This ontology describes terms concerning companies, their cross-border movements within the European Union (EU), and associated EU company legislation.
The European Union Company Mobility Ontology (EUCM ontology)
Institute of Data Science at Maastricht University
Provides a human-readable written example of the entity in question.
Example
Examples include: MUST, SHOULD, RECOMMENDED and OPTIONAL
Specifies a phrase to indicate the degree to which the providing of a value for the entity (e.g. a data or object property) in question is compulsory, recommended or optional.
Requirement level
(applicableTo creditorRight1 person1)
(applicableTo ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some legal right ?ENTITY1 is awarded or assigned to a particular person or agent ?ENTITY2.
applicable to
(authoredBy independentExpertReport1 independentExpert1)
(authoredBy ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that ?ENTITY1 is an instance of a publication that is created primarily by the entity referred to by ?ENTITY2.
authored by
(authors ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that (authoredBy ?ENTITY2 ?ENTITY1)
authors
(cbcmDataProvenanceRelation ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that the relation between ?ENTITY1 and ?ENTITY2 captures provenance information for company transaction data.
Cross-border company mobility data provenance relation
(cbcmDocumentRelation ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that the relation between ?ENTITY1 and ?ENTITY2 captures information pertaining to a company mobility document or similar information source relevant to corporate mobility.
Cross-border company mobility document relation
(cbcmEntityRelation ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that ?ENTITY1 is related to ?ENTITY2.
Cross-border company mobility entity relation
(cbcmObjectRelation ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that the relation between ?ENTITY1 and ?ENTITY2 captures information pertaining to an object.
Cross-border company mobility object relation
(cbcmOrganisationRelation ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that the relation between ?ENTITY1 and ?ENTITY2 captures information pertaining to an organisation.
Cross-border company mobility organisation relation
(cbcmTransactionRelation ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that the relation between ?ENTITY1 and ?ENTITY2 captures information pertaining to a company mobility transaction.
Cross-border company mobility transaction relation
(companyFormCountry ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that ?ENTITY1 is a company form recognized by the law of country ?ENTITY2.
Company form country
(containedIn transactionNotice1 nationalRegistry1)
(containedIn ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some document or publication ?ENTITY1 is archived or stored in some other document collection, database or data repository referred to by ?ENTITY2.
contained in
(countryHasCompanyForm ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that ?ENTITY1 refers to a country the corporate law in that country permits and / or has occurrences of companies in that country which have the corporate legal structure (company legal form) referred to by ?ENTITY2.
country has company form
(documentValidatedByDocument mergerPlan1 mergerCertificate1)
(documentValidatedByDocument ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some document or publication, ?ENTITY1, went through a process of approval and assessment through various criteria such as veracity, eligibility, legal relevance etc. and another document ?ENTITY2 was produced to prove the satisfaction of the critieria by ?ENTITY1.
document validated by document
(employedBy person1 company1)
(employedBy ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some agent (person or organisation) ?ENTITY1 is promised and delivered an incentive (usually financial) to perform some work for ?ENTITY2 where ?ENTITY2 is an organisation. This exchange is usually governed by law and formal regulations in the particular country or social context in which the work is being performed.
employed by
(employs ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means (employedBy ?ENTITY2 ?ENTITY1)
employs
Generation is the completion of production of a new entity by a process. This entity did not exist before generation and becomes available for usage after this generation. Based (inverse of) on: https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/#wasGeneratedBy
Generated
(hasAcquiringCompany crossBorderMerger1 company1)
(hasAcquiringCompany ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some company merger transaction ?ENTITY1 produces a new company or alters an existing one (?ENTITY2) such that ?ENTITY2 will acquire (via a universal transfer of assets and liabilities) one or more other companies involved in the process ?ENTITY1.
has acquiring company
Company legal form. Name given to describe the structure of a corporation or buiness in the different legal orders. For example Limited (Ltd.), Public Limited Company (PLC), Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH), Aktiengesellschaft (AG). The company legal form is regulated under national law and grants specific rights and obligations to the company stakeholders (such as shareholders, management & employees).
Company Form
(hasCompanyStakeholder company1 person1)
(hasCompanyStakeholder ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some entity ?ENTITY1, which is either a significant process or agent has another agent ?ENTITY2 with personal interests in benefiting either financially or otherwise from the outcomes of ?ENTITY1 (if it is an event or process), or in its byproducts and profits (if it is an agent).
has company stakeholder
In which document did the researcher find information about the transaction?
has document source
In which countries' registry did the researcher find information about the transaction?
data found in registry from country
(hasMember worksCouncil1 employee1)
(hasMember ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some agent ?ENTITY1 (usually an organisation) has a person ?ENTITY2 that participates in its activities. This need not represent an employment role nor imply financial incentives between the organisation and person.
has member
(hasMergingCompany crossBorderMerger1 company1)
(hasMergingCompany ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some company merger transaction ?ENTITY1 involves a company ?ENTITY2 which will be dissolved during the process of ?ENTITY1 and will be acquired (via a universal transfer of assets and liabilities) by another distinct company involved in ?ENTITY1.
has merging company
(hasOriginalCompany crossBorderDivision1 company1)
(hasOriginalCompany ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some company division transaction ?ENTITY1 involves a company ?ENTITY2 which will be divided (or "split") into multiple recipient or emerging companies.
has original company
(hasParentCompany company1 company2)
(hasParentCompany ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some company ?ENTITY1 is owned and under direct or indirect control by the company ?ENTITY2.
has parent company
(hasPart ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that the entity referred to by ?ENTITY1 has a constituent entity referred to by ?ENTITY2.
has part
(?ENTITY1 hasPostCompanyForm ?ENTITY2) indicates the new company form of a company undergoing a cross border conversion or a national conversion.
