]> Jiangan Xie 2016-12-13 Mei Li Yongqun "Oliver" He Liwei Wang An ontology of adverse events associated with cardiovascular disease drugs. OCVDAE is a biomedical ontology of cardiovascular disease drug-associated adverse events. OCVDAE: Ontology of Cardiovascular Disease Drug Adverse Events OWL-DL Product version Vision Release; 1.0.4 BFO OWL specification label BFO OWL specification label Really of interest to developers only Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification. BFO CLIF specification label BFO CLIF specification label Person:Alan Ruttenberg Really of interest to developers only Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2 editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> PERSON:Daniel Schober The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English) editor preferred term example of usage example of usage A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> PERSON:Daniel Schober example of usage has curation status has curation status OBI_0000281 PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bill Bug PERSON:Melanie Courtot has curation status definition textual definition definition definition definition GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> PERSON:Daniel Schober The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. definition editor note editor note editor note 1 IAO:0000116 editor_note editor_note uberon An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology. GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obfoundry.org/obo/obi> PERSON:Daniel Schober editor note term editor definition editor term editor 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=115. GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people PERSON:Daniel Schober term editor alternative term alternative term An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent) GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> PERSON:Daniel Schober alternative term definition source definition source Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> PERSON:Daniel Schober definition source formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 curator notes curator note curator note 1 IAO:0000232 curator_notes curator_notes uberon An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg curator note imported from imported from For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Melanie Courtot imported from expand expression to expand assertion to elucidation elucidation has associated axiom(nl) has associated axiom(nl) has associated axiom(fol) has associated axiom(fol) Chinese translation YH, JX a chinese translation represents a chinese translation of the existing term. adverse event outcome The AE 'cough AE' has the 'label of AE outcome' of 'cough'; 'infection AE' has the 'label of AE outcom' of 'infection'. an annotation property that represents the label of an adverse event label of adverse event outcome Yongqun Oliver He, Jiangan Hardy Xie temporal interpretation https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context. never in taxon x never in taxon T if and only if T is a class, and x does not instantiate the class expression "in taxon some T". Note that this is a shortcut relation, and should be used as a hasValue restriction in OWL. ?X DisjointWith RO_0002162 some ?Y Chris Mungall tooth SubClassOf 'never in taxon' value 'Aves' taxonomic class assertion An assertion that holds between an ontology class and an organism taxon class, which is intepreted to yield some relationship between instances of the ontology class and the taxon. dubious_for_taxon 1 1 RO:0002174 S dubious_for_taxon T if it is probably the case that no instances of S can be found in any instance of T. dubious_for_taxon dubious_for_taxon this relation lacks a strong logical interpretation, but can be used in place of never_in_taxon where it is desirable to state that the definition of the class is too strict for the taxon under consideration, but placing a never_in_taxon link would result in a chain of inconsistencies that will take time to resolve. Example: metencephalon in teleost uberon present_in_taxon 1 1 RO:0002175 S present_in_taxon T if some instance of T has some S. This does not means that all instances of T have an S - it may only be certain life stages or sexes that have S applicable for taxon present_in_taxon present_in_taxon uberon logical macro assertion https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/wiki/ShortcutRelations An assertion that involves at least one OWL object that is intended to be expanded into one or more logical axioms. The logical expansion can yield axioms expressed using any formal logical system, including, but not limited to OWL2-DL. logical macro assertion on a class A logical macro assertion whose domain is an IRI for a class The domain for this class can be considered to be owl:Class, but we cannot assert this in OWL2-DL logical macro assertion on a property A logical macro assertion whose domain is an IRI for a property logical macro assertion on an object property logical macro assertion on an annotation property is direct form of Chris Mungall relation p is the direct form of relation q iff p is a subPropertyOf q, p does not have the Transitive characteristic, q does have the Transitive characteristic, and for all x, y: x q y -> exists z1, z2, ..., zn such that x p z1 ... z2n y If we have the annotation P is-direct-form-of Q, and we have inverses P' and Q', then it follows that P' is-direct-form-of Q' external_definition 1 An alternate textual definition for a class taken unmodified from an external source. This definition may have been used to derive a generalized definition for the new class. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000001 external_definition external_definition uberon axiom_lost_from_external_ontology 1 A textual description of an axiom loss in this ontology compared to an external ontology. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000002 axiom_lost_from_external_ontology axiom_lost_from_external_ontology uberon homology_notes 1 Notes on the homology status of this class. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000003 homology_notes homology_notes uberon external_comment 1 An alternate comment for a class taken unmodified from an external source. Note that obo format only allows a single comment for a class, and does not provide a structured means of adding provenance info. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000005 external_comment external_comment uberon implements_design_pattern 1 UBPROP:0000006 implements_design_pattern implements_design_pattern uberon has_relational_adjective 1 UBPROP:0000007 Used to connect a class to an adjectival form of its label. For example, a class with label 'intestine' may have a relational adjective 'intestinal'. has_relational_adjective has_relational_adjective uberon taxon_notes 1 Notes on the how instances of this class vary across species. UBPROP:0000008 taxon_notes taxon_notes uberon function_notes 1 Notes on the evolved function of instances of this class. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000009 function_notes function_notes uberon structure_notes 1 Notes on the structure, composition or histology of instances of this class. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000010 structure_notes structure_notes uberon development_notes 1 Notes on the ontogenic development of instances of this class. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000011 development_notes development_notes uberon external_ontology_notes 1 Notes on how similar or equivalent classes are represented in other ontologies. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000012 external_ontology_notes external_ontology_notes uberon terminology_notes 1 Notes on how lexical conventions regarding this class, in particular any issues that may arise due to homonyny or synonymy. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000013 terminology_notes terminology_notes uberon is count of 1 UBPROP:0000100 is_count_of is_count_of uberon preceding element is 1 A property used in conjunction with repeated_element_number to indicate an axis and directionality along that axis. If P preceding_element_is R, and P is_count_of S, and X P N, and X' P N+1, then it follows that every X R some X', and the class expression [S and R some X' and inv(R) some X] is empty (i.e. X is followed by X', with no intermediates) UBPROP:0000101 preceding_element_is preceding_element_is uberon pharyngeal arch number 1 UBPROP:0000103 gill arch N = PA N-2. the term branchial_arch is ambiguous. pharyngeal_arch_number pharyngeal_arch_number uberon x pharyngeal_arch_number N if and only if (i) x is a pharyngeal arch, and (ii) x is ancestrally pharyngeal arch number N in a series of pharyngeal arches repeated along a antero-posterior axis, with arch_number 1 being the mandibular arch. phalanx number 1 Most land mammals including humans have a 2-3-3-3-3 formula in both the hands (or paws) and feet. Primitive reptiles typically had the formula 2-3-4-4-5, and this pattern, with some modification, remained in many later reptiles and in the mammal-like reptiles. The phalangeal formula in the flippers of cetaceans (marine mammals) is 2-12-8-1 UBPROP:0000105 phalanx_number phalanx_number uberon x phalanx_number N if and only if (i) x is a phalanx, and (ii) x is phalanx number N in a series of phalanges repeated along an prixomo-distal axis, with phalanx_number 1 being the proximalmost phalanx. Note that in humans, the distalmost phalanx has phlanax_number 3, except in ray_number 1, where the distalmost has phalanx_number 2 fma_set_term 1 FMA has terms like 'set of X'. In general we do not include set-of terms in uberon, but provide a mapping between the singular form and the FMA set term UBPROP:0000202 fma_set_term fma_set_term uberon eco subset CUMBO developmental_classification A class that represents an early developmental structure, like a blastocyst. This part of the ontology is undergoing review to remove inappropriate grouping classes. EFO slim derived from the union of EHDAA2 and EMAPA - still to be checked functional_classification Subset consisting of classes creating for grouping purposes A grouping class that depends on an assumption of homology between subclasses classes that have some inconsistency with FMA somewhat fuzzy grouping for analysis purposes, currently composed of something like: liver, heart, skeletal, kidney, bladder, brain, skin, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestines, trachea nose, lungs, brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, gonads abstract class brought in to group ontology classes but not informative organs, excluding individual muscles and skeletal elements Phenotype slim Uberon slim - subset that excludes obscure terms and deep compositional terms abstract upper-level terms not directly useful for analysis core classes typically found across vertebrates. one purpose is to create a rough set of terms that could be used to start a new vertebrate AO contributor 1 dc-contributor dc-contributor uberon Source Source subset_property has_alternative_id has_alternative_id has_broad_synonym database_cross_reference database_cross_reference has_exact_synonym has_exact_synonym has_narrow_synonym has_narrow_synonym has_obo_namespace has_related_synonym has_related_synonym in_subset in_subset shorthand label depicted_by 1 foaf-depicted_by foaf-depicted_by uberon CI_ChemClass C26 CI_MoA C30 CI_PE C22 CI_with C36 has_Chemical_Structure C79 has_DoseForm C44 has_Ingredient C24 has_MoA C28 has_PE C20 has_PK C32 induces C40 may_diagnose C42 may_prevent C38 may_treat C34 site_of_metabolism C50 part of part of BFO:0000050 part_of part_of uberon Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime a core relation that holds between a part and its whole http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of is part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) part_of this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) has part has part BFO:0000051 has_part has_part uberon Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime a core relation that holds between a whole and its part has part has_part my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) preceded_by preceded by BFO:0000062 X preceded_by Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X) is preceded by preceded_by preceded_by takes place after uberon An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other. http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:preceded_by is preceded by preceded by preceded_by x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. precedes precedes BFO:0000063 precedes precedes uberon precedes x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. occurs in Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t occurs in occurs_in unfolds in unfolds_in contains process Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant [copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t site of anterior_to 2009-07-31T02:15:46Z BSPO:0000096 anterior_to anterior_to cjm uberon x anterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail: bearer distal_to BSPO:0000097 distal_to distal_to uberon x distal_to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal). dorsal_to BSPO:0000098 dorsal_to dorsal_to uberon x dorsal_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). posterior_to BSPO:0000099 caudal_to posterior_to posterior_to uberon x posterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. proximal_to BSPO:0000100 proximal_to proximal_to uberon x proximal_to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y. ventral_to BSPO:0000102 uberon ventral_to ventral_to x ventral_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). deep_to BSPO:0000107 Further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines. deep_to deep_to uberon superficial_to BSPO:0000108 Near the outer surface of the organism. Thus, skin is superficial to the muscle layer. superficial_to superficial_to uberon in_left_side_of BSPO:0000120 X in_left_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the left portion. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern in_left_side_of in_left_side_of uberon in_right_side_of BSPO:0000121 X in_right_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the right portion. