---
name: vitess
description: Vitess best practices, query optimization, and connection troubleshooting for PlanetScale Vitess databases. Load when working with Vitess databases, sharding, VSchema configuration, keyspace management, or MySQL scaling issues.
license: MIT
metadata:
  author: planetscale
  version: "1.0.0"
  organization: PlanetScale
  date: February 2026
---

# Vitess

Vitess is a MySQL-compatible, cloud-native database system originally built at YouTube to scale MySQL. PlanetScale runs Vitess as a managed service. Core capabilities:

- **Horizontal sharding**: Built-in sharding transparent to the application — no sharding logic in app code.
- **Connection pooling**: VTGate multiplexes client connections, scaling concurrent connections far beyond native MySQL limits.
- **High availability**: Automatic primary failure detection and repair. Resharding and data migrations with near-zero downtime.
- **Query rewriting and caching**: VTGate rewrites and optimizes queries before routing to shards.
- **Schema management**: Apply schema changes across all shards consistently, in the background, without disrupting workloads.
- **Materialized views and messaging**: Cross-shard materialized views and publish/subscribe messaging via VStream.

## Key concepts

| Concept | What it is |
| --- | --- |
| **Keyspace** | Logical database mapping to one or more shards. Analogous to a MySQL schema. |
| **Shard** | A horizontal partition of a keyspace, each backed by a separate MySQL instance. |
| **VSchema** | Configuration defining how tables map to shards, vindex (sharding) keys, and routing rules. |
| **Vindex** | Sharding function mapping column values to shards (`hash`, `unicode_loose_xxhash`, `lookup`). |
| **VTGate** | Stateless proxy that plans and routes queries to the correct shard(s). |
| **Online DDL** | Non-blocking schema migrations. On PlanetScale, use deploy requests for production changes. |

## PlanetScale specifics

- **Branching**: Git-like database branches for development; deploy requests for production schema changes.
- **Connections**: MySQL protocol, port `3306` (direct) or `443` (serverless). SSL always required.

## SQL compatibility

Vitess supports nearly all MySQL syntax — most applications work without query changes. Standard DML, DDL, joins, subqueries, CTEs (including recursive CTEs as of v21+), window functions, and common built-in functions all work as expected.

Known limitations:

- **Stored procedures / triggers / events**: Not supported through VTGate.
- **`LOCK TABLES` / `GET_LOCK`**: Not supported through VTGate.
- **`SELECT ... FOR UPDATE`**: Works within a single shard; cross-shard locking is not atomic.
- **Cross-shard joins**: Supported but expensive (scatter-gather). Filter by vindex column for single-shard routing.
- **Correlated subqueries**: May fail or perform poorly cross-shard. Rewrite as joins when possible.
- **AUTO_INCREMENT**: Sequences are per-shard. Use vindexes or app-generated IDs (UUIDs, snowflake) to avoid collisions on sharded tables.
- **Aggregations on sharded tables**: `GROUP BY`/`ORDER BY`/`LIMIT` merge in VTGate memory. Large result sets can be slow.
- **Foreign keys**: Limited support. Prefer application-level referential integrity on sharded keyspaces.

## References

| Topic | Reference | Use for |
| --- | --- | --- |
| VSchema | [references/vschema.md](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/planetscale/database-skills/main/skills/vitess/references/vschema.md) | VSchema design, vindexes, sequences, sharding strategies |
| Schema Changes | [references/schema-changes.md](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/planetscale/database-skills/main/skills/vitess/references/schema-changes.md) | Online DDL, managed migrations, ddl strategies, migration lifecycle |
| VReplication | [references/vreplication.md](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/planetscale/database-skills/main/skills/vitess/references/vreplication.md) | MoveTables, Reshard, Materialize, VDiff, VStream |
| Architecture | [references/architecture.md](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/planetscale/database-skills/main/skills/vitess/references/architecture.md) | VTGate, VTTablet, Topology Service, VTOrc, component interactions |
| Query Serving | [references/query-serving.md](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/planetscale/database-skills/main/skills/vitess/references/query-serving.md) | Query routing, MySQL compatibility, cross-shard performance, EXPLAIN |