{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# [CodingX] Lesson 03 - Python_Basic(II)\n",
    "## by Kun-Ta Chuang\n",
    "\n",
    " Advanced Network Database Laboratory <br>\n",
    " Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering <br>\n",
    " National Cheng Kung University "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# 複習一下我們昨天學到什麼\n",
    "1. python中任何東西都是個物件，每個物件都有它自己的型別（type）\n",
    "2. 常見的型別有int、float、string等等\n",
    "4. 除了int與float之間可以直接做運算，其他不同型別的物件彼此做運算時需要轉換型別。\n",
    "3. if ... elif ... else"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "score = int(input(\"Enter your grade: \"))\n",
    "if score < 70:\n",
    "    print('D')\n",
    "elif score >= 70:\n",
    "    print('C')\n",
    "elif score >= 80:\n",
    "    print('B')\n",
    "elif score >= 90:\n",
    "    print('A')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Index\n",
    "\n",
    "1. Composite data types (複合資料型態)\n",
    "2. Variables, Objects, and References\n",
    "3. Loop (迴圈): while、for"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 1. Composite data types (複合資料型態)\n",
    "\n",
    "* list\n",
    "* tuple\n",
    "* dict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "##  1.1 List：有順序的物件集合，具有索引特性，長度可變動。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[] [100, 200, 300, 400, 500] ['apple', 'banana'] [1, 0.9, 'cat', [1, 2], ['apple', 'banana']]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = []\n",
    "numbers = [100, 200, 300, 400, 500]\n",
    "fruit = ['apple', 'banana']\n",
    "mixed = [1, 0.9, 'cat', [1, 2], fruit]\n",
    "print(a,numbers, fruit, mixed)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/VGna9GC.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100\n",
      "200\n",
      "500\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "numbers = [100, 200, 300, 400, 500]\n",
    "print(numbers[0])\n",
    "print(numbers[1])\n",
    "print(numbers[-1])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 常見的運算方式\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/Zb0RWue.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[2, 3, 3, 4]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# example update\n",
    "numbers = [1,2,3,4]\n",
    "numbers[0] = 2\n",
    "numbers[1] = 3\n",
    "print(numbers)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## [i : j]  從 i 開始，遇到 j 結束\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/EghDzlj.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[100, 200, 300, 400, 500]\n",
      "[200, 300]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "numbers = [100, 200, 300, 400, 500]\n",
    "print(numbers)\n",
    "print(numbers[1:3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/rVKVmLl.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[200, 400, 600, 800]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "numbers = [100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800]\n",
    "print(numbers[1:8:2])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[100, 300, 500, 700]\n",
      "True\n",
      "True\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "numbers = [100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800]\n",
    "\n",
    "del[numbers[1:10:2]]\n",
    "print(numbers)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(300 in numbers)\n",
    "print(400 not in numbers)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Math\n",
      "English\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# example condition\n",
    "courses = ['Math', 'Chinese']\n",
    "\n",
    "if 'Math' in courses:\n",
    "    print('Math')\n",
    "    \n",
    "if 'English' not in courses:\n",
    "    print('English')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9]\n",
      "[2, 4, 6, 2, 4, 6, 2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9]\n",
      "[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]\n",
      "10\n",
      "[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = [2, 4, 6]\n",