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern in_right_side_of in_right_side_of uberon in_anterior_side_of BSPO:0000123 X anterior_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part_of the anterior portion. in_anterior_side_of in_anterior_side_of uberon in_proximal_side_of BSPO:0000124 X proximal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the proximal portion. in_proximal_side_of in_proximal_side_of uberon in_distal_side_of BSPO:0000125 X distal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the distal portion. in_distal_side_of in_distal_side_of uberon in_lateral_side_of BSPO:0000126 X in_lateral_side_of Y <=> if X is in_left_side_of Y or X is in_right_side_of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern in_lateral_side_of in_lateral_side_of uberon proximalmost_part_of BSPO:0001106 X proximalmost_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the proximal boundary of Y proximalmost_part_of proximalmost_part_of uberon distalmost_part_of BSPO:0001108 X distalmost_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the distal boundary of Y distalmost_part_of distalmost_part_of uberon is evidence of This represents a relation between two adverse events AE1 and AE2. However, AE1 may be an evidence of another adverse event AE3, and a dfferent adverse event AE4 may also be an evidence of the same AE2. SS, YH, YL An electrocardiogram qt prolonged AE is_evidence_of arrhythmia AE; arrhythmia AE is_evidence_of cardiomyopathy AE; fever AE is_evidence_of inflammation AE; fever AE is_evidence_of viral infection AE; plural effusion AE is_evidence_of cardiac disorder AE. has participant quality an object property that represents a relation between a process and a quality, in which the process has a participant that has the quality. An adverse event has a participant quality, such as a hyperkalemia AE has a participatn quality blood potassium increased. Yongqun He adverse event occurs in a 'occurs in' relation that is applied at the adverse event setting and indicates where an adverse event occurs in. Yongqun He has participant undergoing Yongqun He A shortcut relation that represents the full path of ‘has participant’ some participant that ‘participates in’ some process. drug associated with AE An object property that represents a relation between a drug (domain) and its associated adverse event (AE) (range). Liwei Wang, Yongqun He location_of RO:0001015 location_of location_of uberon located_in RO:0001025 located_in located_in uberon has boundary RO:0002002 has_boundary has_boundary uberon innervated_by FMA:85999 RO:0002005 dbprop:nerve http://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/issues/detail?id=6 innervated_by innervated_by nerve supply uberon bounding layer of A relationship that applies between a continuant and its outer, bounding layer. Examples include the relationship between a multicellular organism and its integument, between an animal cell and its plasma membrane, and between a membrane bound organelle and its outer/bounding membrane. RO:0002007 bounding_layer_of bounding_layer_of uberon before or simultaneous with <= David Osumi-Sutherland Primitive instance level timing relation between events simultaneous_with simultaneous with RO:0002082 Relation between occurrents, shares start and end boundaries. coincides_with is_equal_to simultaneous_with simultaneous_with uberon David Osumi-Sutherland t1 simultaneous_with t2 iff:= t1 before_or_simultaneous_with t2 and not (t1 before t2) ends after David Osumi-Sutherland X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X) immediately_preceded_by immediately preceded by A non-transitive temporal relation in which one process immediately precedes another process, such that there is no interval of time between the two processes[SIO:000251]. RO:0002087 X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) directly preceded by immediately_preceded_by immediately_preceded_by is directly preceded by is immediately preceded by starts_at_end_of uberon starts_at_end_of David Osumi-Sutherland X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately precedes ends_at_start_of meets David Osumi-Sutherland X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) starts during David Osumi-Sutherland X starts_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (start(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y)) io happens during X happens_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y)) d during David Osumi-Sutherland ends during David Osumi-Sutherland o overlaps X ends_during Y iff: ((start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)) AND end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y). overlaps http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y) x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y innervates RO:0002134 http://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/issues/detail?id=6 innervates innervates uberon continuous_with RO:0002150 continuous_with continuous_with uberon homologous_to RO:0002158 homologous_to homologous_to uberon connected to Binary relationship: x connected_to y if and only if there exists some z such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. Connection does not imply overlaps. RO:0002170 connected_to connected_to uberon connects Binary relationship: z connects x if and only if there exists some y such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. RO:0002176 connects connects this is currently used for both structural relationships (such as between a valve and the chamber it connects) and abstract relationships (anatomical lines and the entities they connect) uberon supplies FMA:86003 RO:0002178 arterial supply of relation between an artery and the structure is supplies with blood. source: FMA supplies supplies uberon develops_from RO:0002202 develops_from develops_from uberon develops_into RO:0002203 develops_into develops_into uberon surrounded_by RO:0002219 surrounded_by surrounded_by uberon x surrounded_by y iff: x is adjacent to y and for every region r adjacent to x, r overlaps y adjacent_to RO:0002220 adjacent_to adjacent_to uberon x adjacent_to y iff: x and y share a boundary surrounds RO:0002221 inverse of surrounded_by surrounds surrounds uberon temporally related to https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kBv1ep_9g3sTR-SD3jqzFqhuwo9TPNF-l-9fUDbO6rM/edit?pli=1 Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends. A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations. starts RO:0002223 Relation between occurrents, shares a start boundary with. starts starts uberon starts with starts with RO:0002224 starts_with starts_with uberon started by x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. Every insulin receptor signaling pathway starts with the binding of a ligand to the insulin receptor Chris Mungall ends RO:0002229 Relation between occurrents, shares an end boundary with. ends ends finishes uberon ends with ends with RO:0002230 ends_with ends_with uberon Chris Mungall finished by x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. has developmental contribution from RO:0002254 has_developmental_contribution_from has_developmental_contribution_from uberon developmentally_induced_by RO:0002256 developmentally_induced_by developmentally_induced_by sources for developmentally_induced_by relationships in Uberon: Developmental Biology, Gilbert, 8th edition, figure 6.5(F) t1 developmentally_induced_by t2 if there is a process of organ induction (GO:0001759) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor tissue type T to T', where T' develops_from T. uberon developmentally preceded by RO:0002258 developmentally_preceded_by developmentally_preceded_by uberon developmentally_replaces RO:0002285 developmentally_replaces developmentally_replaces uberon mereotopologically related to A mereological relationship or a topological relationship Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships has member RO:0002351 has_member has_member uberon branching_part_of FMA:85994 RO:0002380 branching_part_of branching_part_of uberon we need to check if FMA branch_of implies part_of. the relation we intend to use here should - for example, see vestibulocochlear nerve has potential to developmentally contribute to RO:0002385 has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to uberon x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y has potential to develop into RO:0002387 has_potential_to_develop_into has_potential_to_develop_into uberon x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y contributes to morphology of RO:0002433 contributes_to_morphology_of contributes_to_morphology_of uberon composed primarily of RO:0002473 UBREL:0000002 composed_primarily_of composed_primarily_of uberon x composed_primarily_of y iff: more than half of the mass of x is made from parts of y existence starts during BFO:0000068 RO:0002488 Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing during some s. begins_to_exist_during existence_starts_during existence_starts_during uberon existence starts with RO:0002489 Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c comes into existence at the start of p. existence_starts_with existence_starts_with uberon existence ends during BFO:0000069 RO:0002492 Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist during some s, if it does not die prematurely. ceases_to_exist_during existence_ends_during existence_ends_during uberon existence ends with RO:0002493 Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c ceases to exist at the end of p. existence_ends_with existence_ends_with uberon transformation of RO:0002494 transformation_of transformation_of transforms from uberon immediate transformation of RO:0002495 direct_transformation_of immediate_transformation_of immediate_transformation_of immediately transforms from uberon existence starts during or after RO:0002496 existence_starts_during_or_after existence_starts_during_or_after uberon existence ends during or before RO:0002497 existence_ends_during_or_before existence_ends_during_or_before uberon has material contribution from RO:0002507 has_material_contribution_from has_material_contribution_from uberon has skeleton A relation between a subdivision of an organism and the single subdivision of skeleton that provides structural support for that subdivision. RO:0002551 has sekeletal support has supporting framework has_skeleton has_skeleton uberon has_branching_part RO:0002569 has_branching_part has_branching_part uberon luminal space of RO:0002572 luminal_space_of luminal_space_of uberon skeleton of RO:0002576 skeleton_of skeleton_of uberon produces RO:0003000 produces produces uberon produced_by RO:0003001 produced_by produced_by uberon anteriorly connected to anteriorly_connected_to uberon x anteriorly_connected_to y iff the anterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x posterior_to y. channel for carries channel_for uberon channels_from channels_from uberon channels_into channels_into uberon conduit for conduit_for uberon x is a conduit for y iff y passes through the lumen of x. distally connected to distally_connected_to uberon x distally_connected_to y iff the distal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x proximal_to y. evolved_from Status: experimental evolved_from uberon existence starts and ends during existence_starts_and_ends_during uberon extends_fibers_into extends_fibers_into uberon in_central_side_of X in_central_side Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions around some median divisor, all parts of X are closer to the median divisor than the outermost lateral sides. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern in_central_side_of uberon posteriorly connected to posteriorly_connected_to uberon x posteriorly_connected_to y iff the posterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x anterior_to y. protects protects uberon proximally connected to proximally_connected_to uberon x proximally_connected_to y iff the proximal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x distal_to y. subdivision of placeholder relation. X = 'subdivision of A' and subdivision_of some B means that X is the mereological sum of A and B subdivision_of uberon transitively anteriorly connected to . transitively_anteriorly_connected_to uberon transitively_connected to transitively_connected_to uberon transitively distally connected to . transitively_distally_connected_to uberon transitively proximally connected to . transitively_proximally_connected_to uberon Ingredient Ingredient Strength Packaged Product VA Class VA Product Pharmaceutical Preparations C0013227 N0000000001 3683 Pharmaceutical Preparations C176 Chemical Ingredients [Chemical/Ingredient] C0085993 C178 N0000000002 991181 Chemical Ingredients Clinical Kinetics [PK] Clinical Kinetics C180 1030853 C1373163 N0000000003 Diseases, Manifestations or Physiologic States [Disease/Finding] N0000000004 Diseases, Manifestations or Physiologic States 989348 C182 C1373233 Mental Disorders and Manifestations [Disease/Finding] N0000000006 Mental Disorders and Manifestations 984721 C2916796 C190 Infectious Diseases [Disease/Finding] 40733004 N0000000007 C192 190563008 189822004 Infectious Diseases 191415002 C0009450 1023583 Elimination [PK] C222 Elimination 986944 C0221102 N0000000022 Metabolism [PK] N0000000023 C0025519 1023904 Metabolism C224 Site of Metabolism [PK] C1373176 988808 C226 N0000000024 Site of Metabolism Intestinal Metabolism [PK] C228 988640 C1373177 N0000000025 Intestinal Metabolism Hepatic Metabolism [PK] C230 984512 N0000000026 Hepatic Metabolism C1373178 Route of Excretion [PK] C260 Route of Excretion N0000000041 C1373186 987962 Renal Excretion [PK] Renal Excretion N0000000042 C1373187 986666 C262 Physiochemical Activity [MoA] Physiochemical Activity N0000000065 989958 C308 C1372991 Small Ion Transport Pump Interactions [MoA] 986087 N0000000066 C310 Small Ion Transport Pump Interactions C1373107 Calcium Channel Antagonists [MoA] 986242 D002121 Calcium Channel Blockers C2757014 N0000000069 Calcium Channel Antagonists C316 Calcium Channel Blocker Angiotensin 2 Receptor Antagonists [MoA] 984935 C318 N0000000070 Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers C2757003 Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists Angiotensin 2 Receptor Antagonists Active Transporter Interactions [MoA] Active Transporter Interactions 1031287 C322 N0000000072 C1373104 Protease Inhibitors [MoA] Protease Inhibitors N0000000076 992709 Protease Inhibitors C330 C2756997 D011480 Receptor Interactions [MoA] C1372999 C348 Receptor Interactions 988560 N0000000085 Adrenergic Antagonists [MoA] C2757018 993129 Adrenergic Antagonists Adrenergic Antagonists N0000000092 D018674 C362 Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists [MoA] 1023426 N0000000099 alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists C2756989 Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists Alpha-adrenergic Blocker D000317 C376 Norepinephrine Uptake Inhibitors [MoA] 989028 Norepinephrine Uptake Inhibitors C2757023 C382 D018759 Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors N0000000102 Neurotransmitter Transporter Interactions [MoA] Neurotransmitter Transporter Interactions C1373006 N0000000105 C388 985066 Dopamine Agonists [MoA] D018491 N0000000117 C2757007 992714 C412 Dopaminergic Agonist Dopamine Agonists Dopamine Agonists Nitric Oxide Donors [MoA] N0000000120 Nitric Oxide Donors 993165 D020030 C2756994 Nitric Oxide Donors C418 Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors [MoA] D019161 993150 C2756999 Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors C420 HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors N0000000121 Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Adrenergic Agonists [MoA] 1029285 C422 Adrenergic Agonists C2757025 N0000000122 Adrenergic Agonists D000322 