--- name: nextjs description: | Use this skill for Next.js App Router patterns, Server Components, Server Actions, Cache Components, and framework-level optimizations. Covers Next.js 16 breaking changes including async params, proxy.ts migration, Cache Components with "use cache", and React 19.2 integration. For deploying to Cloudflare Workers, use the cloudflare-nextjs skill instead. This skill is deployment-agnostic and works with Vercel, AWS, self-hosted, or any platform. Keywords: Next.js 16, Next.js App Router, Next.js Pages Router, Server Components, React Server Components, Server Actions, Cache Components, use cache, Next.js 16 breaking changes, async params nextjs, proxy.ts migration, React 19.2, Next.js metadata, Next.js SEO, generateMetadata, static generation, dynamic rendering, streaming SSR, Suspense, parallel routes, intercepting routes, route groups, Next.js middleware, Next.js API routes, Route Handlers, revalidatePath, revalidateTag, next/navigation, useSearchParams, turbopack, next.config license: MIT metadata: version: 1.0.0 last_verified: 2025-10-24 nextjs_version: 16.0.0 react_version: 19.2.0 node_version: 20.9+ author: Jezweb repository: https://github.com/jezweb/claude-skills production_tested: true token_savings: 65-70% errors_prevented: 18+ allowed-tools: ["Read", "Write", "Edit", "Bash", "Glob", "Grep"] --- # Next.js App Router - Production Patterns **Version**: Next.js 16.0.0 **React Version**: 19.2.0 **Node.js**: 20.9+ **Last Verified**: 2025-10-24 --- ## Table of Contents 1. [When to Use This Skill](#when-to-use-this-skill) 2. [When NOT to Use This Skill](#when-not-to-use-this-skill) 3. [Next.js 16 Breaking Changes](#nextjs-16-breaking-changes) 4. [Cache Components & Caching APIs](#cache-components--caching-apis) 5. [Server Components](#server-components) 6. [Server Actions](#server-actions) 7. [Route Handlers](#route-handlers) 8. [Proxy vs Middleware](#proxy-vs-middleware) 9. [Parallel Routes & Route Groups](#parallel-routes--route-groups) 10. [React 19.2 Features](#react-192-features) 11. [Metadata API](#metadata-api) 12. [Image & Font Optimization](#image--font-optimization) 13. [Performance Patterns](#performance-patterns) 14. [TypeScript Configuration](#typescript-configuration) 15. [Common Errors & Solutions](#common-errors--solutions) 16. [Templates Reference](#templates-reference) 17. [Additional Resources](#additional-resources) --- ## When to Use This Skill Use this skill when you need: - **Next.js 16 App Router patterns** (layouts, loading, error boundaries, routing) - **Server Components** best practices (data fetching, composition, streaming) - **Server Actions** patterns (forms, mutations, revalidation, error handling) - **Cache Components** with `"use cache"` directive (NEW in Next.js 16) - **New caching APIs**: `revalidateTag()`, `updateTag()`, `refresh()` (Updated in Next.js 16) - **Migration from Next.js 15 to 16** (async params, proxy.ts, parallel routes) - **Route Handlers** (API endpoints, webhooks, streaming responses) - **Proxy patterns** (`proxy.ts` replaces `middleware.ts` in Next.js 16) - **Async route params** (`params`, `searchParams`, `cookies()`, `headers()` now async) - **Parallel routes with default.js** (breaking change in Next.js 16) - **React 19.2 features** (View Transitions, `useEffectEvent()`, React Compiler) - **Metadata API** (SEO, Open Graph, Twitter Cards, sitemaps) - **Image optimization** (`next/image` with updated defaults in Next.js 16) - **Font optimization** (`next/font` patterns) - **Turbopack configuration** (stable and default in Next.js 16) - **Performance optimization** (lazy loading, code splitting, PPR, ISR) - **TypeScript configuration** (strict mode, path aliases) --- ## When NOT to Use This Skill Do NOT use this skill for: - **Cloudflare Workers deployment** → Use `cloudflare-nextjs` skill instead - **Pages Router patterns** → This skill covers App Router ONLY (Pages Router is legacy) - **Authentication libraries** → Use `clerk-auth`, `auth-js`, or other auth-specific skills - **Database integration** → Use `cloudflare-d1`, `drizzle-orm-d1`, or database-specific skills - **UI component libraries** → Use `tailwind-v4-shadcn` skill for Tailwind + shadcn/ui - **State management** → Use `zustand-state-management`, `tanstack-query` skills - **Form libraries** → Use `react-hook-form-zod` skill - **Vercel-specific