After-transaction company form
Primary country of registration (location) of a company as a full country name
Company primary registration location
(?ENTITY1 hasPriorCompanyForm ?ENTITY2) indicates the original company form of a company undergoing a cross border conversion or a national conversion.
Pre-transaction company form
(hasRecipientCompany ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some company division transaction ?ENTITY1 produces two or more distinct companies, one of which is ?ENTITY2 (a so-called "recipient company").
has recipient company
Country of secondary registration (location) of a company
Company secondary registration location
(hasSubProcedure seatTransfer1 changeOfCompanyAddress1)
(hasSubProcedure ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some process ?ENTITY1 contains another (shorter) process ?ENTITY2 that should be completed before ?ENTITY1 can complete.
has sub procedure
(hasSubsidiaryCompany ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means (hasParentCompany ?ENTITY2 ?ENTITY1)
has subsidiary company
(hasTransactionInput crossBorderMerger1 company1)
(hasTransactionInput ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some company transaction ?ENTITY1 has a prerequisite entity ?ENTITY2 that needs to be considered, assessed, or modified during the transaction referred to by ?ENTITY1.
has transaction input
(hasTransactionResult crossBorderMerger1 acquiringCompany1)
(hasTransactionResult crossBorderMerger1 mergerCertificate1)
(hasTransactionResult ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some company transaction ?ENTITY1 has a byproduct ?ENTITY2 (e.g. a company, transaction certificate etc.) after completion of the process.
has transaction result
(involvesChangeOf seatTransfer1 businessAddress1)
(involvesChangeOf ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that the process ?ENTITY1 requires the modification or alteration of the entity or object ?ENTITY2.
involves the change of
(involvesCountry crossBorderMerger1 france)
(involvesCountry ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some company transaction ?ENTITY1 includes the modification of a company whose place of business is located in the country referred to by ?ENTITY2
involves country
(isTransactionInputOf ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means (hasTransactionInput ?ENTITY2 ?ENTITY1)
is transaction input of
(isTransactionResultOf ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means (hasTransactionResult ?ENTITY2 ?ENTITY1)
is transaction result of
(issuedByOrganisation document1 organisation1)
(issuedByOrganisation ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some document or publication, ?ENTITY1, was created (and possibly delivered or administered to another entity) by some entity ?ENTITY2.
issued by organisation
(locatedIn ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some entity ?ENTITY1 occupies the spatial region referred to by ?ENTITY2.
located in
(maintainedBy officialJournalRepository1 officialJournalAdministration1)
(maintainedBy ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some digital resource ?ENTITY1 (e.g. database, website, document repository etc.) has stewardship by some agent or organisation ?ENTITY2 who is responsible for the upkeep of ?ENTITY1.
maintained by
(maintains ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means (maintainedBy ?ENTITY2 ?ENTITY1)
maintains
(ownedBy company1 company2)
(ownedBy ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some agent ?ENTITY2 has proprietorship over another object or organisational agent ?ENTITY1.
owned by
(owns ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means (owns ?ENTITY2 ?ENTITY1)
owns
(partOf ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means (hasPart ?ENTITY2 ?ENTITY1)
part of
(reportedIn crossBorderMerger1 transactionNotice1)
(reportedIn ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some significant event, process or statement ?ENTITY1 is published or mentioned or declared in writing in some publication, document or database ?ENTITY2.
reported in
(requiresDocument crossBorderMerger1 mergerPlan1)
(requiresDocument ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some significant event or process ?ENTITY1 needs a compulsory document ?ENTITY2 to be submitted and reviewed before the process ?ENTITY1 can be completed.
requires document
(sourceCountry crossBorderMerger1 france)
(sourceCountry ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some company transaction ?ENTITY1 has some transaction input (a company) whose place of business is located in the country ?ENTITY2.
source country
(targetCountry crossBorderMerger1 belgium)
(targetCountry ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some company transaction ?ENTITY1 has some transaction result (a company) whose place of business is located in the country ?ENTITY2.
target country
(transactionValidatedByDocument crossBorderMerger1 mergerCertificate1)
(transactionValidatedByDocument ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that some company transaction ?ENTITY1 went through a process of approval and assessment through various criteria such as veracity, eligibility, legal relevance etc. and a document ?ENTITY2 was produced to prove the satisfaction of the critieria by ?ENTITY1.
