id language idiom type genlang_point map chapter value1 feature1 value2 positive optative stem feature2 value3 positive_optative_suffix feature3 value4 negative_optative old_column negative_optative_stem feature4 old_column2 negative_optative_suffix old_feature5 source page comment contributor form negative form example_as_in_source example gloss translation_as_in_source translation example_source example_page example_comment date 1 Agul Huppuq' dialect_toplevel yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix standard negation standard negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative suffix maisakmerdanova2002b 6, 45 Nina Dobrushina -raj d---raj čurquraj wun explode.PF-OPT you Чтоб ты лопнул! May you rip apart! maisakmerdanova2002 45 1.2022 2 Northern Akhvakh Northern Akhvakh language yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives both imperative positive optative stem both say positive optative suffix both prohibitive-based both prohibitive negative optative stem both prohibitive negative optative suffix creissels? 15,16 Nina Dobrushina -ʟ̄’a -baʟ̄’a di mina-ɬ:i-ga ĩč'a b-ux:-aL:'a 1sg(GEN) head-N-LAT stone N-fall-OPT Let a stone fall on my head Let a stone fall on my head creissels? 15 1.2022 3 Northern Akhvakh Northern Akhvakh language no no optative 1 number of dedicated optatives both non-imperative positive optative stem both non-say positive optative suffix both standard negation both non-prohibitive negative optative stem both non-prohibitive negative optative suffix creissels?; Indira Abdullaeva, p.c. 15,16 negative counterpart is a combination of negative form of the main verb and miča, -ča, which is imperative of the verb 'find'; varies with -ũčaʟ̄’a; The probable origin of the second variant of the optative suffix is the contraction of a periphrasis involving mičaʟ̄’a, (optative form of mičunuʟa ‘be found’) in auxiliary function, preceded by the short infinitive of the auxiliated verb Nina Dobrushina miča, -ča -iʟ̄e miča, -ča munahe čō̃-ča! sin.PL wash-OPT Let the sins be washed! Let the sins be washed! 1.2022 4 Northern Akhvakh Northern Akhvakh language no no optative 1 number of dedicated optatives both non-imperative positive optative stem both non-say positive optative suffix both non-prohibitive negative optative stem both non-prohibitive negative optative suffix magomedbekova1967 95, 98 participle used for optative; many examples in the dictionary Nina Dobrushina -a=d=a, -e=d=a, ada=w=e, ada=j=e balahe-la duga r-eq'-ada-w-e trouble-PL you.SG-ALL 3PL-come-PTCPL<> Будь ты проклят! (букв. Чтоб беды пришли на тебя) May troubles come over you! magomedovaabdullaeva2007 54 1.2022 5 Upper Andi Andi village yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives imperative imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix prohibitive-based prohibitive-based both prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix cercvadze1965 362 ,363, 364 Nina Dobrushina -do b-ik’o-b-do / b-ik’o-wl-do - b-ik’u-do-sːu-b-do / b-ik’u-do-sːu-wl-do  (examples Maisak pc) w-oč'uxa w-uq'u-do M-big M-mature-OPT большой вырасти May you grow big cercvadze1965 362 1.2022 6 Archi Archi language yes yes optative 0 number of dedicated optatives non-applicable non-applicable positive optative stem non-applicable non-applicable positive optative suffix non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable negative optative stem non-applicable non-applicable negative optative suffix kibrik1977; dobrushina2011 Nina Dobrushina imperative prohibitive dušman-til-čaj wit maħla dimmus b-a enemy-PL-ERG you.SG.GEN house destroy III-do.IMP May enemies destroy your house! May enemies destroy your house!’ dobrushina2011 1.2022 6 Archi Archi language no no optative 1 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix standard negation standard negation negative optative stem negative optative suffix kibrik1977; dobrushina2011; chumakina2018 The form in -t:an was evidenced by Kibrik, but is not used independently anymore (see Chumakina 2018: 230). It still has some usages in condionals, but also rare. Nina Dobrushina -t:an -t'u-t:an I think we should paint the table red. I think we should paint the table red. chumakina2018 228 from kibrik1977: 226 1.2022 7 Eastern Armenian Eastern Armenian language yes yes optative 0 number of dedicated optatives non-applicable non-applicable positive optative stem non-applicable non-applicable positive optative suffix non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable negative optative stem non-applicable non-applicable negative optative suffix dum-tragut2009 190--193 Nina Dobrushina 1.2022 8 Avar Standard Avar language yes yes optative 3 number of dedicated optatives both imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix prohibitive-based prohibitive-based prohibitive prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix alekseevetal2012 224, 225 According to Mallaeva 2007: 68-69, most verbs add -gi to the imperative, but there are transitive verbs with consonantal stem, which change -e to -a. Construction with abe 'say' is found in the dictionalry only in jussive meaning Nina Dobrushina -gi -ge-gi une-s-e nuX bit'a-gi, č'ole-s-e ruq' bit'a-gi leave-OBL-DAT road straight-OPT stay-OBL-DAT house straight-OPT Уходящему пусть будет хорошая дорога, остающемуся пусть будет хорошо дома. May the one who leaves have a good trip, may the one who stays stay happily at home alekseevetal2012 224 1.2022 9 Avar Standard Avar language no no optative 3 number of dedicated optatives both imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix prohibitive-based prohibitive-based prohibitive prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix mallaeva2007 71 allocutive agreement (with the addressee) Nina Dobrushina -ja-CL -ge-ja-CL waj, dur č'aqa-ja-j INTJ 2SGGEN be.healthy.IMP-OPT-F Чтобы здравствовал твой папа May your dad be healthy. gimbatov2006 1.2022 10 Avar Standard Avar language no no optative 3 number of dedicated optatives both non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix not attested negative optative stem not attested not attested negative optative suffix mallaeva2007 70-71 According to the dictionary by Gimbatov, this form can take case markers. Nina Dobrushina -ad raƛ’-aƛ kw-ad ground-ERG eat-OPT Чтобы тебя земля проглотила May you be swallowed up by the ground gimbatov2006 1.2022 11 Azerbaijani Standard Azerbaijani language yes yes optative 0 number of dedicated optatives non-applicable non-applicable positive optative stem non-applicable non-applicable positive optative suffix non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable negative optative stem non-applicable non-applicable negative optative suffix shiralievsevortyan1971 47 Nina Dobrushina 1.2022 12 Bagvalal Kvanada village yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives imperative imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix prohibitive-based prohibitive-based prohibitive prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix kibrik2001 97-98, 327--331 Nina Dobrushina -la -bissela, missela biš:di žuzaħ-i-ƛ: c'aj-la-ni c'ahi-la вы ад-OBL-GEN огонь-LOC-IN гореть.IМР-ОРТ Чтоб вы в адском огне сгорели! May you be burnt in the hellfire kibrik2001 327 no other optative expressions in the dictionary 1.2022 13 Tsova-Tush Zemo-Alvani village yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives imperative imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable negative optative stem non-applicable non-applicable negative optative suffix holiskygagua1994 no dedicated prohibitive; negative imperative and optative are marked by the same negative particle as present and future Nina Dobrushina -l matx ma gib-a-l oqui-n sun don’t see-IMP-l 3SG-DAT May she not see the sun. May she not see the sun. holiskygagua1994 pages are not numbered in the available copy 1.2022 14 Bezhta Bezhta village yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives imperative imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix prohibitive-based prohibitive-based prohibitive prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix comrieetal2015 382--383 Nina Dobrushina -ala -aq'a-la Hino bidži y-aq-ala road right IV-happen-OPT Cчастливого пути! Have a good journey comrieetal2015 382 no optative imperatives in the dictionary 1.2022 15 Botlikh Botlikh village yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix prohibitive-based prohibitive-based prohibitive prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix alexeyevverheesdraft2020 probably more than one form Nina Dobrushina -ibe, -abu -abasːi miq’i b-it’-ibe road n-be_straight-opt Счастливого пути! Have a good journey saidovaabusov2012 281 imperative / prohibitive + particle -la express jussive and optative; prohibitive is rarely found with optative meaning - пашманаб зив гьибгъвасси дуч1у гьеа 'пусть обойдут тебя скорбные дни', but not imperative 1.2022 16 Budukh Budukh language yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix standard negation standard negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative suffix talibov2007 207 Nina Dobrushina -e / zero -d-----e / zero alla-ra sex-e Allah-ERG be-OPT Спасибо (букв. Пусть бог будет; сокр. от Аллахь рази сехе, разъяснение Адигезеля) talibov2007 264 1.2022 17 Chamalal Lower Gakvari dialect_toplevel yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives imperative imperative positive optative stem say say positive optative suffix prohibitive-based prohibitive-based prohibitive prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix magomedova1999 428 examples of negative optative found in the dictionary Nina Dobrushina -ʟ'a -Ralaʟ'a taleħ guda-ʟ'a duɬa happiness give.IMP-OPT you.DAT Да будешь ты счастлив! May you be happy! magomedova1999 428 no other ways of expressing optatives in the dictionary 1.2022 18 Chechen Standard Chechen language yes yes optative 3 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix dobrushina2011 124 Nina Dobrushina -ħaːra ma---ħaːra lo-ħaːra ħo die-PFM.OPT1 you.SG May you die May you die dobrushina2011 124 1.2022 19 Chechen Standard Chechen language no no optative 3 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix dobrushina2011 124 Nina Dobrushina -jla ma--jla neq’ dika xiːjla way good COP.PFM.OPT2 Have a good journey Have a good journey dobrushina2011 124 1.2022 20 Chechen Standard Chechen language no no optative 3 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix dobrushina2011 124 Nina Dobrushina -alara ma--alara c’aː d-alara ħa(n) house III-be.OPT you.SG.GEN If only you had a house of your own! If only you had a house of your own! dobrushina2011 124 1.2022 21 Northern Dargwa Standard Dargwa language yes yes optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix abdullaev1954 165, 174 as follows from example in Abdullaev1954: 165, negative optative contains reduplication Nina Dobrushina -as/abi/-ab ma----as/abi/-ab ħulk'u-li ša w-a-ab-i joyful-ADV village.LAT M-come-OPT-2 Чтоб ты достиг своего селения веселый! May you happily come home! abdullaev1954 174 1.2022 22 Northern Dargwa Standard Dargwa language no no optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix abdullaev1954 172 Nina Dobrushina zero (stem) ma+stem saj alχ he die.OPT Чтобы он умер! May he die abdullaev1954 173 1.2022 23 Mehweb Mehweb language yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix dobrushina2019 138 Nina Dobrushina -a-b mV---a-b kapul-le w-ebk’-a-b! pagan-advz m-die:pfv-irr-opt May he die impious! May he die impious! dobrushina2019 139 1.2022 24 Mehweb Mehweb language no no optative number of dedicated optatives non-imperative positive optative stem non-say positive optative suffix ? negative optative stem ? negative optative suffix dobrushina2019 138 irregular form, restricted by several verbs Nina Dobrushina zero (stem) kapul-le w-ebk’! pagan-advz m-die:pfv May he die impious! May he die impious! dobrushina2020 139 1.2022 25 Sanzhi-Itsari Itsari dialect_toplevel yes yes optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix sumbatovamutalov2003 72 Nina Dobrushina -ab-person ma---ab-person salamat w=irq’-ab good [M]do:IPF-OPT Happy journey! Have a good journey sumbatovamutalov2003 97 1.2022 26 Sanzhi-Itsari Itsari dialect_toplevel no no optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix sumbatovamutalov2003 123 Nina Dobrushina zero (stem) ma+stem tura.ma-uq (M)[PROH]be.born:PF(OPT.N) May you have never be born! May you have never be born! sumbatovamutalov2003 123 1.2022 27 Kubachi Kubachi language yes yes optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix magometov1963 204--205 Nina Dobrushina -ud/-ut/-ab (depending on person) reduplication - ma-----ud/-ut/-ab (depending