---
name: moonbit-refactoring
description: "Refactor MoonBit code to be idiomatic: shrink public APIs, convert functions to methods, use pattern matching with views, add loop invariants, and ensure test coverage without regressions. Use when updating MoonBit packages or refactoring MoonBit APIs, modules, or tests."
---

# MoonBit Refactoring Skill

## Intent
- Preserve behavior and public contracts unless explicitly changed.
- Minimize the public API to what callers require.
- Prefer declarative style and pattern matching over incidental mutation.
- Use view types (ArrayView/StringView/BytesView) to avoid copies.
- Add tests and docs alongside refactors.

## Workflow
**Start broad, then refine locally:**

1. **Architecture first**: Review package structure, dependencies, and API boundaries.
2. **Inventory** public APIs and call sites (`moon doc`, `moon ide find-references`).
3. **Pick one refactor theme** (API minimization, package splits, pattern matching, loop style).
4. **Apply the smallest safe change**.
5. **Update docs/tests** in the same patch.
6. **Run `moon check`, then `moon test`**.
7. **Use coverage** to target missing branches.

Avoid local cleanups (renaming, pattern matching) until the high-level structure is sound.

## Improve Package Architecture
- Keep packages focused: aim for <10k lines per package.
- Keep files manageable: aim for <2k lines per file.
- Keep functions focused: aim for <200 lines per function.

### Splitting Files
Treat files in MoonBit as organizational units; move code freely within a package as long as each file stays focused on one concept.

### Splitting Packages
When spinning off package `A` into `A` and `B`:

1. Create the new package and re-export temporarily:
   ```mbt
   // In package B
   using @A { ... }  // re-export A's APIs
   ```
   Ensure `moon check` passes before proceeding.

2. Find and update all call sites:
   ```bash
   moon ide find-references <symbol>
   ```
   Replace bare `f` with `@B.f`.

3. Remove the `use` statement once all call sites are updated.

4. Audit and remove newly-unused `pub` APIs from both packages.

### Guidelines
- Prefer acyclic dependencies: lower-level packages should not import higher-level ones.
- Only expose what downstream packages actually need.
- Consider an `internal/` package for helpers that shouldn't leak.

## Minimize Public API and Modularize
- Remove `pub` from helpers; keep only required exports.
- Move helpers into `internal/` packages to block external imports.
- Split large files by feature; files do not define modules in MoonBit.

## Local refactoring

### Convert Free Functions to Methods + Chaining
- Move behavior onto the owning type for discoverability.
- Use `..` for fluent, mutating chains when it reads clearly.

Example:
```mbt nocheck
// Before
fn reader_next(r : Reader) -> Char? { ... }
let ch = reader_next(r)

// After
#as_free_fn(reader_next, deprecated="Use Reader::next instead")
fn Reader::next(self : Reader) -> Char? { ... }
let ch = r.next()
```
To make the transition smooth, place `#as_free_fn(old_name, ...)` on the method; it emits a deprecated free function
`old_name` that forwards to the method.
Then you can check call sites and update them gradually by looking at warnings.
Example (chaining):
```mbt nocheck
buf..write_string("#\\")..write_char(ch)
```

### Prefer Explicit Qualification
- Use `@pkg.fn` instead of `using` when clarity matters.
- Keep call sites explicit during wide refactors.

Example:
```mbt nocheck
let n = @parser.parse_number(token)
```

### Simplify Enum Constructors When Type Is Known

When the expected type is known from context, you can omit the full package path for enum constructors:

- **Pattern matching**: Annotate the matched value; constructors need no path.
- **Nested constructors**: Only the outermost needs the full path.
- **Return values**: The return type provides context for constructors in the body.
- **Collections**: Type-annotate the collection; elements inherit the type.

Examples:
```mbt
// Pattern matching - annotate the value being matched
let tree : @pkga.Tree = ...
match tree {
  Leaf(x) => x
  Node(left~, x, right~) => left.sum() + x + right.sum()
}

// Nested constructors - only outer needs full path
let x = @pkga.Tree::Node(left=Leaf(1), x=2, right=Leaf(3))

// Return type provides context
fn make_tree() -> @pkga.Tree {
  Node(left=Leaf(1), x=2, right=Leaf(3))
}

// Collections - type annotation on the array
let trees : Array[@pkga.Tree] = [Leaf(1), Node(left=Leaf(2), x=3, right=Leaf(4))]
```

### Pattern Matching and Views
- Pattern match arrays directly; the compiler inserts ArrayView implicitly.
- Use `..` in the middle to match prefix and suffix at once.
- Pattern match strings directly; avoid converting to `Array[Char]`.
- `String`/`StringView` indexing yields `UInt16` code units. Use `for ch in s` for Unicode-aware iteration.