transaction validated by document
Variable indicating the SE-establishment mode: by merger, conversion, holding-SE, subsidiary-SE or unsure
Type of SE
Usage is the beginning of utilizing an entity by an activity. Before usage, the activity had not begun to utilize this entity and could not have been affected by the entity. Based on: https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/#used
Used
Has document source
Data found in registry from country
An activity association is an assignment of responsibility to an agent for a process, indicating that the agent had a role in the activity. Based on: https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/#wasAssociatedWith
Associated with
Generation is the completion of production of a new entity by a process. This entity did not exist before generation and becomes available for usage after this generation. Based on: https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/#wasGeneratedBy
Generated by
number of employees of the acquiring company - at the moment of the transaction
AC Employees count at transaction
The last available annual employment figure for the acquiring company
Last employment figure for the acquiring company
total number of employees of the acquiring company in the EU at the moment of the transaction
Total EU employees
The year the last annual employment figure was obtained for acquiring companies
AC Last employment figure year
Is an employee board level representation/participation (BLER) mechanism applicable prior to the cross-border transaction? 0 = no BLER prior to cross-border transaction 1 = BLER existing prior to cross-border transaction
is BLER existing prior
What is the employee board level representation (BLER) ratio going to be after the completion of the transaction? The ratio is ranging from 0.00 (no BLER) to 0.33 (1/3 BLER) to 0.5 (50-50 Mitbestimmung) to (theoretically) 1.00, which would be 100% employee representatives on the board and no shareholder representatives.
BLER composition
Are the companies involved in the transaction having an economic committee? An economic committee advises the work council about the financial parts of the transaction.
Companies have Economic Committee
Are the companies involved in the transaction having employees? Only one company needs to have employees for this property to be true
Companies have employees
Are the companies involved in the transaction having a works council? Works councils safeguard employees' welfare
Companies have Works Council
If a different employee number for the acquiring company is found, it is recorded in this field
Diverging employment figure
The date and time a process ended
Ended at
Is the company having a European Works Council (EWC)?
Has EWC
Is the impact on employees of the envisaged transaction specified in the transaction document (e.g. the merger plan)? Part of merger plan that specifies how the transaction will affect employees. - Yes: there is an impact on employees (positive or negative); - No: no impact on employees; - Not applicable: the conditions are not met (e.g. no employees, BLER threshold not met) for this criterion to be applicable; - Unclear: the wording of the document is unclear with regard to the impact/effect/measures taken; - Not mentioned: given the parameters, this aspect should be addressed in the transaction document, but is not mentioned
Impact on employees
Whether the company is publicly listed. A company whose shares are bought and sold on a particular stock market.
Is listed
Variable indicating whether this case concerns an SE-creation (yes/no) to distinguish creations of SEs from other transactions
Is SE creation
Last available employment figure for the total worldwide employees
Last WW employment figure
Name of the lawfirm involved in the transaction, if available (for internal use; cross-border divisions and seat transfers are currently not possible within an EU legal framework.)
Law Firm
The acronym of a company legal form
Legal form acronym
Number of employees of the acquiring company - at the moment of the transaction
MC Employees count at transaction
The last available annual employment figure for the merging company
Last employment figure for the merging company
The year the last annual employment figure was obtained for merging companies
MC Last employment figure year
A transaction whereby more than two companies (i.e. multiple merging companies) are involved and merged into one acquiring company
Multi-transaction
NACE Classification Code for companies. NACE (Nomenclature des Activités Économiques dans la Communauté Européenne) is a European industry standard classification system similar in function to Standard Industry Classification (SIC) and North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) for classifying business activities. From EUROSTAT
NACE code
Company NACE sector. NACE (Nomenclature of Economic Activities) is the European statistical classification of economic activities. Classification of a company according to which kinds of sector (i.e. industry / market / product type) they deal in. From EUROSTAT
NACE sector
The name of the organization
Organization name
The national registration number of an acquiring/receiving/entry company. A company registration number is a unique combination of numbers and/or letters. It is used to identify a company and verify its legal existence as an incorporated entity.
NAT registration number
Is the management of the companies involved starting the process of setting up a Special Negotiating Body (SNB) in order to reach a negotiated agreement on the future employee participation mechanism (BLER) after the transaction? BLER (Board-Level Employee Represenation): highest level of employee involvement in a company in the supervisory board. They can take co-determine decisions of the company's management and where the company is heading. - Yes: there is a negotiated agreement to be negotiated with the SNB; - No: no negotiated agreement; - Not applicable: the conditions are not met (e.g. no employees, BLER threshold not met) for this criterion to be applicable; - Unclear: the wording of the document is unclear with regard to the impact/effect/measures taken; - Not mentioned: given the parameters, this aspect should be addressed in the transaction document, but is not mentioned
Has negotiated agreement
unique identifier before database entry. This id is the old ID-structure used before entry into the CbCMdb
Raw transaction ID
Deprecated property
Registered Office
Is a Special Negotiating Body (SNB) set up voluntary? Whether or not a SNB is created/will be created voluntarily. - Yes: an SNB is created voluntarily; - No: no voluntary SNB set up; - Not applicable: the conditions are not met (e.g. no employees, BLER threshold not met) for this criterion to be applicable; - Unclear: the wording of the document is unclear with regard to the impact/effect/measures taken; - Not mentioned: given the parameters, this aspect should be addressed in the transaction document, but is not mentioned
SNB voluntary application
Are the standard rules applied directly without and instead of the start of negotiations with a Special Negotiating Body (SNB)? Instead of an SNB being set up, the standard rules are applied instead. - Yes: the standard rules are applied; - No: standard rules ar enot applied; - Not applicable: the conditions are not met (e.g. no employees, BLER threshold not met) for this criterion to be applicable; - Unclear: the wording of the document is unclear with regard to the impact/effect/measures taken; - Not mentioned: given the parameters, this aspect should be addressed in the transaction document, but is not mentioned
Standard rules application
Is the company having a transnational information and consultation agreement in place? Does the company have an internal body which discusses employee rights and welfare? Different from works council. TNIC is global.
