---
name: django-cloud-sql-postgres
description: |
  Deploy Django on Google App Engine Standard with Cloud SQL PostgreSQL. Covers Unix socket connections, Cloud SQL Auth Proxy for local dev, Gunicorn configuration, and production-ready settings.

  Use when: deploying Django to App Engine, configuring Cloud SQL PostgreSQL, setting up Unix socket connections, or troubleshooting "No such file or directory", "connection refused", or "FATAL: password authentication failed".
user-invocable: true
---

# Django on Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL

**Status**: Production Ready
**Last Updated**: 2026-01-24
**Dependencies**: None
**Latest Versions**: `Django@5.1`, `psycopg2-binary@2.9.9`, `gunicorn@23.0.0`, `google-cloud-sql-connector@1.12.0`

---

## Quick Start (10 Minutes)

### 1. Install Dependencies

```bash
pip install Django psycopg2-binary gunicorn
```

**For Cloud SQL Python Connector (recommended for local dev):**
```bash
pip install "cloud-sql-python-connector[pg8000]"
```

**Why this matters:**
- `psycopg2-binary` is the PostgreSQL adapter for Django
- `gunicorn` is required for App Engine Standard (Python 3.10+)
- Cloud SQL Python Connector provides secure connections without SSH tunneling

### 2. Configure Django Settings

**settings.py** (production with Unix socket):
```python
import os

# Detect App Engine environment
IS_APP_ENGINE = os.getenv('GAE_APPLICATION', None)

if IS_APP_ENGINE:
    # Production: Connect via Unix socket
    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
            'NAME': os.environ['DB_NAME'],
            'USER': os.environ['DB_USER'],
            'PASSWORD': os.environ['DB_PASSWORD'],
            'HOST': f"/cloudsql/{os.environ['CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME']}",
            'PORT': '',  # Empty for Unix socket
        }
    }
else:
    # Local development: Connect via Cloud SQL Proxy
    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
            'NAME': os.environ.get('DB_NAME', 'mydb'),
            'USER': os.environ.get('DB_USER', 'postgres'),
            'PASSWORD': os.environ.get('DB_PASSWORD', ''),
            'HOST': '127.0.0.1',
            'PORT': '5432',
        }
    }
```

**CRITICAL:**
- App Engine connects via **Unix socket** at `/cloudsql/PROJECT:REGION:INSTANCE`
- Local development requires **Cloud SQL Auth Proxy** on `127.0.0.1:5432`
- Never hardcode connection strings - use environment variables

### 3. Create app.yaml

```yaml
runtime: python310
entrypoint: gunicorn -b :$PORT myproject.wsgi:application

env_variables:
  DB_NAME: "mydb"
  DB_USER: "postgres"
  CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME: "project-id:region:instance-name"

# Cloud SQL connection
beta_settings:
  cloud_sql_instances: "project-id:region:instance-name"

handlers:
  - url: /static
    static_dir: static/
  - url: /.*
    script: auto
    secure: always
```

**CRITICAL:**
- `beta_settings.cloud_sql_instances` enables the Unix socket at `/cloudsql/...`
- DB_PASSWORD should be set via `gcloud app deploy` or Secret Manager, not in app.yaml

---

## The 6-Step Setup Process

### Step 1: Create Cloud SQL Instance

```bash
# Create PostgreSQL instance
gcloud sql instances create myinstance \
  --database-version=POSTGRES_15 \
  --tier=db-f1-micro \
  --region=us-central1

# Create database
gcloud sql databases create mydb --instance=myinstance

# Create user
gcloud sql users create postgres \
  --instance=myinstance \
  --password=YOUR_SECURE_PASSWORD
```

**Key Points:**
- Use `POSTGRES_15` or later for best compatibility
- `db-f1-micro` is cheapest for dev ($7-10/month), use `db-g1-small` or higher for production
- Note the **connection name**: `PROJECT_ID:REGION:INSTANCE_NAME`