features** → Refer to Vercel platform documentation - **Next.js Enterprise features** (ISR, DPR) → Refer to Next.js Enterprise docs - **Deployment configuration** → Use platform-specific deployment skills **Relationship with Other Skills**: - **cloudflare-nextjs**: For deploying Next.js to Cloudflare Workers (use BOTH skills together if deploying to Cloudflare) - **tailwind-v4-shadcn**: For Tailwind v4 + shadcn/ui setup (composable with this skill) - **clerk-auth**: For Clerk authentication in Next.js (composable with this skill) - **auth-js**: For Auth.js (NextAuth) integration (composable with this skill) --- ## Next.js 16 Breaking Changes **IMPORTANT**: Next.js 16 introduces multiple breaking changes. Read this section carefully if migrating from Next.js 15 or earlier. ### 1. Async Route Parameters (BREAKING) **Breaking Change**: `params`, `searchParams`, `cookies()`, `headers()`, `draftMode()` are now **async** and must be awaited. **Before (Next.js 15)**: ```typescript // ❌ This no longer works in Next.js 16 export default function Page({ params, searchParams }: { params: { slug: string } searchParams: { query: string } }) { const slug = params.slug // ❌ Error: params is a Promise const query = searchParams.query // ❌ Error: searchParams is a Promise return
{slug}
} ``` **After (Next.js 16)**: ```typescript // ✅ Correct: await params and searchParams export default async function Page({ params, searchParams }: { params: Promise<{ slug: string }> searchParams: Promise<{ query: string }> }) { const { slug } = await params // ✅ Await the promise const { query } = await searchParams // ✅ Await the promise return
{slug}
} ``` **Applies to**: - `params` in pages, layouts, route handlers - `searchParams` in pages - `cookies()` from `next/headers` - `headers()` from `next/headers` - `draftMode()` from `next/headers` **Migration**: ```typescript // ❌ Before import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers' export function MyComponent() { const cookieStore = cookies() // ❌ Sync access const headersList = headers() // ❌ Sync access } // ✅ After import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers' export async function MyComponent() { const cookieStore = await cookies() // ✅ Async access const headersList = await headers() // ✅ Async access } ``` **Codemod**: Run `npx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest` to automatically migrate. **See Template**: `templates/app-router-async-params.tsx` --- ### 2. Middleware → Proxy Migration (BREAKING) **Breaking Change**: `middleware.ts` is **deprecated** in Next.js 16. Use `proxy.ts` instead. **Why the Change**: `proxy.ts` makes the network boundary explicit by running on Node.js runtime (not Edge runtime). This provides better clarity between edge middleware and server-side proxies. **Migration Steps**: 1. **Rename file**: `middleware.ts` → `proxy.ts` 2. **Rename function**: `middleware` → `proxy` 3. **Update config**: `matcher` → `config.matcher` (same syntax) **Before (Next.js 15)**: ```typescript // middleware.ts ❌ Deprecated in Next.js 16 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server' export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { const response = NextResponse.next() response.headers.set('x-custom-header', 'value') return response } export const config = { matcher: '/api/:path*', } ``` **After (Next.js 16)**: ```typescript // proxy.ts ✅ New in Next.js 16 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server' export function proxy(request: NextRequest) { const response = NextResponse.next() response.headers.set('x-custom-header', 'value') return response } export const config = { matcher: '/api/:path*', } ``` **Note**: `middleware.ts` still works in Next.js 16 but is deprecated. Migrate to `proxy.ts` for future compatibility. **See Template**: `templates/proxy-migration.ts` **See Reference**: `references/proxy-vs-middleware.md` --- ### 3. Parallel Routes Require `default.js` (BREAKING) **Breaking Change**: Parallel routes now **require** explicit `default.js` files. Without them, routes will fail during soft navigation. **Structure**: ``` app/ ├── @auth/ │ ├── login/ │ │ └── page.tsx │ └── default.tsx ← REQUIRED in Next.js 16 ├── @dashboard/ │ ├── overview/ │ │ └── page.tsx │ └── default.tsx ← REQUIRED in Next.js 16 └── layout.tsx ``` **Layout**: ```typescript // app/layout.tsx export