Has TNIC
Is an employee board level representation/participation (BLER) mechanism going to be re-negotiated in the process of the cross-border transaction? - Yes: BLER be (re-)negotiated with the SNB; - No: no BLER-(re-)negotiation; - Not applicable: the conditions are not met (e.g. no employees, BLER threshold not met) for this criterion to be applicable; - Unclear: the wording of the document is unclear with regard to the impact/effect/measures taken; - Not mentioned: given the parameters, this aspect should be addressed in the transaction document, but is not mentioned
BLER to be negotiated
Notes from researcher about the transaction
Transaction comment
Date on which the transaction was effectuated (the date that the competent authority e.g., business registry of that country, says that the criteria have been met by merging and acquiring companies and the merging/transferring company is dissolved). This is the final step of a transaction process
Transaction completion date
unique identifier for a transaction
Transaction ID
Is the transaction plan available for analysis? Merger plan, Seat transfer plan or Division plan. Transaction notice is where the transaction is announced. The other documents are where the nature and details of the transaction are specified.
Transaction plan available
Date of the transaction notice (document announcing the transaction) constituting the start of the transaction process. Date that the document was published (which is the important date because this is when it becomes legally binding)
Transaction notice date
Homepage of a company/organization website
Website
number of employees of company group worldwide at the moment of the transaction
Total WW employees at transaction
The year for which a diverging employee number is recorded
Diverging employment figure year
Year in which the last worldwide employment figure was recorded
Last WW employment figure year
Acquiring Company means the resulting or surviving company in a transaction that takes over another, merging company.
Acquiring company
An entity or group of entities (either biological or non-biological) that is able to perform actions autonomously in the world.
Annual reports measure a company's financial health. They focus on past and present financial performance, and make predictions about future prospects. The revenue and financial performance of a company.
Annual account
Annual report
An attribute is a characteristic of some entity.
Behaviour is the set of actions and mannerisms made by systems (biological or otherwise) in response to stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.
Board-level representation of employees (BLER) refers to the phenomenon where employees or their representatives elect or appoint representatives to the strategic decision-making body of a company (i.e. the supervisory board or non-executive board in a one-tier system). The BLER right requires that if such a system of BLER exists prior to a cross-border company transaction, such a right must be upheld in the acquiring/recipient company under the "before-and-after-principle".
Board-level employee representation right
A Board Resolution, or Company Resolution, is a way of documenting a decision made by a Company's Board of Directors on behalf of the company. After the resolution is made during a meeting, a Board Resolution document is typically used to get the specifics of the resolution in writing.
Board resolution
A person that is interested in research about cross-border company mobility, and actively collects and analyses data concerning cross-border company mobility.
Cross-border company mobility researcher
A city (plural "cities") is a geo-political region in which there is a large human settlement. The distinction with the term "town" (plural "towns") is that cities are generally larger than towns. Countries are generally larger than cities and, in fact, usually consist of multiple cities.
City
A company is a legal entity formed by a group of individuals to engage in and operate a business—commercial or industrial—enterprise. A company may be organized in various ways for tax and financial liability purposes depending on the corporate law of its jurisdiction.
Company
The headquarters or body of a company which governs it's financial and administrative activities
Central Administration
The process of changing or converting the corporate structure of a company. For example, a limited liability company of one country to one of another country, or from a private to a public limited liability company, or vice-versa by means of the continuance of an entity into another entity.
Company conversion
Article 160b - Division means: a) company being divided, on being dissolved without going into liquidation, transfers all its assets and liabilities to two or more newly formed companies (‘the recipient companies’), in exchange for the issue to the members of the company being divided of securities or shares in the recipient companies and, if any, a cash payment not exceeding 10 % of the nominal value of those securities or shares or, where they have no nominal value, a cash payment not exceeding 10% of the accounting par value of their securities or shares ('full division'); (b) a company being divided transfers part of its assets and liabilities to one or more newly formed companies (‘the recipient companies’), in exchange for the issue to the members of the company being divided of securities or shares in the recipient companies or in the company being divided or in both the recipient companies and in the company being divided, and if any a cash payment not exceeding 10 % of the nominal value of those securities or shares, or in the absence of a nominal value, a cash payment not exceeding 10 % of the accounting par value of their securities or shares (‘partial division’). (c) a company being divided transfers part of its assets and liabilities to one or more newly formed companies (‘the recipient companies’), in exchange for the issue of securities or shares in the recipient companies to the company being divided (‘division by separation’).