    "b = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]\n",
    "print(a + b)\n",
    "print(a * 3 + b * 2)\n",
    "\n",
    "c = [1]*10\n",
    "print(c)\n",
    "print(len(c))\n",
    "\n",
    "print(b)\n",
    "# print(max(b))\n",
    "# print(min(b))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# exmaple delete\n",
    "\n",
    "numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
    "del numbers[0]\n",
    "print(numbers)\n",
    "del numbers[2]\n",
    "print(numbers)\n",
    "del numbers[1:2]\n",
    "print(numbers)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 常用的函式\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/LjKN8ZJ.png)\n",
    "### [reference](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
      "[1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
      "[4, 3, 2, 1]\n",
      "[1, 2, 3, 4]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# example\n",
    "\n",
    "num = [1,2,3,4]\n",
    "num.append(5)\n",
    "print(num)\n",
    "num.pop()\n",
    "print(num)\n",
    "num.reverse()\n",
    "print(num)\n",
    "num.sort()\n",
    "print(num)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 1.2 tuple：就像是list，不過list賦值之後可以更改，但是tuple不行。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(1, 2, -1.2, 'hi')\n",
      "<class 'tuple'>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = (1, 2, -1.2, 'hi')\n",
    "print(a)\n",
    "print(type(a))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "('apple', 'banana', 'grape', 'watermelon', 'guava', '123')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruit = ('apple', 'banana', 'grape', 'watermelon')\n",
    "fruit = fruit + ('guava', '123')\n",
    "print(fruit)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### 為什麼要加逗號？\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/Wmt3tQE.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'int'>\n",
      "<class 'tuple'>\n",
      "<class 'tuple'>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = (1)\n",
    "print(type(a))\n",
    "\n",
    "b = (1,)\n",
    "print(type(b))\n",
    "\n",
    "c = (1, 2)\n",
    "print(type(c))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "## 切記!有更動到值的運算都不能使用"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "number = (1, 2, 3)\n",
    "# number[0] = 5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(4, 5, 6)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "number = (1, 2, 3)\n",
    "number = (4, 5, 6)\n",
    "print(number)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/YIxTkBV.gif)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "number = [1, 2, 3]\n",
    "number[0] = 4\n",
    "number[1] = 5\n",
    "number[2] = 6"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/Sa3Y823.gif)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "## 1.3 字典(dictionary)\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/3fo87R6.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Physics score =  50\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "subject = ['Chinese', 'English', 'Math', 'History', 'Physics', 'Chemistry']\n",
    "score = [98, 65, 87, 77, 50, 88]\n",
    "\n",
    "ind = subject.index('Physics')\n",
    "print(\"Physics score = \", score[ind])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "> 字典的出現，使我們更方便取得對應的值。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Physics score =  50\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "grade = {\n",
    "    'Chinese' : 98,\n",
    "    'English' : 65,\n",
    "    'Math' : 87,\n",
    "    'History' : 77,\n",
    "    'Physics' : 50,\n",
    "    'Chemistry' : 88\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"Physics score = \", grade['Physics'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/0YWRLD9.png)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "grade = {\n",
    "    'Chinese' : 98,\n",
    "    'English' : 65,\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "## Add\n",
    "print(grade)\n",
    "\n",
    "grade['Math'] = 100\n",
