = (1/2) ln 10 Np (c)
bel
second (angle)
nitrogen harvest index
nitrogen stress
crop solute requirements
carbon harvest index
concept 'bark' exists
concept 'chemical property' exists
chemical characteristics
concept 'radiation' exists
Radiation (net)
concept 'soil hydraulic measure' exists
soil hydraulic measure
concept 'unstructured concepts' exists
unstructured parameters
date alone is too ambigous" , "that's a new note by herbert"@fr
date
soil contamination (N deposition, ash deposition, heavy metal, …, specify)
SPARQL endpoint
data services
other data service
Web Coverage Service (WCS)
linked data service
Web Map Service (WMS)
data portal
Sensor Web Enablement (SWE)
Web Catalog Service (CSW)
Web Feature Service (WFS)
paper
data storage format
relational database
spatial database (GIS)
unstructured file
proprietary file format
XML database
structured file or spreadsheet
spatial data file (GIS)
other data storage format
triple store
cable based
GMS/UMTS
other data transmission
radio transmission
radio transmission system (repeaters, receivers, centralstation)
telephone line
accredited formal LTER site / LTSER platform
Declaration status acredited by LTER Europe
accredited potential LTER site / LTSER platform
candidate LTER LTER
Declaration status requested by site manager
formal LTER/LTSER LTER
potential LTER LTER
pptv
ppmv
ppbv
volumeRatio
applicable
ExpeER Site Classification
List_37
Highly Instrumented Observational Site HIOS
Highly Instrumented Observational and Experimental Site HIOS/HIES
Terrestrial
GEO-BON Biome
agricultural
evergreen forest
Desertscrub
Agricultural
Grasslands
Desert
fresh water lake
ILTER BIOME , "GEO-BON Biome
Marine
fresh water river
Coastal
zoobenthos
zoobenthos (lakes)
rainfall chemical analysis
naturalness
Soil solution sampling and measurements: DOC, DON, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl…(specify)
microphytobenthos
zooplancton
patchiness
water body morphology
phenological cycle
microphytobenthos (marine)
plot within a site
LTER EUROPE SITE TYPE
simple site
sub site
LTER site
complex site
pelagic photic zone
benthic aphotic deep sea ecosystem
benthic photic ecosystem
benthic aphotic shelf ecosystem
pelagic aphotic zone
lagoons, coastal wetlands and estuaries
molecular ecology
aquatic invasive species
IUCN red list species
dry mass
habitat restoration
ecosystem approach
marine bacteria
ecological integrity
aquatic fungi
environmental epidemiology
total sulfur
marine biodiversity
biomass gasification
leaf growth
habitat complexity
community organization
total organic nitrogen
total acidity
vegetative growth
alien species
native plant
glacial refugia
soil characteristic
root respiration
conservation biology
environmental accounting
generalist predator
cryptic species
vegetation change
mycorrhizal fungi
aerosol chemistry
water quality monitoring
total inorganic nitrogen
habitat loss
benthic foraminifera
habitat preference
biotic homogenization
total alkalinity
spatial ecology
comparative phylogeography
salt stress
forest birds
community assembly
niche differentiation
native tree species
soil ecology
total kjeldahl nitrogen
plant demography
fire ecology
cavity-nesting birds
species conservation
old world
remote sensing data
riparian vegetation
seed rain
soil bacteria
soil fauna
soil fungi
threatened species
tree species
tropical trees
urban
[source of definition ] Lars Lundin" , "[controlled by ] Lars Lundin 20130611
disturbance property
electric exclusion
belowground biomass
[comments ] no definitions found" , "[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen
base cations content in water
Water chemistry: SO42-, NO3-, Cl-
Water chemistry: Pb, Cd
[comments ] Not able to define
Laser-Doppler
[comments ] Not able to define - ask to a botanist
cylinder sampling
[comments ] Very general and broad term, difficult to give a short and ready-to-use definition" , "[controlled by ] Giorgio Matteucci , 30/05/2013
