id language idiom type genlang_point map chapter feature1 value1 form1 source page comment example_as_in_source example translation_as_in_source translation gloss example_source example_page example_comment contributor date 1 Upper Andi Andi village yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries no cercvadze1965 363--364 Negation is synthetic but diachronically it seems to originate in constructions of an indicative form with a negative auxiliary. Negation suffix -sː(u) (originates from the negative copula sːu). There is also a negative suffix -č’i (cf. Avar negative copula heč’o). Its use is unclear; judging by the provided examples, it is used in forms with the -gu suffix: “absolute past” (beƛː’i-č’i-gu) and optative (beƛː’i-č’i-gu-lamdur). Prohibitive is expressed by -sːub [maisak_inalco2018: 3]. beṭ·i-sᵊu beƛː’i-sːu пахать (аорист) plowed plow.AOR-NEG cercvadze1965 364 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 2 Upper Andi Rikvani village no yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries no suleymanov1957 381--382 Negation suffix -s:u is added to the positive verb form. In the future tense, it is inserted before the tense marker (’Алйо ден гьакъдо-сс-йа ‘Ali will not see me’). This suffix is also used as a negative copula. Prohibitives as in Andi [maisak_inalco2018: 3]. ’Алйо ден гьакъгъо-ссу ʔaljo den haq’ʁo-sːu Али меня не увидел Ali did not see me Ali me see.PST-NEG suleymanov1957 382 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 3 Upper Andi Gagatli village no yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries no salimov2010 207--208 Negation is synthetic but diachronically it seems to originate in constructions of an indicative form with a negative auxiliary. Negation suffix -sː(u) (originates from the negative copula sːu). There is also a negative suffix -č’i. Its use is unclear; judging by the provided examples, it is used in forms with the -gu suffix: past converb (вукъи-чӏи-гу) and optative (вукъи-чӏи-гу-бдур-ламдур). No information on prohibitives. в-у-къ-и-ссу w-u-ƛː’-i-sːu не резать (прошедшее I) did not cut I-SG-cut-PST1-NEG salimov2010 207 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 4 Upper Andi Zilo village no yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries no kayeetaldraft2020 23 “Negation is marked on the verb with a regular agglutinating suffix -sːu, which is attached after the tense suffix but precedes the suffixes used to form the past participle and the masdar. The suffix -sːu is homophonous with the negative copula, and the negative copula when used independently means ‘no’. The future is negated with a contracted form -sːa (* < -sːu-ja), where negation seemingly preceded tense marking. <…> The converb or perfect is negated with the portmanteau suffix -čʼigu. This compound most likely originates in a negative element -čʼi- and a converb suffix -gu, based on the fact that in the Lower dialects, the compound remains agglutinative. -ǯi-lo. In Zilo and other Upper dialects, -čʼigu can no longer be separated and neither element appears with the meaning it presumably had (negation or converb) in any other context (see Verhees (2019) for a more detailed discussion of the diachrony of -č'igu).” The prohibitive marker is formed upon the future imperative through the prefixation of the negation marker sːu- reduced to s- (arχ-inn-e-s-qo ‘don't open’) [22]. ruƛi-rado-sːu is saying say-PROG-NEG kayeetaldraft2020 23 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 5 Bagvalal Kvanada village yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes weč’e; CM-uka-č’i kibrik2001 81, 112 Negation suffix -č’(i). There is also negative future suffix -č’e, which is eviedntly a cognate. There is also a negative converb form: -č‘i-ra‹b›o. Prohibitive is a separate suffix -s̄e [326]. In analytic forms, either the lexical verb or the auxiliary can contain the negative marker. For example (future converb): hec’i-bi-č’-a-ɬi-X b=uk’a — hec’-a-ɬi-X b=uk’a-č’i [112]. ašti-č’i listen (PST.NEG) did not listen listen.PST-NEG kibrik2001 81 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 6 Botlikh Botlikh village yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes ? alexeyevverheesdraft2020 16--20 Negation suffixes: -č’, -č’a, -(w)č’i and -wč’a used in finite tenses, -č’o and -č’ada used in non-finite participles. “The majority of negative forms are also based on what seems to be the infinitive”. In periphrastic tenses, “negation is expressed with a negative auxiliary or a negative form of the lexical verb”. “Prohibitives are formed with the suffix -abas i ːi for both transitives and intransitives, for example q ard-abas i wa ːi ‘don’t write!’, w-i -abas i ʁ- ːi ‘don't stay!’ (addressing a male). The jussive or third person imperative (“Let X do Y”) is expressed by attaching a particle la (meaning “let”) to the imperative or prohibitive” [18]. ih-i-č’a didn't do do-IS-NEG alexeyevverheesdraft2020 16 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 7 Chamalal Standard Chamalal language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes ik’ʷ; buk’-eɬ (AUX-eɬ) bokarev1949a 90--91 Suffixes -eɬ (past tense), -ida (past converbs), -ī (indefinite future). In periphrastic tenses: in tenses with the copula ida, it is replaced by the negative copula ik‘ʷ; in tenses with the auxiliary buk‘(e)-, suffix -eɬ is attached to this auxiliary. Prohibitive suffix is different: -qala [94–95]. етелъ et-eɬ [человек] не летал the man didn't fly fly-NEG bokarev1949a 91 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 8 Godoberi Godoberi village yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes (iw)uči kibriketal1996 45--46, 69--72 Suffixes -iči, -ič’(i), -aːč’i, -eːči, -oːči, and -č̄i is attached to all synthetic forms. In analytic forms, either a negative copula-enclitic (iw)uči is used with a positive form of the lexical verb, or a positive copula with negation on the lexical verb [69–72]. Prohibitive suffix -áːč’i is considered to be problematic since it is phonetically similar to the negation suffix but is treated as unrelatable [49]. ãːwX-íči ãːwχ-iči boil (INTR, simple past) did not boil boil-NEG kibriketal1996 48 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 9 Karata Karata language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes hač’e magomedbekova1971 147--153 Negation suffixes: -č’e is used with synthetic present and past, -i-bič’e with future, -b-ar with conditional participles. In present progressive, the auxiliary ida is replaced by a negative auxiliary hač’e. Prohibitive suffix is -i-bis:e. behida-č̣e behida-č’e не берёт does not take take.PRS-NEG magomedbekova1971 147 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 10 Tukita Tukita language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes hač’i magomedbekova1971 147--153 Negation suffixes: -e-č’i is used with synthetic present, -č’e/č’i with synthetic past, -bač’i with future, -n with conditional participles. In present progressive, the auxiliary ida is replaced by a negative auxiliary hač’i. Prohibitive suffix is -a-s:ibi. bihid-e-č̣i bihid-eč’i не берёт does not take take.PRS-NEG magomedbekova1971 149 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 11 Tindi Tindi village yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes hik’ʲi; buk’-e (AUX-e) magomedova2012 170--174 Suffixes: -e is used in direct past, -hi is used in habitual present/indefinite future. In analytic tenses, incl. tenses that originate in analytic constructions, the auxiliary ija is replaced by a negative auxiliary hik’ʲi (indirect past, definite future, present progressive) or the suffix -e is attached to the auxiliary buk’o (pluperfect, imperfect past). Prohibitive suffix is -bas:a [168]. бехе̄́ beχ-eː не взял did not take take-PST.NEG magomedova2012 171 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-11-22T00:00:00Z 12 Northern Akhvakh Northern Akhvakh language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes goƛ-CM magomedbekova1967 96--98 Suffixes: -(i)ki / -(i)k-CM for habitual present and future, -ƛa for past. In analytic tenses, negative auxiliary goƛ-CM is used. Prohibitive suffix -u-be [93]. ind-iki не могу | не смогу (will) not be able can-NEG magomedbekova1967 96 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 13 Southern Akhvakh Southern Akhvakh language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes goƛa magomedbekova1967 96--98 Suffixes: -(i)ko / -(i)k-CM for habitual present and future. -ƛa for past. In analytic tenses, negative auxiliary goƛa is used. Prohibitive suffix -u-be [93]. ind-iko не могу | не смогу (will) not be able can-NEG magomedbekova1967 96 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 14 Avar Standard Avar language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes heč’o alekseevetal2012 212--224 Suffixes: -ro (simple future, general tense). In analytic tenses, a negative auxiliary heč’o (or a suffix -č’o that originates in it, as in simple past) is used. Prohibitive suffix -ge. кьижи + чӏо ƛː’iži-č’o не спал did not sleep sleep-NEG alekseevetal2012 213 