    "print(grade)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "## Update"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(grade)\n",
    "\n",
    "grade['English'] = 95\n",
    "print(grade)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "{0: 'Hi!', 'Apple': 12.3}\n",
      "12.3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "## key 與 value 可以為任意型態\n",
    "\n",
    "a = {\n",
    "    0 : 'Hi!',\n",
    "    'Apple' : 12.3,\n",
    "}\n",
    "print(a)\n",
    "print(a['Apple'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 常用的函式\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/6m7kEmu.png)\n",
    "## [reference](https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/methods/dictionary)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 2. Variables, Objects, and References"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Object\n",
    "---\n",
    "**In Python, we do things with stuff.**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Recap: What is an object ?\n",
    "---"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Everything in  Python  is an object !!!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Built-in Types Object\n",
    "---\n",
    "Numbers, Strings, Lists, Dictionarys, Tuple, Files, Sets, etc."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Built-in Types Object example\n",
    "---"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Number\n",
    "12 # integer\n",
    "12.5 # float-point\n",
    "-12.5 # negative\n",
    "\n",
    "# String\n",
    "'Hello Word'\n",
    "\n",
    "# list\n",
    "[1, 2, 3, 4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# variable a, object\n",
    "a = 3\n",
    "a = 'Hello World'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## The Dynamic Typing Interlude\n",
    "---\n",
    "In Python, types are determined automatically at runtime."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Variables (i.e. name)\n",
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "**Variables are created when assigned, can reference any type of object, and must be assigned before they are referenced.**\n",
    "* Variable creation\n",
    "* Variable types\n",
    "* Variable use"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 3 # Assign a name to an object\n",
    "\n",
    "# 1. Create an object to represent the value 3.\n",
    "# 2. Create the variable a, if it does not yet exist. \n",
    "# 3. Link the variable a to the new object 3."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/qaynkKr.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Types Live with Objects, Not Variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 3 # It's an integer\n",
    "a = 'spam' # Now it's a string\n",
    "a = 1.23 # Now it's a floating point"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Shared References (Shared Object)\n",
    "---\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/ywCbsuH.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/fsAyUyM.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/Y27ye4P.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Shared References and In-Place Changes\n",
    "---\n",
    "* immutable objects\n",
    "    * int, float, bool, str, etc.\n",
    "* mutable objects\n",
    "    * list, set, dict, etc."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "<img src=\"https://i.imgur.com/HWvxQCS.png\" width=450 height=180 />\n",
    "<img src=\"https://i.imgur.com/xGOu8Qs.png\" width=450 height=180 />"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Objects are Garbage-Collected\n",
    "---\n",
    "Whenever a name is assigned to a new object, the space held by the prior object is reclaimed if it is not referenced by any other name or object."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 3 # It's an integer\n",
    "a = 'spam' # Now it's a string"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = 42\n",
    "x = 'shrubbery' # Reclaim 42 now (unless referenced elsewhere)\n",
    "x = 3.1415 # Reclaim 'shrubbery' now\n",
