{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Module\n",
    "## Name Space\n",
    "A module's namespace contains all the names assigned by code at the top level of the module file.  \n",
    "Thus, nested in **def** and **class** is excluded.  \n",
    "\n",
    "## Module Operations\n",
    "- **import**: Fetch a module\n",
    "- **from**: Allow importer to fetch particular names from a moudle\n",
    "- **imp.reload**(**reload** in Python2): Reload a module without stopping Python code"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## How Imports Works\n",
    "Unlike C, imports are not just textual insertions of one file into another.  \n",
    "In Python, imports do the following operations.\n",
    "1. Find a module file\n",
    "2. Compile it to byte code (if needed)\n",
    "3. Run the module's code to build the object it defines.\n",
    "\n",
    "Only the first time the module is imported would the above steps run.  \n",
    "Later imports skip these steps and fetech the already loaded module.\n",
    "\n",
    "### 1. Find it\n",
    "Locale the module file.  \n",
    "More about module path would be mentioned latter.\n",
    "\n",
    "### 2. Compile It (If needed)\n",
    "If the byte code file is older than the source file or the version is different, Python would regenerate the byte code.  \n",
    "For different version, it has different byte code.\n",
    "\n",
    "### 3. Run it\n",
    "By importing, it actually runs the file's code.  \n",
    "For example, top-level print in a module would actually print."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
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       " 'IPython.core.alias': <module 'IPython.core.alias' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/core/alias.py'>,\n",
       " 'IPython.core.application': <module 'IPython.core.application' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/core/application.py'>,\n",
       " 'IPython.core.autocall': <module 'IPython.core.autocall' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/core/autocall.py'>,\n",
       " 'IPython.core.builtin_trap': <module 'IPython.core.builtin_trap' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/core/builtin_trap.py'>,\n",
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       " 'IPython.utils.PyColorize': <module 'IPython.utils.PyColorize' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/utils/PyColorize.py'>,\n",
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       " 'IPython.utils.terminal': <module 'IPython.utils.terminal' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/utils/terminal.py'>,\n",
       " 'IPython.utils.text': <module 'IPython.utils.text' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/utils/text.py'>,\n",
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       " '__main__': <module '__main__'>,\n",
       " '__mp_main__': <module 'ipykernel.__main__' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ipykernel/__main__.py'>,\n",
       " '_ast': <module '_ast' (built-in)>,\n",
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       " 'prompt_toolkit.terminal.vt100_input': <module 'prompt_toolkit.terminal.vt100_input' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/prompt_toolkit/terminal/vt100_input.py'>,\n",
       " 'prompt_toolkit.terminal.vt100_output': <module 'prompt_toolkit.terminal.vt100_output' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/prompt_toolkit/terminal/vt100_output.py'>,\n",
       " 'prompt_toolkit.token': <module 'prompt_toolkit.token' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/prompt_toolkit/token.py'>,\n",
       " 'prompt_toolkit.utils': <module 'prompt_toolkit.utils' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/prompt_toolkit/utils.py'>,\n",
       " 'prompt_toolkit.validation': <module 'prompt_toolkit.validation' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/prompt_toolkit/validation.py'>,\n",
       " 'pstats': <module 'pstats' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/pstats.py'>,\n",
       " 'pty': <module 'pty' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/pty.py'>,\n",
       " 'ptyprocess': <module 'ptyprocess' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ptyprocess/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'ptyprocess.ptyprocess': <module 'ptyprocess.ptyprocess' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ptyprocess/ptyprocess.py'>,\n",
       " 'ptyprocess.util': <module 'ptyprocess.util' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ptyprocess/util.py'>,\n",
       " 'pwd': <module 'pwd' (built-in)>,\n",
       " 'pydoc': <module 'pydoc' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/pydoc.py'>,\n",
       " 'pyexpat': <module 'pyexpat' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/lib-dynload/pyexpat.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'pyexpat.errors': <module 'pyexpat.errors'>,\n",
       " 'pyexpat.model': <module 'pyexpat.model'>,\n",
       " 'pygments': <module 'pygments' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.filter': <module 'pygments.filter' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/filter.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.filters': <module 'pygments.filters' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/filters/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.formatter': <module 'pygments.formatter' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/formatter.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.formatters': <module 'pygments.formatters' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/formatters/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.formatters._mapping': <module 'pygments.formatters._mapping' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/formatters/_mapping.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.formatters.html': <module 'pygments.formatters.html' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/formatters/html.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.lexer': <module 'pygments.lexer' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/lexer.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.lexers': <module 'pygments.lexers' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/lexers/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.lexers._mapping': <module 'pygments.lexers._mapping' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/lexers/_mapping.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.lexers.python': <module 'pygments.lexers.python' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/lexers/python.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.modeline': <module 'pygments.modeline' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/modeline.