on person) ja allah du ʢax uχ-ud PTCL Allah I healthy become-OPT.1 Дай боже, чтобы я выздоровел! Allah, may I become healthy! magometov1963 205 1.2022 28 Kubachi Kubachi language no no optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix magometov1963 235 Nina Dobrushina zero (stem) ma---zero ahlu zaˤbaq' clan spoil.OPT чтобы сгинул род (букв. чтобы род испортился) May your kin perish! magometov1964 5 1.2022 29 Southwestern Dargwa Tanti dialect_toplevel yes yes optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix sumbatovalander2014 146 Nina Dobrushina aba, abe, ab (depending on person) ma--aba, abe, ab (depending on person) sa=j allah-li w=at-la kulpat b=erq-ab сам=M Аллах-erg M=оставить:pf-gen семья N=цвести:ipf-opt Этого благословенного Аллахом (человека) семья пусть преумножается sumbatovalander2014 133 1.2022 30 Southwestern Dargwa Tanti dialect_toplevel no no optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix sumbatovalander2014 132--134 zero-marked form Nina Dobrushina zero (stem) ma---zero ʕuˁ allah-li w=at you Allah-ERG M=leave:pf Чтоб тебя Аллах оставил! May Allah leave you! sumbatovalander2014 132 1.2022 31 Georgian Standard Georgian language yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix negative optative stem negative optative suffix hewitt1995 254--258, 572 also called Present and Aorist subjunctives Nina Dobrushina -o-PERS May God do (what is necessary) that your desire be fulfilled! May God do (what is necessary) that your desire be fulfilled! hewitt1995 573 1.2022 32 Godoberi Godoberi language yes yes optative 3 number of dedicated optatives both non-imperative positive optative stem both non-say positive optative suffix both standard negation both non-prohibitive negative optative stem both non-prohibitive negative optative suffix kibriketal1996 49, 56 -be is added to imperative, but intransitive verbs in -a have no regular imperative and use optative instead (-abe form is both for optative and intr imp). For negative optative, indicative negation is used (či) - negative simple past + opt Nina Dobrushina -be -či-be waša iman-ƛi-ssu w-uƛ-i-be son faith-GEN-ATTR M-become-IMP-OPT Пусть будет добрым, благородным сын. May your son become generous saidova2006 95 1.2022 33 Godoberi Godoberi language no no optative 3 number of dedicated optatives both imperative positive optative stem both say positive optative suffix both prohibitive-based both prohibitive negative optative stem both prohibitive negative optative suffix saidova2006 194 the form is not mentioned in grammars, but there are plenty of examples in the dictionary. Nina Dobrushina -L'a -č'i-L'a ho-rdu-ɬi taliħi ikkibeƛ'a that-OBL-DAT luck give-OPT-JUSS Пусть они будут счастливы May they be happy saidova2006` 194 no clear example of negative form as optative so far (only as negative jussive) 1.2022 34 Godoberi Godoberi language no no optative 3 number of dedicated optatives both non-imperative positive optative stem both non-say positive optative suffix both standard negation both non-prohibitive negative optative stem both non-prohibitive negative optative suffix saidova2006 the form is not mentioned in grammars, but there are plenty of examples in the dictionary. Nina Dobrushina -wara -č'-a-wara (NEG-CVB.PST-OPT) aχirati c'aq'a-b ikk-u-wara du-ɬi afterlife excellent-N give-CVB.PST-OPT you-GEN Пусть райской будет загробная жизнь твоя May your afterlife be excellent saidova2006 39 1.2022 35 Hinuq Hinuq language yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives imperative imperative positive optative stem say say positive optative suffix prohibitive-based prohibitive-based prohibitive prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix forker2019 230--231 Most of optative forms have imperative as a stem - бакъе 'come!' - бак]ел|о, хецо 'leave!' - хец|ол|о Nina Dobrushina -ƛo -m-ƛo hune kekir-ƛo way send-OPT Have a safe trip! Have a safe trip! forker2019 231 only this form found in dictionary 1.2022 36 Hunzib Hunzib language yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix standard negation standard negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative suffix vandenberg1995 88 The negative optative is made up of the past gerund in -it’(o) and the negative