    "x = [1, 2, 3]  # Reclaim 3.1415 now"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Example 2.1\n",
    "經過這三個statements, print(a)的結果為何？"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# example1\n",
    "a = \"Hello\"\n",
    "b = a\n",
    "b = \"World\"\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# answer\n",
    "a = \"Hello\"\n",
    "b = a\n",
    "b = \"World\"\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Example 2.2\n",
    "經過這三個statements, print(a)的結果為何？"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# example\n",
    "a = [\"Hello\"]\n",
    "b = a\n",
    "b[0] = \"World\"\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['World']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# answer\n",
    "a = [\"Hello\"]\n",
    "b = a\n",
    "b[0] = \"World\"\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 3. Loop (迴圈)\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "- 3.1 While\n",
    "- 3.2 Nested loop - While\n",
    "- 3.3 For\n",
    "- 3.4 Nested loop - For"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 3.1 While"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/vGvLiiu.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 end\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = 1\n",
    "while a < 100:\n",
    "    print(a, end = ' ')\n",
    "    a += 2\n",
    "print(\"end\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 把小於10的奇數印出來\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/MCXhzad.gif)\n",
    "-引用自http://www.mathwarehouse.com"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 要怎麼計算從1+2+3 + ... + 100 ? + 1000?\n",
    "## total = 1+ 2 + 3 + ... +100 + ... +1000 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "total = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 太累了!!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 使用迴圈！\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/ZqQPjNb.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "n = 100\n",
    "iterate = 0\n",
    "while iterate != n:\n",
    "    iterate += 1\n",
    "    print(iterate, end=' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/biEySbT.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "5050\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = 100\n",
    "iterate = 0\n",
    "total = 0\n",
    "while iterate != n:\n",
    "    iterate += 1\n",
    "    total += iterate\n",
    "print(total)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## example 3.1.1: while + if\n",
    "### 判斷1~6的數字是奇數還是偶數\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/pnHroTN.gif)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/T0I7mcl.png)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 5\n",
    "while a < 7:\n",
    "    if (a % 2 == 0):\n",
    "        print(a, \"is even\")\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print(a, \"is odd\")\n",
    "    a += 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## example 3.1.2:  欲求 1~1000 中可以整除11的最大數"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "n = 0\n",
    "ans = 0\n",
    "while n <= 1000:\n",
    "    if (n % 11 == 0):\n",
    "        ans = n\n",
    "    n += 1\n",
    "print(ans)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 思考一下\n",
    "### 找最大的數，從1000往1找比較快找到，還是我從1開始往1000找?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1000\n",
      "999\n",
      "998\n",
      "997\n",
      "996\n",
      "995\n",
      "994\n",
      "993\n",
      "992\n",
      "991\n",
      "correct 990\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = 1000\n",
    "flag = True\n",
    "while n > 0:\n",
    "    if (n % 11 == 0) and flag:\n",
    "        print(\"correct\", n)\n",
    "        flag = False\n",
    "        break\n",
    "    print(n)\n",
    "    n -= 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/Tpn39TP.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 明明找10次最大值 990 就找到了，可是程式還是找了1000次！\n",
    "\n",
