---
name: loading-states
description: Design effective loading states, skeleton screens, and empty states that maintain user confidence. Use when content takes time to load, when showing progress, or handling empty data scenarios. Triggers on "loading state", "skeleton screen", "empty state", "spinner", "progress bar", "loading animation", "zero state".
---

# Loading & Empty States

Maintain user confidence when content isn't immediately available.

## Loading State Types

### Choose by Duration

| Duration | Recommendation |
|----------|---------------|
| < 100ms | No indicator needed |
| 100ms - 1s | Subtle indicator (opacity change) |
| 1s - 10s | Skeleton screen or spinner |
| > 10s | Progress bar with estimate |

## Skeleton Screens

### When to Use
- Page or section content loading
- Lists, cards, tables
- Better than spinners for known layouts

### Basic Skeleton
```css
.skeleton {
  background: #e5e7eb;
  border-radius: 4px;
}

/* Animated shimmer */
.skeleton-animated {
  background: linear-gradient(
    90deg,
    #f3f4f6 25%,
    #e5e7eb 50%,
    #f3f4f6 75%
  );
  background-size: 200% 100%;
  animation: shimmer 1.5s infinite;
}

@keyframes shimmer {
  0% { background-position: 200% 0; }
  100% { background-position: -200% 0; }
}
```

### Skeleton Components
```html
<!-- Text skeleton -->
<div class="skeleton skeleton-text" style="width: 80%"></div>
<div class="skeleton skeleton-text" style="width: 60%"></div>

<!-- Avatar skeleton -->
<div class="skeleton skeleton-avatar"></div>

<!-- Image skeleton -->
<div class="skeleton skeleton-image"></div>
```

```css
.skeleton-text {
  height: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}

.skeleton-avatar {
  width: 40px;
  height: 40px;
  border-radius: 50%;
}

.skeleton-image {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 16/9;
}
```

### Card Skeleton Example
```html
<article class="card card-skeleton">
  <div class="skeleton skeleton-image"></div>
  <div class="card-content">
    <div class="skeleton skeleton-text" style="width: 70%"></div>
    <div class="skeleton skeleton-text" style="width: 90%"></div>
    <div class="skeleton skeleton-text" style="width: 50%"></div>
  </div>
</article>
```

### What NOT to Skeleton
- Modals (should be instant or loading indicator inside)
- Toasts/notifications
- Dropdown menus
- The skeleton itself shouldn't have a skeleton

## Spinners

### When to Use
- Unknown content structure
- Short operations (1-3 seconds)
- Small areas (buttons, inputs)

### Simple Spinner
```css
.spinner {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  border: 3px solid #e5e7eb;
  border-top-color: var(--primary);
  border-radius: 50%;
  animation: spin 0.8s linear infinite;
}

@keyframes spin {
  to { transform: rotate(360deg); }
}
```

### Button Loading State
```css
.button-loading {
  position: relative;
  color: transparent; /* Hide text */
  pointer-events: none;
}

.button-loading::after {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  width: 20px;
  height: 20px;
  border: 2px solid currentColor;
  border-top-color: transparent;
  border-radius: 50%;
  animation: spin 0.6s linear infinite;
}
```

### Inline Loading Text
```html
<span class="loading-text">
  Loading
  <span class="loading-dots">
    <span>.</span><span>.</span><span>.</span>
  </span>
</span>
```

## Progress Bars

### When to Use
- Operations > 10 seconds
- File uploads/downloads
- Multi-step processes

### Basic Progress Bar
```html
<div class="progress">
  <div
    class="progress-bar"
    role="progressbar"
    style="width: 65%"
    aria-valuenow="65"
    aria-valuemin="0"
    aria-valuemax="100"
  >
    65%
  </div>
</div>
```

```css
.progress {
  height: 8px;
  background: #e5e7eb;
  border-radius: 4px;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.progress-bar {
  height: 100%;
  background: var(--primary);
  transition: width 0.3s ease-out;
}
```

### Indeterminate Progress
```css
.progress-indeterminate .progress-bar {
  width: 30%;
  animation: indeterminate 1.5s infinite ease-in-out;
}

@keyframes indeterminate {
  0% { transform: translateX(-100%); }
  100% { transform: translateX(400%); }
}
```

## Empty States

### Types of Empty States

1. **First Use**: User hasn't added data yet
2. **No Results**: Search/filter returned nothing
3. **Error State**: Something went wrong
4. **Success Empty**: Completed all tasks (inbox zero)

### First Use Empty State
```html
<div class="empty-state">
  <img src="illustration.svg" alt="" class="empty-illustration">
  <h3 class="empty-title">No projects yet</h3>
  <p class="empty-description">
    Create your first project to get started
  </p>
  <button class="button-primary">
    Create Project
  </button>
</div>
```

### No Results Empty State
```html
<div class="empty-state">
  <span class="empty-icon">🔍</span>
  <h3 class="empty-title">No results found</h3>
  <p class="empty-description">
    Try adjusting your search or filters
  </p>
  <button class="button-secondary">
    Clear Filters
  </button>
</div>
```

### Empty State Styles
```css
.empty-state {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  padding: 48px 24px;
  text-align: center;
}

.empty-illustration {
  width: 200px;
  max-width: 100%;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
}

.empty-icon {
  font-size: 48px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}

.empty-title {
  font-size: 20px;
  font-weight: 600;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  color: var(--text-primary);
}

.empty-description {
  font-size: 14px;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  max-width: 300px;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
}
```

### Error States
```html
<div class="empty-state error-state">
  <span class="empty-icon">⚠️</span>
  <h3 class="empty-title">Something went wrong</h3>
  <p class="empty-description">
    We couldn't load your data. Please try again.
  </p>
  <button class="button-primary">
    Retry
  </button>
</div>
```

## Best Practices

### Do
- Match skeleton layout to actual content
- Show loading state immediately (don't wait)
- Use animations to indicate activity
- Provide progress info when possible
- Include helpful actions in empty states
- Keep messaging friendly and helpful

### Don't
- Show spinners for everything
- Use loading states for instant operations
- Leave users without feedback
- Make empty states feel like dead ends
- Animate aggressively (respect motion preferences)

### Accessibility
```css
/* Announce loading to screen readers */
.loading-region[aria-busy="true"]::before {
  content: "Loading...";
  position: absolute;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
}

/* Respect reduced motion */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  .skeleton-animated {
    animation: none;
  }

  .spinner {
    animation-duration: 1.5s;
  }
}
```

## Checklist

- [ ] Loading appears within 100ms of action
- [ ] Skeleton matches content structure
- [ ] Progress shown for long operations (>10s)
- [ ] Empty states have helpful actions
- [ ] Error states include retry option
- [ ] Animations respect prefers-reduced-motion
- [ ] Screen readers announce loading state
- [ ] Loading doesn't block entire page unnecessarily