optative form galob (most likely, optative from negative copula ga(y)-). Almost no examples of optatives in the dictionary Nina Dobrushina --ob past gerund in -it’(o) + galob huni bic'i r-aq-ob way straight 5-happen-OPT Happy journey, goodby! Happy journey, goodby! vandenberg1995 88 only this form found in dictionary 1.2022 37 Ingush Standard Ingush language yes yes optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation non-applicable non-applicable negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix nichols2011 277, 372 Prohibitive negation is expressed by proclitic my-, which is used with imperatives and optatives Nina Dobrushina -lda, ldy, lby, la my----lda, ldy, lby, la Adamaa t'y my joaghiila yz biisa human_being.DAT on NEG J.come.OPT3. DEM night May no other person ever experience such a night May no other person ever experience such a night nichols2011 277 more examples in bekovaetal2009 1.2022 38 Ingush Standard Ingush language no no optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation non-applicable non-applicable negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix nichols2011 276 Prohibitive negation is expressed by proclitic my-, which is used with imperatives and optatives Nina Dobrushina d.alar(a) my-----d.alar(a) Joagha-jalara hwo J.come-J.OPT 2s Why don't you marry (him/me)?' '(Well then so) marry him' Why don't you marry (him/me)?' '(Well then so) marry him' nichols2012 276 1.2022 39 Karata Karata dialect_toplevel yes yes optative 2 number of dedicated optatives both imperative positive optative stem both say positive optative suffix prohibitive-based prohibitive-based both prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix magomedovaxalidova2001 188 the form is not mentioned in grammars, but there are plenty of examples in the dictionary. Nina Dobrushina L':a bisse-L':a taliH bek:a-L':a duwa happiness give.IMP-JUSS you.DAT Дай бог тебе счастья May you be happy! magomedovaxalidova2001 188 1.2022 40 Karata Karata dialect_toplevel no no optative number of dedicated optatives imperative positive optative stem non-say positive optative suffix zero negative optative stem prohibitive negative optative suffix magomedovaxalidova2001 imperative and prohibitive are used for optatives Nina Dobrushina a/i depending on transitivity bisse heL'i-misa tori dub mouth-home rot-IMP you-N чтоб не смог говорить (букв. чтоб полость рта сгнила) May you become dumb magomedovaxalidova2001 120 1.2022 41 Karata Karata dialect_toplevel no no optative 2 number of dedicated optatives both non-imperative positive optative stem both non-say positive optative suffix prohibitive-based prohibitive-based both prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix magomedbekova1971 138 positive coincides with past participle, negative are derived with participle suffix from prohibitive stem, last vowel of prohibitive is reduced; Nina Dobrushina o=CL biss-o=CL s:oro-bis:-o-w turn-PROH-PTCP-M Чтобы не вернулся May he not come back magomedovaxalidova2001 463 didn't find such examples in the dictionary 1.2022 42 Karata Anchiq dialect_toplevel no yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives imperative imperative positive optative stem say say positive optative suffix negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix gadzhimagomedov2019 Nina Dobrushina L':a Пусть станет последней едой для нее Let it be the last meal for her gadzhimagomedov2019 1.2022 43 Karata Anchiq dialect_toplevel no no optative 1 number of dedicated optatives imperative positive optative stem non-say positive optative suffix zero negative optative stem prohibitive negative optative suffix gadzhimagomedov2019 imperative and prohibitive are used for optatives Nina Dobrushina a/i depending on transitivity bisse naгIana mis-i duwa damn be.found-IMP you.DAT Будь ты проклят Damn you! gadzhimagomedov2019 1.2022 44 Khinalug Khinalug language yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix standard negation standard negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative suffix desheriev1959 ничего непонятно Nina Dobrushina -kkwa -si wy saRlam jaxkkwa you healthy be-OPT Будь здоров! May you be healthy ganieva2002 139 1.2022 45 Khwarshi Kvantlada village yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives imperative imperative positive optative stem say say positive optative suffix prohibitive-based prohibitive-based prohibitive prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix khalilova2009 250--252 Nina Dobrushina o-ƛo bo-ƛo y-uh-oƛo do, heresi is-se b-us-Lo II-die-OPT 1SG.ABS lie(III) say-IPFV.CVB III-find-COND May I die if lie May I die if I lie khalilova2009 249 1.2022 46 Khwarshi no no optative number of dedicated optatives imperative positive optative stem non-say positive optative suffix zero negative optative stem prohibitive negative optative suffix dzhidalaevetal2022 imperative and prohibitive are used for optatives Nina Dobrushina -o -bo Пусть порвется твой живот May your belly burst dzhidalaevetal2022 1.2022 47 Kryz Alik dialect_toplevel yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix standard negation standard negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative suffix authier2009 149--150 Optative coincides with athematic perfective participle (le participe nu étant toujours en position non finale et atone, il est impossible de les confondre); Si le participe est ‘thématique’, c’est-à-dire à élargissement -a, celui-ci n’apparaît pas à l’optatif, qui est donc une forme plus ancienne Nina Dobrushina -i d--i ya girt-anda icin-a xayirlu yiğ-ri ği-t-i ! 5.G all-HPLG face-IN blessed day-PL PV-N.emerge-OPT Que tous les jours se lèvent aussi bénéfiques pour vous tous ! May every day arise as beneficial for all of you! authier2009 279 1.2022 48 Kumyk Standard Kumyk language no no jussive number of dedicated optatives non-imperative positive optative stem non-say positive optative suffix non-applicable negative optative stem non-applicable negative optative suffix abdullaevaetal2014 287--292 jussive is used as 3rd person optative; Nina Dobrushina -syn, sin, sun -ma-syn, -me-sin iš qolaj bol-sun job better be-JUSS Пусть ваше дело спорится May your business go well bammatov2013 178 1.2022 49 Kumyk Standard Kumyk language yes yes optative 3 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable negative optative stem non-applicable non-applicable negative optative suffix gadzhiakhmedov2000; dmitriev1940 Nina Dobrushina -ɣur/-ɣyr/ gür/ gir -ma-ɣyr jer üt-ɣur seni ground swallow-OPT you Провались ты! Чтоб тебе провалиться May you be swallowed up by the ground bammatov2013 114 1.2022 50 Kumyk Standard Kumyk language no no optative 3 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable negative optative stem non-applicable non-applicable negative optative suffix gadzhiakhmedov2000 is described as a variety of suffix -ɣur/-ɣyr/ gür/ gir, rare Nina Dobrushina -ɣun/-ɣyn/-gin/ -gün -me-gin qan kekir-gin blood spit.up-OPT Чтоб ты кровью харкал May you spit up blood bammatov2014 164 1.2022 51 Kumyk Standard Kumyk language no no optative 3 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable negative optative stem non-applicable non-applicable negative optative suffix gadzhiakhmedov2000 periphrastic form to express dreams and desires Nina Dobrushina -ɣaj / -gej + edi -ma-ɣaj / -me-gej + edi jaxšy jangur jav-ɣaj edi, qurɣaq bol-up tur-a good rain rain-OPT COP, dry be-CVB stay-CVB Пошел бы хороший дождь, слишком сухо If only it rained, it's too dry gadzhiakhmedov2000 1.2022 52 Lak Standard Lak language yes yes optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix standard negation standard negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative suffix kazenin2013 270--271 Nina Dobrushina -nnaw k:a-naw bala šanaj læˁq'i-nnaw trouble sleep.CVB find-OPT пусть беда спит, пусть беда минует нас Let the trouble pass us. abdullaev2015 1.2022 53 Lak Standard Lak language no no optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix standard negation standard negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative suffix eldarova1995 17 According to Eldarova, the form is an obsolete masdar (has nominal plural affix). Is used almost exclusively for curses Nina Dobrushina -iwuj k:a---iwuj wil wilaχ lešː-iwuj you-GEN hearth go.out-OPT да потухнет твой очаг! (да погибнет твой род!) May your kin perish! abdullaev2016 1.2022 54 Lak Standard Lak language no no jussive number of dedicated optatives imperative positive