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.plugin': <module 'pygments.plugin' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/plugin.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.regexopt': <module 'pygments.regexopt' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/regexopt.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.style': <module 'pygments.style' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/style.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.styles': <module 'pygments.styles' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/styles/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.styles.default': <module 'pygments.styles.default' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/styles/default.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.token': <module 'pygments.token' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/token.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.unistring': <module 'pygments.unistring' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/unistring.py'>,\n",
       " 'pygments.util': <module 'pygments.util' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pygments/util.py'>,\n",
       " 'pyparsing': <module 'pyparsing' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pyparsing.py'>,\n",
       " 'queue': <module 'queue' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/queue.py'>,\n",
       " 'quopri': <module 'quopri' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/quopri.py'>,\n",
       " 'random': <module 'random' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/random.py'>,\n",
       " 're': <module 're' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/re.py'>,\n",
       " 'reprlib': <module 'reprlib' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/reprlib.py'>,\n",
       " 'resource': <module 'resource' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/lib-dynload/resource.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'runpy': <module 'runpy' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/runpy.py'>,\n",
       " 'select': <module 'select' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/lib-dynload/select.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'selectors': <module 'selectors' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/selectors.py'>,\n",
       " 'shlex': <module 'shlex' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/shlex.py'>,\n",
       " 'shutil': <module 'shutil' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/shutil.py'>,\n",
       " 'signal': <module 'signal' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/signal.py'>,\n",
       " 'simplegeneric': <module 'simplegeneric' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/simplegeneric.py'>,\n",
       " 'site': <module 'site' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site.py'>,\n",
       " 'six': <module 'six' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/six.py'>,\n",
       " 'six.moves': <module 'six.moves' (<six._SixMetaPathImporter object at 0x1014125c0>)>,\n",
       " 'six.moves.urllib': <module 'six.moves.urllib' (<six._SixMetaPathImporter object at 0x1014125c0>)>,\n",
       " 'socket': <module 'socket' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/socket.py'>,\n",
       " 'sqlite3': <module 'sqlite3' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/sqlite3/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'sqlite3.dbapi2': <module 'sqlite3.dbapi2' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/sqlite3/dbapi2.py'>,\n",
       " 'sre_compile': <module 'sre_compile' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/sre_compile.py'>,\n",
       " 'sre_constants': <module 'sre_constants' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/sre_constants.py'>,\n",
       " 'sre_parse': <module 'sre_parse' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/sre_parse.py'>,\n",
       " 'stat': <module 'stat' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/stat.py'>,\n",
       " 'storemagic': <module 'storemagic' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/extensions/storemagic.py'>,\n",
       " 'string': <module 'string' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/string.py'>,\n",
       " 'struct': <module 'struct' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/struct.py'>,\n",
       " 'subprocess': <module 'subprocess' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/subprocess.py'>,\n",
       " 'sys': <module 'sys' (built-in)>,\n",
       " 'sysconfig': <module 'sysconfig' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/sysconfig.py'>,\n",
       " 'tarfile': <module 'tarfile' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/tarfile.py'>,\n",
       " 'tempfile': <module 'tempfile' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/tempfile.py'>,\n",
       " 'termios': <module 'termios' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/lib-dynload/termios.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'textwrap': <module 'textwrap' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/textwrap.py'>,\n",
       " 'threading': <module 'threading' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/threading.py'>,\n",
       " 'time': <module 'time' (built-in)>,\n",
       " 'timeit': <module 'timeit' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/timeit.py'>,\n",
       " 'token': <module 'token' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/token.py'>,\n",
       " 'tokenize': <module 'tokenize' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/tokenize.py'>,\n",
       " 'tornado': <module 'tornado' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tornado/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'tornado.concurrent': <module 'tornado.concurrent' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tornado/concurrent.py'>,\n",
       " 'tornado.escape': <module 'tornado.escape' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tornado/escape.py'>,\n",
       " 'tornado.ioloop': <module 'tornado.ioloop' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tornado/ioloop.py'>,\n",
       " 'tornado.log': <module 'tornado.log' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tornado/log.py'>,\n",
       " 'tornado.platform': <module 'tornado.platform' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tornado/platform/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'tornado.platform.auto': <module 'tornado.platform.auto' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tornado/platform/auto.py'>,\n",
       " 'tornado.platform.interface': <module 'tornado.platform.interface' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tornado/platform/interface.py'>,\n",
       " 'tornado.platform.posix': <module 'tornado.platform.posix' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tornado/platform/posix.py'>,\n",