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors [MoA] N0000000128 D010726 C1656262 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors 993167 C434 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Serotonin Antagonists [MoA] D012702 N0000000130 C2757052 C438 993156 Serotonin Antagonists Serotonin Antagonists Enzyme Inhibitors [MoA] C444 D004791 N0000000133 Enzyme Inhibitors C2756995 Enzyme Inhibitors 1032544 Calcium Channel Interactions [MoA] C458 C1373020 990245 N0000000140 Calcium Channel Interactions Biological Macromolecular Activity [MoA] N0000000142 Biological Macromolecular Activity 988641 C2267218 C462 G-Protein-linked Receptor Interactions [MoA] 984725 C482 G-Protein-linked Receptor Interactions C2916797 G-Protein-linked Receptor-Effector Interactions N0000000152 Adrenergic Receptor Interactions [MoA] 987972 Adrenergic Receptor Interactions C1373072 C484 N0000000153 Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors [MoA] C2756982 D016861 992710 Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors N0000000160 Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors C498 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists [MoA] D000319 993131 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists Beta-adrenergic Receptor Inhibitor C500 beta-Adrenergic Antagonists N0000000161 C2757061 beta-Adrenergic Receptor Inhibitor beta-Adrenergic Blocker Beta-adrenergic Blocker Adrenergic beta-Antagonists Enzyme Interactions [MoA] Enzyme Interactions N0000000163 C504 C1373066 988200 Sodium Channel Interactions [MoA] Sodium Channel Interactions C538 987802 C1373055 N0000000180 Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors [MoA] C540 N0000000181 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor 992731 D000806 C2757044 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors [MoA] N0000000184 992698 D008996 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors C2756978 C546 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors MAOI Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors [MoA] N0000000187 C552 C1373051 Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors 441742 Ion Channel Interactions [MoA] N0000000193 C1373047 988382 Ion Channel Interactions C564 Serotonin Receptor Interactions [MoA] Serotonin Receptor Interactions N0000000198 988082 C574 C1373043 Dopamine Receptor Interactions [MoA] N0000000203 C584 C1373039 985948 Dopamine Receptor Interactions Adrenergic alpha-Agonists [MoA] Adrenergic alpha-Agonists Adrenergic alpha-Agonists alpha-Adrenergic Agonists C2757042 1029039 N0000000209 D000316 C596 Potassium Channel Interactions [MoA] C600 N0000000211 C1373036 989960 Potassium Channel Interactions Cellular or Molecular Interactions [MoA] 986459 N0000000223 C1373094 Cellular or Molecular Interactions C624 Structural Macromolecules [MoA] C1373089 Structural Macromolecules C634 N0000000228 984803 Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors [MoA] C644 N0000000233 993166 Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C2757009 Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D019384 Norepinephrine Transporter Interactions [MoA] N0000000234 988817 C2267223 C646 Norepinephrine Transporter Interactions Na-K ATPases Interactions [MoA] 987976 Na-K ATPases Interactions N0000000238 C1373085 C654 Adrenergic beta-Agonists [MoA] N0000000245 C2757043 C668 Adrenergic beta-Agonists Adrenergic beta-Agonists D000318 beta-Adrenergic Agonists 992727 Congenital Abnormalities [Disease/Finding] 276654001 Defects, Congenital 276655000 1021840 Congenital Defects Deformities Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero. N0000000264 D000013 Birth Defects M0000013 Congenital Abnormalities Congenital Abnormalities C0000768 C706 276720006 Abnormalities, Congenital Abortion, Spontaneous [Disease/Finding] Spontaneous Abortion 1026142 Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference. N0000000268 M0000024 Miscarriage Abortion, Spontaneous 17369002 C0000786 Abortion, Spontaneous C714 D000022 198631006 Abortion, Threatened [Disease/Finding] C724 984611 D000033 C0000821 Abortion, Threatened Abortion, Threatened N0000000273 198882006 UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE. 54048003 M0000052 Adams-Stokes Syndrome [Disease/Finding] Adam-Stokes Attacks A condition of fainting spells caused by heart block, often an atrioventricular block, that leads to BRADYCARDIA and drop in CARDIAC OUTPUT. When the cardiac output becomes too low, the patient faints (SYNCOPE). In some cases, the syncope attacks are transient and in others cases repetitive and persistent. 1024009 N0000000304 46935006 Adams-Stokes Syndrome Stokes-Adams Syndrome M0000337 C786 C0001396 Stokes-Adams Attacks D000219 Adams-Stokes Syndrome 13620007 271547004 Adrenal Gland Diseases [Disease/Finding] C0001621 N0000000324 D000307 1025795 Adrenal Gland Diseases C826 30171000 Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS. M0000482 Adrenal Gland Diseases Adrenocortical Hyperfunction [Disease/Finding] Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM. C828 275437005 D000308 Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperadrenocorticism Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction N0000000325 1022833 M0000483 Hyperadrenalism Adrenocortical Hyperfunction C0001622 47270006 Hypercorticism Alopecia [Disease/Finding] 267810004 N0000000358 56317004 D000505 Baldness C0002170 1022277 Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. Alopecia Alopecia C894 M0000757 Amyloidosis [Disease/Finding] N0000000375 A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits. C928 Amyloidosis M0001053 1024175 Amyloidosis 17602002 C0002726 D000686 Anemia [Disease/Finding] Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. 1024481 M0001119 271737000 267531008 C946 D000740 C0002871 N0000000384 Anemia Aneurysm [Disease/Finding] C984 1023034 N0000000403 Aneurysm Aneurysm C0002940 D000783 M0001174 195292009 Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics. Angina Pectoris [Disease/Finding] M0001180 194828000 C990 D000787 Stenocardia C0002962 Angina Pectoris Angina Pectoris Angor Pectoris N0000000406 1022730 The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION. Angina Pectoris, Variant [Disease/Finding] 87343002 C992 Angina Pectoris, Variant Prinzmetal's Angina D000788 C0002963 M0001181 Angina Pectoris, Variant N0000000407 Prinzmetal Angina 1026917 A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity. Angina, Unstable [Disease/Finding] C994 Angina, Unstable 1021853 Angina at Rest Angina, Unstable 25106000 Unstable Angina N0000000408 Angina, Preinfarction M0001182 D000789 64333001 Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. C0002965 Angina Pectoris, Unstable Angioedema [Disease/Finding] C0002994 Quincke's Edema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx. Urticaria, Giant 1022344 C1008 N0000000415 Angioedema M0001197 Angioedema 400075008 41291007 D000799 Angioneurotic Edema Anuria [Disease/Finding] 1023563 C0003460 Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present. M0001524 N0000000431 C1040 Anuria Anuria D001002 2472002 Anus Diseases [Disease/Finding] C0003462 N0000000432 1023545 Anus Diseases Anus Diseases C1042 32110003 M0001528 D001004 Aortic Aneurysm [Disease/Finding] 67362008 1023728 Aortic Aneurysm D001014 M0001545 C0003486 Aortic Aneurysm N0000000437 C1052 Aneurysm, Aortic An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA. Aortic Coarctation [Disease/Finding] A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion. Coarctation of the Aorta Aortic Coarctation D001017 M0001549 1024518 Coarctation of Aorta C1056 Aortic Coarctation 7305005 N0000000439 C0003492 Aortic Diseases [Disease/Finding] 47040006 D001018 Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA. C1058 M0001550 Aortic Diseases C0003493 N0000000440 1026389 Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular [Disease/Finding] Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular Aortic Subvalvular Stenosis Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular C1062 Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis N0000000442 A pathological constriction occurring in the region below the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA. C0003500 M0001552 1025918 D001020 Aortic Valve Insufficiency [Disease/Finding] D001022 Aortic Valve Incompetence M0001554 Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root). 60234000 Aortic Incompetence N0000000443 Aortic Valve Insufficiency C1064 1022261 Aortic Regurgitation Aortic Valve Insufficiency C0003504 Regurgitation, Aortic Valve Aortic Valve Stenosis [Disease/Finding] C0003507 Aortic Stenosis Aortic Valve Stenosis 1021926 M0001557 D001024 A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA. 60573004 Aortic Valve Stenosis C1068 N0000000445 Arrhythmias, Cardiac [Disease/Finding] Arrhythmia Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction. 1023395 C1116 Cardiac Arrhythmias Arrythmia N0000000469 Arrhythmias, Cardiac Arrhythmias, Cardiac M0001715 Cardiac Dysrhythmia C0003811 195107004 Cardiac Arrhythmia D001145 Arrhythmia, Sinus [Disease/Finding] Arrhythmia, Sinus 71792006 1025764 Sinus Arrhythmia Arrhythmia, Sinus N0000000470 Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial Sinoatrial Arrhythmia D001146 M0001716 C1118 C0003813 Irregular HEART RATE caused by abnormal function of the SINOATRIAL NODE. It is characterized by a greater than 10% change between the maximum and the minimum sinus cycle length or 120 milliseconds. Arterial Occlusive Diseases [Disease/Finding] M0001730 C1120 N0000000471 1025357 Arterial Obstructive Diseases Arterial Occlusive Diseases C0003838 Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency. Arterial Occlusive Diseases 2929001 D001157 Arteriosclerosis [Disease/Finding] M0001734 C0003850 Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries. 72092001 1021767 Arteriosclerosis D001161 Arteriosclerosis N0000000473 C1124 Arteriovenous Malformations [Disease/Finding] Arteriovenous Malformations D001165 Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas. N0000000476 Arteriovenous Malformations 234141001 1024131 C1130 M0001738 C0003857 Arthritis [Disease/Finding] Arthritis Arthritis D001168 C0003864 C1134 M0001741 1023652 N0000000478 3723001 Arthritis, Rheumatoid [Disease/Finding] M0001750 C1142 69896004 D001172 N0000000482 Rheumatoid Arthritis Arthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Rheumatoid 1023050 A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated. C0003873 Asthma [Disease/Finding] C0004096 A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL). 1023235 Bronchial Asthma M0001885 195979001 N0000000498 Asthma 195967001 Asthma, Bronchial C1174 D001249 Asthma Atrial Fibrillation [Disease/Finding] N0000000507 C0004238 M0001926 C1192 Atrial Fibrillation D001281 1023706 Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation. Auricular Fibrillation Atrial Fibrillation 49436004 Atrial Flutter [Disease/Finding] 5370000 C1194 Auricular Flutter M0001927 Atrial Flutter C0004239 985206 Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). Atrial Flutter N0000000508 D001282 Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity [Disease/Finding] Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Hyperkinetic Syndrome 1023721 C1263846 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 31177006 7461003 Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder C1198 D001289 A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-IV) Attention Deficit Disorders with Hyperactivity N0000000510 406506008 M0001943 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Autoimmune Diseases [Disease/Finding] Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides. 1026092 Autoimmune Diseases D001327 M0001989 C1206 Autoimmune Disease Autoimmune Diseases N0000000514 85828009 C0004364 Bacterial Infections and Mycoses [Disease/Finding] Infections caused by bacteria and fungi, general, specified, or unspecified. Bacterial Infections and Mycoses N0000000523 C0004615 D001423 986958 M0002125 C1224 Bacterial Infections and Mycoses Bacterial Infections [Disease/Finding] N0000000524 D001424 Bacterial Infections 186335000 Infection, Bacterial Bacterial Infections C0004623 M0002126 301811001 Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. Infections, Bacterial 87628006 1022614 C1226 Bacterial Infection Bartter Syndrome [Disease/Finding] D001477 N0000000534 Bartter's Disease C0004775 71275003 M0002194 Bartter Disease 1025612 Bartter Syndrome Bartter Syndrome C1246 Bartter's Syndrome A group of disorders caused by defective salt reabsorption in the ascending LOOP OF HENLE. It is characterized by severe salt-wasting, HYPOKALEMIA; HYPERCALCIURIA; metabolic ALKALOSIS, and hyper-reninemic HYPERALDOSTERONISM without HYPERTENSION. There are several subtypes including ones due to mutations in the renal specific SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS. Basal Ganglia Diseases [Disease/Finding] 1030459 Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Basal Ganglia Disorders C1250 70835005 Basal Ganglia Diseases C0004782 N0000000536 Basal Ganglia Diseases D001480 M0002198 Mental Disorders [Disease/Finding] 1022308 M0002289 C1254 N0000000538 Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. C0004936 74732009 Mental Disorders D001523 Mental Disorders Bile Duct Diseases [Disease/Finding] C1266 Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT. M0002478 985587 C0005395 118926004 N0000000544 D001649 Bile Duct Diseases Bile Duct Diseases Cholestasis, Extrahepatic [Disease/Finding] Impairment of bile flow in the large BILE DUCTS by mechanical obstruction or stricture due to benign or malignant processes. 984547 8262006 Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic C1270 Cholestasis, Extrahepatic D001651 Biliary Stasis, Extrahepatic C0005398 Extrahepatic Cholestasis Cholestasis, Extrahepatic M0002480 N0000000546 Biliary Tract Diseases [Disease/Finding] 105997008 C0005424 D001660 M0002491 984740 Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER. Biliary Tract Diseases Biliary Tract Diseases N0000000551 C1280 Blood Coagulation Disorders [Disease/Finding] Disorders, Blood Coagulation D001778 64779008 C0005779 N0000000575 Coagulation Disorders, Blood Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions. M0002683 362970003 1022276 Blood Coagulation Disorders C1328 Blood Platelet Disorders [Disease/Finding] Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function. 