optative stem say positive optative suffix prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive negative optative suffix zhirkov1955; kazenin2013 117--119; 271 No examples of wishes in the dictionary, only indirect command Nina Dobrushina -ča ma----ča nasi-ča go.IMP-JUSS пусть уходит Let him go abdullaev2017 1.2022 56 Lezgian Standard Lezgian language yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix standard negation standard negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative suffix haspelmath1993 128, 151 negation different from prohibitive and from indicative, same as non-finite forms and hortative; no other optative forms in the dictionary Nina Dobrushina -raj, -uj, -j ta---raj (uj, j) ky k'wal berekatlu xu-j you.PL.GEN house abundant become-OPT Пусть у вас в доме будет изоюилие May your house be rich talibov1966 64 1.2022 57 Nogai Standard Nogai language yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable non-applicable negative optative stem non-applicable non-applicable negative optative suffix musaev2018 dozen of example in the dictionary, most with the meaning of curse Nina Dobrushina -gyr/-gir/-kir ma-gyr/gir/kir talav tij-gir plague touch-OPT Чтоб тебя чума забрала! May the plague take you! musaev2018 1.2022 58 Nogai Standard Nogai language no no jussive number of dedicated optatives non-imperative positive optative stem non-say positive optative suffix non-applicable negative optative stem non-applicable negative optative suffix gadzhiakhmedov2000 Nina Dobrushina -syn, sin, sun -ma-syn, -me-sin myŋ bereket ber-sin thousand wealth give-JUSS Пусть (бог) тебе даст большое богатство May God give you wealth! baskakov1963 77 1.2022 59 Rutul Mukhad dialect_toplevel no yes optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem both say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation prohibitive prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix maxmudova2002 162 according to Makhmudova, suiffix -j developed from -x, where -x is form the verb 'say' (ви """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""дай"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" + хь' (//й)  гьихь' """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""скажи"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""") Nina Dobrushina -x -m---x χajir-es jiši-j / jiši-x benefit-DAT become-OPT Пусть будет к добру May [it] benefit [you] alisultanovsulejmanova2019 372 1.2022 60 Rutul Mukhad dialect_toplevel no no optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem both non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation prohibitive prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix maxmudova2002 162 according to Makhmudova, suiffix -j developed from -x, where -x is form the verb 'say' (ви """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""дай"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" + хь' (//й)  гьихь' """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""скажи"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""") Nina Dobrushina -j -m----j wy-dy miz dyrdyba w-iki-j you.SG-ATR tongue numb 1-become-OPT Чтоб твой язык онемел! May yout tongue become numb. alisultanovsulejmanova2019 372 1.2022 61 Rutul Standard Rutul language no no optative number of dedicated optatives non-imperative positive optative stem non-say positive optative suffix non-prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative suffix alisultanovsulejmanova2019 48, 64 participle as a wish Nina Dobrushina -dy, -di k'äšen jiši-dy coal 1.become-ATR Чтоб ты сгорел! May you get burnt! alisultanovsulejmanova2019 230 1.2022 62 Rutul Kina village yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation prohibitive prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix Nina Dobrushina, field data Kina Rutul does not have -x form Nina Dobrushina -j -m----j ulaba-xla sug-aj eye.OBL-SUB.EL disappear-OPT Пусть исчезнет с глаз May [you] get lost Nina Dobrushina, field data 1.2022 63 Tabasaran Standard Tabasaran language yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix standard negation standard negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative suffix alekseevshixalieva2003; babaliyeva2013 66; 71 only one form found in the dictionary; negative form is encoded by prefixal or infixal dar- as in non-finite forms, different from prohibitve (mV-) and finite forms (dar as a copula) Nina Dobrushina -ri -dar----ri uv-ʔin Allah.di-n-na admi-yir.i-n näʔnat al-di iš-ri-va ! 