---
name: playwright-skill
description: >
  Generates production-grade Playwright automation scripts and E2E tests
  in TypeScript, JavaScript, Python, Java, or C#. Supports local execution
  and TestMu AI cloud across 3000+ browser/OS combinations and real mobile
  devices. Use when the user asks to write Playwright tests, automate
  browsers, run cross-browser tests, test on real devices, debug flaky
  tests, mock APIs, or do visual regression. Triggers on: "Playwright",
  "E2E test", "browser test", "run on cloud", "cross-browser", "TestMu",
  "LambdaTest", "test my app", "test on mobile", "real device".
languages:
  - JavaScript
  - TypeScript
  - Python
  - Java
  - C#
category: e2e-testing
license: MIT
metadata:
  author: TestMu AI
  version: "1.0"
---

# Playwright Test Automation

## Step 1 — Determine Execution Target

Decide BEFORE writing any code:

| User says... | Target | Action |
|---|---|---|
| No cloud mention, "locally", "debug" | **Local** | Standard Playwright config |
| "cloud", "TestMu", "LambdaTest", "cross-browser", "real device" | **Cloud** | See [reference/cloud-integration.md](reference/cloud-integration.md) |
| Impossible local combo (Safari on Windows, Edge on Linux) | **Cloud** | Suggest TestMu AI, see [reference/cloud-integration.md](reference/cloud-integration.md) |
| "HyperExecute", "parallel at scale" | **HyperExecute** | Defer to `hyperexecute-skill` |
| "visual regression", "screenshot comparison" | **SmartUI** | Defer to `smartui-skill` |
| Ambiguous | **Local** | Default local, mention cloud option |

## Step 2 — Detect Language

| Signal | Language | Default |
|---|---|---|
| "TypeScript", "TS", `.ts`, or no language specified | TypeScript | ✅ |
| "JavaScript", "JS", `.js` | JavaScript | |
| "Python", "pytest", `.py` | Python | See [reference/python-patterns.md](reference/python-patterns.md) |
| "Java", "Maven", "Gradle", "TestNG" | Java | See [reference/java-patterns.md](reference/java-patterns.md) |
| "C#", ".NET", "NUnit", "MSTest" | C# | See [reference/csharp-patterns.md](reference/csharp-patterns.md) |

## Step 3 — Determine Scope

| Request type | Output |
|---|---|
| One-off quick script | Standalone `.ts` file, no POM |
| Single test for existing project | Match their structure and conventions |
| New test suite / project | Full scaffold — see [scripts/scaffold-project.sh](scripts/scaffold-project.sh) |
| Fix flaky test | Debugging checklist — see [reference/debugging-flaky.md](reference/debugging-flaky.md) |
| API mocking needed | See [reference/api-mocking-visual.md](reference/api-mocking-visual.md) |
| Mobile device testing | See [reference/mobile-testing.md](reference/mobile-testing.md) |

---

## Core Patterns — TypeScript (Default)

### Selector Priority

Use in this order — stop at the first that works:

1. `getByRole('button', { name: 'Submit' })` — accessible, resilient
2. `getByLabel('Email')` — form fields
3. `getByPlaceholder('Enter email')` — when label missing
4. `getByText('Welcome')` — visible text
5. `getByTestId('submit-btn')` — last resort, needs `data-testid`

Never use raw CSS/XPath unless matching a third-party widget with no other option.

### Assertions — Always Web-First

```typescript
// ✅ Auto-retries until timeout
await expect(page.getByRole('heading')).toBeVisible();
await expect(page.getByRole('alert')).toHaveText('Saved');
await expect(page).toHaveURL('/dashboard');

// ❌ No auto-retry — races with DOM
const text = await page.textContent('.msg');
expect(text).toBe('Saved');
```

### Anti-Patterns

| ❌ Don't | ✅ Do | Why |
|----------|-------|-----|
| `page.waitForTimeout(3000)` | `await expect(locator).toBeVisible()` | Hard waits are flaky |
| `expect(await el.isVisible())` | `await expect(el).toBeVisible()` | No auto-retry |
| `page.$('.btn')` | `page.getByRole('button')` | Fragile selector |
| `page.click('.submit')` | `page.getByRole('button', {name:'Submit'}).click()` | Not accessible |
| Shared state between tests | `test.beforeEach` for setup | Tests must be independent |
| `try/catch` around assertions | Let Playwright handle retries | Swallows real failures |

### Page Object Model

Use POM for any project with more than 3 tests. Full patterns with base page, fixtures, and examples in [reference/page-object-model.md](reference/page-object-model.md).