1025348 C1332 D001791 Blood Platelet Disorders Blood Platelet Disorders 22716005 Thrombocytopathy N0000000577 M0002703 C0005818 Body Temperature Changes [Disease/Finding] 1027280 N0000000581 C0005904 D001832 Body Temperature Changes C1340 M0002753 Body Temperature Changes Significant alterations in temperature of the human body, above or below 98.6 degrees F. or 37 degrees C. when taken orally. Bradycardia [Disease/Finding] C0428977 N0000000600 Bradycardia C1378 D001919 Bradyarrhythmia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK. 1025503 Bradycardia Bradyarrhythmias 48867003 M0002863 Brain Diseases [Disease/Finding] D001927 Central Nervous System Disorders, Intracranial Central Nervous System Intracranial Disorders N0000000605 CNS Disorders, Intracranial Brain Diseases Encephalon Diseases C1388 81308009 Intracranial CNS Disorders 986258 Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM. Brain Disorders C0006111 Brain Diseases M0002874 Intracranial Central Nervous System Disorders Brain Injuries [Disease/Finding] Brain Injuries D001930 M0002878 2470005 Injuries, Brain C0270611 C1394 N0000000608 Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits. 1024106 Bronchial Diseases [Disease/Finding] D001982 Bronchial Diseases Bronchial Diseases 41427001 C1406 M0002963 1024394 N0000000614 C0006261 Bronchial Spasm [Disease/Finding] 4386001 C1412 Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi. C0006266 Bronchial Spasm N0000000617 D001986 Bronchospasm M0002967 1024176 Bronchial Spasm Bundle-Branch Block [Disease/Finding] 1022539 195048003 M0003027 6374002 D002037 A form of heart block in which the electrical stimulation of HEART VENTRICLES is interrupted at either one of the branches of BUNDLE OF HIS thus preventing the simultaneous depolarization of the two ventricles. Bundle-Branch Block Bundle-Branch Block C1440 C0006384 Bundle Branch Block N0000000631 Burns [Disease/Finding] Burns Burns C1448 M0003064 Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like. 1021829 C0006434 212129000 D002056 N0000000635 125666000 Cardiac Output, Low [Disease/Finding] D002303 86318000 Low Cardiac Output C0007166 Cardiac Output, Low N0000000683 C1544 M0003453 1024618 Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities. Cardiomyopathy, Dilated [Disease/Finding] A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein. Cardiomyopathy, Congestive M0003463 C0007193 C1550 D002311 195021004 Cardiomyopathy, Dilated Dilated Cardiomyopathy 1023271 399020009 Cardiomyopathy, Dilated N0000000686 Congestive Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic [Disease/Finding] D002312 N0000000687 45227007 233873004 A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY). C1552 C0007194 1024263 Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive M0003464 Cardiovascular Diseases [Disease/Finding] 49601007 1022075 105980002 Cardiovascular Diseases N0000000689 M0003473 C0007222 Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM. C1556 Cardiovascular Diseases D002318 Central Nervous System Diseases [Disease/Finding] D002493 C1596 Central Nervous System Disorders M0003805 23853001 Central Nervous System Diseases N0000000709 Central Nervous System Diseases CNS Diseases 1023588 C0007682 Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord. Cerebral Hemorrhage [Disease/Finding] C1620 274100004 M0003884 73020009 Hemorrhage, Cerebrum D002543 C2937358 Cerebral Hemorrhage Intracerebral Hemorrhage Cerebral Parenchymal Hemorrhage 1103691 Hemorrhage, Cerebral Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. 1508000 Cerebral Hemorrhage N0000000721 Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral Cerebral Infarction [Disease/Finding] C0007785 D002544 C1622 266256009 1025113 Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). N0000000722 Cerebral Infarction Infarction, Cerebral M0003885 Brain Ischemia [Disease/Finding] D002545 N0000000723 Encephalopathy, Ischemic C0007786 C1624 Brain Ischemia 389100007 Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION. 1023203 Brain Ischemia Ischemic Encephalopathy M0003886 Ischemic Attack, Transient [Disease/Finding] Brain TIA Ischemic Attack, Transient TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack) C0007787 N0000000724 Transient Ischemic Attack C1626 1023504 266257000 M0003887 313242003 Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6) Ischemic Attack, Transient D002546 Cerebrovascular Disorders [Disease/Finding] Intracranial Vascular Disorders 1022010 C1638 N0000000730 Cerebrovascular Disorders C0007820 Vascular Diseases, Intracranial Cerebrovascular Disorders D002561 A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES; or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others. M0003914 Brain Vascular Disorders 62914000 Chest Pain [Disease/Finding] D002637 N0000000746 Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. M0004035 C0008031 1024345 Chest Pain Chest Pain C1670 29857009 Cholestasis [Disease/Finding] 197446008 Bile Duct Obstruction Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS). 30144000 C1702 1023457 Cholestasis C0008370 N0000000762 Biliary Stasis D002779 M0004258 Cholestasis Cholestasis, Intrahepatic [Disease/Finding] N0000000763 Biliary Stasis, Intrahepatic D002780 4637005 M0004262 C1704 1028249 Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic Cholestasis, Intrahepatic C0008372 Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC). Intrahepatic Cholestasis Clostridium Infections [Disease/Finding] Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. D003015 Clostridium Infections N0000000796 Clostridium Infections M0004637 56688005 989684 C1770 C0009062 Infections, Clostridium Cluster Headache [Disease/Finding] Histamine Cephalgia Cluster Headache Cluster Headache Ciliary Neuralgia 1022422 Horton's Syndrome C1774 C0009088 Cluster Headache Syndrome Headache, Cluster A primary headache disorder that is characterized by severe, strictly unilateral PAIN which is orbital, supraorbital, temporal or in any combination of these sites, lasting 15-180 min. occurring 1 to 8 times a day. The attacks are associated with one or more of the following, all of which are ipsilateral: conjunctival injection, lacrimation, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, facial SWEATING, eyelid EDEMA, and miosis. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1) 193947008 193031009 D003027 N0000000798 Horton Syndrome 230473009 Chronic Cluster Headache Neuralgic Migraine M0004652 Colic [Disease/Finding] C0232488 1022885 M0004742 A clinical syndrome with intermittent abdominal pain characterized by sudden onset and cessation. It is usually associated with obstruction of the INTESTINES; of the CYSTIC DUCT; or of the URINARY TRACT. 73063007 Colic N0000000805 Colic Colicky Pain C1788 D003085 9991008 Colitis [Disease/Finding] D003092 Colitis Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER. C1790 1024342 N0000000806 M0004770 C0009319 64226004 Colitis, Ulcerative [Disease/Finding] Colitis, Ulcerative Colitis, Ulcerative D003093 C0009324 1025158 64766004 M0004771 N0000000807 Ulcerative Colitis C1792 Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN. Colonic Diseases [Disease/Finding] Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE). D003108 M0004814 Colonic Diseases Colonic Diseases C0009373 1025915 C1800 N0000000811 128524007 Connective Tissue Diseases [Disease/Finding] M0005027 C0009782 C1856 D003240 Connective Tissue Diseases 105969002 N0000000839 A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides. 986518 Connective Tissue Diseases Consciousness Disorders [Disease/Finding] C0009792 M0005031 Organic mental disorders in which there is impairment of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment and to respond to environmental stimuli. Dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres or brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION may result in this condition. 1031236 N0000000840 Consciousness Disorders Consciousness Disorders C1858 D003244 Coronary Artery Disease [Disease/Finding] 53741008 C1890 Coronary Artery Disease 414024009 C1956346 Coronary Artery Disease N0000000856 M0502868 1103697 Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause. D003324 Coronary Disease [Disease/Finding] Coronary Heart Disease 1022922 C1892 53741008 N0000000857 An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. Coronary Disease M0005191 C0010068 Coronary Disease D003327 Coronary Thrombosis [Disease/Finding] D003328 1025738 Coronary Thrombosis N0000000858 M0005194 398274000 Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. Coronary Thrombosis C0010072 C1894 Thrombosis, Coronary Cyanosis [Disease/Finding] Cyanosis D003490 M0005442 119419001 Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. C0010520 C1948 N0000000885 1023027 3415004 Deglutition Disorders [Disease/Finding] Deglutition Disorders 1023938 M0005756 C1998 Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS. 40739000 N0000000910 D003680 Dysphagia C0011168 Swallowing Disorders Depressive Disorder [Disease/Finding] D003866 C0011581 Depressive Disorder Depressive Disorder 35489007 1026289 C2054 N0000000938 An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. M0006033 Neurosis, Depressive Dermatitis [Disease/Finding] C2056 1023378 182782007 Dermatitis M0006046 C0011603 Any inflammation of the skin. D003872 Dermatitis N0000000939 Dermatitis Herpetiformis [Disease/Finding] C2060 1026352 Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. Dermatitis Herpetiformis Dermatitis Herpetiformis N0000000941 Duhring's Disease 111196000 M0006048 Duhring Disease D003874 C0011608 Diabetes Mellitus [Disease/Finding] M0006148 73211009 D003920 C0011849 Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE. 990753 C2078 N0000000950 Diabetic Nephropathies [Disease/Finding] M0006160 C2092 D003928 KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE. Diabetic Kidney Disease N0000000957 197605007 Diabetic Nephropathy 54181000 127013003 C0011881 21858001 Diabetic Nephropathies 1021799 Diabetic Nephropathies Diabetic Neuropathies [Disease/Finding] M0006162 C0011882 230572002 N0000000958 Diabetic Neuropathies Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325) C2094 267382005 1027333 D003929 Diarrhea [Disease/Finding] C0011991 Diarrhea D003967 267060006 N0000000963 1022243 C2104 62315008 An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight. M0006212 Diarrhea 398032003 Digestive System Diseases [Disease/Finding] N0000000973 C0012242 Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS). M0006374 1023342 C2124 D004066 53619000 Digestive System Diseases Drug Hypersensitivity [Disease/Finding] D004342 Drug Allergy Drug Hypersensitivity 416093006 Drug Hypersensitivity 416098002 C0013182 M0006829 Hypersensitivity, Drug Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally. Allergy, Drug C2176 1024684 N0000000999 Drug Toxicity [Disease/Finding] 7895008 N0000001000 Drug Toxicity D004362 C0013221 Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available. C2178 1022029 M0006855 Toxicity, Drug Drug Toxicity Duodenal Diseases [Disease/Finding] N0000001005 Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). C0013289 D004378 M0006881 1022796 C2188 Duodenal Diseases Duodenal Diseases 52182008 Dysmenorrhea [Disease/Finding] Dysmenorrhea C2228 M0006924 Menstruation, Painful N0000001025 C0013390 Painful menstruation. 266599000 Pain, Menstrual 986315 D004412 Dysmenorrhea Eclampsia [Disease/Finding] C0013537 15938005 Eclampsia Eclampsia C2272 N0000001047 Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA). 1025094 198989003 D004461 M0006985 Edema [Disease/Finding] C2292 M0007051 1022374 Edema 79654002 Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. Dropsy 20741006 N0000001057 D004487 C0013604 Hydrops Embolism [Disease/Finding] Embolism Embolism D004617 414086009 M0007248 C2312 C0013922 N0000001067 1025482 Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream. Endocrine System Diseases [Disease/Finding] N0000001099 Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES. 362969004 Endocrine Diseases D004700 Endocrine System Diseases M0007396 Diseases of Endocrine System C2376 Endocrine System Diseases 1022080 C0014130 Enterocolitis [Disease/Finding] M0007478 1025705 Enterocolitis C0014356 C2396 Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses. N0000001109 D004760 43752006 Enterocolitis Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous [Disease/Finding] C0014358 C2398 Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous 1025680 D004761 N0000001110 M0007479 397683000 An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization. Epidermolysis Bullosa [Disease/Finding] Epidermolysis Bullosa C2424 D004820 Epidermolysis Bullosa N0000001123 61003004 1025920 M0007557 C0014527 Acantholysis Bullosa Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. Epilepsy [Disease/Finding] Seizure Disorder Epilepsy C0014544 M0007564 Epilepsy 1021750 128613002 D004827 84757009 C2430 N0000001126 Seizures, Epileptic Epileptic Seizures A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313) Epilepsies, Partial [Disease/Finding] Epilepsy, Localization-Related M0007566 C2432 Partial Epilepsy Focal Seizure Disorder 230381009 C0014547 Seizure Disorder, Focal 1024007 N0000001127 Partial Seizure Disorder Epilepsies, Partial D004828 Seizure Disorder, Partial Epilepsy, Partial Epilepsy, Focal Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317) Epilepsies, Partial Epilepsy, Generalized [Disease/Finding] Epilepsy, Generalized N0000001128 Epilepsy, Generalized 19598007 1024495 M0007570 C0014548 Seizure Disorder, Generalized Recurrent conditions characterized by epileptic seizures which arise diffusely and simultaneously from both hemispheres of the brain. Classification is generally based upon motor manifestations of the seizure (e.g., convulsive, nonconvulsive, akinetic, atonic, etc.) or etiology (e.g., idiopathic, cryptogenic, and symptomatic). (From Mayo Clin Proc, 1996 Apr;71(4):405-14) C2434 D004829 Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic [Disease/Finding] Epilepsy, Grand Mal N0000001129 Tonic-Clonic Seizure Disorder Major Motor Seizure Disorder Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic 1022827 Seizure Disorder, Grand Mal Tonic-Clonic Convulsion Disorder Epilepsy, Major Tonic-Clonic Convulsion Syndrome C0014549 M0007573 A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329) Tonic-Clonic Seizure Syndrome 352818000 Tonic Clonic Convulsions D004830 Seizure Disorder, Tonic Clonic Convulsions, Grand Mal Grand Mal Seizure Disorder Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic C2436 Seizure Disorder, Major Motor Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe [Disease/Finding] 1024058 C0014556 C2442 193000002 N0000001132 Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe D004833 Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe M0007578 A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321) Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic [Disease/Finding] 1022785 N0000001133 75023009 C0014557 C2444 M0007580 D004834 Post-Traumatic Seizure Disorder Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic Recurrent seizures causally related to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Seizure onset may be immediate but is typically delayed for several days after the injury and may not occur for up to two years. The majority of seizures have a focal onset that correlates clinically with the site of brain injury. Cerebral cortex injuries caused by a penetrating foreign object (CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, PENETRATING) are more likely than closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED) to be associated with epilepsy. Concussive convulsions are nonepileptic phenomena that occur immediately after head injury and are characterized by tonic and clonic movements. (From Rev Neurol 1998 Feb;26(150):256-261; Sports Med 1998 Feb;25(2):131-6) Seizure Disorder, Post-Traumatic Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic Epilepsy, Traumatic Esophageal Diseases [Disease/Finding] Esophageal Diseases C0014852 990942 Esophageal Diseases C2496 N0000001159 Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS. D004935 M0007747 37657006 Cardiac Complexes, Premature [Disease/Finding] Cardiac Complexes, Premature Cardiac Complex, Premature Premature Cardiac Complexes C0340464 Cardiac Complexes, Premature M0008072 29717002 Extrasystoles C2532 Premature Beats 1022048 D005117 A group of cardiac arrhythmias in which the cardiac contractions are not initiated at the SINOATRIAL NODE. They include both atrial and ventricular premature beats, and are also known as extra or ectopic heartbeats. Their frequency is increased in heart diseases. N0000001177 Premature Cardiac Complex Extrasystole Ectopic Heartbeats Eye Diseases [Disease/Finding] D005128 Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye. Eye Diseases N0000001181 194183009 M0008088 1023594 C2540 C0015397 Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications [Disease/Finding] D005261 C2626 M0008309 Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications N0000001224 Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications C1720765 Pathological processes of the female URINARY TRACT, the reproductive system (GENITALIA, FEMALE), and disorders related to PREGNANCY. 