default function Layout({ children, auth, dashboard, }: { children: React.ReactNode auth: React.ReactNode dashboard: React.ReactNode }) { return ( {auth} {dashboard} {children} ) } ``` **Default Fallback** (REQUIRED): ```typescript // app/@auth/default.tsx export default function AuthDefault() { return null // or or redirect } // app/@dashboard/default.tsx export default function DashboardDefault() { return null } ``` **Why Required**: Next.js 16 changed how parallel routes handle soft navigation. Without `default.js`, unmatched slots will error during client-side navigation. **See Template**: `templates/parallel-routes-with-default.tsx` --- ### 4. Removed Features (BREAKING) **The following features are REMOVED in Next.js 16**: 1. **AMP Support** - Entirely removed. Migrate to standard pages. 2. **`next lint` command** - Use ESLint or Biome directly. 3. **`serverRuntimeConfig` and `publicRuntimeConfig`** - Use environment variables instead. 4. **`experimental.ppr` flag** - Evolved into Cache Components. Use `"use cache"` directive. 5. **Automatic `scroll-behavior: smooth`** - Add manually if needed. 6. **Node.js 18 support** - Minimum version is now **20.9+**. **Migration**: - **AMP**: Convert AMP pages to standard pages or use separate AMP implementation. - **Linting**: Run `npx eslint .` or `npx biome lint .` directly. - **Config**: Replace `serverRuntimeConfig` with `process.env.VARIABLE`. - **PPR**: Migrate from `experimental.ppr` to `"use cache"` directive (see Cache Components section). --- ### 5. Version Requirements (BREAKING) **Next.js 16 requires**: - **Node.js**: 20.9+ (Node.js 18 no longer supported) - **TypeScript**: 5.1+ (if using TypeScript) - **React**: 19.2+ (automatically installed with Next.js 16) - **Browsers**: Chrome 111+, Safari 16.4+, Firefox 109+, Edge 111+ **Check Versions**: ```bash node --version # Should be 20.9+ npm --version # Should be 10+ npx next --version # Should be 16.0.0+ ``` **Upgrade Node.js**: ```bash # Using nvm nvm install 20 nvm use 20 nvm alias default 20 # Using Homebrew (macOS) brew install node@20 # Using apt (Ubuntu/Debian) sudo apt update sudo apt install nodejs npm ``` --- ### 6. Image Defaults Changed (BREAKING) **Next.js 16 changed `next/image` defaults**: | Setting | Next.js 15 | Next.js 16 | |---------|------------|------------| | **TTL** (cache duration) | 60 seconds | 4 hours | | **imageSizes** | `[16, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 256, 384]` | `[640, 750, 828, 1080, 1200]` (reduced) | | **qualities** | `[75, 90, 100]` | `[75]` (single quality) | **Impact**: - Images cache longer (4 hours vs 60 seconds) - Fewer image sizes generated (smaller builds, but less granular) - Single quality (75) generated instead of multiple **Override Defaults** (if needed): ```typescript // next.config.ts import type { NextConfig } from 'next' const config: NextConfig = { images: { minimumCacheTTL: 60, // Revert to 60 seconds deviceSizes: [640, 750, 828, 1080, 1200, 1920], // Add larger sizes imageSizes: [16, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 256, 384], // Restore old sizes formats: ['image/webp'], // Default }, } export default config ``` **See Template**: `templates/image-optimization.tsx` --- ## Cache Components & Caching APIs **NEW in Next.js 16**: Cache Components introduce **opt-in caching** with the `"use cache"` directive, replacing implicit caching from Next.js 15. ### 1. Overview **What Changed**: - **Next.js 15**: Implicit caching (all Server Components cached by default) - **Next.js 16**: Opt-in caching with `"use cache"` directive **Why the Change**: Explicit caching gives developers more control and makes caching behavior predictable. **Cache Components enable**: - Component-level caching (cache specific components, not entire pages) - Function-level caching (cache expensive computations) - Page-level caching (cache entire pages selectively) - **Partial Prerendering (PPR)** - Cache static parts, render dynamic parts on-demand --- ### 2. `"use cache"` Directive **Syntax**: Add `"use cache"` at the top of a Server Component, function, or route handler. **Component-level caching**: ```typescript // app/components/expensive-component.tsx 'use cache' export async function ExpensiveComponent() { const data = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data') const json = await data.json() return (