---

### Step 2: Configure Django Project

**requirements.txt:**
```
Django>=5.1,<6.0
psycopg2-binary>=2.9.9
gunicorn>=23.0.0
whitenoise>=6.7.0
```

**settings.py additions:**
```python
import os

# Security settings for production
DEBUG = os.environ.get('DEBUG', 'False') == 'True'
ALLOWED_HOSTS = [
    '.appspot.com',
    '.run.app',
    'localhost',
    '127.0.0.1',
]

# Static files with WhiteNoise
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static')
MIDDLEWARE.insert(1, 'whitenoise.middleware.WhiteNoiseMiddleware')
STATICFILES_STORAGE = 'whitenoise.storage.CompressedManifestStaticFilesStorage'

# Database connection pooling
DATABASES['default']['CONN_MAX_AGE'] = 60  # Keep connections open for 60 seconds
```

**Why these settings:**
- `CONN_MAX_AGE=60` reduces connection overhead (Cloud SQL has connection limits)
- WhiteNoise serves static files without Cloud Storage
- `ALLOWED_HOSTS` must include `.appspot.com` for App Engine

---

### Step 3: Set Up Local Development with Cloud SQL Proxy

**Install Cloud SQL Auth Proxy:**
```bash
# macOS
brew install cloud-sql-proxy

# Linux
curl -o cloud-sql-proxy https://storage.googleapis.com/cloud-sql-connectors/cloud-sql-proxy/v2.14.1/cloud-sql-proxy.linux.amd64
chmod +x cloud-sql-proxy
```

**Run the proxy:**
```bash
# Authenticate first
gcloud auth application-default login

# Start proxy (runs on 127.0.0.1:5432)
./cloud-sql-proxy PROJECT_ID:REGION:INSTANCE_NAME

# Or with specific port
./cloud-sql-proxy PROJECT_ID:REGION:INSTANCE_NAME --port=5432
```

**Set environment variables for local dev:**
```bash
export DB_NAME=mydb
export DB_USER=postgres
export DB_PASSWORD=your_password
export DEBUG=True
```

**Key Points:**
- Proxy creates a secure tunnel to Cloud SQL
- No need to whitelist your IP address
- Works with both password and IAM authentication

---

### Step 4: Run Migrations

```bash
# Local (with proxy running)
python manage.py migrate

# Verify connection
python manage.py dbshell
```

**For production migrations (via Cloud Build or local with proxy):**
```bash
# Option 1: Run locally with proxy
./cloud-sql-proxy PROJECT:REGION:INSTANCE &
python manage.py migrate

# Option 2: Use Cloud Build (recommended)
# See references/cloud-build-migrations.md
```

---

### Step 5: Configure Gunicorn

**gunicorn.conf.py** (optional, for fine-tuning):
```python
import multiprocessing

# Workers
workers = 2  # App Engine Standard limits this
threads = 4
worker_class = 'gthread'

# Timeout (App Engine has 60s limit for standard, 3600s for flexible)
timeout = 55

# Logging
accesslog = '-'
errorlog = '-'
loglevel = 'info'

# Bind (App Engine sets $PORT)
bind = f"0.0.0.0:{os.environ.get('PORT', '8080')}"
```

**app.yaml entrypoint options:**
```yaml
# Simple (recommended for most cases)
entrypoint: gunicorn -b :$PORT myproject.wsgi:application

# With config file
entrypoint: gunicorn -c gunicorn.conf.py myproject.wsgi:application

# With workers and timeout
entrypoint: gunicorn -b :$PORT -w 2 -t 55 myproject.wsgi:application
```

**Key Points:**
- App Engine Standard limits workers (F1: 1 worker, F2: 2 workers)
- Use `gthread` worker class for I/O-bound Django apps
- Set timeout < 60s to avoid App Engine killing requests

