---
name: running-dbt-commands
description: Use when executing dbt commands via CLI - running models, tests, builds, compiles, or show queries. Use when unsure which dbt executable to use or how to format command parameters.
user-invocable: false
metadata:
  author: dbt-labs
---

# Running dbt Commands

## Preferences

1. **Use MCP tools if available** (`dbt_build`, `dbt_run`, `dbt_show`, etc.) - they handle paths, timeouts, and formatting automatically
2. **Use `build` instead of `run` or `test`** - `test` doesn't refresh the model, so testing a model change requires `build`. `build` does a `run` and a `test` of each node (model, seed, snapshot) in the order of the DAG
3. **Always use `--quiet`** with `--warn-error-options '{"error": ["NoNodesForSelectionCriteria"]}'` to reduce output while catching selector typos
4. **Always use `--select`** - never run the entire project without explicit user approval

## Quick Reference

```bash
# Standard command pattern
dbt build --select my_model --quiet --warn-error-options '{"error": ["NoNodesForSelectionCriteria"]}'

# Preview model output
dbt show --select my_model --limit 10

# Run inline SQL query
dbt show --inline "select * from {{ ref('orders') }}" --limit 5

# With variables (JSON format for multiple)
dbt build --select my_model --vars '{"key": "value"}'

# Full refresh for incremental models
dbt build --select my_model --full-refresh

# List resources before running
dbt list --select my_model+ --resource-type model
```

## dbt CLI Flavors

Three CLIs exist. **Ask the user which one if unsure.**

| Flavor | Location | Notes |
|--------|----------|-------|
| **dbt Core** | Python venv | `pip show dbt-core` or `uv pip show dbt-core` |
| **dbt Fusion** | `~/.local/bin/dbt` or `dbtf` | Faster and has stronger SQL comprehension |
| **dbt Cloud CLI** | `~/.local/bin/dbt` | Go-based, runs on platform |

**Common setup:** Core in venv + Fusion at `~/.local/bin`. Running `dbt` uses Core. Use `dbtf` or `~/.local/bin/dbt` for Fusion.

## Selectors

**Always provide a selector.** Graph operators:

| Operator | Meaning | Example |
|----------|---------|---------|
| `model+` | Model and all downstream | `stg_orders+` |
| `+model` | Model and all upstream | `+dim_customers` |
| `+model+` | Both directions | `+orders+` |
| `model+N` | Model and N levels downstream | `stg_orders+1` |

```bash
--select my_model              # Single model
--select staging.*             # Path pattern
--select fqn:*stg_*            # FQN pattern
--select model_a model_b       # Union (space)
--select tag:x,config.mat:y    # Intersection (comma)
--exclude my_model             # Exclude from selection
```

**Resource type filter:**
```bash
--resource-type model
--resource-type test --resource-type unit_test
```

Valid types: `model`, `test`, `unit_test`, `snapshot`, `seed`, `source`, `exposure`, `metric`, `semantic_model`, `saved_query`, `analysis`

## List

Use `dbt list` to preview what will be selected before running. Helpful for validating complex selectors.

```bash
dbt list --select my_model+              # Preview selection
dbt list --select my_model+ --resource-type model  # Only models
dbt list --output json                   # JSON output
dbt list --select my_model --output json --output-keys unique_id name resource_type config
```

**Available output keys for `--output json`:**
`unique_id`, `name`, `resource_type`, `package_name`, `original_file_path`, `path`, `alias`, `description`, `columns`, `meta`, `tags`, `config`, `depends_on`, `patch_path`, `schema`, `database`, `relation_name`, `raw_code`, `compiled_code`, `language`, `docs`, `group`, `access`, `version`, `fqn`, `refs`, `sources`, `metrics`

## Show

Preview data with `dbt show`. Use `--inline` for arbitrary SQL queries.

```bash
dbt show --select my_model --limit 10
dbt show --inline "select * from {{ ref('orders') }} where status = 'pending'" --limit 5
```

**Important:** Use `--limit` flag, not SQL `LIMIT` clause.

## Variables

Pass as STRING, not dict. No special characters (`\`, `\n`).

```bash
--vars 'my_var: value'                              # Single
--vars '{"k1": "v1", "k2": 42, "k3": true}'         # Multiple (JSON)
```

## Analyzing Run Results

After a dbt command, check `target/run_results.json` for detailed execution info:

```bash
# Quick status check
cat target/run_results.json | jq '.results[] | {node: .unique_id, status: .status, time: .execution_time}'

# Find failures
cat target/run_results.json | jq '.results[] | select(.status != "success")'
```

**Key fields:**
- `status`: success, error, fail, skipped, warn
- `execution_time`: seconds spent executing
- `compiled_code`: rendered SQL
- `adapter_response`: database metadata (rows affected, bytes processed)

## Defer (Skip Upstream Builds)

Reference production data instead of building upstream models:

```bash
dbt build --select my_model --defer --state prod-artifacts
```

**Flags:**
- `--defer` - enable deferral to state manifest
- `--state <path>` - path to manifest from previous run (e.g., production artifacts)
- `--favor-state` - prefer node definitions from state even if they exist locally

```bash
dbt build --select my_model --defer --state prod-artifacts --favor-state
```

## Static Analysis (Fusion Only)

Override SQL analysis for models with dynamic SQL or unrecognized UDFs:

```bash
dbt run --static-analysis=off
dbt run --static-analysis=unsafe
```

## Common Mistakes

| Mistake | Fix |
|---------|-----|
| Using `test` after model change | Use `build` - test doesn't refresh the model |
| Running without `--select` | Always specify what to run |
| Using `--quiet` without warn-error | Add `--warn-error-options '{"error": ["NoNodesForSelectionCriteria"]}'` |
| Running `dbt` expecting Fusion when we are in a venv | Use `dbtf` or `~/.local/bin/dbt` |
| Adding LIMIT to SQL in `dbt_show` | Use `limit` parameter instead |
| Vars with special characters | Pass as simple string, no `\` or `\n` |