{json.title}

{json.description}

) } ``` **Function-level caching**: ```typescript // lib/data.ts 'use cache' export async function getExpensiveData(id: string) { const response = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/items/${id}`) return response.json() } // Usage in component import { getExpensiveData } from '@/lib/data' export async function ProductPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }) { const { id } = await params const product = await getExpensiveData(id) // Cached return
{product.name}
} ``` **Page-level caching**: ```typescript // app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx 'use cache' export async function generateStaticParams() { const posts = await fetch('https://api.example.com/posts').then(r => r.json()) return posts.map((post: { slug: string }) => ({ slug: post.slug })) } export default async function BlogPost({ params }: { params: Promise<{ slug: string }> }) { const { slug } = await params const post = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/posts/${slug}`).then(r => r.json()) return (

{post.title}

{post.content}
) } ``` **See Template**: `templates/cache-component-use-cache.tsx` --- ### 3. Partial Prerendering (PPR) **PPR** allows caching static parts of a page while rendering dynamic parts on-demand. **Pattern**: ```typescript // app/dashboard/page.tsx // Static header (cached) 'use cache' async function StaticHeader() { return
My App
} // Dynamic user info (not cached) async function DynamicUserInfo() { const cookieStore = await cookies() const userId = cookieStore.get('userId')?.value const user = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`).then(r => r.json()) return
Welcome, {user.name}
} // Page combines both export default function Dashboard() { return (
{/* Cached */} {/* Dynamic */}
) } ``` **When to Use PPR**: - Page has both static and dynamic content - Want to cache layout/header/footer but render user-specific content - Need fast initial load (static parts) + personalization (dynamic parts) **See Reference**: `references/cache-components-guide.md` --- ### 4. `revalidateTag()` - Updated API **BREAKING CHANGE**: `revalidateTag()` now requires a **second argument** (`cacheLife` profile) for stale-while-revalidate behavior. **Before (Next.js 15)**: ```typescript import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache' export async function updatePost(id: string) { await fetch(`/api/posts/${id}`, { method: 'PATCH' }) revalidateTag('posts') // ❌ Only one argument in Next.js 15 } ``` **After (Next.js 16)**: ```typescript import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache' export async function updatePost(id: string) { await fetch(`/api/posts/${id}`, { method: 'PATCH' }) revalidateTag('posts', 'max') // ✅ Second argument required in Next.js 16 } ``` **Built-in Cache Life Profiles**: - `'max'` - Maximum staleness (recommended for most use cases) - `'hours'` - Stale after hours - `'days'` - Stale after days - `'weeks'` - Stale after weeks - `'default'` - Default cache behavior **Custom Cache Life Profile**: ```typescript revalidateTag('posts', { stale: 3600, // Stale after 1 hour (seconds) revalidate: 86400, // Revalidate every 24 hours (seconds) expire: false, // Never expire (optional) }) ``` **Pattern in Server Actions**: ```typescript 'use server' import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache' export async function createPost(formData: FormData) { const title = formData.get('title') as string const content = formData.get('content') as string await fetch('/api/posts', { method: 'POST', body: JSON.stringify({ title, content }), }) revalidateTag('posts', 'max') // ✅ Revalidate with max staleness } ``` **See Template**: `templates/revalidate-tag-cache-life.ts` --- ### 5. `updateTag()` - NEW API (Server Actions Only) **NEW in Next.js 16**: `updateTag()` provides **read-your-writes semantics** for Server Actions. **What it does**: - Expires cache immediately - Refreshes data within the same request - Shows updated data right after mutation (no stale data) **Difference from `revalidateTag()`**: - `revalidateTag()`: **Stale-while-revalidate** (shows stale data, revalidates in background) - `updateTag()`: **Immediate refresh** (expires cache, fetches fresh data in same request) **Use Case**: Forms, user settings, or any mutation where user expects immediate feedback. **Pattern**: ```typescript 'use server' import { updateTag } from 'next/cache' export async function updateUserProfile(formData: FormData) { const name = formData.get('name') as string const email = formData.get('email') as string // Update database await db.users.update({ name, email }) // Immediately refresh cache (read-your-writes) updateTag('user-profile') // User sees updated data immediately (no stale data) } ``` **When to Use**: - **`updateTag()`**: User settings, profile updates, critical mutations (immediate feedback) - **`revalidateTag()`**: Blog posts, product listings, non-critical updates (background revalidation) **See Template**: `templates/server-action-update-tag.ts` --- ### 6. `refresh()` - NEW API (Server Actions Only) **NEW in Next.js 16**: `refresh()` refreshes **uncached data only** (complements client-side `router.refresh()`). **When to Use**: - Refresh dynamic data without affecting cached data - Complement `router.refresh()` on server side **Pattern**: ```typescript 'use server' import { refresh } from 'next/cache' export async function refreshDashboard() { // Refresh uncached data (e.g., real-time metrics) refresh() // Cached data (e.g., static header) remains cached } ``` **Difference from `revalidateTag()` and `updateTag()`**: - `refresh()`: Only refreshes **uncached** data - `revalidateTag()`: Revalidates **specific tagged** data (stale-while-revalidate) - `updateTag()`: Immediately expires and refreshes **specific tagged** data **See Reference**: `references/cache-components-guide.md` --- ## Server Components Server Components are React components that render on the server. They enable efficient data fetching, reduce client bundle size, and improve performance. ### 1. Server Component Basics **Default Behavior**: All components in the App Router are Server Components by default (unless marked with `'use client'`). **Example**: ```typescript // app/posts/page.tsx (Server Component by default) export default async function PostsPage() { const posts = await fetch('https://api.example.com/posts').then(r => r.json()) return (
{posts.map((post: { id: string; title: string }) => (