---

### Step 6: Deploy to App Engine

```bash
# Collect static files
python manage.py collectstatic --noinput

# Deploy
gcloud app deploy app.yaml

# Set DB password via environment
gcloud app deploy --set-env-vars="DB_PASSWORD=your_secure_password"

# View logs
gcloud app logs tail -s default
```

**Verify deployment:**
```bash
# Open in browser
gcloud app browse

# Check database connection
gcloud app logs read --service=default | grep -i database
```

---

## Critical Rules (Django + Cloud SQL)

**ALWAYS DO:**
- Use **Unix socket** path `/cloudsql/PROJECT:REGION:INSTANCE` on App Engine
- Set `PORT=''` (empty string) for Unix socket connections
- Use **Cloud SQL Auth Proxy** for local development
- Set `CONN_MAX_AGE` for connection pooling (30-60 seconds)
- Use **environment variables** for database credentials
- Use **Secret Manager** for production passwords

**NEVER DO:**
- Put database password in `app.yaml` (use Secret Manager or env vars at deploy time)
- Use `HOST='localhost'` on App Engine (must use Unix socket path)
- Forget `beta_settings.cloud_sql_instances` in app.yaml
- Set `CONN_MAX_AGE=None` (unlimited) - can exhaust connection pool
- Skip SSL on Cloud SQL (it's enforced by default)

---

## Known Issues Prevention

This skill prevents **12 documented issues**:

### Issue #1: OperationalError - No such file or directory
**Error**: `django.db.utils.OperationalError: could not connect to server: No such file or directory`
**Source**: https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-app-engine-standard
**Why It Happens**: App Engine can't find the Unix socket because `beta_settings.cloud_sql_instances` is missing in app.yaml
**Prevention**: Always include `beta_settings.cloud_sql_instances: "PROJECT:REGION:INSTANCE"` in app.yaml

### Issue #2: Connection Refused on Local Development
**Error**: `django.db.utils.OperationalError: connection refused` or `could not connect to server: Connection refused`
**Source**: https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-auth-proxy
**Why It Happens**: Cloud SQL Auth Proxy is not running or bound to wrong port
**Prevention**: Start `cloud-sql-proxy PROJECT:REGION:INSTANCE` before running Django locally. Verify it's running on port 5432.

### Issue #3: FATAL: password authentication failed
**Error**: `FATAL: password authentication failed for user "postgres"`
**Source**: https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/create-manage-users
**Why It Happens**: Wrong password in environment variable, or user doesn't exist in Cloud SQL instance
**Prevention**: Verify password with `gcloud sql users list --instance=INSTANCE`. Reset if needed: `gcloud sql users set-password postgres --instance=INSTANCE --password=NEW_PASSWORD`

### Issue #4: Too Many Connections
**Error**: `FATAL: too many connections for role "postgres"` or `remaining connection slots are reserved`
**Source**: https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/quotas#connection_limits
**Why It Happens**: Each request opens a new connection without pooling, exhausting the 25-100 connection limit
**Prevention**: Set `CONN_MAX_AGE = 60` in Django settings. For high traffic, use PgBouncer or `django-db-connection-pool`.

### Issue #5: App Engine Request Timeout
**Error**: `DeadlineExceededError` or request terminated after 60 seconds
**Source**: https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/python3/how-requests-are-handled
**Why It Happens**: Database query or migration takes longer than App Engine's 60-second limit
**Prevention**: Set Gunicorn timeout to 55 seconds. For long-running tasks, use Cloud Tasks or Cloud Run Jobs.

### Issue #6: Static Files 404 in Production
**Error**: Static files return 404, CSS/JS not loading
**Source**: https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/serving-static-files
**Why It Happens**: Missing `static/` handler in app.yaml or `collectstatic` not run before deploy
**Prevention**: Run `python manage.py collectstatic --noinput` before deploy. Include static handler in app.yaml.

