---
name: inngest-middleware
description: Create and use Inngest middleware for cross-cutting concerns. Covers the middleware lifecycle, creating custom middleware, dependency injection with dependencyInjectionMiddleware, encryption via @inngest/middleware-encryption, Sentry error tracking via @inngest/middleware-sentry, and custom middleware patterns.
---

# Inngest Middleware

Master Inngest middleware to handle cross-cutting concerns like logging, error tracking, dependency injection, and data transformation. Middleware runs at key points in the function lifecycle, enabling powerful patterns for observability and shared functionality.

> **These skills are focused on TypeScript.** For Python or Go, refer to the [Inngest documentation](https://www.inngest.com/llms.txt) for language-specific guidance. Core concepts apply across all languages.

## What is Middleware?

Middleware allows code to run at various points in an Inngest client's lifecycle - during function execution, event sending, and more. Think of middleware as hooks into the Inngest execution pipeline.

**When to use middleware:**

- **Observability:** Add logging, tracing, or metrics
- **Dependency injection:** Share client instances across functions
- **Data transformation:** Encrypt/decrypt, validate, or enrich data
- **Error handling:** Custom error tracking and alerting
- **Authentication:** Validate user context or permissions

## Middleware Lifecycle

Middleware can be registered at **client-level** (affects all functions) or **function-level** (affects specific functions).

### Execution Order

```typescript
const inngest = new Inngest({
  id: "my-app",
  middleware: [
    loggingMiddleware, // Runs 1st
    errorMiddleware // Runs 2nd
  ]
});

inngest.createFunction(
  {
    id: "example",
    middleware: [
      authMiddleware, // Runs 3rd
      metricsMiddleware // Runs 4th
    ]
  },
  { event: "test" },
  async () => {
    /* function code */
  }
);
```

**Order matters:** Client middleware runs first, then function middleware, in the order specified.

## Creating Custom Middleware

### Basic Middleware Structure

```typescript
import { InngestMiddleware } from "inngest";

const loggingMiddleware = new InngestMiddleware({
  name: "Logging Middleware",
  init() {
    // Setup phase - runs when client initializes
    const logger = setupLogger();

    return {
      // Function execution lifecycle
      // Note: `fn` is loosely typed in middleware generics; fn.id works at runtime
      onFunctionRun({ ctx, fn }) {
        return {
          beforeExecution() {
            logger.info("Function starting", {
              functionId: fn.id,
              eventName: ctx.event.name,
              runId: ctx.runId
            });
          },

          afterExecution() {
            logger.info("Function completed", {
              functionId: fn.id,
              runId: ctx.runId
            });
          },

          transformOutput({ result }) {
            // Log function output
            logger.debug("Function output", {
              functionId: fn.id,
              output: result.data
            });

            // Return unmodified result
            return { result };
          }
        };
      },

      // Event sending lifecycle
      onSendEvent() {
        return {
          transformInput({ payloads }) {
            logger.info("Sending events", {
              count: payloads.length,
              events: payloads.map((p) => p.name)
            });

            // Spread to convert readonly array to mutable array
            return { payloads: [...payloads] };
          }
        };
      }
    };
  }
});
```

### Python Implementation

Python middleware follows a similar pattern. See [Dependency Injection Reference](./references/dependency-injection.md) for complete Python examples.

````

## Dependency Injection

Share expensive or stateful clients across all functions. **See [Dependency Injection Reference](./references/dependency-injection.md) for detailed patterns.**

### Quick Example - Built-in DI

```typescript
import { dependencyInjectionMiddleware } from "inngest";

const inngest = new Inngest({
  id: 'my-app',
  middleware: [
    dependencyInjectionMiddleware({
      openai: new OpenAI(),
      db: new PrismaClient(),
    }),
  ],
});