985609 Fever [Disease/Finding] An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process. M0008421 Hyperthermia 1021819 367493005 D005334 Fever 386661006 Pyrexia 50177009 C0015967 Fever N0000001242 C2662 Fissure in Ano [Disease/Finding] Anal Fissure 197224002 197225001 A painful linear ulcer at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal. (Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed) 30037006 D005401 M0008525 N0000001257 Fissure in Ano Fissure in Ano 20928004 Anal Ulcer 1022270 C2692 C0016167 Gallbladder Diseases [Disease/Finding] 1024505 Gall Bladder Diseases Diseases of the GALLBLADDER. They generally involve the impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, neoplasms, or other diseases. M0008958 Gallbladder Diseases 39621005 D005705 Gallbladder Diseases C0016977 N0000001304 C2786 Gastroenteritis [Disease/Finding] D005759 N0000001317 Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis 1024672 INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER. 25374005 C2812 M0009018 C0017160 Gastroesophageal Reflux [Disease/Finding] Gastric Acid Reflux 235595009 M0009024 Gastroesophageal Reflux D005764 Gastroesophageal Reflux Esophageal Reflux GERD Reflux, Gastroesophageal C2816 Gastro-Esophageal Reflux N0000001319 Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 1022040 C0017168 Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Gastric Acid Reflux Disease Gastrointestinal Diseases [Disease/Finding] 119292006 M0009033 C2818 1022118 N0000001320 Gastrointestinal Diseases Gastrointestinal Diseases D005767 C0017178 Diseases in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Genital Diseases, Female [Disease/Finding] Female Genital Diseases D005831 Gynecologic Diseases N0000001323 244938009 C2824 310789003 1026095 C0017411 Genital Diseases, Female M0009154 Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE). Genital Diseases, Female Genital Diseases, Male [Disease/Finding] C0017412 M0009155 N0000001324 C2826 64557000 Genital Diseases, Male Genital Diseases, Male 1021837 Male Genital Diseases D005832 Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE). Tourette Syndrome [Disease/Finding] N0000001334 Combined Multiple Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder Tourette's Disease Multiple Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder, Combined Combined Vocal and Multiple Motor Tic Disorder Tic Disorder, Combined Vocal and Multiple Motor Tourette Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome D005879 A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79) C0040517 Tourette Disease C2846 Tourette Disorder 1024192 M0009230 Tourette Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette's Disease Tourette's Syndrome 5158005 Tourette's Disorder Glaucoma [Disease/Finding] N0000001345 D005901 C2868 Glaucoma M0009260 C0017601 1022133 23986001 An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed) Glaucoma Glaucoma, Open-Angle [Disease/Finding] 46168003 Glaucoma, Compensated Glaucoma, Open Angle Glaucoma, Pigmentary Glaucoma, Simple 193538009 Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris. C0017612 M0009261 1023893 N0000001346 84494001 Glaucoma, Compensative Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma, Open-Angle Open-Angle Glaucoma C2870 Glaucoma Simplex D005902 Gout [Disease/Finding] Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. Gout C0018099 Gout N0000001382 M0009557 90560007 D006073 C2942 1026223 Graft Occlusion, Vascular [Disease/Finding] Graft Occlusion, Vascular D006083 M0009575 234191002 Vascular Graft Restenosis C0018128 N0000001383 Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts. 990240 Graft Restenosis, Vascular C2944 Graft Occlusion, Vascular Vascular Graft Occlusion Hair Diseases [Disease/Finding] 1023403 C2976 M0009750 279425004 N0000001399 Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair. C0018500 Hair Diseases Hair Diseases D006201 Craniocerebral Trauma [Disease/Finding] Craniocerebral Trauma M0009821 1024743 Injuries, Craniocerebral 82271004 Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. Craniocerebral Trauma C3012 C0018674 Head Injuries N0000001417 D006259 Head Trauma Craniocerebral Injuries Injuries, Head Trauma, Head Heart Block [Disease/Finding] M0009945 233916004 C3038 1023276 Heart Block N0000001430 C0018794 Impaired conduction of cardiac impulse that can occur anywhere along the conduction pathway, such as between the SINOATRIAL NODE and the right atrium (SA block) or between atria and ventricles (AV block). Heart blocks can be classified by the duration, frequency, or completeness of conduction block. Reversibility depends on the degree of structural or functional defects. Heart Block D006327 Heart Defects, Congenital [Disease/Finding] Heart, Malformation Of Congenital Heart Defect N0000001431 204413006 D006330 M0009950 Heart Defect, Congenital 1022077 C3040 Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life. Heart Defects, Congenital Heart Abnormalities Heart Defects, Congenital C0018798 Congenital Heart Defects Abnormality, Heart Defects, Congenital Heart Heart Diseases [Disease/Finding] D006331 Heart Diseases Cardiac Diseases M0009951 Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities. C0018799 C3042 56265001 N0000001432 1022072 Heart Diseases Cardiomegaly [Disease/Finding] C0018800 C3044 Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES. 8186001 Enlarged Heart 1023747 D006332 Cardiomegaly Cardiomegaly Heart Enlargement M0009952 N0000001433 Heart Failure [Disease/Finding] Heart Failure 1024953 C3046 C0018801 42343007 A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. Cardiac Failure N0000001434 D006333 M0009953 Heart Failure Heart Valve Diseases [Disease/Finding] 368009 D006349 Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE). Heart Valve Diseases Valvular Heart Diseases 989613 M0009972 C3064 Heart Valve Diseases C0018824 N0000001443 Hematologic Diseases [Disease/Finding] Hematologic Diseases N0000001459 Blood Diseases C3096 D006402 Hematological Diseases 1021953 Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues. 191402006 C0018939 267573000 M0010044 Hematologic Diseases Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases [Disease/Finding] Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases C0018981 Hematologic diseases and diseases of the lymphatic system collectively. Hemic diseases include disorders involving the formed elements (e.g., ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION, INTRAVASCULAR) and chemical components (e.g., BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS); lymphatic diseases include disorders relating to lymph, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes. C3110 D006425 Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases M0010072 N0000001466 1026878 Hemorrhage [Disease/Finding] N0000001481 C0019080 M0010152 Bleeding 1023287 Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. D006470 Hemorrhage Hemorrhage C3140 195511004 Postpartum Hemorrhage [Disease/Finding] 1022250 Postpartum Hemorrhage C3146 Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum). 47821001 N0000001484 Postpartum Hemorrhage M0010156 D006473 Hemorrhage, Postpartum C0032797 Hemorrhagic Disorders [Disease/Finding] 1023732 D006474 N0000001485 Hemorrhagic Disorders 191331006 C3148 C0019087 M0010157 Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS). Hemorrhagic Disorders Hemorrhagic Diathesis Hemorrhoids [Disease/Finding] M0010177 Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids D006484 70153002 C3164 1023434 C0019112 Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain. N0000001493 Hyperaldosteronism [Disease/Finding] 88213004 C0020428 N0000001573 D006929 Hyperaldosteronism M0010808 A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA. Aldosteronism C3324 1022951 Hyperaldosteronism Hypercholesterolemia [Disease/Finding] D006937 C0020443 A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population. Hypercholesterolemia 13644009 N0000001580 Hypercholesteremia C3338 Hypercholesterolemia M0010818 1023485 Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II [Disease/Finding] Hyperbetalipoproteinemia D006938 Hypercholesterolemia, Essential 1022244 N0000001581 397915002 Hyper-beta-Lipoproteinemia A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). Hypercholesterolemic Xanthomatosis, Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Familial Hyper-Low-Density-Lipoproteinemia Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type II C3340 398036000 Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II C0020445 Hyper-Low Density Lipoproteinemia M0010819 190773008 Hyperlipoproteinemia Type 2 Hyperlipidemias [Disease/Finding] C3362 M0010830 D006949 1023000 Hyperlipidemia N0000001592 Hyperlipidemias C0020473 Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood. 55822004 Hyperlipemia Hyperlipidemias Hyperlipoproteinemias [Disease/Finding] Hyperlipoproteinemias C0020476 1022876 3744001 D006951 Hyperlipoproteinemia Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation. M0010833 N0000001594 Hyperlipoproteinemias C3366 Hypersensitivity [Disease/Finding] Allergy C3398 M0010851 Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. 269284003 1022134 N0000001610 Hypersensitivity C0020517 127072000 D006967 106190000 Hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity, Immediate [Disease/Finding] Hypersensitivity, Atopic 1023968 Hypersensitivity, Immediate Hypersensitivity, Type I Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigen-antibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. M0010854 IgE-Mediated Hypersensitivity D006969 N0000001612 20671006 Hypersensitivity, Immediate C3402 Atopic Hypersensitivity C0020523 Type I Hypersensitivity Hypertension [Disease/Finding] C3410 Blood Pressure, High Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more. 1023354 M0010859 D006973 N0000001616 C0020538 Hypertension Hypertension 38341003 Hypertension, Malignant [Disease/Finding] D006974 C0020540 70272006 Hypertension, Malignant N0000001617 C3412 M0010861 A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction. Malignant Hypertension Hypertension, Malignant 1023442 Hypertension, Pulmonary [Disease/Finding] N0000001619 70995007 M0010865 Hypertension, Pulmonary C0020542 C3416 Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES. 1024704 Hypertension, Pulmonary Pulmonary Hypertension D006976 Hypertrophy [Disease/Finding] M0010875 56246009 N0000001625 Hypertrophy Hypertrophy C0020564 General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA). C3428 1023930 D006984 Hypotension [Disease/Finding] C3476 1022536 45007003 D007022 Vascular Hypotension M0010927 Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients. N0000001649 Hypotension C0020649 Hypotension, Vascular Hypotension Blood Pressure, Low Low Blood Pressure Hypotrichosis [Disease/Finding] C3488 Hypotrichosis Hypotrichosis 1027458 M0010950 Presence of less than the normal amount of hair. (Dorland, 27th ed) N0000001655 C0020678 D007039 53602002 Immune System Diseases [Disease/Finding] M0011156 C0021053 Immune Diseases Immune System Diseases 41266007 Immunologic Diseases Immunological Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both. Immune Disorders 1022843 C3514 N0000001668 Diseases of Immune System D007154 Immune System Diseases Erectile Dysfunction [Disease/Finding] Male Impotence 1023399 The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction. Erectile Dysfunction M0011178 D007172 Impotence Male Sexual Impotence 397803000 N0000001672 C0242350 Erectile Dysfunction C3522 Infection [Disease/Finding] M0011294 C0021311 D007239 Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases. N0000001681 C3540 40733004 1022093 Infection Infection Inflammation [Disease/Finding] M0011307 Inflammation N0000001687 A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. C3552 D007249 Inflammation 23583003 987778 C0021368 Intestinal Diseases [Disease/Finding] 1023320 Intestinal Diseases N0000001698 M0011569 85919009 Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM. D007410 C3574 Intestinal Diseases C0021831 Intestinal Obstruction [Disease/Finding] Intestinal Obstruction 1023737 81060008 D007415 M0011575 N0000001702 Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL. C0021843 C3582 Intestinal Obstruction Intraoperative Complications [Disease/Finding] 1025476 C3590 C0021890 Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure. N0000001706 D007431 Peroperative Complications M0011598 Intraoperative Complications Intraoperative Complications Complication, Peroperative Complication, Intraoperative Joint Diseases [Disease/Finding] N0000001727 M0011860 399269003 C0022408 1022553 Joint Diseases D007592 C3632 Joint Diseases Kidney Diseases [Disease/Finding] C0022658 D007674 N0000001748 Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues. M0012014 Kidney Diseases C3674 Kidney Diseases 1022215 90708001 Leg Ulcer [Disease/Finding] 1023898 C3772 95344007 C0023223 Leg Ulcer M0012286 Leg Ulcer N0000001797 Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. D007871 Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors [Disease/Finding] C3874 D008052 C0023772 1028201 Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error M0012549 Errors in the metabolism of LIPIDS resulting from inborn genetic MUTATIONS that are heritable. N0000001848 Liver Cirrhosis [Disease/Finding] Hepatic Cirrhosis C3902 D008103 C0023890 N0000001862 Cirrhosis, Liver Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. Liver Cirrhosis M0012636 1024193 Liver Cirrhosis 19943007 Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary [Disease/Finding] Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary C0023892 Biliary Cirrhosis 1024646 Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary D008105 C3906 FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cirrhosis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and bile secretion. Secondary biliary cirrhosis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes. M0012640 N0000001864 1761006 Liver Diseases [Disease/Finding] Liver Diseases Liver Diseases 1024220 C3910 235856003 M0012644 N0000001866 D008107 C0023895 Pathological processes of the LIVER. Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome [Disease/Finding] M0012710 Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome C0024054 55475008 C3928 Short PR-Normal QRS Complex Syndrome 1025710 D008151 Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome N0000001875 A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a normal QRS complex. In this syndrome, the atrial impulse conducts via the JAMES FIBERS which connect the atrium to BUNDLE OF HIS bypassing the upper ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE. HEART VENTRICLES are depolarized normally through the His-Purkinje system. Lung Diseases [Disease/Finding] M0012744 N0000001879 Lung Diseases C3936 C0024115 Diseases, Pulmonary Lung Diseases Pulmonary Disease Pulmonary Diseases D008171 1021971 Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG. Disease, Pulmonary 19829001 Lung Diseases, Obstructive [Disease/Finding] Lung Diseases, Obstructive Obstructive Lung Diseases Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent. D008173 C0600260 N0000001881 M0012746 C3940 1025962 Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic [Disease/Finding] 1023595 M0012757 D008180 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus C3952 Lupus Erythematosus Disseminatus A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow. 55464009 Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic N0000001887 C0024141 Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic Menstruation Disturbances [Disease/Finding] Menstruation Disturbances Menstruation Disorders N0000001994 M0013402 C4166 1021753 386804004 C0025345 Menstruation Disturbances Variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease. D008599 Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion [Disease/Finding] C0025472 Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion D008641 Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6) 1028404 M0013465 Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion C4178 N0000002000 Metabolic Diseases [Disease/Finding] Diseases, Metabolic Metabolic Diseases D008659 Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed) 30390004 1022778 Thesaurismosis 75934005 Metabolic Diseases N0000002004 C0025517 M0013493 C4186 Metabolism, Inborn Errors [Disease/Finding] C4188 Metabolism Errors, Inborn 1024978 C0025521 Inborn Errors of Metabolism Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero. N0000002005 Metabolism, Inborn Errors Metabolism, Inborn Errors D008661 86095007 M0013496 Stomatognathic Diseases [Disease/Finding] C4246 1027350 General or unspecified diseases of the stomatognathic system, comprising the mouth, teeth, jaws, and pharynx. Stomatognathic Diseases Stomatognathic Diseases Mouth and Tooth Diseases N0000002034 D009057 C0038368 M0014128 Mouth Diseases [Disease/Finding] C0026636 N0000002036 D009059 M0014130 Mouth Diseases Mouth Diseases 118938008 C4250 1027441 Movement Disorders [Disease/Finding] C0026650 C4256 Movement Disorder Syndromes M0014141 Dyskinesia Syndromes Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. N0000002039 60342002 Movement Disorders 1024614 D009069 Muscle Hypertonia [Disease/Finding] N0000002058 C0026826 Abnormal increase in skeletal or smooth muscle tone. Skeletal muscle hypertonicity may be associated with PYRAMIDAL TRACT lesions or BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. M0014236 D009122 1023026 C4294 Muscle Tone Increased 41581000 Muscle Hypertonia Muscle Hypertonia Muscular Hypertonicity Hypermyotonia Muscle Spasticity [Disease/Finding] Muscle Spasticity 221360009 D009128 N0000002061 A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a "free interval") followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54) C0026838 C4300 Muscle Spasticity 1024482 M0014243 Muscular Diseases [Disease/Finding] Muscular Diseases D009135 Muscle Disorders M0014252 C0026848 Myopathic Conditions N0000002064 Muscular Diseases 1022424 129565002 C4306 Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE. Myopathies Musculoskeletal Diseases [Disease/Finding] C4312 D009140 1022076 928000 Musculoskeletal Diseases C0026857 Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively. N0000002067 M0014259 Musculoskeletal Diseases Myocardial Infarction [Disease/Finding] 1024565 C0027051 Myocardial Infarction Myocardial Infarct C4348 N0000002085 M0014340 Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION). D009203 22298006 Opioid-Related Disorders [Disease/Finding] M0014475 C0027412 Opioid-Related Disorders 14784000 N0000002109 1024004 C4396 D009293 Disorders related or resulting from abuse or mis-use of opioids. Opioid-Related Disorders Nasal Polyps [Disease/Finding] D009298 N0000002110 C0027430 1026147 C4398 Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations. M0014487 Nasal Polyps Nasal Polyps 52756005 Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities [Disease/Finding] N0000002121 D009358 M0014570 989203 C4420 Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities Diseases existing at birth and often before birth, or that develop during the first month of life (INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES), regardless of causation. Of these diseases, those characterized by structural deformities are termed CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES. Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities C0027612 Neoplasms [Disease/Finding] 55342001 Neoplasms Neoplasms 189526009 189525008 Neoplasm Tumors C0027651 D009369 M0014585 C4434 1022284 New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. Neoplasia N0000002128 Neoplasms by Histologic Type [Disease/Finding] D009370 Neoplasms by Histologic Type Neoplasms by Histological Type C4436 Neoplasms by Histologic Type A collective term for the various histological types of NEOPLASMS. It is more likely to be used by searchers than by indexers and catalogers. Histological Type of Neoplasm N0000002129 M0014588 Histological Types of Neoplasms C0027652 986146 Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal [Disease/Finding] D009373 Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonic C4442 N0000002132 M0014592 1026873 Germ Cell and Embryonic Neoplasms Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS. Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms C0027658 Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue [Disease/Finding] Nerve Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves. C0027665 C4456 985772 D009380 Nervous Tissue Neoplasms M0014605 Neoplasms, Nervous Tissue N0000002139 Nephrosis [Disease/Finding] C4484 M0014635 Nephrosis Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA. N0000002153 1025384 D009401 C0027720 90708001 Nephrotic Syndrome [Disease/Finding] N0000002155 C0027726 52254009 D009404 M0014639 A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction. Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic Syndrome C4488 1026285 Nervous System Diseases [Disease/Finding] C0027765 1026444 Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle. N0000002159 D009422 Nervous System Diseases M0014667 Neurologic Disorders C4496 Nervous System Disorders Neurological Disorders 118940003 Nervous System Diseases Neurologic Manifestations [Disease/Finding] Clinical signs and symptoms caused by nervous system injury or dysfunction. 1025946 C0027854 Neurologic Manifestations Neurologic Manifestations Neurologic Signs and Symptoms Neurologic Manifestation Manifestations, Neurologic Manifestations, Neurological M0014716 N0000002173 C4524 Neurological Manifestations D009461 Neuromuscular Diseases [Disease/Finding] N0000002176 C4530 Neuromuscular Diseases M0014726 D009468 1026561 255522009 257277002 Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA. C0027868 Nose Diseases [Disease/Finding] C0028432 N0000002194 C4566 89488007 1024498 D009668 Nose Diseases Disorders of the nose, general or unspecified. Nasal Diseases Nasal Disorders Nose Diseases M0015012 Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases [Disease/Finding] A collective term for nutritional disorders resulting from poor absorption or nutritional imbalance, and metabolic disorders resulting from defects in biosynthesis (ANABOLISM) or breakdown (CATABOLISM) of endogenous substances. C4572 M0015124 Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases 1026553 N0000002197 C0028715 D009750 Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases Ocular Hypertension [Disease/Finding] M0015213 N0000002207 Hypertension, Ocular D009798 C4592 Ocular Hypertension C0028840 4210003 A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma. 1024796 Ocular Hypertension Osteoarthritis [Disease/Finding] M0015509 D010003 1022131 Osteoarthrosis Osteoarthritis C4666 A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. 396275006 N0000002244 Arthritis, Degenerative 225655006 Osteoarthritis C0029408 Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases [Disease/Finding] N0000002269 Pathological processes of the ear, the nose, and the throat, also known as the ENT diseases. Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases M0015572 Otolaryngological Diseases Otorhinolaryngologic Disease ENT Diseases C4716 985940 Otorhinolaryngological Disease D010038 Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases C0029896 Otolaryngologic Diseases Pain [Disease/Finding] An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS. Pain C4734 Pain D010146 1021856 M0015742 C0030193 N0000002278 22253000 Pain, Intractable [Disease/Finding] Refractory Pain N0000002279 Pain, Intractable M0015750 Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment. 1027100 D010148 C0030200 Pain, Intractable C4736 Paraganglioma [Disease/Finding] 127027008 Paragangliomata M0015869 C0030421 A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992) Paragangliomas, Familial, 1 Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic Paraganglioma D010235 1022619 302833002 N0000002299 C4776 Paraganglioma 253029009 Paragangliomas 1 Pathologic Processes [Disease/Finding] 370135005 C0030660 Pathologic Processes M0016012 1025320 N0000002338 Pathologic Processes 308489006 C4854 Processes, Pathologic D010335 Pathological Processes The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. Peptic Ulcer [Disease/Finding] M0016211 Peptic Ulcer Peptic Ulcer 13200003 196697002 266437002 1024813 N0000002351 D010437 C0030920 C4880 Gastroduodenal Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). Pericarditis [Disease/Finding] M0016303 C0031046 1025582 3238004 D010493 Pericarditis C4902 N0000002362 Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS. Pericarditis, Constrictive [Disease/Finding] D010494 Pericarditis, Constrictive C0031048 C4904 85598007 Constrictive Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM that is characterized by the fibrous scarring and adhesion of both serous layers, the VISCERAL PERICARDIUM and the PARIETAL PERICARDIUM leading to the loss of pericardial cavity. The thickened pericardium severely restricts cardiac filling. Clinical signs include FATIGUE, muscle wasting, and WEIGHT LOSS. 1026769 M0016304 N0000002363 Pericarditis, Constrictive Peripheral Nervous System Diseases [Disease/Finding] Peripheral Nervous System Disease Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Peripheral Nervous System Disorders C0031117 D010523 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases 42658009 M0016347 Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. Peripheral Neuropathies Peripheral Nerve Diseases C4928 PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) Diseases N0000002375 PNS Diseases 302226006 989352 Peritoneal Diseases [Disease/Finding] 66579008 C0031142 N0000002377 C4932 1025532 Peritoneal Diseases Peritoneal Diseases D010532 Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM. M0016360 Pharyngeal Diseases [Disease/Finding] C0031345 195832000 Pathological processes involving the PHARYNX. N0000002385 C4948 D010608 Pharynx Diseases Pharyngeal Diseases Pharyngeal Diseases 75860007 1024885 Diseases of Pharynx M0016479 Pheochromocytoma [Disease/Finding] 399343007 M0016586 Pheochromocytoma D010673 C4958 1021872 A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298) C0031511 N0000002390 302835009 Pheochromocytoma Poisoning [Disease/Finding] C5072 C0032343 A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection, inhalation of or exposure to a deleterious agent. M0017099 1026915 Poisoning Poisoning N0000002447 75478009 D011041 Polyps [Disease/Finding] 1024250 C5094 C0032584 D011127 Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base. 41329004 M0017240 Polyps N0000002458 Polyps Postoperative Complications [Disease/Finding] Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery. Postoperative Complications M0017367 Postoperative Complications D011183 1022600 N0000002467 385486001 C5112 C0032787 Complication, Postoperative Pre-Eclampsia [Disease/Finding] Hypertension-Edema-Proteinuria Gestosis N0000002473 EPH Complex Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis Proteinuria-Edema-Hypertension Gestosis Pregnancy Toxemias M0017443 D011225 EPH Gestosis C0032914 EPH Toxemias Gestosis, EPH 398254007 Pre-Eclampsia Toxemia Of Pregnancy 15394000 Pre-Eclampsia C5124 1023141 Toxemias, Pregnancy Preeclampsia Preeclampsia/Eclampsia 1 A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. Pre-Excitation Syndromes [Disease/Finding] Preexcitation Syndrome N0000002474 D011226 C0032915 C5126 Pre-Excitation Syndromes Pre-Excitation Syndromes 1026072 A group of conditions in which HEART VENTRICLE activation by the atrial impulse is faster than the normal impulse conduction from the SINOATRIAL NODE. In these pre-excitation syndromes, atrial impulses often bypass the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE delay and travel via ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAYS connecting the atrium directly to the BUNDLE OF HIS. M0017444 Pregnancy Complications [Disease/Finding] Pregnancy Complications 1023402 Complications, Pregnancy D011248 Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases. N0000002478 C0032962 90821003 198881004 C5134 Pregnancy Complications M0017474 Pregnancy, Abdominal [Disease/Finding] Pregnancy, Abdominal N0000002485 Pregnancy, Abdominal C0032984 Abdominal Pregnancy D011269 A type of ectopic pregnancy in which the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN implants in the ABDOMINAL CAVITY instead of in the ENDOMETRIUM of the UTERUS. C5148 1028274 82661006 M0017497 Pregnancy, Ectopic [Disease/Finding] Pregnancy, Ectopic M0017499 Pregnancy, Ectopic C0032987 C5150 Ectopic Pregnancy A potentially life-threatening condition in which the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN implants outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (>96%) occur in the FALLOPIAN TUBES, known as TUBAL PREGNANCY. They can be in other locations, such as UTERINE CERVIX; OVARY; and abdominal cavity (PREGNANCY, ABDOMINAL). 