Company division
The location of a company headquarter
Company headquarter
Name given to describe the structure of a corporation or business in the different legal orders. For example Limited (Ltd.), Public Limited Company (PLC), Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH), Aktiengesellschaft (AG). The company legal form is regulated under national law and grants specific rights and obligations to the company stakeholders (such as shareholders, management & employees).
Company form
‘merger’ in Directive (EU) 2017/1132 means an operation whereby: (a) one or more companies, on being dissolved without going into liquidation, transfer all their assets and liabilities to another existing company, the acquiring company, in exchange for the issue to their members of securities or shares representing the capital of that other company and, if applicable, a cash payment not exceeding 10 % of the nominal value, or, in the absence of a nominal value, of the accounting par value of those securities or shares; or (b) two or more companies, on being dissolved without going into liquidation, transfer all their assets and liabilities to a company that they form, the new company, in exchange for the issue to their members of securities or shares representing the capital of that new company and, if applicable, a cash payment not exceeding 10 % of the nominal value, or in the absence of a nominal value, of the accounting par value of those securities or shares; or (c) a company, on being dissolved without going into liquidation, transfers all its assets and liabilities to the company holding all the securities or shares representing its capital;" (d) one or more companies, on being dissolved without going into liquidation, transfer all their assets and liabilities to another existing company, the acquiring company, without the issue of any new shares by the acquiring company, provided that one person holds directly or indirectly all the shares in the merging companies or the members of the merging companies hold their shares in the same proportion in all merging companies.";
Company merger
A legal document which provides information related to, or influencing, a company's mobility within a specific country or across national boundaries.
Company mobility document
The physical address or location at which the primary business activities of a company are carried out.
Registered office
The act of changing the location where the company’s business was managed (registered office or headquarters) or the place where that company’s primary business was actually conducted (central administration).
Company seat transfer
An individual, group, or organization that owns one or more shares in a company, and in whose name the share certificate is issued.
Company shareholder
A person, group or organization that has interest or concern in an organization or company in particular. Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the company's actions, objectives and policies.
Stakeholder in a company
An action taken by a company that modifies its corporate structure with a change of control (for e.g. through either a merger, division, conversion or seat transfer in a domestic or cross-border setting). It involves one or more companies, each of which have a company legal form valid in a Member State of the European Union.
Company transaction
The monitoring of the completion and legality of the decision-making process in each company involved in a transaction is carried out by a national authority having jurisdiction over each of those companies. The national authority could be a court, a notary or any other competent authority appointed by the Member State concerned.
Competent authority
The right of employees or their representatives to be consulted and to give advice on a business decision, such as an intended merger/division/conversion/seat transfer.
Consultation right
A document issued by a Competent Authority declaring that the legally required steps of a conversion are completed. The certificate needs to be presented by a company to either be registered in another company registry or to be removed from a company register.
Company conversion certificate
A document providing details of how the conversion of a company will be implemented. Article 86d: The management or administrative organ of the company shall draw up the draft terms of a cross-border conversion. The draft terms of a cross-border conversion shall include at least the particulars listed in article 86d
Company conversion plan
A geo-political region that has a distinct and common political governance structure for people that inhabit it for a significant portion of their lives. The majority of people that inhabit such a region are also usually united by common descent, history, culture and language.
Legal forum in which a body of people presided over by a judge, judges, or magistrate, and acting as a tribunal in civil and criminal cases resolve legal disputes.
Court
A person, organization, or government that is owed money. A creditor's claims and the safeguarding of these creditor rights is laid down in the company law of the Member States and EU law.
Creditor
The right of a creditor to influence or take a decision in the context of a transaction.
Creditor decision right
The creditors right to be paid out and therefore to exit the company in the context of a transaction.
Creditor exit right
The information rights of creditors in the context of a company transaction, which includes for instance access to documents.
Creditor information right
The rights of creditors, which includes debenture holders, vis-a-vis the company that obtained credit from the individual or organisation. Legal safeguards are put in place to ensure that rights of creditors are not negatively affected by a company transaction.
Creditor right
Member States shall provide for an adequate system of protection of the interest of creditors, and shall ensure that creditors who are dissatisfied with the safeguards offered in the draft terms of the transaction, as provided for in Article 86d (1) point (f), may apply to the appropriate administrative or judicial authority for adequate safeguards provided that they can credibly demonstrate that due to the transaction the satisfaction of their claims is at stake and that no adequate safeguards have been obtained from the company.
Creditor security right
A cross-border conversion is an operation through which a company, formed in one country (with the EU/EEA set of countries) is converted into a company governed by the law of another.
Cross-border conversion
A company which in a process of the cross-border division in case of a full division transfers all its assets and liabilities to two or more companies, or in case of a partial division or division by separation transfers part of its assets and liabilities to one or more companies. The companies involved in the process are located in multiple (two or more) distinct countries.