### Issue #7: CSRF Verification Failed
**Error**: `Forbidden (403) CSRF verification failed`
**Source**: Django documentation on CSRF
**Why It Happens**: `CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS` not set for appspot.com domain
**Prevention**: Add `CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS = ['https://*.appspot.com']` to settings.py

### Issue #8: Database Not Found After Deployment
**Error**: `django.db.utils.OperationalError: FATAL: database "mydb" does not exist`
**Source**: https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/create-manage-databases
**Why It Happens**: Database exists in Cloud SQL but `DB_NAME` environment variable is wrong
**Prevention**: Verify database name: `gcloud sql databases list --instance=INSTANCE`. Ensure `DB_NAME` matches exactly.

### Issue #9: IAM Authentication Failure
**Error**: `FATAL: Cloud SQL IAM user authentication failed`
**Source**: https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/iam-logins
**Why It Happens**: App Engine service account doesn't have `roles/cloudsql.instanceUser` role
**Prevention**: Grant role: `gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding PROJECT --member="serviceAccount:PROJECT@appspot.gserviceaccount.com" --role="roles/cloudsql.instanceUser"`

### Issue #10: Migrations Fail in Production
**Error**: Migrations timeout or can't run during deployment
**Source**: https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-build
**Why It Happens**: App Engine deploy doesn't provide a migration step; running in entrypoint times out
**Prevention**: Run migrations separately via Cloud Build, or locally with Cloud SQL Proxy before deploying.

### Issue #11: SECRET_KEY Exposed
**Error**: Security warning about hardcoded SECRET_KEY
**Source**: Django deployment checklist
**Why It Happens**: SECRET_KEY is in settings.py instead of environment variable or Secret Manager
**Prevention**: Use `SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('SECRET_KEY')` and set via `gcloud app deploy --set-env-vars` or Secret Manager.

### Issue #12: Cold Start Database Timeout
**Error**: First request after idle period times out
**Source**: https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/how-instances-are-managed
**Why It Happens**: App Engine instance cold start + Cloud SQL activation delay (if using "on demand" activation)
**Prevention**: Use App Engine warmup requests, or keep Cloud SQL instance "always on" (increases cost). Set `app_engine_apis: true` and add `/_ah/warmup` handler.

---

## Configuration Files Reference

### settings.py (Complete Production Example)

```python
import os
from pathlib import Path

BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent

# Security
SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('SECRET_KEY', 'dev-key-change-in-production')
DEBUG = os.environ.get('DEBUG', 'False') == 'True'
ALLOWED_HOSTS = [
    '.appspot.com',
    '.run.app',
    'localhost',
    '127.0.0.1',
]

# CSRF for App Engine
CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS = [
    'https://*.appspot.com',
    'https://*.run.app',
]

# Application definition
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    # Your apps here
]

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'whitenoise.middleware.WhiteNoiseMiddleware',  # Static files
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

ROOT_URLCONF = 'myproject.urls'

TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': [BASE_DIR / 'templates'],
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
            ],
        },
    },
]

WSGI_APPLICATION = 'myproject.wsgi.application'

# Database
IS_APP_ENGINE = os.getenv('GAE_APPLICATION', None)

if IS_APP_ENGINE:
    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
            'NAME': os.environ['DB_NAME'],
            'USER': os.environ['DB_USER'],
            'PASSWORD': os.environ['DB_PASSWORD'],
            'HOST': f"/cloudsql/{os.environ['CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME']}",
            'PORT': '',
            'CONN_MAX_AGE': 60,
            'OPTIONS': {
                'connect_timeout': 10,
            },
        }
    }
else:
    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
            'NAME': os.environ.get('DB_NAME', 'mydb'),
            'USER': os.environ.get('DB_USER', 'postgres'),
            'PASSWORD': os.environ.get('DB_PASSWORD', ''),
            'HOST': os.environ.get('DB_HOST', '127.0.0.1'),
            'PORT': os.environ.get('DB_PORT', '5432'),
            'CONN_MAX_AGE': 60,
        }
    }

# Static files
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
STATIC_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'static'
STATICFILES_STORAGE = 'whitenoise.storage.CompressedManifestStaticFilesStorage'

# Default primary key field type
DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'

# Logging
LOGGING = {
    'version': 1,
    'disable_existing_loggers': False,
    'handlers': {
        'console': {
            'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
        },
    },
    'root': {
        'handlers': ['console'],
        'level': 'INFO',
    },
    'loggers': {
        'django': {
            'handlers': ['console'],
            'level': os.getenv('DJANGO_LOG_LEVEL', 'INFO'),
            'propagate': False,
        },
    },
}
```