    "## \"break\" ：中斷其所在的最接近迴圈"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/Go8XID4.png)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "n = 1000\n",
    "while n > 0:\n",
    "    if (n % 11 == 0):\n",
    "        print(\"correct\", n)\n",
    "        break\n",
    "    n -= 1\n",
    "    print(n)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## \"continue\" : 省略下方迴圈區塊內的程式碼，進行迴圈的下一回合。\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/Af930du.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "10 is even.\n",
      "9 is odd.\n",
      "8 is even.\n",
      "7 is odd.\n",
      "6 is even.\n",
      "5 is odd.\n",
      "4 is even.\n",
      "3 is odd.\n",
      "2 is even.\n",
      "1 is odd.\n",
      "End\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = 10\n",
    "while n > 0:\n",
    "    if n % 2 == 0:\n",
    "        print(n, \"is even.\")\n",
    "        n -= 1\n",
    "        continue\n",
    "    print(n, \"is odd.\")\n",
    "    n -= 1\n",
    "print(\"End\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/6evBJHL.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 我想印 99乘法表"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1*1=1\t1*2=2\t1*3=3\t1*4=4\t1*5=5\t1*6=6\t1*7=7\t1*8=8\t1*9=9\n",
      "2*1=2\t2*2=4\t2*3=6\t2*4=8\t2*5=10\t2*6=12\t2*7=14\t2*8=16\t2*9=18\n",
      "3*1=3\t3*2=6\t3*3=9\t3*4=12\t3*5=15\t3*6=18\t3*7=21\t3*8=24\t3*9=27\n",
      "4*1=4\t4*2=8\t4*3=12\t4*4=16\t4*5=20\t4*6=24\t4*7=28\t4*8=32\t4*9=36\n",
      "5*1=5\t5*2=10\t5*3=15\t5*4=20\t5*5=25\t5*6=30\t5*7=35\t5*8=40\t5*9=45\n",
      "6*1=6\t6*2=12\t6*3=18\t6*4=24\t6*5=30\t6*6=36\t6*7=42\t6*8=48\t6*9=54\n",
      "7*1=7\t7*2=14\t7*3=21\t7*4=28\t7*5=35\t7*6=42\t7*7=49\t7*8=56\t7*9=63\n",
      "8*1=8\t8*2=16\t8*3=24\t8*4=32\t8*5=40\t8*6=48\t8*7=56\t8*8=64\t8*9=72\n",
      "9*1=9\t9*2=18\t9*3=27\t9*4=36\t9*5=45\t9*6=54\t9*7=63\t9*8=72\t9*9=81\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "i = 1\n",
    "while i < 10:\n",
    "    print(i, '*', 1, '=', i * 1, sep='', end='\\t')\n",
    "    print(i, '*', 2, '=', i * 2, sep='', end='\\t')\n",
    "    print(i, '*', 3, '=', i * 3, sep='', end='\\t')\n",
    "    print(i, '*', 4, '=', i * 4, sep='', end='\\t')\n",
    "    print(i, '*', 5, '=', i * 5, sep='', end='\\t')\n",
    "    print(i, '*', 6, '=', i * 6, sep='', end='\\t')\n",
    "    print(i, '*', 7, '=', i * 7, sep='', end='\\t')\n",
    "    print(i, '*', 8, '=', i * 8, sep='', end='\\t')\n",
    "    print(i, '*', 9, '=', i * 9, sep='', end='\\n')\n",
    "    i += 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 如果今天是99*99乘法表呢？"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 3.2 巢狀迴圈(nested loop) - while\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "i = 1   # 被乘數\n",
    "j = 1   # 乘數\n",
    "while i <= 9:\n",
    "    while j <= 9:\n",
    "        print(i, '*', j, '=', i* j, sep='', end='\\t')\n",
    "        j += 1\n",
    "    print(\"\")\n",
    "    j = 1\n",
    "    i += 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/LLyoDsg.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 課堂練習 － 思考一下  改變n的值會發生什麼事?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1*1=1\t1*2=2\t1*3=3\t1*4=4\t1*5=5\t\n",
      "2*1=2\t2*2=4\t2*3=6\t2*4=8\t2*5=10\t\n",
      "3*1=3\t3*2=6\t3*3=9\t3*4=12\t3*5=15\t\n",
      "4*1=4\t4*2=8\t4*3=12\t4*4=16\t4*5=20\t\n",
      "5*1=5\t5*2=10\t5*3=15\t5*4=20\t5*5=25\t\n",
      "6*1=6\t6*2=12\t6*3=18\t6*4=24\t6*5=30\t\n",
      "7*1=7\t7*2=14\t7*3=21\t7*4=28\t7*5=35\t\n",
      "8*1=8\t8*2=16\t8*3=24\t8*4=32\t8*5=40\t\n",
      "9*1=9\t9*2=18\t9*3=27\t9*4=36\t9*5=45\t\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = 9\n",
    "i = 1\n",
    "j = 1\n",
    "while i <= n:\n",
    "    while j <= 5:\n",
    "        print(i, '*', j, '=', i* j, sep='', end='\\t')\n",
    "        j += 1\n",
    "    print(\"\")\n",
    "    j = 1\n",
    "    i += 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1*1=1\t1*2=2\t1*3=3\t1*4=4\t1*5=5\t1*6=6\t1*7=7\t1*8=8\t1*9=9\t\n",
      "2*1=2\t2*2=4\t2*3=6\t2*4=8\t2*5=10\t2*6=12\t2*7=14\t2*8=16\t2*9=18\t\n",