       " 'tornado.speedups': <module 'tornado.speedups' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tornado/speedups.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'tornado.stack_context': <module 'tornado.stack_context' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tornado/stack_context.py'>,\n",
       " 'tornado.util': <module 'tornado.util' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tornado/util.py'>,\n",
       " 'traceback': <module 'traceback' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/traceback.py'>,\n",
       " 'traitlets': <module 'traitlets' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/traitlets/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'traitlets._version': <module 'traitlets._version' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/traitlets/_version.py'>,\n",
       " 'traitlets.config': <module 'traitlets.config' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/traitlets/config/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'traitlets.config.application': <module 'traitlets.config.application' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/traitlets/config/application.py'>,\n",
       " 'traitlets.config.configurable': <module 'traitlets.config.configurable' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/traitlets/config/configurable.py'>,\n",
       " 'traitlets.config.loader': <module 'traitlets.config.loader' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/traitlets/config/loader.py'>,\n",
       " 'traitlets.log': <module 'traitlets.log' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/traitlets/log.py'>,\n",
       " 'traitlets.traitlets': <module 'traitlets.traitlets' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/traitlets/traitlets.py'>,\n",
       " 'traitlets.utils': <module 'traitlets.utils' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/traitlets/utils/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'traitlets.utils.bunch': <module 'traitlets.utils.bunch' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/traitlets/utils/bunch.py'>,\n",
       " 'traitlets.utils.getargspec': <module 'traitlets.utils.getargspec' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/traitlets/utils/getargspec.py'>,\n",
       " 'traitlets.utils.importstring': <module 'traitlets.utils.importstring' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/traitlets/utils/importstring.py'>,\n",
       " 'traitlets.utils.sentinel': <module 'traitlets.utils.sentinel' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/traitlets/utils/sentinel.py'>,\n",
       " 'tty': <module 'tty' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/tty.py'>,\n",
       " 'types': <module 'types' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/types.py'>,\n",
       " 'typing': <module 'typing' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/typing.py'>,\n",
       " 'typing.io': typing.io,\n",
       " 'typing.re': typing.re,\n",
       " 'unicodedata': <module 'unicodedata' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/lib-dynload/unicodedata.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'urllib': <module 'urllib' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/urllib/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'urllib.parse': <module 'urllib.parse' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/urllib/parse.py'>,\n",
       " 'uuid': <module 'uuid' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/uuid.py'>,\n",
       " 'warnings': <module 'warnings' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/warnings.py'>,\n",
       " 'wcwidth': <module 'wcwidth' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/wcwidth/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'wcwidth.table_wide': <module 'wcwidth.table_wide' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/wcwidth/table_wide.py'>,\n",
       " 'wcwidth.table_zero': <module 'wcwidth.table_zero' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/wcwidth/table_zero.py'>,\n",
       " 'wcwidth.wcwidth': <module 'wcwidth.wcwidth' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/wcwidth/wcwidth.py'>,\n",
       " 'weakref': <module 'weakref' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/weakref.py'>,\n",
       " 'xml': <module 'xml' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/xml/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'xml.parsers': <module 'xml.parsers' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/xml/parsers/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'xml.parsers.expat': <module 'xml.parsers.expat' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/xml/parsers/expat.py'>,\n",
       " 'xml.parsers.expat.errors': <module 'pyexpat.errors'>,\n",
       " 'xml.parsers.expat.model': <module 'pyexpat.model'>,\n",
       " 'zipfile': <module 'zipfile' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/zipfile.py'>,\n",
       " 'zipimport': <module 'zipimport' (built-in)>,\n",
       " 'zlib': <module 'zlib' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/lib-dynload/zlib.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'zmq': <module 'zmq' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.backend': <module 'zmq.backend' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/backend/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.backend.cython': <module 'zmq.backend.cython' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.backend.cython._device': <module 'zmq.backend.cython._device' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/_device.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.backend.cython._poll': <module 'zmq.backend.cython._poll' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/_poll.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.backend.cython._version': <module 'zmq.backend.cython._version' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/_version.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.backend.cython.constants': <module 'zmq.backend.cython.constants' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/constants.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.backend.cython.context': <module 'zmq.backend.cython.context' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/context.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.backend.cython.error': <module 'zmq.backend.cython.error' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/error.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.backend.cython.message': <module 'zmq.backend.cython.message' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/message.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.backend.cython.socket': <module 'zmq.backend.cython.socket' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/socket.