2sg-super God-gen-and man-pl-gen malediction be.on-imc be-opt-2sgS Que la malédiction de Dieu et des hommes soit sur toi ! May you be cursed by God and people! babaliyeva2013 1.2022 64 Juhuri Juhuri language yes yes optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem both say positive optative suffix both standard negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem both non-prohibitive negative optative suffix authier2012 176 L’optatif récent est dérivé du subjonctif par le clitique =gu, grammaticalisation de l’impératif de gufdire ‘dire’ Nina Dobrushina -gu ne----gu bu=ra-v=gu ä=xune=y xüşde soq-salamat SUBJ=go-3=OPT LOC=house=EZ REFL safe-healthy Qu’il rentre chez lui sain et sauf May he come back safely! authier2012 176 1.2022 65 Juhuri Juhuri language no no optative 2 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem both non-say positive optative suffix both volitional negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem both prohibitive negative optative suffix authier2012 176 L’optatif archaïque s’obtient en ajoutant des désinences spéciales à élément -o au thème. La négation de l’optatif archaïque est, comme au prohibitif, me= Nina Dobrushina -o-PERS me---o-PERS Xıdo shımani ba=niyyaton bı-rosn-o God 2PL.ACC LOC=intent.2PL SUBJ-reach.CAUS-OPT3 Puisse Dieu vous faire atteindre votre désir May God make you achieve your desire authier2013 176 1.2022 66 Tindi Tindi village yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives imperative imperative positive optative stem say say positive optative suffix prohibitive-based prohibitive-based prohibitive prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix magomedova2012; magomedova2003 168; 566 Nina Dobrushina -ƛ’a -bassaƛ’a, -bissiƛ’a hobsa b-uƛa-ba-ƛ'a best N-happen-IMP.INTR-OPT Пусть будет только хорошее. May only the best happen! magomedova2012 170 1.2022 67 Tsakhur Mishlesh village yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives imperative imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix standard negation standard negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative suffix Nina Dobrushina, field data atributive marker, agreement with classes and number (1/2/3 -na, 4 -n, PL -my); negative forms have regular (indicative) negation in d-, unlike prohibitive; примеров юссива в оптативной функции в словаре и у Ибрагимова нет Nina Dobrushina -na, -n, -my d---na/n/my arχa-ba-arχa šo-s jugu-n hile-n generation-?-generation you.PL-DAT good-ATTR4 give-OPT Пусть наградят вас добротой из поколения в поколение. May [God] give you kindness in all generations ibragimovnurmamedov2010 47 1.2022 68 Tsez Kidero dialect_nt1 yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives imperative imperative positive optative stem say say positive optative suffix prohibitive-based prohibitive-based prohibitive prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix bokarev1959 210 imperative from the verb 'say' is элIо (eƛo) (xalilov1999) Nina Dobrushina -ƛ -noƛ saχsalamat(go) baj-ƛ žedi safely come.IMP-OPT they Счастливого пути вам (букв. Пусть живыми и здоровыми вернутся) Have a safe trip! khalilov1999 424--425 1.2022 69 Udi Nizh dialect_toplevel yes yes optative 1 number of dedicated optatives non-imperative non-imperative positive optative stem non-say non-say positive optative suffix volitional negation volitional negation non-prohibitive non-prohibitive negative optative stem prohibitive prohibitive negative optative suffix maisak2008 131, 153--154 Jussive-optative clitic added to aorist or perfect (synonymous forms), different from imperative: 'become', IMP baka - PROH mabaka, JUSS bakiq:an or bakeq:an- NEG maq:an baki - maq:an bake. Negative clitic ma- serves for imperative, jussive, hortative and conjunctive Nina Dobrushina -q:a- maq:a- äfči ukː-al-tː-aj pul=qːa=n čːer-i [lie say-PART]-NO-GEN eye=JUSS=3SG leave-AOR У того, кто говорит ложь, пусть глаза выпадут! Let the one who tells a lie lose his eyes! maisak2008 120 1.2022