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 15 Avar Zaqatala dialect_nt1 no yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes guru; he-CM saidova2007 144--145 In analytic tenses, negative auxiliaries guru and he-CM are used. No synthetic negation, apparently. Prohibitive suffix is -guj [160]. мун вегьу гьеу mun wehu he-w ты не пришёл you did not come 2SG.ABS come.CVB NEG.AUX-CM saidova2007 144 CVB = converb Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 16 Avar Kabakhchol dialect_nt3 no yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes guru; he-CM saidova2007 144--145 The only difference from general Zaqatala is that some forms (present, general tense, pluperfect, future) are derived with the suffix (-lu)-ru. бортануру borta-n-uru не падает does not fall fall-GNR-NEG saidova2007 145 GNR = general tense Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 17 Hinuq Hinuq language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes gom; zoq’ wes-me (AUX-me) forker2013 198--199 In synthetic forms, “the negative suffix, -me, it occurs in all negative verb forms except for the Intentional future where it is -mi, and the Imperative and Optative where it is -m.” Periphrastic tenses are negated as follows: in the Present the auxiliary goɬ is replaced by the negative auxiliary gom, in Simple Past -me is attached to the auxiliary zoq’ wes, in the Unwitnessed Past the negative auxiliary gom is attached to the auxiliary zoq’wen. Prohibitive suffix is -(y)om [230]. šuƛ’e-me does not forget forget-NEG forker2013 193 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 18 Khwarshi Khwarshi Proper dialect_toplevel yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes AUX-aj; AUX-bi; gobi khalilova2009 201--208 “The Present simple negative is formed with the suffix -ate added to the bare verbal stem.” “The negative Past witnessed is formed with the suffix -bi, which is added to the bare verbal stem.” “The negative form of the General tense is formed with the suffix -bi added directly to the General tense verb.” “The negative Past unwitnessed is formed with the suffix -ay which is attached directly to the verb in the Past unwitnessed tense.” “The negation of periphrastic constructions can occur on either the non-finite verb or the auxiliary verb. Negation can also occur on both verbs, which results in an emphatic affirmative meaning. Some periphrastic constructions restrict negation to either the finite or the non-finite verb.” “The prohibitive mood (or negative imperative) is formed with the suffix -bo and the lengthening of the root vowel.” [247] b-ux-ate is not coming HPL-go-NEG.PRS khalilova2009 201 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 19 Tsez Kidero dialect_nt1 yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries no imnajshvili1963 197--207 Suffixes as follows, present progressive and past indefinite: oːnu, present habitual and future indefinite: (-en)-č’i, past definite and future definite: (-en)-č’u, past absolute: (-en)-č’ej. Prohibitive suffix -no. (–)ac̣-xōnu -ac’-xoː.nu is not eating -eat-PRS.PROG.NEG imnajshvili1963 198 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 20 Bezhta Bezhta village yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries no comrieetal2015 391--393 “В бежтинском языке отрицательная форма образуется практически от всех глагольных форм, за исключением инфинитива. При ее образовании используется несколько аффиксов: -еъеш//-йъеш, -аъас//-аьъаьш, -чIе, -аъ//-аьъ.” Prohibitive suffix is different: -акъа. йатӏ-аъас jat’-aʔas не хочет, не любит does not want/like want-PRS.NEG comrieetal2015 392 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 21 Hunzib Hunzib language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes gʌč’ isakovxalilov2012 210--212 Suffixes: -at’ for present, future, and their participles, -it’(o) and -in for preterite gerund, -is for preterite and masdar, -ojs for aorist (general tense), -ays or -at’-s for intentional future, -ʌq’o for prohibitive, other suffixes… In analytic forms (which consist of the auxiliary ‘to be‘ and a gerund, participle, or infinitive), the auxiliary is replaced by the negative auxiliary gʌč’. bolu ʕadam diʔi y-iq’-at’ I do not know this woman this/2 person me/DAT 2-know-PRS.NEG vandenberg1995 84 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 22 Northern Dargwa Aqusha dialect_toplevel yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes aħen musaev2002 78--79 “Отрицательная форма присуща почти всем глаголам и образуется она двумя способами: при помощи отрицательных частиц-приставок хӏе- (хӏя-), ма- (ме-) и при помощи отрицательного вспомогательного глагола ахӏен """"нет"""", """"не есть"""". <…> В производных при помощи приставок глаголах отрицательные частицы располагаются между приставкой и первичной основой, ср.: чеббелкӏес """"переписать"""" и чебхӏебелкӏес """"не переписать"""". <…> Частица ма-(ме-) употребляется в повелительном, желательном и допускаемо-желательном наклонении, а в остальных наклонениях употребляется хӏе- (хӏя-). <…> Отрицательные формы при помощи же вспомогательного глагола ахӏен""""нет, не есть"""" образуются у аналитических форм, ср.: лукӏули сай букв, """"записывая есть, имеется"""", т.