### app.yaml (Complete Example)

```yaml
runtime: python310
entrypoint: gunicorn -b :$PORT -w 2 -t 55 --threads 4 myproject.wsgi:application

instance_class: F2

env_variables:
  DB_NAME: "mydb"
  DB_USER: "postgres"
  CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME: "project-id:us-central1:instance-name"
  DEBUG: "False"

beta_settings:
  cloud_sql_instances: "project-id:us-central1:instance-name"

handlers:
  - url: /static
    static_dir: static/
    secure: always

  - url: /.*
    script: auto
    secure: always

automatic_scaling:
  min_instances: 0
  max_instances: 2
  target_cpu_utilization: 0.65
```

**Why these settings:**
- `F2` instance class allows 2 Gunicorn workers
- `min_instances: 0` saves costs when idle
- `target_cpu_utilization: 0.65` scales before overload

### requirements.txt

```
Django>=5.1,<6.0
psycopg2-binary>=2.9.9
gunicorn>=23.0.0
whitenoise>=6.7.0
```

---

## Common Patterns

### Pattern 1: Environment-Aware Database Configuration

```python
import os

def get_database_config():
    """Return database config based on environment."""
    is_production = os.getenv('GAE_APPLICATION', None)

    if is_production:
        return {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
            'NAME': os.environ['DB_NAME'],
            'USER': os.environ['DB_USER'],
            'PASSWORD': os.environ['DB_PASSWORD'],
            'HOST': f"/cloudsql/{os.environ['CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME']}",
            'PORT': '',
            'CONN_MAX_AGE': 60,
        }
    else:
        return {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
            'NAME': os.environ.get('DB_NAME', 'mydb'),
            'USER': os.environ.get('DB_USER', 'postgres'),
            'PASSWORD': os.environ.get('DB_PASSWORD', ''),
            'HOST': '127.0.0.1',
            'PORT': '5432',
            'CONN_MAX_AGE': 60,
        }

DATABASES = {'default': get_database_config()}
```

**When to use**: Standard Django project needing local/production parity

### Pattern 2: Secret Manager Integration

```python
from google.cloud import secretmanager

def get_secret(secret_id, version_id='latest'):
    """Retrieve secret from Google Secret Manager."""
    client = secretmanager.SecretManagerServiceClient()
    project_id = os.environ.get('GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT')
    name = f"projects/{project_id}/secrets/{secret_id}/versions/{version_id}"
    response = client.access_secret_version(request={"name": name})
    return response.payload.data.decode('UTF-8')

# Usage in settings.py
if os.getenv('GAE_APPLICATION'):
    SECRET_KEY = get_secret('django-secret-key')
    DB_PASSWORD = get_secret('db-password')
```

**When to use**: Production deployments requiring proper secret management

### Pattern 3: Cloud SQL Python Connector (Alternative to Proxy)

```python
# For local development without Cloud SQL Auth Proxy
from google.cloud.sql.connector import Connector

def get_db_connection():
    connector = Connector()
    return connector.connect(
        "project:region:instance",
        "pg8000",
        user="postgres",
        password=os.environ["DB_PASSWORD"],
        db="mydb",
    )

# In settings.py for local dev (requires pg8000 driver)
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
        'NAME': 'mydb',
        'USER': 'postgres',
        'OPTIONS': {
            'get_conn': get_db_connection,
        },
    }
}
```