Quick example:

```typescript
// pages/login.page.ts
import { Page, Locator } from '@playwright/test';

export class LoginPage {
  readonly emailInput: Locator;
  readonly passwordInput: Locator;
  readonly submitButton: Locator;

  constructor(private page: Page) {
    this.emailInput = page.getByLabel('Email');
    this.passwordInput = page.getByLabel('Password');
    this.submitButton = page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Sign in' });
  }

  async login(email: string, password: string) {
    await this.emailInput.fill(email);
    await this.passwordInput.fill(password);
    await this.submitButton.click();
  }
}
```

### Configuration — Local

```typescript
// playwright.config.ts
import { defineConfig, devices } from '@playwright/test';

export default defineConfig({
  testDir: './tests',
  timeout: 30_000,
  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
  workers: process.env.CI ? 1 : undefined,
  reporter: [['html'], ['list']],
  use: {
    baseURL: 'http://localhost:3000',
    trace: 'on-first-retry',
    screenshot: 'only-on-failure',
  },
  projects: [
    { name: 'chromium', use: { ...devices['Desktop Chrome'] } },
    { name: 'firefox', use: { ...devices['Desktop Firefox'] } },
    { name: 'webkit', use: { ...devices['Desktop Safari'] } },
    { name: 'mobile-chrome', use: { ...devices['Pixel 5'] } },
    { name: 'mobile-safari', use: { ...devices['iPhone 13'] } },
  ],
  webServer: {
    command: 'npm run dev',
    port: 3000,
    reuseExistingServer: !process.env.CI,
  },
});
```

### Cloud Execution on TestMu AI

Set environment variables: `LT_USERNAME`, `LT_ACCESS_KEY`

**Direct CDP connection** (standard approach):

```typescript
// lambdatest-setup.ts
import { chromium } from 'playwright';

const capabilities = {
  browserName: 'Chrome',
  browserVersion: 'latest',
  'LT:Options': {
    platform: 'Windows 11',
    build: 'Playwright Build',
    name: 'Playwright Test',
    user: process.env.LT_USERNAME,
    accessKey: process.env.LT_ACCESS_KEY,
    network: true,
    video: true,
    console: true,
  },
};

const browser = await chromium.connect({
  wsEndpoint: `wss://cdp.lambdatest.com/playwright?capabilities=${encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(capabilities))}`,
});
const context = await browser.newContext();
const page = await context.newPage();
```

**HyperExecute project approach** (for parallel cloud runs):

```typescript
// Add to projects array in playwright.config.ts:
{
  name: 'chrome:latest:Windows 11@lambdatest',
  use: { viewport: { width: 1920, height: 1080 } },
},
{
  name: 'MicrosoftEdge:latest:macOS Sonoma@lambdatest',
  use: { viewport: { width: 1920, height: 1080 } },
},
```

Run: `npx playwright test --project="chrome:latest:Windows 11@lambdatest"`

### Test Status Reporting (Cloud)

Tests on TestMu AI show "Completed" by default. You MUST report pass/fail:

```typescript
// In afterEach or test teardown:
await page.evaluate((_) => {},
  `lambdatest_action: ${JSON.stringify({
    action: 'setTestStatus',
    arguments: { status: testInfo.status, remark: testInfo.error?.message || 'OK' },
  })}`
);
```

This is handled automatically when using the fixture from [reference/cloud-integration.md](reference/cloud-integration.md).