manual meter reading
Layer photographs
[controlled by ] Heikki Hamalainen" , "[comments ] no definitions found
Water chemistry: base cations (K, Na, Ca, Mg)
soil survey (FAO)
Water Runoff
water output
Snow height
water runoff
NPK fertiliser
fecundity
harvested aboveground production
matter input
altitudinal
biomass fresh
small size staff room
nitrogen nitrified in soil
nitrogen added by organic fertiliser
sample size
biomass production
temperature controlled container
micronutrient fertiliser
cutting height
remote sensing parameter
particulate phosphorus
process based model
fungal biomass
tillage operation type
nitrogen added by mineral fertilizer
timing of hibernation
energy_input
cutting date
specificity
net short wave radiation
short wave radiation
macrophyte leaf biomass
chloroform fumigation extraction
agro-ecosystem
microhabitat type
disking
biotic
biological
seed limitation
no lodging
water pressure
biomass chemistry: Pb, Cd
habitat landscape metrics
per unit time
air methane concentration
snow mobile
sprinkler irrigation
permanent grassland
magnetomotive
nitrogen-15 method
perched water table
assimilation
tillage operation order number
tension lysimeter
plant morphology
seagrass leaf standing crop
experimental design type
Deposition pH / H+
dry residue at 105 degree C
saturated hydraulic conductivity
chamber method
weathering rate: base cations, heavy metals
organic sediment mass
forêt
seagrass leaf elongation
fish species list
drain
plasmid DNA
bird species list
CGS ESU Derived
landscape metrics
allocation
units ouside SI
per area angle
date beginning of grazing period
long term ecological monitoring
lac
dry matter content
spatial
CGS Unit
interstitial water chemistry
latitudinal
dead root
sphere
sunflower
Soil solution chemistry: pH, Base cations (K, Na, Ca, Mg), inorganic anions (SO42-, NO3-, Cl-), heavy metals (Pb, Cd)
saturation extract method
protists
nanoflagellata biomass
nitrogen dry deposition
laboratory
organic fertilisation
relative
fleuve
nitrate content
fertility
mavroinvertebrates species abundance
part of organism
leaf colouring
atmosphere stability
Greeness index
soil carbon dioxyde emission from residues
seagrass photosynthetic active leaf area
grazing measure
annelida species list
deadwood species list
minimum tillage
lixiviation
cutting
unit for time
modelling platform
live root
biomass ratio
irrigation measure
resistivity meter
capacitance probe
management of crop residues
air nitrous oxyde concentration
absorbed
neutralizing capacity
nile perch
anthropology
soil inorganic carbon content
rain gauge
soil water holding capacity
Venturi flume
zero tillage
aquatic organism
organisme aquatique
nitrite nitrogen
concentration of lead
latent heat
soil wilting point
soil saturation index
economic
soil residual
crustacea species abundance
main consumer group
treatment name
atmospheric parameter
nitrogen fertilisation from rainfall
vehicle 4WD
self
butterfly species abundance
data management
cyanobacteria biomass
model output
wilting point
frosting
natural induced event
Deposition O3
biomass above-ground
nitrogen fertilisation
Buoycous method
aggregate size
drip irrigation
inclusive
cell
acidity
plant population changes over time
base
cooperative
yield
medium size lodging
root zone
ultraviolet radiation intensity
mowing date
procaryote
volumetric
chiselling
fungal
pesticide application date
natural science
model input
treatment objective
sugarbeet
biomass dry
sowing
transmittivity
direct sowing
magnetic
plant growth rate
cyanobacteria
belowground dry biomass
decomposed tea litter
exchange capacity
osmotic
belowground fresh biomass
application frequency
aquaculture
diatomophyceae coverage
CEC is a measure of the ability of a soil to hold the easily exchangeble cations, available for the plant roots. Cations are positively charged; they are held by negatively charged sites on clay and humus particles.