Cross-border company division
A cross border merger involves at least one company based in an EU Member State and one company that is registered elsewhere within the European Union and is leading to a universal transfer of assets and liabilities from the merging company to the acquiring company.
Cross-border merger
Article 89: The operation whereby one or more companies are wound up without going into liquidation and transfer to another all their assets and liabilities in exchange for the issue to the shareholders of the company or companies being acquired of shares in the acquiring company and a cash payment, if any, not exceeding 10 % of the nominal value of the shares so issued or, where they have no nominal value, of their accounting par value. Companies involved come from two or more distinct countries.
Cross-border company merger by acquisition
Article 90: the operation whereby several companies are wound up without going into liquidation and transfer to a company that they set up all their assets and liabilities in exchange for the issue to their shareholders of shares in the new company and a cash payment, if any, not exceeding 10 % of the nominal value of the shares so issued or, where they have no nominal value, of their accounting par value. Companies involved come from two or more distinct countries.
Cross-border merger into a new company
The act of changing the location where the company’s business was managed (registered office or headquarters) or the place where that company’s primary business was actually conducted (central administration), across national boundaries.
Cross-border company seat transfer
A data curation activity represents a researcher's involvement in annotating cross border transactions
Data curation activity
The shareholders can take a number of decisions affecting the company, such as amending the company's articles of association, appointing or dismissing board members and to approve important transactions (e.g. mergers, divisions and conversions/seat transfers). These are taken through a shareholder resolution.
Shareholder decision right
A document issued by a Competent Authority declaring that the legally required steps of a division are completed. The certificate needs to be presented by a company to either be registered (or register a newly established emerging/recipient company) in another company registry or to be removed from a company register.
Company division certificate
The management or administrative organ of the company shall draw up the draft terms of a division. The draft terms of a division shall include at least the particulars listed in article 160d.
Company division plan
A digital document repository containing documents related to company mobility.
Company mobility document repository
A domestic conversion is an operation through which a company's form is converted into a another while still remaining governed by the same law as the original company. For instance, the modification of a company's form from a public to a private limited company.
Domestic company conversion
A company which in a process of the domestic division - in case of a full division - transfers all its assets and liabilities to two or more companies, or - in case of a partial division or division by separation - transfers part of its assets and liabilities to one or more companies. All companies involved in the process are located in a single country.
Company domestic division
A domestic merger involves at least two companies based in the same EU Member State and is leading to a universal transfer of assets and liabilities from the merging company to the acquiring company.
Company domestic merger
Article 89: The operation whereby one or more companies are wound up without going into liquidation and transfer to another all their assets and liabilities in exchange for the issue to the shareholders of the company or companies being acquired of shares in the acquiring company and a cash payment, if any, not exceeding 10 % of the nominal value of the shares so issued or, where they have no nominal value, of their accounting par value. All companies involved are from a single country.
Domestic company merger by acquisition
Article 90: the operation whereby several companies are wound up without going into liquidation and transfer to a company that they set up all their assets and liabilities in exchange for the issue to their shareholders of shares in the new company and a cash payment, if any, not exceeding 10 % of the nominal value of the shares so issued or, where they have no nominal value, of their accounting par value. All companies involved are from a single country.
Domestic merger into a new company
The act of changing the location where the company’s business was managed (registered office or headquarters) or the place where that company’s primary business was actually conducted (central administration), within a specific country.
Domestic company seat transfer
Created in 1994, the European Economic Area (EEA) combines the countries of the European Union (EU) and member countries of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) to facilitate participation in the European Market trade and movement without having to apply to be one of the EU member countries
European Economic Area country
A country which forms part of the European Union. The European Union is a conglomeration of European countries whose governance structures agree to abide with common political and economic criteria to improve efficiency of goods and services trading as well as movement and migration of inhabitants between these countries
A company being divided transfers part of its assets and liabilities to one or more newly formed companies, which are the recipient companies in a (cross-border) division.
Emerging company
The workforce of a company. An employee is a party to an employment relationship characterised as a contract of employment (or contract of service) between the employer and employee. However, this is only one of several different legal formulations of the concept of ‘worker’ in the EU which differ between Member States.
Company employee
A body that regulates the financial services industry in a country (e.g. the UK), including most financial services markets, exchanges and firms.
Financial service authority
A spatial region on earth whose boundaries are determined by a combination of geographical, ecological, climatic, socio-economic and political criteria.
A global ultimate owner (GUO) is the individual or entity at the top of the corporate ownership structure.
Global ultimate owner
The right of employees or their representatives to be informed on the likely repercussions of the cross-border transaction on employment, which includes the dismissal as well as the hiring of employees or relocation of work. See for instance article 122 of Directive 2017/1132.
Impact on employment information right
An Independent Expert provides impartial advice to shareholders and other company stakeholders on the fairness and/or reasonableness of a transaction. A company may be required to commission an Independent Expert Report (IER) in the case of a (cross-border) merger, division or conversion.