// Functions automatically get injected dependencies
inngest.createFunction(
  { id: "ai-summary" },
  { event: "document/uploaded" },
  async ({ event, openai, db }) => {
    // Dependencies available in function context
    const summary = await openai.chat.completions.create({
      messages: [{ role: "user", content: event.data.content }],
      model: "gpt-4",
    });

    await db.document.update({
      where: { id: event.data.documentId },
      data: { summary: summary.choices[0].message.content }
    });
  }
);
````

## Middleware Packages

Beyond `dependencyInjectionMiddleware` (built-in, shown above), Inngest provides official middleware as **separate packages**. **See [Middleware Reference](./references/built-in-middleware.md) for complete details.**

### Encryption Middleware

```bash
npm install @inngest/middleware-encryption
```

```typescript
import { encryptionMiddleware } from "@inngest/middleware-encryption";

const inngest = new Inngest({
  id: "my-app",
  middleware: [
    encryptionMiddleware({
      key: process.env.ENCRYPTION_KEY,
    })
  ]
});
```

Automatically encrypts all step data, function output, and event `data.encrypted` field. Supports key rotation via `fallbackDecryptionKeys`.

### Sentry Error Tracking

```bash
npm install @inngest/middleware-sentry
```

```typescript
import * as Sentry from "@sentry/node";
import { sentryMiddleware } from "@inngest/middleware-sentry";

Sentry.init({ /* your Sentry config */ });

const inngest = new Inngest({
  id: "my-app",
  middleware: [sentryMiddleware()]
});
```

Captures exceptions, adds tracing to each function run, and includes function ID and event names as context. Requires `@sentry/*@>=8.0.0`.

## Common Middleware Patterns

### Metrics and Performance Tracking

```typescript
const metricsMiddleware = new InngestMiddleware({
  name: "Metrics Tracking",
  init() {
    return {
      onFunctionRun({ ctx, fn }) {
        let startTime: number;

        return {
          beforeExecution() {
            startTime = Date.now();
            metrics.increment("inngest.step.started", {
              function: fn.id,
              event: ctx.event.name
            });
          },

          afterExecution() {
            const duration = Date.now() - startTime;
            metrics.histogram("inngest.step.duration", duration, {
              function: fn.id,
              event: ctx.event.name
            });
          },

          transformOutput({ result }) {
            const status = result.error ? "error" : "success";
            metrics.increment("inngest.step.completed", {
              function: fn.id,
              status: status
            });

            return { result };
          }
        };
      }
    };
  }
});
```

### Advanced Patterns

**Authentication:** Validate tokens and inject user context
**Conditional logic:** Apply middleware based on event type or function
**Circuit breakers:** Prevent cascading failures from external services

### Configuration-Based Middleware

Create reusable middleware with configuration options for different environments and use cases. See reference documentation for complete examples.

## Best Practices

### Design Principles

1. **Keep middleware focused:** One concern per middleware
2. **Handle errors gracefully:** Don't let middleware crash functions
3. **Consider performance:** Middleware runs on every execution
4. **Use proper typing:** Let TypeScript infer middleware types
5. **Test thoroughly:** Middleware affects all functions that use it

### Common Use Cases to Implement

- **Retry logic** for transient failures
- **Circuit breakers** for external service calls
- **Request/response logging** for debugging
- **User context enrichment** from external sources
- **Feature flags** for gradual rollouts
- **Custom authentication** and authorization checks

### Error Handling in Middleware

```typescript
const robustMiddleware = new InngestMiddleware({
  name: "Robust Middleware",
  init() {
    return {
      onFunctionRun({ ctx, fn }) {
        return {
          transformOutput({ result }) {
            try {
              // Your middleware logic here
              return performTransformation(result);
            } catch (middlewareError) {
              // Log error but don't break the function
              console.error("Middleware error:", middlewareError);

              // Return original result on middleware failure
              return { result };
            }
          }
        };
      }
    };
  }
});
```

### Testing Middleware

Use Inngest's testing utilities (`createMockContext`, `createMockFunction`) to unit test middleware behavior.

**For complete implementation examples and advanced patterns, see:**

- [Dependency Injection Reference](./references/dependency-injection.md)
- [Built-in Middleware Reference](./references/built-in-middleware.md)