soil cation exchange capacity
conductivity meter
seagrass biomass
temporary grassland
nitrophosphate
kinematic
field preparation
sociology
weather station
macrophyte rhizome biomass
laboratory method
drained water
nitrogen organised from fertilizer
water conductivity
date end of grazing period
at breast height
land use type
ammonium fertiliser
deficit
carbon dioxide respiration
sediment porosity
water budget
epidemiology
population changes over time
mowing number
macroplankton
rhodophyta coverage
bacillariophyta
nitrogen immobilised by soil microbial biomass
symbiotic fixation
net
dry bulk density
macrophyte epiphyte biomass
age
genetic parameter
nitrogen mineralization of soil organic matter
water input
covariance matrix
thickness of soil horizon
drift rate
environmental
to mass
functional
mixed crop
elevated
probe
maturity stage
deposition NH4+
crustacea specis list
mineralisation of soil organic residue
litter decomposition rate
minimum
bird species abundance
fertilizer application frequency
denitrification potential
soil inorganic nitrogen content
nature protection
river discharge downstream of monitored reach
nuclear DNA
pressure head
plant nitrogen uptake
aboveground dry biomass
land cover type
nitrogen immobilisation
nutrient availability
per unit length
landscape parameter
steady state
soil microcosm
theory
application date and time
large size staff room
unknown number of beds
unknown sample
nitrous oxyde emission
inorganic phosphorus
biomass moisture content
irrigation dose
climate type
oxidative
fertilizer application dose
nitrogen organication
respiration potential
political science
LTER site declaration status
residence time
ochrophyta coverage
fixation
nitric nitrogen
ecosystem monitoring
human induced event
fishery
discrete probability
diffuse photosynthetically active radiation
CGS derived Unit
soil solution measure
response
microzooplankton species abundance
nitrogen fertilisation by irrigation
nitrogen added by crop residue
matter
competitive
butterfly species list
tillage operation date
beginning
electric
helicopter
not harvested aboveground production
bacterial biomass
nitrate nitrogen
sexual
measurement tower
experimental device
allele
disparsal
total
harrowing
nitrogen fertiliser
conservation tillage
reflected
static chamber design
phenological measure
water gauge level
no staff room
climate monitoring
atmospheric measurement tower
primary
soil science
weather generator
landscape measure
biological parameter
epiphyte
ammonia volatilization
nitrate fertiliser
date of start of physiological maturity
Dynamic chamber design
phosphorus forms
chemical process
sediment accumulation
mineral fertilisation
soil nitrate flow
host
astrophysics
soil water retention
water cycle
The dry bulk density is the ratio between the mass of oven dry soil material (solid particles) and the volume of the undisturbed fresh sample
moment
nitrogen fertilisation by atmospheric deposition
balance
mollusca species abundance
insoluble organic carbon
lake ecosystem
above ground
nitrogen fixation rate
seed longevity
habitat measure
ridge tillage
soil microbial ecology
weathering
residence
harvesting date
nitrogen added by organic and mineral fertilizer
variability
dipole
leaf shed
dissolved
long distance
sensor cluster
soil characteristics
rapeseed
total dissolved phosphorus
deadwood
treatment description
small size lodging
dominance
economy
soil biological measure
soil carbon dioxyde flux
abiotic heterogeneity
fresh
silicium content
no measurement tower
biomass growth
canopy measure
turnover
sediment content
timestamp
agricultural substance
tillage depth
PAR sensor
energy_output
flooded irrigation
tillage measure
soil pore measure
interspecific
time domain reflectometer
field laboratory
organic matter pool
experimental treatment
trade-off
depostion of inorganic anions
leaf-litter breakdown
terrestrial ecology
potential nitrogen mineralization
jurisprudence
measurement infrastructure
chlorophyta coverage
current direction
benthic invertebrates
soil water retention curve
particulate organic matter content
social science
green house
ANPP (Above-ground Net Primary Production)
makrophyte
date of start of stem elongation
plasticity
water parameter
bacterial
physical parameter
pH deposition
region
application method
territory mapping
spatial and temporal variation
microphytobenthos morpho-functional groups
rhizotron
below ground
body
genetic measure
experimental property
river ecosystem
growing
declaration status accredited by LTER Europe
seagrass leaf production
insectide
use
carbon dioxide respiration rate
biotic environment
radiation below canopy
CGS EMU Derived
water other state variable
seagrass fecundity
shade
buffer
base saturation
air nitrogen oxides concentration
lead deposition
ionic balance
matter output
pruning measure
phenotypic
vehicle 2WD
agricultural parameter
canopy characteristics
lichens species list
prymnesiophyceae biomass
energy_storage
clonal