Independent expert
Article 86g and 160i: Member States must ensure that an independent expert examines the draft terms of the transaction and draws up a report intended for members which is made available to them not less than one month before the date of the general meeting. Depending on the law of Member States, the expert may be a natural person or a legal person. The report must assess the cash compensation proposed and valuation method.
Report by an independent expert
The right of employees or their representatives to be informed and to receive any documents necessary for the exercise of their consultation and board-level employee representation rights in the context of an intended merger/division/conversion/seat transfer.
Information right
Interim accounts are accounts that are published during a company's financial year and that show the financial situation on a given accounting date.
Interim account
The group of persons comprising the governing body of the legal entity that is entrusted with the decision-making in the company. It is also called Executive Board in a one-tier board system.
Management board
A report drawn up by the company's management on the intended transaction, laying out the main features of the transactions and its consequences.
Management report
A person or group of persons that are responsible for overseeing the operations of a company.
Manager
The right of the board of management or individual managers to take decisions or to not take a decision in the context of a transaction. These are in the form of a board resolution.
Manager decision right
The right of a manager or the board of management to resign and therefore exit a company.
Manager exit right
The right of a manager to information and access to documents that he or she has in accordance with national or European company law.
Manager information right
The rights of members of the management in the context of a company transaction.
Manager right
The national gazette or record in a particular Member State. In the official journal companies publish company transaction notices in order to inform concerned stakeholders and interested parties.
A document issued by a Competent Authority declaring that the legally required steps of a merger are completed. The certificate needs to be presented by a company to either be registered in another company registry or to be removed from a company register (depending on the company being the merging or acquiring company).
Company merger certificate
Article 91: The administrative or management bodies of the merging companies shall draw up draft terms of merger in writing by specifying at least the elements mentioned in article 91.
Company merger plan
Merging Company means the dissolving company that is being acquired by another (acquiring) company in the process of a transaction. In the context of company mobility, this means a universal transfer of assets and liabilities from the merging to the acquiring company (see article 131 of Directive 2017/1132).
Merging company
A national registry is a business registry in a Member State, which includes information on the population of companies in the jurisdiction and holds inter alia data on registration numbers, place of registration, notices and transaction documents in the national registry repository.
National registry
The digital repository in which documents published in the official journal or by by the national registry (on behalf of a company) are kept as well as related documents. In some EU Member States, this repository is overlapping or identical with the Official Journal Repository.
National registry repository
A country which does not belong to the European Economic Area (EEA).
Non-EEA country
A country that does not officially belong to the EU conglomeration
Non-EU country
A person authorized to perform certain legal formalities, especially to draw up or certify contracts, deeds, and other documents for use in other jurisdictions.
Notary
The official gazette of record for the European Union or national gazette of record of a Member State. In the official journal companies publish transaction notices in order to inform concerned stakeholders and interested parties.
Official journal
Publication of a legally valid record or act in an official national gazette to inform stakeholders.
Official journal publication
The digital repository in which documents published in the official journal are kept as well as related documents. In some EU Member States, this repository is overlapping or identical with the National Registry Repository.
Official journal repository
Represents a collection of people organized together into a community or other social, commercial or political structure. The group has some common purpose or reason for existence which goes beyond the set of people belonging to it and can act as an Agent. Organizations are often decomposable into hierarchical structures.
Organisation
A division of a large organization such as a government, university, or business, dealing with a specific area of activity.
Organisational unit
An original company, in the context of a (cross-border) division, means a company which - in case of a full division - transfers all its assets and liabilities to two or more companies, or - in case of a partial division or division by separation - transfers part of its assets and liabilities to one or more companies.
Original company
A parent company is a company that has a controlling interest in another company, the subsidiary company, giving it control of its operations through a majority stock-ownership, decisive control over management appointments and therefore over the decision-making process. In the absence of a natural person as ultimate beneficial owner, the highest parent company in a chain of companies is the global ultimate owner.
Parent company
A person is an object that has certain capacities or attributes constituting personhood. A human being that has existed or continues to exist in the world (either deceased or living). Fictional human beings cannot be instances of this class.
Person
Article 86m: a pre-conversion certificate attests compliance with all the relevant conditions and the proper completion of all procedures and formalities in the departure Member State.
Company pre-conversion certificate
Article 160o: a pre-division certificate attests compliance with all the relevant conditions and the proper completion of all procedures and formalities in the Member State concerned.
Company pre-division certificate
Article 127: a pre-merger certificate attests compliance with all the relevant conditions and the proper completion of all procedures and formalities in the Member State of the merging company.
Company pre-merger certificate
A procedure is a process that attempts to achieve one or more objectives by following an established set of actions.
Recipient company
A document detailing a decision made by an individual or group of natural or legal persons. This can be a decision concerning the restructuring of a company by its shareholders.
Resolution
Variable indicating the SE-establishment mode: by merger, conversion, holding-SE, subsidiary-SE or unsure (cases)
Societas Europaea (SE) type
The management or administrative organ of the company draws up the draft terms of a cross-border seat transfer. The draft terms of a cross-border seat transfer must include at least the particulars specified under national law.
Company seat transfer plan
The right of a shareholder to exit the company by being bought out.