е. """"пишет"""" и лукӏули ахӏен букв, """"записывая нет, не есть"""", т.е. """"не пишет"""".” хӏебатур ħe-bat-ur не оставил did not leave NEG-leave-AOR musaev2002 78 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 23 Sanzhi-Itsari Sanzhi dialect_toplevel yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes (a)kːʷ forker2020dargwa 222--223 “Negation can be expressed through prefixes or through the negative copula, depending on the inflected verb forms. <…> There are two negative prefixes a- and ma- that occur right before participant-oriented deixis/elevation preverbs and root-initial gender markers if there are any. The prefix a- is occasionally preceded by an additional gender agreement prefix. The functional distribution of the negation prefixes is as follows: the prefix a- is used in the imperfect/preterite, resultative, pluperfect, experiential past, and sometimes also with the perfect and with non-finite verb forms. The prefix ma- is only used in the prohibitive and the negative optative. For all other verb forms the negative copula is employed. The negative copula has the root akːw- <…>” a-b-erk-un-ne (she) did not eat NEG-N-eat.PFV-PRET-CVB forker2020dargwa 561 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 24 Sanzhi-Itsari Itsari dialect_toplevel no yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes akːu sumbatovamutalov2003 66--71, 113--115 “Negation can be expressed by stem reduplication (2.3.1.1., 2.3.2.3.) and with the negative auxiliary -akːu. The negative auxiliary can be analysed as a defective verb that does not express aspect and has only one basic stem.” “A number of verbal forms consist of a participle or a converb of the main verb and a predicative marker. All these forms have two possible slots to be filled in with the negative auxiliary: the position of the predicative marker and the position of the participle/converb marker” [66–71]. b=uc-b-ak̄u b=uc-b-akːu (he) did not catch [N]catch:PF-PRET-NEG sumbatovamutalov2003 67 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 25 Mehweb Mehweb language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes agʷara danieletal2019 82--86 “Verbal negation is expressed by one of the two prefixes, the standard negation prefix ħa- and the volitive negation prefix mV-. The latter is only used in volitional moods including the prohibitive (negative imperative) and negative optative, and the former is used elsewhere, both on finite and non-finite forms. <…> In periphrastic verbal forms, both the lexical and the auxiliary verb may be negated. The standard negation ħa- is placed immediately before the verbal stem, thus following the preverb with preverbal verbs. <…> Attested forms of negation in periphrastic forms use the negative auxiliary agʷara.” har-ħa-d-uq-un She did not run away. PV-NEG-F1-flee:PFV-AOR danieletal2019 82 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 26 Southwestern Dargwa Tanti dialect_toplevel yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes akːʷ / akːu sumbatovalander2014 119--120 Negation prefix ʕaˁ-, located after the preverb. In prohibitive and optative forms, ma- is used. “Отрицательная связка возможна только в аналитических формах и употребляется сравнительно редко.” ʕaˁ-b=arqʼ-ib не сделал did not do sumbatovalander2014 119 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 27 Kajtag Kajtag language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes akku / ačču; CM-ajkku / CM-ajčču temirbulatova2004 183--187 “В хайдакском диалекте отрицательные формы глагола образуются посредством частицы а-, с её фонетическими вариантами гӏя-, (если гласный следующего слога -я(э), и э- <…>. <…> При образовании отрицательных форм от глаголов с направительными превербами в хайдакском диалекте отрицательная частица занимает префиксальную позицию, в отличие от кубачинского, в котором частица располагается после направительного преверба. <…> Но в тех