adaptive
dinoflagellata biomass
large size lodging
reflected radiation
biological measure
year in the rotation or year since start of treatment application
mollusca species list
matter budget
plant species trait
plants population changes over time
measurement
aboveground fresh biomass
nitrogen exportation from crop
sorbed
NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)
metamodel
zooplankton biomass
climate model
derived dimension
geographic
irrigation date
atmospheric physics
nitrogen phosphorus fertiliser
tree measure
bryophytes species coverage
oxygen concentration
fertilizer application method
phytotron
seagrass coverage
cold
aquatic mesocosm
crop measure
weeding
cropping system
gene
diffuse short wave radiation
CGS base unit
emerging insects
potatoe
zero-tension lysimeter
vascular plants species list
luminous
thermal
bio toxins
soil dissolved organic nitrogen
reproductive
timing of migration
biomass chemistry: S, N
cladocera
current speed
discharge outflowing stream
photosynthetic
realisation
unknown number of places
manure fertilisation
dry
gap
light extinction coefficient
archeology
rodent species abundance
groundwater inflow
medium size staff room
IT method
base dimension
macrozooplankton species abundance
organic phosphorus
preference
gravimetric method for soil water content
female
tornado
phosphorus fractionation
configuration
industrial method
nitrate nitrogen content
glaciology
systematic sample
changes over time
temporal
harvesting measure
exchange
sediment density
exchangeable cations
phosporus fertiliser
net long wave radiation
nutritional
rate
variation
fresh biomass
euphotic depth
soil parameter
ecosystem property
sowing measure
per angle
connectivity
retention
seagrass shoot density
seagrass genetic diversity
male
per time
sediment chemistry
crop model
degradation
geographic property
trees age class
soil moisture probe
mosses species list
marine current outflow
ExpeER site classification
date of senescent stage
chlorophyll content
site classification
ship
gradient
trophic
calcium amendment
per unit area
ecosystem parameter
management
transpiration to evaporation ratio
magnesium fertiliser
extensive site
metrics
application dose
dryland
Leca Stefan
trees breast height diameter
respiration per biomass
Deposition: inorganic anions
pore
acid
Base saturation is a measure of the amount of basic nutrients in the soil, expressed as a percentage of the total cation exchange capacity.
linear
ethics
hypothesis
phytoplankton biomass
transparency
environmental science
genetic
intercropping
biomass chemistry: base cations (K, Na, Ca, Mg)
intraspecific
ammonium depostion
crop characteristics
temporal entity
zooplankton abundance
stress
sowing density
seasonal
aerodynamic
total radiation
seagrass presence
NPP (Net Primary Production)
physical measure
soil dissolved organic carbon concentration
mineral fertilizer
morphological
Deposition Pb, Cd
pruning operation date
dinoflagellata
sediment mass
biochemical
marine platform
insect outburst
trees species list
chemical
statistics collection
capillary rise
river discharge upstream of monitored reach
fitness
mineralised
ozone deposition
water heavy metal concentration
regime
lysimeter station
radioactivity
isotopic chemistry
root growth
physiological
water filled pore space
habitat land cover
microzooplankton species list
limitation
resource use
agricultural property
nitrogen measure
atmospheric
measurement tower above canopy
air sulfate concentration
rodents species list
sediment acccumulation rate
maximum
measurement tower in canopy
seagrass leaf standing biomass
below canopy
runoff amount
advection rate
depositions chemistry
neutralizing
experimental measure
macrozooplankton species list
brain
automatic soil chamber
GHG (Greenhouse Gas) Fluxes
dissolved organic carbon content
concentration of all phosphorus fractions (total soluble phosphorus and particulate phosphorus) in soil horizon A
concentration of total phoshorus in horizon A
The amount of force exerted over a surface area, caused by the weight of air molecules above it measured at the height of 2m above the ground level.
atmospheric pressure at 2m height
at 2 m height
loss of the life-supporting land resource though soil erosion
soil loss
loss of the life-supporting land resource through soil erosion from arable land of a catchment with 4-8% slope
soil loss from 4-8% arable land
4-8% slope
Share of eroded sediment (soil loss) that is transported to the surface water (depends on slope, distance from Surface water, soil texture)
delivery ratio of soil erosion in sediment of catchment
portion
concentration of substance in organism
soil sample
catchment area
slope 1%
slope 1-2%
slope 3-4%
slope 8%
area of slope 1% arable land of catchment
area of slope 1-2% arable land of catchment
area of slope 3-4% arable land of catchment
area of slope 4-8% arable land of catchment
area of slope 8% arable land of catchment
under conservation tillage