Shareholder exit right
It is particularly important that the shareholders of the companies involved in a transaction be kept adequately informed in an objective manner, and that their rights be suitably protected. This includes for instance the availability of documents for inspection by shareholders (e.g. article 97 of Directive 2017/1132).
Shareholder information right
a shareholder resolution is a proposal submitted by shareholders for a vote at the company's shareholder meeting.
Shareholder resolution
The rights of shareholders of a company in the context of a transaction. Often, shreholder resolutions are used to effectuate shareholder rights. Many rights are laid down in the so-called Shareholder Rights Directive.
Shareholder right
Social rights, as opposed to rights arising from natural law, are rights for legal entities that entitle them to certain levels of societal living conditions (e.g. the right to housing, to food, to health care etc.)
Social right
This is a cross-border merger where two or more companies from different Member States merge into a new company that has a special legal form called a Societas Europaea (SE) which allows the behavior of this new company to be regulated under European Law (rather than national law).
Cross-border merger into a new company with a Societas Europaea form
The society at large is a stakeholder in a company through, inter alia, the government and its agencies, suppliers, customers, trade unions and the communities from which the business draws its resources.
Society
The Special Negotiation Body (SNB) or Special Negotiating Body is an organisation that represents the employees of companies in negotiations with the company authorities in order to reach a written agreement on the involvement of employees in company transactions.
Special negotiating body
A written agreement concerning the involvement of employees in company transactions. Special Negotiating Body (SNB) organisation represents employees in the negotiation of the terms of this agreement with the company authorities. The agreement must be reached in accordance with the EU Company Law Directive and is laid down in the SNB-agreement.
Special negotiating body agreement
A subsidiary, subsidiary company or daughter company is a company that is owned or controlled by another company, which is called the parent company, parent, or holding company.
Subsidiary company
An individual authority established by its member state to supervise the compliance with a specific regulation.
SupervisoryAuthority
A supervisory board must approve of major business decisions. It is a group of individuals chosen by the shareholders - and employee representatives in board-level employee representation systems - of a company to promote their interests through the governance of the company and to hire and supervise the management board. It is also called non-executive board in a one-tier board system.
Supervisory board
Tax Authority means any governmental authority having jurisdiction over the assessment, determination, collection or imposition of any tax.
Tax authority
A document issued by a Competent Authority declaring that certain steps of the transaction are completed.
Company transaction certificate
Document required by law to document the step of a company transaction or an agreement made between stakeholders involved in the transaction that are either printed, inserted and mailed, or electronically presented.
Transaction document
A written notice, published in an official journal of a Member State of the EU and/or the European Official Journal indicating the intention to engage in a transaction and which informs the members, creditors and representatives of the employees of the company, or, where there are no such representatives, the employees themselves of said transaction.
Company transaction notice
A legal right of a legal entity involved in the process of a company transaction. A legal right here refers to the entitlement of a person to be allowed to perform an activity, or to possess or obtain access to an object.
Transaction right
Act of modifying the location where the company’s business was managed or the place where that company’s business was actually conducted.
Transfer of company central administration
The act of changing the registered office, which is the official address of an incorporated company, association or any other legal entity.
Transfer of company registered office
Transferring Company means the company transferring its assets and liabilities to a recipient company.
Transferring company
Ultimate Beneficial owner refers to the natural person(s) who ultimately owns or controls a customer and/or the natural person on whose behalf a transaction is being conducted. It also includes those persons who exercise ultimate effective control over a legal person or arrangement.
Ultimate beneficial owner
The exercise of employee participation through the representation of employees vis-a-vis the management of a company. The works council is a shop-floor level representation mechanism with information, consultation and veto-rights - depending on the extent of rights given in a Member State - and also at EU level through European Works Councils.
Employee works council
Austria
Österreich
Belgique
Belgium
Bulgaria
Bǎlgariya
България
Croatia
Hrvatska
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Czechia
Česká republika
Danmark
Denmark
Kingdom of Denmark
Eesti
Estonia
Finland
Suomi
France
French Republic
République française
Deutschland
Germany
Ellada
Greece
Ελλάδα
Hungary
Magyarország
Iceland
Ísland
Ireland
Éire
Italia
Italian Republic
Italy
Repubblica Italiana
Latvia
Latvija
Latvijas Republika
Republic of Latvia
Fürstentum Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein
Principality of Liechtenstein
Lietuva
Lietuvos Respublika
Lithuania
Republic of Lithuania
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Grand-Duché de Luxembourg
Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg
Großherzogtum Luxemburg​
Luxembourg
Lëtzebuerg
Malta
Melita
Repubblika ta' Malta
Holland
Nederland
Netherlands
The Netherlands
Kingdom of Norway
Kongeriket Noreg
Kongeriket Norge
Noreg
Norge
Norgga
Norgga gonagasriika
Norway
Nöörjen
Vuona
Poland
Polska
Republic of Poland
Rzeczpospolita Polska
Portugal
Portuguese Republic
República Portuguesa
Romania
România
Slovak Republic
Slovakia
Slovensko
Slovenská republika
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