      "3*1=3\t3*2=6\t3*3=9\t3*4=12\t3*5=15\t3*6=18\t3*7=21\t3*8=24\t3*9=27\t\n",
      "4*1=4\t4*2=8\t4*3=12\t4*4=16\t4*5=20\t4*6=24\t4*7=28\t4*8=32\t4*9=36\t\n",
      "5*1=5\t5*2=10\t5*3=15\t5*4=20\t5*5=25\t5*6=30\t5*7=35\t5*8=40\t5*9=45\t\n",
      "6*1=6\t6*2=12\t6*3=18\t6*4=24\t6*5=30\t6*6=36\t6*7=42\t6*8=48\t6*9=54\t\n",
      "7*1=7\t7*2=14\t7*3=21\t7*4=28\t7*5=35\t7*6=42\t7*7=49\t7*8=56\t7*9=63\t\n",
      "8*1=8\t8*2=16\t8*3=24\t8*4=32\t8*5=40\t8*6=48\t8*7=56\t8*8=64\t8*9=72\t\n",
      "9*1=9\t9*2=18\t9*3=27\t9*4=36\t9*5=45\t9*6=54\t9*7=63\t9*8=72\t9*9=81\t\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = 9\n",
    "i = 1\n",
    "j = 1\n",
    "while i <= n:\n",
    "    while j <= n:\n",
    "        print(i, '*', j, '=', i* j, sep='', end='\\t')\n",
    "        j += 1\n",
    "    print(\"\")\n",
    "    j = 1\n",
    "    i += 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## example 3.2.1: 只印出99乘法表中，小於50的式子\n",
    "###  多加一行   if i*j < 50:  搞定"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1*1=1\t1*2=2\t1*3=3\t1*4=4\t1*5=5\t1*6=6\t1*7=7\t1*8=8\t1*9=9\t\n",
      "2*1=2\t2*2=4\t2*3=6\t2*4=8\t2*5=10\t2*6=12\t2*7=14\t2*8=16\t2*9=18\t\n",
      "3*1=3\t3*2=6\t3*3=9\t3*4=12\t3*5=15\t3*6=18\t3*7=21\t3*8=24\t3*9=27\t\n",
      "4*1=4\t4*2=8\t4*3=12\t4*4=16\t4*5=20\t4*6=24\t4*7=28\t4*8=32\t4*9=36\t\n",
      "5*1=5\t5*2=10\t5*3=15\t5*4=20\t5*5=25\t5*6=30\t5*7=35\t5*8=40\t5*9=45\t\n",
      "6*1=6\t6*2=12\t6*3=18\t6*4=24\t6*5=30\t6*6=36\t6*7=42\t6*8=48\t\n",
      "7*1=7\t7*2=14\t7*3=21\t7*4=28\t7*5=35\t7*6=42\t7*7=49\t\n",
      "8*1=8\t8*2=16\t8*3=24\t8*4=32\t8*5=40\t8*6=48\t\n",
      "9*1=9\t9*2=18\t9*3=27\t9*4=36\t9*5=45\t\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "i = 1\n",
    "j = 1\n",
    "while i <= 9:\n",
    "    while j <= 9:\n",
    "        if i*j < 50:\n",
    "            print(i, '*', j, '=', i* j, sep='', end='\\t')\n",
    "        j += 1\n",
    "    print(\"\")\n",
    "    j = 1\n",
    "    i += 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1*1=1\t1*2=2\t1*3=3\t1*4=4\t1*5=5\t1*6=6\t1*7=7\t1*8=8\t1*9=9\t\n",
      "2*1=2\t2*2=4\t2*3=6\t2*4=8\t2*5=10\t2*6=12\t2*7=14\t2*8=16\t2*9=18\t\n",
      "3*1=3\t3*2=6\t3*3=9\t3*4=12\t3*5=15\t3*6=18\t3*7=21\t3*8=24\t3*9=27\t\n",
      "4*1=4\t4*2=8\t4*3=12\t4*4=16\t4*5=20\t4*6=24\t4*7=28\t4*8=32\t4*9=36\t\n",
      "5*1=5\t5*2=10\t5*3=15\t5*4=20\t5*5=25\t5*6=30\t5*7=35\t5*8=40\t5*9=45\t\n",
      "6*1=6\t6*2=12\t6*3=18\t6*4=24\t6*5=30\t6*6=36\t6*7=42\t6*8=48\t\n",
      "7*1=7\t7*2=14\t7*3=21\t7*4=28\t7*5=35\t7*6=42\t7*7=49\t\n",
      "8*1=8\t8*2=16\t8*3=24\t8*4=32\t8*5=40\t8*6=48\t\n",
      "9*1=9\t9*2=18\t9*3=27\t9*4=36\t9*5=45\t\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "i = 1\n",
    "j = 1\n",
    "while i <= 9:\n",
    "    while j <= 9:\n",
    "        if i*j > 50:\n",
    "            break\n",
    "        print(i, '*', j, '=', i* j, sep='', end='\\t')\n",
    "        j += 1\n",
    "    print('')\n",
    "    j = 1\n",
    "    i += 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/l7fP1s2.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/DsUGdS2.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 無窮迴圈 (infinite loop)\n",
    "### 聽起來好像很厲害!!  試試下面的程式碼\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/kaP2eoj.png)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/U2wjGjE.png)\n",
    "\n",
    "## 若是使用 Terminal 請按Ctrl+c 強制停止"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 程式沒辦法結束\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/O1vGJH5.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 如何避免\n",
    "1. 使用迴圈時，確認迴圈會有結束的時候(變數起始值、累加、判斷..等)\n",
    "2. 使用 while True: 時，一定要有break，且確保會執行到break\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 3.3 for loop\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/sbYAYeq.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 語法\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/BbeSBkV.png)\n",
    "### iterable object : list、range、tuple、dictionary"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## range()\n",