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.backend.cython.utils': <module 'zmq.backend.cython.utils' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/utils.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.backend.select': <module 'zmq.backend.select' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/backend/select.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.error': <module 'zmq.error' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/error.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.eventloop': <module 'zmq.eventloop' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/eventloop/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.eventloop.ioloop': <module 'zmq.eventloop.ioloop' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/eventloop/ioloop.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.eventloop.zmqstream': <module 'zmq.eventloop.zmqstream' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/eventloop/zmqstream.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.libzmq': <module 'zmq.libzmq' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/libzmq.cpython-36m-darwin.so'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.sugar': <module 'zmq.sugar' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/sugar/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.sugar.attrsettr': <module 'zmq.sugar.attrsettr' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/sugar/attrsettr.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.sugar.constants': <module 'zmq.sugar.constants' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/sugar/constants.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.sugar.context': <module 'zmq.sugar.context' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/sugar/context.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.sugar.frame': <module 'zmq.sugar.frame' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/sugar/frame.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.sugar.poll': <module 'zmq.sugar.poll' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/sugar/poll.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.sugar.socket': <module 'zmq.sugar.socket' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/sugar/socket.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.sugar.stopwatch': <module 'zmq.sugar.stopwatch' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/sugar/stopwatch.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.sugar.tracker': <module 'zmq.sugar.tracker' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/sugar/tracker.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.sugar.version': <module 'zmq.sugar.version' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/sugar/version.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.utils': <module 'zmq.utils' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/utils/__init__.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.utils.constant_names': <module 'zmq.utils.constant_names' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/utils/constant_names.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.utils.jsonapi': <module 'zmq.utils.jsonapi' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/utils/jsonapi.py'>,\n",
       " 'zmq.utils.strtypes': <module 'zmq.utils.strtypes' from '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/zmq/utils/strtypes.py'>}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# To see what modules are used\n",
    "\n",
    "import sys\n",
    "\n",
    "sys.modules"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## The Module Search Path\n",
    "\n",
    "Python searches module path in the following sequence.  \n",
    "The latter searched modules will be overridden by the previous searched modules\n",
    "\n",
    "1. The home directory of this program\n",
    "    - This is searched first. Be sure don't use the same name as other modules and hide them\n",
    "2. **PYTHONPATH**\n",
    "3. Standard library directories\n",
    "    - Always searched. No need to be added to **PYTHONPATH**\n",
    "4. The contents of any **.pth** files\n",
    "    - .pth (path): Path configuration files\n",
    "    - Used for instatllation-realted feature\n",
    "    - When such a file is present, Python will add the directories listed on each line of the file\n",
    "    - PAth files are used more often by third-party library\n",
    "5. **site-packages**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['',\n",
       " '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages',\n",
       " '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python36.zip',\n",
       " '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6',\n",
       " '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/lib-dynload',\n",
       " '/Users/LeeW/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages',\n",
       " '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/Sphinx-1.5.1-py3.6.egg',\n",
       " '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/aeosa',\n",
       " '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/setuptools-27.2.0-py3.6.egg',\n",
       " '/Users/LeeW/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/extensions',\n",
       " '/Users/LeeW/.ipython']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# To see the module search path\n",
    "\n",
    "import sys\n",
    "\n",
    "sys.path"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This is the actual search path within Python.  \n",
    "The empty string means current directory."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "By modifying the **sys.path** list, you can modify the search path for all future imports made in a program's run.  \n",
    "Note that such changes last only for the duration of the script."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## What might imports load?\n",
    "\n",
    "Python might load the following four file types in response to an import opreation.\n",
    "1. Source Code (.py)\n",
    "2. Byte Code File (.pyc)\n",
    "3. Optimized Byte Code File (.pyo)\n",
    "4. C extension module (.so on Linux, or .dll or .pyd on Windows)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Byte Code\n",
    "- Python3.1 and earlier (including Python2)\n",
    "    - Byte Code is stored in the same directory with the filename extension .pyc\n",
    "- Python3.2 and later\n",
    "    - Stored in `__pycache__`\n",
    "\n",
    "Each Python version and implementation (e.g. Jython, IronPython) has its own byte code files and won't conflict."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Optimized Byte Code\n",
    "By add **-O** Python command-line flag. Python create **.pyo**  optimized byte code files"
   ]
  }
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