случаях, когда отрицательные формы образуются от глаголов с пространственными превербами, которые менее срослись с производящими основами глаголов, отрицательная частица вклинивается между превербом и первичной основой. <…> Отрицательные формы вспомогательного глагола участвуют в образовании аналитических отрицательных форм глаголов прошедшего, настоящего времени.” абукана a-bukana не покушать to not eat NEG-eat.INF temirbulatova2004 183 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 28 Chirag Chirag language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes ? ganenkov2021draft 25--26 “Most verb forms employ the negative prefix aˤ- to form negation. Semi-periphrastic and periphrastic forms express negation in the suffixal position as part of the predicative marker (former copula in the auxiliary function), as shown in 3.6.5. The Optative and the Prohibitive use the suffix ma-. <…> In prefixal and complex verbs, the prefixes can also be placed immediately before the gender–number agreement marker, following the non-inflected component and locative prefixes. Alternatively, negative prefixes in prefixal and complex verbs can occupy the initial position in the verb, preceding all other prefixes and the non-inflected component.” aˤ-čː-ib did not give aˤ-čː-ib ganenkov2021draft 38 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 29 Kubachi Kubachi language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries no magometov1963 224--236 Negative prefix a- is used for auxiliaries. The main means of negation is reduplication (with ā- in between but often omitted in contemporary language), it is used with synthetic past and present and some other forms. Negative auxiliary akːʷa. bāq̣-ā-q̣ad b-aːq’-aː-q’a-d не сделал did not do CL-do.PST-NEG-do.PST-1 magometov1963 226 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 30 Lak Standard Lak language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes CM-aqːa- friedman2021 230 “Except for the prohibitive, the verbal negator is (-)q:a-, which can be prefixed or infixed according to the same rules as for (-)ma- (section 5.5.5). The copula has the negative stem #aq:a-. When infixed, the negative marker comes before the last root consonant or consonant cluster, e.g., q:a-Ø-u-W-k’-s:ijaw, Ø-u-q:a-W-k’-s:ijaw ‘I hadn’t arrived’, ħaq:ač’lač’inna ‘I will (definitely) not be drinking’, q:azuns:ara/zuq:azuns:ara ‘(perhaps/probably) I will not work’. In compound verbs and perphrastic forms, the negator comes before the whole verb, before the light verb, or as a copular auxiliary.” q:a-Ø-u-W-k’-s:ijaw / Ø-u-q:a-W-k’-s:ijaw q:a-uk’-s:ijaw / uk’-s:ijaw I hadn’t arrived NEG-arrive-PLUPRF / arrive-PLUPRF friedman2021 230 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 31 Archi Archib village yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes AUX-t’u kibrik1977 89--90 Negation is expressed by the suffix -t’u attached to the finite forms. In analytic forms, the suffix is attached to the auxiliary. b-acː’a-r-t’u III.SG-melt-IPFV-NEG chumakina2021 304 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 32 Agul Fite dialect_toplevel yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes da / da-wa magometov1970 148--149 Prefix -dV (after the preverb) for synthetic forms. Analytic forms are negated by negation of auxiliaries, after the root: xuraj-e 'reads' => xuraj-da-wa 'does not read' [149]. Prohibitive is ma- [150] qi-di-ḳas qi-di-k’as не закрывать not to close PV-NEG-close.INF magometov1970 148 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 33 Rutul Standard Rutul language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes diš ibragimov2004 107--108 Negative prefix dʒV- is used for all non-finite forms. Copular suffix diš is used for several finite forms. There is also a prohibitive mV- (in the same position as dʒV-) gvalaχ ǯi-vɨ-ʔɨ-nij-s xɨv a-diš ‘There is no bread for who did not work.’ work(A) NEG-A-do.PF-H-DAT bread be_in-NEG authier_rutul 23–24 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 34 Tabasaran Standard Tabasaran language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries no alekseevshixalieva2003 69--71 In finite forms, negation is suffixal. In non-finite forms, it is prefixal (prefix is inserted after the preverb) or infixal. The same affix -dar- is used as both prefix and suffix, sometimes with variations (-idar for future), as a prefix it undergoes vowel harmony (dVr-), as an infix it becomes -drV-. In trisyllabic verbs with preverbs negation is expressed by reduplication of the second syllable. Prohibitive