    "* range(起始值(預設為0), 結束值(不包含), 間隔(預設為1))\n",
    "* 序列型別的一種\n",
    "* 大多被用在for迴圈\n",
    "\n",
    "### 提示：回想一下list的[ i : j : k]\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "range(1, 10)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "range(1, 10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "range"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(range(1, 10))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/R1Bs9FZ.gif)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(10):\n",
    "    print(i, end=' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(2, 10, 2):\n",
    "    print(i, end=' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/YoK1f6m.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## example 3.3.1: 從1加到100"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "5050\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "total = 0\n",
    "for i in range(101):\n",
    "    total += i\n",
    "print(total)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "5050\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = 1\n",
    "total = 0\n",
    "while n <= 100:\n",
    "    total += n\n",
    "    n += 1\n",
    "print(total)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/nWmWgDC.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/ZA0HyxO.png)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## example 3.3.2: for (with list)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "apple banana grape watermelon "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruit = ['apple', 'banana', 'grape', 'watermelon']\n",
    "for i in fruit:\n",
    "    print(i, end=' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2 3 5 7 11 "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "prime = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]\n",
    "for i in prime:\n",
    "    print(i, end=' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## example 3.3.3: for with string"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "A\n",
      "p\n",
      "p\n",
      "l\n",
      "e\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruit = 'Apple'\n",
    "for i in fruit:\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## example 3.3.4: 使用 break"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "990\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(1000,0,-1):\n",
    "    if (i % 11 == 0):\n",
    "        print(i)\n",
    "        break"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## example 3.3.5: 使用 continue "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0 is even.\n",
      "1 is odd.\n",
      "2 is even.\n",
      "3 is odd.\n",
      "4 is even.\n",
      "5 is odd.\n",
      "6 is even.\n",
      "7 is odd.\n",
      "8 is even.\n",
      "9 is odd.\n",
      "10 is even.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(0,11):\n",
    "    if(i % 2 == 0):\n",
    "        print(i, \"is even.\")\n",
    "        continue\n",
    "    print(i, \"is odd.\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## example 3.3.6: 找出list中的最大值"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "21\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = [10, 2, 8, 15, 21, 1]\n",
    "maximum = 0\n",
    "for i in a:\n",
    "    if maximum < i:\n",
    "        maximum = i\n",
    "print(maximum)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/I9U8rwI.gif)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## example 3.3.7 用for loop完成 象限判斷"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "A is in III\n",
      "B is in IV\n",
      "C is in I\n",
      "D is in II\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "A = [-1, -10]\n",
    "B = [5, -5]\n",
    "C = [1, 1]\n",
    "D = [-2, 3]\n",
    "dots = [\n",
    "    ['A', A], \n",
    "    ['B', B], \n",
    "    ['C', C], \n",
    "    ['D', D]\n",
    "]\n",
    "\n",
    "for i in dots:\n",
    "    print(i[0], \"is in\", end=' ')\n",
    "    if i[1][0] > 0 and i[1][1] > 0:\n",