#### we prefer pattern matching over small functions

For example,
```mbt
 match gen_results.get(0) {
   Some(value) => Iter::singleton(value)
   None => Iter::empty()
 }
```
We can pattern match directly, it is more efficient and as readable:
```mbt
 match gen_results {
   [value, ..] => Iter::singleton(value)
   [] => Iter::empty()
 }
```
MoonBit pattern matching is pretty expressive, here are some more examples:
```mbt
match items {
  [] => ()
  [head, ..tail] => handle(head, tail)
  [..prefix, mid, ..suffix] => handle_mid(prefix, mid, suffix)
}
```

```mbt
match s {
  "" => ()
  [.."let", ..rest] => handle_let(rest)
  _ => ()
}
```
#### Char literal matching

Use char literal overloading for `Char`, `UInt16`, and `Int`; the examples below rely on it. This is handy when matching `String` indexing results (`UInt16`) against a char range.
```mbt
test {
  let a_int : Int = 'b'
  if (a_int is 'a'..<'z') { () } else { () }
  let a_u16 : UInt16 = 'b'
  if (a_u16 is 'a'..<'z') { () } else { () }
  let a_char : Char = 'b'
  if (a_char is 'a'..<'z') { () } else { () }
}
```

#### Use Nested Patterns and `is`

- Use `is` patterns inside `if`/`guard` to keep branches concise.

Example:
```mbt
match token {
  Some(Ident([.."@", ..rest])) if process(rest) is Some(x) => handle_at(rest)
  Some(Ident(name)) => handle_ident(name)
  None => ()
}
```

#### Prefer Range Loops for Simple Indexing
- Use `for i in start..<end { ... }`, `for i in start..<=end { ... }`, `for i in large>..small`, or `for i in large>=..small` for simple index loops.
- Keep functional-state `for` loops for algorithms that update state.

Example:
```mbt
// Before
for i = 0; i < len; {
  items.push(fill)
  continue i + 1
}

// After
for i in 0..<len {
  items.push(fill)
}
```

## Loop Specs (Dafny-Style Comments)
- Add specs for functional-state loops.
- Skip invariants for simple `for x in xs` loops.
- Add TODO when a decreases clause is unclear (possible bug).

Example:
```mbt
for i = 0, acc = 0; i < xs.length(); {
  acc = acc + xs[i]
  i = i + 1
} else { acc }
where {
  invariant: 0 <= i <= xs.length(),
  reasoning: (
    #| ... rigorous explanation ...
    #| ...
  )
}
```


### Tests and Docs
- Prefer black-box tests in `*_test.mbt` or `*.mbt.md`.
- Add docstring tests with `mbt check` for public APIs.

Example:
```mbt
///|
/// Return the last element of a non-empty array.
///
/// # Example
/// ```mbt check
/// test {
///   inspect(last([1, 2, 3]), content="3")
/// }
/// ```
pub fn last(xs : Array[Int]) -> Int { ... }
```

## Coverage-Driven Refactors
- Use coverage to target missing branches through public APIs.
- Prefer small, focused tests over white-box checks.

Commands:
```bash
moon coverage analyze -- -f summary
moon coverage analyze -- -f caret -F path/to/file.mbt
```

## Moon IDE Commands

```bash
moon doc "<query>"
moon ide outline <dir|file>
moon ide find-references <symbol>
moon ide peek-def <symbol>
moon ide rename <symbol> -new-name <new_name>
moon check
moon test
moon info
```
Use these commands for reliable refactoring.

Example: spinning off `package_b` from `package_a`.

Temporary import in `package_b`:
```mbt
using @package_a { a, type B }
```

Steps:
1. Use `moon ide find-references <symbol>` to find all call sites of `a` and `B`.
2. Replace them with `@package_a.a` and `@package_a.B`.
3. Remove the `using` statement and run `moon check`.