mV- is used for the second person. Negative auxiliary (dayi for eventual past, but affixation can also be used [the distribution is unclear]) is used in analytic tense [babaliyeva2013]. гъафун-дар-за я не пришёл I did not come come-NEG-1SG alekseevshixalieva2003 69 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 35 Tsakhur Mishlesh village yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes deš dobrushina1999 81--84 Infix -(i)dʲ is inserted, usually before the last vowel before the root (i.e. before the last vowel of the preverb): qaˤ=t’=q’ɨn 'be afraid' => qaˤ=t’=q’ɨn. Prohibitive is derived the same way but with -(i)m instead of -(i)dʲ. Analytic negated forms are derived by negating either the lexical verb or the auxiliary. Negated forms can be derived from any analytic or synthetic form by juxtaposition of the indicative form with the particle deš. qaˤ=t’=q’ɨn has not feared PV=4=be_afraid.PFV kibrik1999 81 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 36 Lezgian Standard Lezgian language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes t-awun haspelmath1993 127--128 Suffix -č (following the aspect suffix) for the majority of verb forms. """"Non-finite and non-indicative verb forms are negated by prefixal negation. In most verbs this means periphrastic negation involving the negative auxiliary t-awun 'not do', but a closed set of verbs take the negative prefix t(A)-"""" [133] (e.g. ta-lhun 'to not say', kis tawun 'to not fall silent'). Prohibitive suffix -mir (fi-mir 'don't go'). gu-zwa-č is not giving give-IPFV-NEG haspelmath1993 133 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 37 Budukh Budukh language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes dar talibov2007 229--231 Prefixal-infixal negation with an infix dV- (архар 'to sleep' => а-да-рхар) is used mostly in non-finite forms. “Suffixal” negation uses the negative form of the copula: da-CV [184]. It is used in analytic finite forms: чагъарджиз дар 'not going'. Prohibitive is mV- [216]. [alekseev1994: 280]: it is infixation! arxar not to sleep sleep.INF talibov2007 229 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 38 Kryz Alik dialect_toplevel yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes dV authier2009 153--156, 159 “Apart from the prohibitive, which has a prefix mV-, negation is expressed by the morpheme dV, prefixed to the root, or as a suffixed copula.” dV- is used with non-finite forms. “Non-indicative finite negative forms (interrogatives, optatives, debitives, and first- and third-person injunctives) also take this prefixed negation. In indicative forms, verbs that have an -r element or a reduplicated syllable before the root, in the perfective, insert the negation morpheme dV-.” [saadiev 1994: 432]: this is prefixation after the preverb! da-v-ar-ic ne pas faire F not to do (feminine) NEG-F-do-MSD authier2009 154 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 39 Udi Udi language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries no maisak2009 483--493 Particles that usually attach prefixally but can be syntactic nodes and do not need a host. te- (cognate to other Lezgic dV-) is used with indicative finite forms, nu- with non-finite forms (e.g. optative), ma- is used with prohibitive and inhibitive. te=ne bak-e te-ne bak-e не был, не стал has not been NEG-3SG be-PRF maisak2009 484 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 40 Khinalug Khinalug language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries no kibriketal1972 102, 106 Negation suffix -(CM)i, inserted before the mood suffix -mæ. Not all forms have negative counterparts. 1st person prohibitive is negated with the suffix -(CM)i, 2st person prohibitive is derived with a different suffix. [kibrik1994: 388]: -mæ is a copula! kʰirét̄ímæ kʰir.etː-i-mæ не делает is not doing do.PRS1-NEG-IND kibriketal1972 87 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 41 Chechen Standard Chechen language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes du → daːc (negative) nichols1994 44--45 Negation particle ca is inserted between the preverb and the root. There is an alternative: suffixes -ac and -acara, but they can be attached only in some tenses and for some verbs [jakovlev1940: 24–29]. Non-indicative negation particle is ma. Compound tenses use the negative auxiliary. i aːra ca v-eːlira he didn’t go out he(NOM) out not V-went nichols1994 36 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 42 Ingush Standard Ingush language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes AUX-ac nichols2011 308--311 “Indicative finite verbs are negated suffixally. For simple tenses built on the present stem, the suffix -(â)c is added to the infinitive stem, followed by any tense suffix. For tenses built on the past stem, -(â)ndz- is added to the infinitive stem, followed by any tense suffix. <…> In analytic tenses only the auxiliary appears in its negative form. Plain 'be' has irregular ablaut in its negative forms, as do most irregular verbs. The negative suffixes have high tone (§4.2), which falls on the preceding vowel stem vowel or epenthetic schwa. <…> For all other verb forms, negation is proclitic. In imperatives, my= precedes the conjugated verb form. It is interposed between that and any prefix or heavy element, but does not trigger reduplication in simple verbs (the lack of reduplication distinguishes it from otherwise homophonous emphatic my=). For nonfinites and converbs the negation is proclitic cy=, positioned the same as my= and likewise not requiring reduplication.” xaac do(es) not know know.NEG nichols2011 309 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 43 Tsova-Tush Zemo-Alvani village yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries no desheriev1953 253--254 Negative particle co, usually inserted before the verb. Prohibitive is ma- [holiskygagua1994: 182]. цо йахе co yaxe не пош:ла did not go co go.PST desheriev1953 254 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 44 Azerbaijani Standard Azerbaijani language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes dejil shiralievsevortyan1971 100, 127 Negative suffix -mV is attached to the verb stem. In analytic tenses derived with auxiliaries idi and imiš, negation is expressed like in nominals: with a negative auxiliary dejil inserted before the auxiliary. отурмамаг otur-ma-mag не сидеть (to) not sit sit-NEG-INF shiralievsevortyan1971 100 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 45 Kumyk Standard Kumyk language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes tygyl abdullaevaetal2014 312--347 Negative suffix -mV is attached to the verb stem. In analytic tenses, negation is expressed with a negative auxiliary tygyl. гелмежек gel-me-žek не придёт will not come come-NEG-FUT abdullaevaetal2014 312–347 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 46 Nogai Standard Nogai language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes tuvɨl, jok baskakov1973 203, 230--245 Negative suffix -mV (-bV, -pV). In some tenses, negative auxiliaries tuvɨl, yok are used. Куьлме kyl-me не смейся do not laugh! laugh-NEG baskakov1973 203 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 47 Juhuri Juhuri language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes nisd authier2012 172--195 Negative prefix ne= (most realis tenses, subjunctive), ni= (“eventual” tenses), me= (prohibitive, optative). Future is negated with the negative auxiliary nisd. ne=sox-d-um I did not do NEG=do-AOR-1SG authier2012 185 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 48 Eastern Armenian Eastern Armenian language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries yes č’-AUX dum-tragut2009 522--526 “Clausal negation is expressed by means of analytic negation, i.e. negative prefix չ- č’- attached to finite, analytic verb forms or to the auxiliary or particles of finite, synthetic verb forms, except the negation of imperative clauses (prohibitive). <…> Synthetic finite verb forms of present, imperfect, future, perfect, and pluquamperfect indicative are negated by means of the negated auxiliary and the participle. The order of auxiliary and participle is inverse in negation, because of the syntactic negation focus (see below). (neg-AUX PART). The only exception is the compound tense with the resultative participle: here the order of the negated auxiliary and the participle is the same as in the affirmative form (PTCP.RES. + neg-AUX). <…> The imperative is negated by means of the stressed prohibitive particle mi that immediately precedes the imperative forms. (neg IMP)” č’-p’ox-ec’ has not changed NEG-change-AOR.3SG dum-tragut2009 523 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z 49 Georgian Standard Georgian language yes yes Verbal negation with auxiliaries Verbal negation with auxiliaries no hewitt1995 569--571 Negation particle ar. Prohibitive particle nu, but in polite commands ar + the subjunctive form is used. ar ča-mo-(Ø-)m-rč-en-i-x-a+r you did not fall short of me NEG PREV-PREV-(you-)me-lag.behind-TS-PERF-you-be hewitt1995 571 Maksim Melenchenko 2024-07-09T00:00:00Z