{post.title}

))}
) } ``` **Rules**: - ✅ Can `await` promises directly in component body - ✅ Can access `cookies()`, `headers()`, `draftMode()` (with `await`) - ✅ Can use Node.js APIs (fs, path, etc.) - ❌ Cannot use browser APIs (window, document, localStorage) - ❌ Cannot use React hooks (`useState`, `useEffect`, etc.) - ❌ Cannot use event handlers (`onClick`, `onChange`, etc.) --- ### 2. Data Fetching in Server Components **Pattern**: Use `async/await` directly in component body. ```typescript // app/products/[id]/page.tsx export default async function ProductPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }) { const { id } = await params // Fetch data directly in component const product = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/products/${id}`) .then(r => r.json()) return (

{product.name}

{product.description}

${product.price}

) } ``` **Parallel Data Fetching**: ```typescript export default async function Dashboard() { // Fetch in parallel with Promise.all const [user, posts, comments] = await Promise.all([ fetch('/api/user').then(r => r.json()), fetch('/api/posts').then(r => r.json()), fetch('/api/comments').then(r => r.json()), ]) return (
) } ``` **Sequential Data Fetching** (when needed): ```typescript export default async function UserPosts({ params }: { params: Promise<{ userId: string }> }) { const { userId } = await params // Fetch user first const user = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`).then(r => r.json()) // Then fetch user's posts (depends on user data) const posts = await fetch(`/api/posts?userId=${user.id}`).then(r => r.json()) return (

{user.name}'s Posts

) } ``` **See Template**: `templates/server-component-streaming.tsx` --- ### 3. Streaming with Suspense **Pattern**: Wrap slow components in `` to stream content as it loads. ```typescript import { Suspense } from 'react' // Fast component (loads immediately) async function Header() { return
My App
} // Slow component (takes 2 seconds) async function SlowData() { await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 2000)) const data = await fetch('/api/slow-data').then(r => r.json()) return
{data.content}
} // Page streams content export default function Page() { return (
{/* Loads immediately */} Loading...
}> {/* Streams when ready */}
) } ``` **When to Use Streaming**: - Page has slow API calls - Want to show UI immediately (don't wait for all data) - Improve perceived performance **See Reference**: `references/server-components-patterns.md` --- ### 4. Server vs Client Components **When to Use Server Components** (default): - Fetch data from APIs/databases - Access backend resources (files, environment variables) - Keep large dependencies on server (reduce bundle size) - Render static content **When to Use Client Components** (`'use client'`): - Need React hooks (`useState`, `useEffect`, `useContext`) - Need event handlers (`onClick`, `onChange`, `onSubmit`) - Need browser APIs (`window`, `localStorage`, `navigator`) - Need third-party libraries that use browser APIs (charts, maps, etc.) **Pattern**: Use Server Components by default, add `'use client'` only when needed. ```typescript // app/components/interactive-button.tsx 'use client' // Client Component import { useState } from 'react' export function InteractiveButton() { const [count, setCount] = useState(0) return ( ) } // app/page.tsx (Server Component) import { InteractiveButton } from './components/interactive-button' export default async function Page() { const data = await fetch('/api/data').then(r => r.json()) return (

{data.title}

{/* Client Component inside Server Component */}
) } ``` **Composition Rules**: - ✅ Server Component can import Client Component - ✅ Client Component can import Client Component - ✅ Client Component can render Server Component as children (via props) - ❌ Client Component cannot import Server Component directly **See Reference**: `references/server-components-patterns.md` --- ## Server Actions Server Actions are asynchronous functions that run on the server. They enable server-side mutations, form handling, and data revalidation. ### 1. Server Action Basics **Definition**: Add `'use server'` directive to create a Server Action. **File-level Server Actions**: ```typescript // app/actions.ts 'use server' export async function createPost(formData: FormData) { const title = formData.get('title') as string const content = formData.get('content') as string // Mutate database await db.posts.create({ title, content }) // Revalidate cache revalidateTag('posts', 'max') } ``` **Inline Server Actions**: ```typescript // app/posts/new/page.tsx export default function NewPostPage() { async function createPost(formData: FormData) { 'use server' const title = formData.get('title') as string const content = formData.get('content') as string await db.posts.create({ title, content }) revalidateTag('posts', 'max') } return (