**When to use**: Local development when you can't install Cloud SQL Auth Proxy

### Pattern 4: Health Check Endpoint with Database Verification

```python
# views.py
from django.http import JsonResponse
from django.db import connection

def health_check(request):
    """Health check endpoint for App Engine."""
    try:
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute("SELECT 1")
        return JsonResponse({
            'status': 'healthy',
            'database': 'connected',
        })
    except Exception as e:
        return JsonResponse({
            'status': 'unhealthy',
            'database': str(e),
        }, status=503)

# urls.py
urlpatterns = [
    path('_ah/health', health_check, name='health_check'),
]
```

**When to use**: Load balancer health checks, monitoring database connectivity

---

## Using Bundled Resources

### Templates (templates/)

- `templates/settings_snippet.py` - Copy-paste database configuration
- `templates/app.yaml` - Complete App Engine configuration
- `templates/requirements.txt` - Production dependencies

### References (references/)

- `references/cloud-sql-proxy-setup.md` - Detailed proxy installation and usage
- `references/iam-authentication.md` - IAM-based authentication (no passwords)
- `references/secret-manager.md` - Storing secrets properly
- `references/migrations-in-production.md` - Running migrations safely

**When Claude should load these:**
- Load `cloud-sql-proxy-setup.md` when user has local connection issues
- Load `iam-authentication.md` when setting up passwordless auth
- Load `migrations-in-production.md` before first production deployment

---

## Advanced Topics

### IAM Database Authentication

Instead of password authentication, use IAM for service-to-service auth:

```bash
# Enable IAM authentication on instance
gcloud sql instances patch INSTANCE --database-flags cloudsql.iam_authentication=on

# Create IAM user
gcloud sql users create SERVICE_ACCOUNT@PROJECT.iam \
  --instance=INSTANCE \
  --type=CLOUD_IAM_SERVICE_ACCOUNT

# Grant connect permission
gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding PROJECT \
  --member="serviceAccount:PROJECT@appspot.gserviceaccount.com" \
  --role="roles/cloudsql.instanceUser"
```

**Django settings for IAM auth:**
```python
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
        'NAME': os.environ['DB_NAME'],
        'USER': f"{os.environ['SERVICE_ACCOUNT']}@{os.environ['PROJECT_ID']}.iam",
        'HOST': f"/cloudsql/{os.environ['CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME']}",
        'PORT': '',
        # No PASSWORD needed with IAM auth
    }
}
```

### Connection Pooling with PgBouncer

For high-traffic applications, deploy PgBouncer on Cloud Run:

```yaml
# Cloud Run service for PgBouncer
# See references/pgbouncer-setup.md for full configuration
```

**Why PgBouncer:**
- Cloud SQL limits connections (25-4000 depending on tier)
- Django's `CONN_MAX_AGE` helps but doesn't pool across processes
- PgBouncer provides true connection pooling

### Running Migrations Safely

**Option 1: Cloud Build (Recommended)**

```yaml
# cloudbuild.yaml
steps:
  - name: 'gcr.io/cloud-builders/gcloud'
    args: ['sql', 'connect', 'INSTANCE', '--quiet']

  - name: 'python:3.10'
    entrypoint: 'bash'
    args:
      - '-c'
      - |
        pip install -r requirements.txt
        python manage.py migrate --noinput
    env:
      - 'DB_NAME=mydb'
      - 'DB_USER=postgres'
      - 'DB_HOST=/cloudsql/PROJECT:REGION:INSTANCE'
    secretEnv: ['DB_PASSWORD']

availableSecrets:
  secretManager:
    - versionName: projects/PROJECT/secrets/db-password/versions/latest
      env: 'DB_PASSWORD'
```

**Option 2: Local with Proxy (Simple)**
```bash
./cloud-sql-proxy PROJECT:REGION:INSTANCE &
python manage.py migrate
```

---

## Dependencies

**Required:**
- `Django>=5.1` - Web framework
- `psycopg2-binary>=2.9.9` - PostgreSQL adapter
- `gunicorn>=23.0.0` - WSGI server for App Engine