    "        print(\"I\")\n",
    "    elif i[1][0] < 0 and i[1][1] > 0:\n",
    "        print(\"II\")\n",
    "    elif i[1][0] < 0 and i[1][1] < 0:\n",
    "        print(\"III\")\n",
    "    elif i[1][0] > 0 and i[1][1] < 0:\n",
    "        print(\"IV\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 3.4 巢狀迴圈(nested loop) - for\n",
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/NBjHHPD.gif)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## example 3.4.1 印出99乘法表"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1*1=1\t1*2=2\t1*3=3\t1*4=4\t1*5=5\t1*6=6\t1*7=7\t1*8=8\t1*9=9\t\n",
      "2*1=2\t2*2=4\t2*3=6\t2*4=8\t2*5=10\t2*6=12\t2*7=14\t2*8=16\t2*9=18\t\n",
      "3*1=3\t3*2=6\t3*3=9\t3*4=12\t3*5=15\t3*6=18\t3*7=21\t3*8=24\t3*9=27\t\n",
      "4*1=4\t4*2=8\t4*3=12\t4*4=16\t4*5=20\t4*6=24\t4*7=28\t4*8=32\t4*9=36\t\n",
      "5*1=5\t5*2=10\t5*3=15\t5*4=20\t5*5=25\t5*6=30\t5*7=35\t5*8=40\t5*9=45\t\n",
      "6*1=6\t6*2=12\t6*3=18\t6*4=24\t6*5=30\t6*6=36\t6*7=42\t6*8=48\t6*9=54\t\n",
      "7*1=7\t7*2=14\t7*3=21\t7*4=28\t7*5=35\t7*6=42\t7*7=49\t7*8=56\t7*9=63\t\n",
      "8*1=8\t8*2=16\t8*3=24\t8*4=32\t8*5=40\t8*6=48\t8*7=56\t8*8=64\t8*9=72\t\n",
      "9*1=9\t9*2=18\t9*3=27\t9*4=36\t9*5=45\t9*6=54\t9*7=63\t9*8=72\t9*9=81\t\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = 10\n",
    "for i in range(1, n):\n",
    "    for j in range(1, n):\n",
    "        print(i, '*', j, '=', i* j, sep='', end='\\t')\n",
    "    print(\"\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/DtjPrjM.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/zjCG8SN.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "![](https://i.imgur.com/VrxDp70.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## example 3.4.2: 建立二維矩陣"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = 3\n",
    "m = 3\n",
    "table = []\n",
    "for i in range(n):\n",
    "    table.append([0] * 3)\n",
    "print(table)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1]\n",
      "[1, [0, 0, 0]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "empty = []\n",
    "empty.append(1)\n",
    "print(empty)\n",
    "\n",
    "empty.append([0] * 3)\n",
    "print(empty)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Initialize :  [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]\n",
      "[[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]]\n",
      "[[1, 2, 0], [1, 4, 0], [1, 8, 0]]\n",
      "[[1, 2, 3], [1, 4, 9], [1, 8, 27]]\n",
      "[[1, 2, 3], [1, 4, 9], [1, 8, 27]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = 3\n",
    "m = 3\n",
    "table = []\n",
    "for i in range(n):\n",
    "    table.append([0] * 3)\n",
    "print(\"Initialize : \",table)\n",
    "\n",
    "for i in range(n):\n",
    "    table[0][i] = i+1\n",
    "    table[1][i] = (i+1)**2\n",
    "    table[2][i] = (i+1)**3\n",
    "    print(table)\n",
    "print(table)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## example 3.4.3 把99乘法表的值存起來"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]\n",
      "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]\n",
      "[2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]\n",
      "[3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27]\n",
      "[4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36]\n",
      "[5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45]\n",
      "[6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54]\n",
      "[7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63]\n",
      "[8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72]\n",
      "[9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = 9\n",
    "m = 9\n",
    "mul_table = []\n",
    "for i in range(n):\n",
    "    mul_table.append([0] * m)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(mul_table)    \n",
    "\n",
    "for i in range(1, 10):\n",
    "    for j in range(1, 10):\n",
    "        mul_table[i-1][j-1] = i*j\n",
    "    print(mul_table[i-1])"
   ]
  }
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