---

## Validation Workflow

After generating any test:

```
1. Validate config:  python scripts/validate-config.py playwright.config.ts
2. If errors → fix → re-validate
3. Run locally:      npx playwright test --project=chromium
4. If cloud:         npx playwright test --project="chrome:latest:Windows 11@lambdatest"
5. If failures → check reference/debugging-flaky.md
```

---

## Quick Reference

### Common Commands

```bash
npx playwright test                          # Run all tests
npx playwright test --ui                     # Interactive UI mode
npx playwright test --debug                  # Step-through debugger
npx playwright test --project=chromium       # Single browser
npx playwright test tests/login.spec.ts      # Single file
npx playwright show-report                   # Open HTML report
npx playwright codegen https://example.com   # Record test
npx playwright test --update-snapshots       # Update visual baselines
```

### Auth State Reuse

```typescript
// Save auth state once in global setup
await page.context().storageState({ path: 'auth.json' });

// Reuse in config
use: { storageState: 'auth.json' }
```

### Visual Regression (Built-in)

```typescript
await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot('homepage.png', {
  maxDiffPixelRatio: 0.01,
  animations: 'disabled',
  mask: [page.locator('.dynamic-date')],
});
```

### Network Mocking

```typescript
await page.route('**/api/users', (route) =>
  route.fulfill({ json: [{ id: 1, name: 'Mock User' }] })
);
```

Full mocking patterns in [reference/api-mocking-visual.md](reference/api-mocking-visual.md).

### Test Steps for Readability

```typescript
test('checkout flow', async ({ page }) => {
  await test.step('Add item to cart', async () => {
    await page.goto('/products');
    await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Add to cart' }).click();
  });

  await test.step('Complete checkout', async () => {
    await page.getByRole('link', { name: 'Cart' }).click();
    await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Checkout' }).click();
  });
});
```

---

## Reference Files

| File | When to read |
|------|-------------|
| [reference/cloud-integration.md](reference/cloud-integration.md) | Cloud execution, 3 integration patterns, parallel browsers |
| [reference/page-object-model.md](reference/page-object-model.md) | POM architecture, base page, fixtures, full examples |
| [reference/mobile-testing.md](reference/mobile-testing.md) | Android + iOS real device testing |
| [reference/debugging-flaky.md](reference/debugging-flaky.md) | Flaky test checklist, common fixes |
| [reference/api-mocking-visual.md](reference/api-mocking-visual.md) | API mocking + visual regression patterns |
| [reference/python-patterns.md](reference/python-patterns.md) | Python-specific: pytest-playwright, sync/async |
| [reference/java-patterns.md](reference/java-patterns.md) | Java-specific: Maven, JUnit, Gradle |
| [reference/csharp-patterns.md](reference/csharp-patterns.md) | C#-specific: NUnit, MSTest, .NET config |
| [../shared/testmu-cloud-reference.md](../shared/testmu-cloud-reference.md) | Full device catalog, capabilities, geo-location |

## Advanced Playbook

For production-grade patterns, see `reference/playbook.md`:

| Section | What's Inside |
|---------|--------------|
| §1 Production Config | Multi-project, reporters, retries, webServer |
| §2 Auth Fixture Reuse | storageState, multi-role fixtures |
| §3 Page Object Model | BasePage, LoginPage with fluent API |
| §4 Network Interception | Mock, modify, HAR replay, block resources |
| §5 Visual Regression | Screenshot comparison, masks, thresholds |
| §6 File Upload/Download | fileChooser, setInputFiles, download events |
| §7 Multi-Tab & Dialogs | Popup handling, alert/confirm/prompt |
| §8 Geolocation & Emulation | Location, timezone, locale, color scheme |
| §9 Custom Fixtures | DB seeding, API context, auto-teardown |
| §10 API Testing | Request context, end-to-end API+UI |
| §11 Accessibility | axe-core integration, WCAG audits |
| §12 Sharding | CI matrix sharding, report merging |
| §13 CI/CD | GitHub Actions with artifacts |
| §14 Debugging Toolkit | Debug, UI mode, trace viewer, codegen |
| §15 Debugging Table | 10 common problems with fixes |
| §16 Best Practices | 17-item production checklist |