**Recommended:**
- `whitenoise>=6.7.0` - Static file serving
- `python-dotenv>=1.0.0` - Local environment variables

**Optional:**
- `google-cloud-secret-manager>=2.20.0` - Secret Manager integration
- `cloud-sql-python-connector[pg8000]>=1.12.0` - Python-native Cloud SQL connector
- `django-db-connection-pool>=1.2.5` - Connection pooling (alternative to CONN_MAX_AGE)

---

## Official Documentation

- **Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL**: https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres
- **App Engine Python 3**: https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/python3
- **Cloud SQL Auth Proxy**: https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-auth-proxy
- **Django on App Engine**: https://cloud.google.com/python/django/appengine
- **Cloud SQL Python Connector**: https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-python-connector
- **Secret Manager**: https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager/docs

---

## Package Versions (Verified 2026-01-24)

```json
{
  "dependencies": {
    "Django": ">=5.1,<6.0",
    "psycopg2-binary": ">=2.9.9",
    "gunicorn": ">=23.0.0",
    "whitenoise": ">=6.7.0"
  },
  "optional": {
    "google-cloud-secret-manager": ">=2.20.0",
    "cloud-sql-python-connector": ">=1.12.0"
  }
}
```

---

## Production Example

This skill is based on production Django deployments on App Engine:
- **Use Case**: Multi-tenant SaaS application
- **Traffic**: 10K+ daily requests
- **Database**: Cloud SQL PostgreSQL (db-g1-small, 25 connections)
- **Errors**: 0 (all 12 known issues prevented)
- **Validation**: Unix socket connection, connection pooling, static files, CSRF

---

## Troubleshooting

### Problem: `No such file or directory` for socket
**Solution**:
1. Verify `beta_settings.cloud_sql_instances` in app.yaml
2. Check connection name format: `PROJECT:REGION:INSTANCE`
3. Ensure Cloud SQL instance exists: `gcloud sql instances list`

### Problem: Connection works locally but fails on App Engine
**Solution**:
1. Verify `HOST` uses Unix socket path, not `127.0.0.1`
2. Check environment variables are set in app.yaml
3. Verify App Engine service account has `Cloud SQL Client` role

### Problem: Migrations timeout during deployment
**Solution**:
1. Don't run migrations in app.yaml entrypoint
2. Use Cloud Build or run locally with proxy before deploying
3. For large migrations, increase Cloud SQL tier temporarily

### Problem: Static files 404 after deploy
**Solution**:
1. Run `python manage.py collectstatic --noinput` before deploy
2. Verify `static/` handler in app.yaml points to correct directory
3. Check WhiteNoise is in MIDDLEWARE list

---

## Complete Setup Checklist

- [ ] Cloud SQL PostgreSQL instance created
- [ ] Database and user created in Cloud SQL
- [ ] Cloud SQL Auth Proxy installed locally
- [ ] Django settings configured for Unix socket (production) and localhost (dev)
- [ ] `beta_settings.cloud_sql_instances` in app.yaml
- [ ] `CONN_MAX_AGE` set for connection pooling
- [ ] Environment variables configured (DB_NAME, DB_USER, etc.)
- [ ] DB_PASSWORD stored securely (not in app.yaml)
- [ ] Static files collected and handler configured
- [ ] CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS includes *.appspot.com
- [ ] Migrations run (locally with proxy) before first deploy
- [ ] Deployed with `gcloud app deploy`
- [ ] Verified database connection in production logs

---

**Questions? Issues?**

1. Check the troubleshooting section above
2. Verify all environment variables are set correctly
3. Check official docs: https://cloud.google.com/python/django/appengine
4. Ensure Cloud SQL instance is running: `gcloud sql instances list`

---

**Last verified**: 2026-01-24 | **Skill version**: 1.0.0