1021784 N0000002486 34801009 D011271 Prostatic Diseases [Disease/Finding] M0017828 Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues. C5174 Prostatic Diseases N0000002498 30281009 D011469 Prostatic Diseases 1022359 C0033575 Prostatic Hyperplasia [Disease/Finding] C5176 N0000002499 367483003 D011470 M0017830 197958000 Prostatic Hyperplasia Prostatic Hyperplasia 1103694 Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both. C2937421 Pruritus [Disease/Finding] C5202 1023996 M0017935 Pruritis An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. Itching Pruritus Pruritus N0000002512 C0033774 279333002 D011537 Pruritus Ani [Disease/Finding] Intense chronic itching in the anal area. D011538 Pruritus Ani Pruritus Ani N0000002513 C5204 M0017936 90446007 C0033775 1022806 Puerperal Disorders [Disease/Finding] Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans. C0034040 N0000002536 1023405 D011644 Puerperal Disorders 362973001 C5250 Puerperal Disorders M0018113 Pulmonary Edema [Disease/Finding] Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening. 1024136 19242006 C5258 M0018125 N0000002540 Pulmonary Edemas Pulmonary Edema Pulmonary Edema Edema, Pulmonary C0034063 Wet Lung Edemas, Pulmonary D011654 Pulmonary Embolism [Disease/Finding] Pulmonary Embolism 1023138 59282003 Pulmonary Embolism D011655 N0000002541 C0034065 M0018126 Pulmonary Embolisms Embolisms, Pulmonary Embolism, Pulmonary C5260 Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS. Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency [Disease/Finding] Incompetence, Pulmonary Valve C0034088 1022909 Valve Insufficiency, Pulmonary Valve Incompetence, Pulmonary 91434003 D011665 C5272 Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the PULMONARY ARTERY into the RIGHT VENTRICLE due to imperfect closure of the PULMONARY VALVE. Valve Regurgitation, Pulmonary M0018142 Regurgitation, Pulmonary Valve N0000002547 Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency Pulmonary Valve Incompetence Regurgitation, Pulmonary 194995005 Insufficiency, Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation Pulmonary Regurgitation Pupil Disorders [Disease/Finding] 1022461 68633000 C0034124 D011681 C5280 Conditions which affect the structure or function of the pupil of the eye, including disorders of innervation to the pupillary constrictor or dilator muscles, and disorders of pupillary reflexes. N0000002551 Pupillary Disorders Pupil Disorders Pupil Disorders M0333811 Purine-Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors [Disease/Finding] 1028018 Purine Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors D011686 C0034139 238006008 N0000002552 Purine-Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors M0018168 C5282 Purine-Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors Radiation Injuries [Disease/Finding] Radiation Injuries C5314 D011832 Radiation Injuries M0018380 1024012 Injuries, Radiation N0000002568 C0034530 Harmful effects of non-experimental exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation in VERTEBRATES. 24803000 Raynaud Disease [Disease/Finding] M0018534 Raynaud Disease Cold Fingers, Hereditary D011928 Raynaud's Disease 195295006 195294005 C0034734 C5330 Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress. 1027424 N0000002576 Rectal Diseases [Disease/Finding] Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE). D012002 1024401 C0034882 5964004 M0018654 C5334 N0000002578 Rectal Diseases Rectal Diseases Renal Artery Obstruction [Disease/Finding] C5360 1029298 D012078 C0035066 M0018770 Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR). N0000002591 Renal Artery Obstruction Respiratory Hypersensitivity [Disease/Finding] N0000002598 M0018896 Respiratory Hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity, Respiratory C5374 C0035228 A form of hypersensitivity affecting the respiratory tract. It includes ASTHMA and RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL. 1025923 D012130 Respiratory Hypersensitivity Respiratory Tract Diseases [Disease/Finding] C5382 N0000002602 M0018918 C0035242 Respiratory Tract Diseases Respiratory Tract Diseases D012140 1024163 Respiratory Tract Infections [Disease/Finding] Infections, Respiratory Tract 1025855 275498002 Infections, Respiratory Respiratory Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases. D012141 M0018919 C0035243 N0000002603 Respiratory Tract Infections Respiratory Tract Infections C5384 Rheumatic Fever [Disease/Finding] D012213 Polyarthritis Rheumatica N0000002629 C5436 1023414 Rheumatic Arthritis A febrile disease occurring as a delayed sequela of infections with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES. It is characterized by multiple focal inflammatory lesions of the connective tissue structures, such as the heart, blood vessels, and joints (POLYARTHRITIS) and brain, and by the presence of ASCHOFF BODIES in the myocardium and skin. 58718002 Acute Rheumatic Fever Arthritis, Rheumatic, Acute 81077008 Arthritis, Acute Rheumatic Rheumatic Fever C0035436 Rheumatism, Acute Articular M0019009 Rheumatic Fever Inflammatory Rheumatism Rheumatism, Articular, Acute Rheumatic Heart Disease [Disease/Finding] 194752000 194708008 23685000 N0000002630 C5438 Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM. Rheumatic Heart Disease M0019010 Rheumatic Heart Disease D012214 1021931 C0035439 Rheumatic Diseases [Disease/Finding] 1022758 Rheumatic Diseases C0035435 D012216 203100003 N0000002632 Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. Rheumatic Diseases Rheumatism C5442 396332003 M0019014 Rhinitis [Disease/Finding] Nasal Catarrh M0019019 N0000002634 Rhinitis Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES. 70076002 C5446 1023076 D012220 C0035455 Rhinitis, Vasomotor [Disease/Finding] Vasomotor Rhinitis M0019023 8229003 Rhinitis, Vasomotor N0000002637 A form of non-allergic rhinitis that is characterized by nasal congestion and posterior pharyngeal drainage. D012223 C5452 C0035460 1023064 Rhinitis, Vasomotor Salivary Gland Diseases [Disease/Finding] C0036093 M0019375 N0000002662 10890000 C5502 987342 Salivary Gland Diseases Salivary Gland Diseases D012466 Schizophrenia [Disease/Finding] N0000002690 C5558 58214004 191526005 M0019489 191528006 Schizophrenia Dementia Praecox Schizophrenia D012559 C0036341 Schizophrenic Disorders A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior. 1022169 Shock [Disease/Finding] Circulatory Failure Shock C5634 D012769 Shock M0019782 C0036974 N0000002728 274729009 1023333 27942005 A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs. Circulatory Collapse Shock, Cardiogenic [Disease/Finding] M0019783 C0036980 D012770 C5636 Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease. Shock, Cardiogenic 89138009 1026337 N0000002729 Shock, Cardiogenic Shock, Septic [Disease/Finding] N0000002731 M0019786 C0036983 Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include, but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status. Septic Shock C5640 D012772 Shock, Septic Shock, Septic 1025847 76571007 Sialorrhea [Disease/Finding] N0000002742 M0019820 1022091 C0037036 53827007 Sialorrhea C5662 D012798 Increased salivary flow. Sialorrhea Hypersalivation Sick Sinus Syndrome [Disease/Finding] Sick Sinus Syndrome Sick Sinus Node Syndrome N0000002743 M0019828 A condition caused by dysfunctions related to the SINOATRIAL NODE including impulse generation (CARDIAC SINUS ARREST) and impulse conduction (SINOATRIAL EXIT BLOCK). It is characterized by persistent BRADYCARDIA, chronic ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and failure to resume sinus rhythm following CARDIOVERSION. This syndrome can be congenital or acquired, particularly after surgical correction for heart defects. 36083008 1025538 D012804 C5664 C0037052 Sick Sinus Syndrome Signs and Symptoms [Disease/Finding] 1024593 M0019845 Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. Signs and Symptoms N0000002748 D012816 C0037088 Signs and Symptoms C5674 Signs and Symptoms, Digestive [Disease/Finding] Signs and Symptoms, Digestive Signs and Symptoms, Digestive D012817 Digestive system manifestations of diseases of the gastrointestinal system or of other organs. N0000002749 1029901 C5676 M0019846 C0037089 Skin Abnormalities [Disease/Finding] 268292002 C0037268 M0019926 D012868 199879009 1023316 N0000002759 Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin. Skin Abnormalities 38164009 Skin Abnormalities C5696 Abnormalities, Skin Skin Diseases [Disease/Finding] Skin Diseases M0019929 D012871 Skin Diseases 1022858 N0000002761 Dermatosis C5700 C0037274 95320005 Dermatoses Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous [Disease/Finding] 1027633 Skin diseases characterized by local or general distributions of blisters. They are classified according to the site and mode of blister formation. Lesions can appear spontaneously or be precipitated by infection, trauma, or sunlight. Etiologies include immunologic and genetic factors. (From Scientific American Medicine, 1990) Vesiculobullous Dermatoses Vesiculobullous Skin Diseases C0037275 Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous M0019930 N0000002762 D012872 Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous C5702 Skin Diseases, Genetic [Disease/Finding] C5704 N0000002763 Skin Diseases, Genetic Skin Diseases, Genetic M0019934 Genetic Skin Diseases C0037277 Diseases of the skin with a genetic component, usually the result of various inborn errors of metabolism. D012873 986094 239001006 Skin Manifestations [Disease/Finding] D012877 C5712 990515 Skin Manifestations Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury. C0037285 M0019938 Skin Manifestations N0000002767 Skin Ulcer [Disease/Finding] 46742003 N0000002769 M0019944 Skin Ulcer Skin Ulcer C5716 C0037299 D012883 1023651 247454005 Staphylococcal Infections [Disease/Finding] D013203 Infections, Staphylococcal N0000002817 56038003 Staphylococcal Infections 1023915 C0038160 Staphylococcal Infections M0020423 Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS. C5812 Stomach Diseases [Disease/Finding] 988579 Pathological processes involving the STOMACH. Gastric Diseases D013272 N0000002826 C0038354 C5830 29384001 Stomach Diseases Stomach Diseases M0020542 Streptococcal Infections [Disease/Finding] D013290 C0038395 85769006 M0020568 N0000002837 C5852 Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS. Infections, Streptococcal 1022383 Streptococcal Infections Streptococcal Infections Subarachnoid Hemorrhage [Disease/Finding] C5870 Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid SAH (Subarachnoid Hemorrhage) M0020646 Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status. 21454007 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Subarachnoid Hemorrhage D013345 C0038525 1022268 N0000002846 Substance Withdrawal Syndrome [Disease/Finding] N0000002855 C0038587 D013375 Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug. Substance Withdrawal Syndrome 1027256 C5888 Substance Withdrawal Syndrome M0020676 Surgical Wound Infection [Disease/Finding] 58126003 C5908 N0000002865 D013530 Postoperative Wound Infection M0020904 1026690 C0038941 Infection, Surgical Wound Wound Infection, Postoperative Surgical Wound Infection Surgical Wound Infection Wound Infection, Surgical Infection, Postoperative Wound Infection occurring at the site of a surgical incision. 213285008 Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms [Disease/Finding] 984268 M0020949 N0000002872 C5922 Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms D013568 Symptoms and General Pathology Abnormal anatomical or physiological conditions and objective or subjective manifestations of disease, not classified as disease or syndrome. C0039058 Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms Syncope [Disease/Finding] Fainting C0039070 Syncope 309585006 A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9) 271594007 C5924 D013575 Syncope N0000002873 272030005 1023272 M0020955 Tachycardia [Disease/Finding] Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia. 86651002 Tachycardia N0000002888 Tachycardia 1023558 3424008 D013610 C5954 C0039231 M0020996 Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry [Disease/Finding] C0039232 N0000002889 1027637 AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia M0020998 Abnormally rapid heartbeats caused by reentry of atrial impulse into the dual (fast and slow) pathways of ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE. The common type involves a blocked atrial impulse in the slow pathway which reenters the fast pathway in a retrograde direction and simultaneously conducts to the atria and the ventricles leading to rapid HEART RATE of 150-250 beats per minute. Tachycardia, AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia D013611 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia C5956 Tachycardia, Paroxysmal [Disease/Finding] M0021001 195076006 C0039236 1024070 C5962 Tachycardia, Paroxysmal 12026006 N0000002892 Tachycardia, Paroxysmal Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation. 195078007 D013614 Tachycardia, Supraventricular [Disease/Finding] C0039240 6456007 D013617 Tachycardia, Supraventricular Tachycardia, Supraventricular 1022287 M0021006 A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS. C5968 N0000002895 Thromboembolism [Disease/Finding] 371039008 C0040038 1027317 N0000002934 Thromboembolism Thromboembolism D013923 Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream. M0021430 C6046 Thrombosis [Disease/Finding] Thrombosis C6050 118927008 Thrombosis C0040053 M0021435 Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel. D013927 1022873 N0000002936 Thyroid Diseases [Disease/Finding] C6062 Thyroid Diseases D013959 Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND. M0021478 C0040128 1024048 N0000002942 Thyroid Diseases 14304000 Tic Disorders [Disease/Finding] 1023189 Disorders characterized by recurrent TICS that may interfere with speech and other activities. Tics are sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations which may be exacerbated by stress and are generally attenuated during absorbing activities. Tic disorders are distinguished from conditions which feature other types of abnormal movements that may accompany general medical conditions. (From DSM-IV, 1994) C6078 M0021514 C0040188 Tic Disorders 568005 D013981 N0000002950 Tic Disorders Unconsciousness [Disease/Finding] 419045004 D014474 C0041657 M0022251 Unconsciousness 418107008 Unconscious State C6306 Loss of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment combined with markedly reduced responsiveness to environmental stimuli. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp344-5) Consciousness, Loss of Unconsciousness N0000003064 1026031 Urination Disorders [Disease/Finding] 1025163 Urination Disorders C0042035 M0022377 N0000003082 Urination Disorders C6342 D014555 Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE. Male Urogenital Diseases [Disease/Finding] Male Genitourinary Diseases M0489510 Pathological processes of the male URINARY TRACT and the reproductive system (GENITALIA, MALE). C1720894 1027597 Male Urogenital Diseases D052801 CMSHM0489510 Male Urogenital Diseases N0000003085 Urologic Diseases [Disease/Finding] Urinary Tract Diseases Urological Diseases 128606002 1022769 Urologic Diseases M0022400 Pathological processes of the URINARY TRACT in both males and females. C0042075 197951006 C6350 41368006 N0000003086 D014570 Urologic Diseases Urticaria [Disease/Finding] Urticaria Urticaria 1023461 N0000003088 D014581 C6354 M0022414 A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. C0042109 Hives 126485001 Uterine Diseases [Disease/Finding] C0042131 C6358 Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS. Uterine Diseases Uterine Diseases N0000003090 D014591 M0022426 12337004 1025904 Uterine Hemorrhage [Disease/Finding] M0022428 C0042134 1024627 38280009 Uterine Hemorrhage Uterine Bleeding C6360 D014592 N0000003091 Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding. Hemorrhage, Uterine Vascular Diseases [Disease/Finding] D014652 Vascular Diseases 27550009 N0000003111 1024109 M0022535 C0042373 Vascular Diseases C6400 Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body. Vasculitis [Disease/Finding] 1026759 C6404 Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body. C0042384 Vasculitis Vasculitis 31996006 N0000003113 Angiitis D014657 M0022540 Ventricular Fibrillation [Disease/Finding] C0042510 1024218 Ventricular Fibrillation N0000003118 C6414 D014693 71908006 Ventricular Fibrillation M0022595 A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST. Ventricular Outflow Obstruction [Disease/Finding] Ventricular Outflow Obstruction N0000003119 Ventricular Outflow Obstruction Occlusion of the outflow tract in either the LEFT VENTRICLE or the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This may result from CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS, predisposing heart diseases, complications of surgery, or HEART NEOPLASMS. C0042512 D014694 C6416 1028258 M0022598 Virus Diseases [Disease/Finding] C6434 1022696 D014777 M0022758 Virus Diseases 34014006 Viral Diseases C0042769 A general term for diseases produced by viruses. N0000003128 Virus Diseases Water-Electrolyte Imbalance [Disease/Finding] Water-Electrolyte Imbalance C6486 1028873 Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. D014883 C0043065 Water-Electrolyte Imbalance M0022901 N0000003154 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome [Disease/Finding] Auriculoventricular Accessory Pathway Syndrome A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase. M0022990 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome D014927 N0000003166 C6510 74390002 False Bundle-Branch Block Syndrome C0043202 Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome 1023880 Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome WPW Syndrome Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome Wound Infection [Disease/Finding] C0043241 D014946 M0023017 N0000003168 Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. Wound Infection 1024471 C6514 Infection, Wound Wound Infection 76844004 Wounds and Injuries [Disease/Finding] Wounds and Injury Injuries, Wounds 19130008 C6516 N0000003169 Wounds, Injury Trauma D014947 Injuries and Wounds 1022221 C0043251 Wounds and Injuries Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity. M0023019 Esophageal Motility Disorders [Disease/Finding] 266434009 M0023297 C6556 D015154 Esophageal Dysmotility N0000003189 1022716 Esophageal Motility Disorders Esophageal Motility Disorders C0014858 Disorders affecting the motor function of the UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; the ESOPHAGUS body, or a combination of these parts. The failure of the sphincters to maintain a tonic pressure may result in gastric reflux of food and acid into the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX). Other disorders include hypermotility (spastic disorders) and markedly increased amplitude in contraction (nutcracker esophagus). Esophageal Spasm, Diffuse [Disease/Finding] D015155 Spasm, Esophageal Esophageal Spasm, Diffuse M0023299 N0000003190 79962008 C6558 Esophageal Spasm A hypermotility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS that is characterized by spastic non-peristaltic responses to SWALLOWING; CHEST PAIN; and DYSPHAGIA. Esophageal Spasm, Diffuse C0014863 1024325 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases [Disease/Finding] 24526004 Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory Inflammatory Bowel Diseases C0021390 M0023374 C6590 Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS. 1023128 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases D015212 N0000003206 Hypertriglyceridemia [Disease/Finding] M0023401 N0000003210 C6598 302870006 C0020557 1026278 D015228 Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood. Hypertriglyceridemia Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors [Disease/Finding] C0035091 N0000003278 Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error M0023861 Renal Tubular Transport Errors Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Error Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors D015499 Genetic defects in the selective or non-selective transport functions of the KIDNEY TUBULES. C6734 Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors 1026778 Abdominal Pain [Disease/Finding] D015746 Abdominal Pain Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region; generally associated with functional disorders, tissue injuries, or diseases. C6796 N0000003309 1022336 C0000737 21522001 M0024135 Glaucoma, Angle-Closure [Disease/Finding] 392291006 A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber. C0017605 Glaucoma, Narrow-Angle 1022331 C6820 N0000003321 Glaucoma, Closed-Angle Glaucoma, Angle Closure Glaucoma, Angle-Closure Glaucoma, Uncompensative D015812 Glaucoma, Uncompensated Glaucoma, Angle-Closure M0024213 Mydriasis [Disease/Finding] D015878 C6880 1022870 C0026961 37125009 Mydriasis Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME. 188557000 N0000003351 M0024307 Urinary Retention [Disease/Finding] Urinary Retention Urinary Retention D016055 N0000003353 C6884 M0024540 1024066 C0080274 267064002 Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION). Torsades de Pointes [Disease/Finding] Torsade de Pointes 31722008 Torsades de Pointes 1025825 N0000003383 C6944 C0040479 M0024685 A malignant form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that is characterized by HEART RATE between 200 and 250 beats per minute, and QRS complexes with changing amplitude and twisting of the points. The term also describes the syndrome of tachycardia with prolonged ventricular repolarization, long QT intervals exceeding 500 milliseconds or BRADYCARDIA. Torsades de pointes may be self-limited or may progress to VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION. Torsades de Pointes D016171 Peripheral Vascular Diseases [Disease/Finding] 400047006 Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART. D016491 C0085096 N0000003422 M0025176 Vascular Diseases, Peripheral C7022 Peripheral Vascular Diseases 1022504 Peripheral Vascular Diseases Peripheral Angiopathies Diseases, Peripheral Vascular Cardiac Output, High [Disease/Finding] D016534 A state of elevated cardiac output due to conditions of either increased hemodynamic demand or reduced cardiac oxygen output. These conditions may include ANEMIA; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; THYROTOXICOSIS; PREGNANCY; EXERCISE; FEVER; and ANOXIA. In time, compensatory changes of the heart can lead to pathological form of high cardiac output and eventual HEART FAILURE. M0025236 1024957 C0085128 27545003 Cardiac Output, High Cardiac Output, High High Cardiac Output N0000003430 C7038 Embolism and Thrombosis [Disease/Finding] A collective term for pathological conditions which are caused by the formation of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in a blood vessel, or by blocking of a blood vessel with an EMBOLUS, undissolved materials in the blood stream. 1031715 C0085307 195440003 D016769 Embolism and Thrombosis N0000003473 Embolism and Thrombosis M0025559 C7124 Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections [Disease/Finding] N0000003507 C7192 Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method. D016908 Infections, Gram-Positive Bacterial 1022700 C0085426 Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections M0025728 Liver Failure [Disease/Finding] 1021954 C0085605 59927004 Hepatic Failure N0000003527 Liver Failure Liver Failure C7232 D017093 Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed) M0025970 Kidney Failure [Disease/Finding] N0000003529 C0035078 Renal Failure Kidney Failure 42399005 M0025974 266553002 1022860 A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. D051437 Kidney Failure C7236 Tachycardia, Ventricular [Disease/Finding] D017180 N0000003541 Tachycardia, Ventricular Tachycardia, Ventricular 1023929 C0042514 M0026083 25569003 C7260 Ventricular Tachycardia An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation). Myocardial Ischemia [Disease/Finding] 1022046 C7278 M0026104 A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION). 414545008 D017202 Myocardial Ischemia N0000003550 C0151744 Heart Disease, Ischemic Ischemic Heart Disease Ischemia, Myocardial Myocardial Ischemia 414795007 Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular [Disease/Finding] Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. 55827005 M0026394 N0000003570 C7318 D017379 1023472 C0149721 Ventricular Hypertrophy, Left Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases [Disease/Finding] C0175166 M0026454 N0000003573 C7324 A collective term for diseases of the skin and its appendages and of connective tissue. 1027511 D017437 Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases Skin Diseases, Vascular [Disease/Finding] C0162819 Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area. M0026469 11263005 N0000003578 Vascular Skin Diseases Skin Diseases, Vascular 1024271 D017445 C7334 Skin Diseases, Vascular Neuroectodermal Tumors [Disease/Finding] M0026668 C7404 253096008 D017599 N0000003613 1022212 Neuroectodermal Tumors Neuroectodermal Tumors 73676002 Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells. C0206093 Pelvic Pain [Disease/Finding] N0000003626 Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin and of organic or psychogenic etiology. Frequent causes of pain are distension or contraction of hollow viscera, rapid stretching of the capsule of a solid organ, chemical irritation, tissue ischemia, and neuritis secondary to inflammatory, neoplastic, or fibrotic processes in adjacent organs. (Kase, Weingold & Gershenson: Principles and Practice of Clinical Gynecology, 2d ed, pp479-508) C0030794 30473006 C7430 Pelvic Pain M0026763 1022303 Pelvic Pain D017699 Neuroendocrine Tumors [Disease/Finding] Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition. M0027590 D018358 C0206754 1024535 N0000003804 Neuroendocrine Tumors Neuroendocrine Tumors C7786 255046005 Cardiovascular Abnormalities [Disease/Finding] Cardiovascular Abnormalities N0000003808 D018376 Cardiovascular Abnormalities 1026475 Abnormalities, Cardiovascular Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS. C0243050 M0027602 9904008 C7794 Ventricular Dysfunction, Left [Disease/Finding] D018487 990592 C0242698 N0000003826 Ventricular Dysfunction, Left Left Ventricular Dysfunction Ventricular Dysfunction, Left C7830 M0027729 A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome [Disease/Finding] C0242966 N0000003848 238149007 M0028081 1023779 A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever >38 degrees C or HYPOTHERMIA <36 degrees C; (2) TACHYCARDIA >90 beat/minute; (3) tachypnea >24 breaths/minute; (4) LEUKOCYTOSIS >12,000 cells/cubic mm or 10% immature forms. While usually related to infection, SIRS can also be associated with noninfectious insults such as TRAUMA; BURNS; or PANCREATITIS. If infection is involved, a patient with SIRS is said to have SEPSIS. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome D018746 Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome 238150007 Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic C7874 Sepsis Syndrome Ventricular Dysfunction [Disease/Finding] D018754 A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function. Ventricular Dysfunction C0242973 N0000003849 1022391 C7876 M0028090 Ventricular Dysfunction Impotence, Vasculogenic [Disease/Finding] M0028121 D018783 Impotence, Vasculogenic 986774 C0243000 Impotence, Vasculogenic Inability to achieve and maintain an erection (ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION) due to defects in the arterial blood flow to the PENIS, defect in venous occlusive function allowing blood drainage (leakage) from the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis), or both. N0000003855 C7888 Sepsis [Disease/Finding] Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK. C0243026 Sepsis M0028155 91302008 C7900 D018805 Sepsis N0000003861 1023184 Ventricular Premature Complexes [Disease/Finding] Premature Ventricular Beats Ventricular Premature Complex Ventricular Premature Complexes C0151636 A type of cardiac arrhythmia with premature contractions of the HEART VENTRICLES. It is characterized by the premature QRS complex on ECG that is of abnormal shape and great duration (generally >129 msec). It is the most common form of all cardiac arrhythmias. Premature ventricular complexes have no clinical significance except in concurrence with heart diseases. Premature Ventricular Complex Ventricular Premature Complexes Premature Ventricular Contractions Extrasystole, Ventricular Ventricular Ectopic Beats 17338001 1021951 C7916 N0000003869 M0028234 D018879 195093006 251175005 Atrial Premature Complexes [Disease/Finding] 284470004 N0000003870 1023811 C7918 287057009 63593006 Extrasystole, Atrial Premature Atrial Beats D018880 Atrial Premature Complexes C0033036 Premature Atrial Complex A type of cardiac arrhythmia with premature atrial contractions or beats caused by signals originating from ectopic atrial sites. The ectopic signals may or may not conduct to the HEART VENTRICLES. Atrial premature complexes are characterized by premature P waves on ECG which are different in configuration from the P waves generated by the normal pacemaker complex in the SINOATRIAL NODE. Atrial Ectopic Beats M0028235 406461004 Atrial Premature Complexes Premature Supraventricular Beats Atrial Premature Complex Premature Atrial Contractions Hot Flashes [Disease/Finding] 198436008 1022367 M0029082 A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed) N0000003943 D019584 Hot Flashes C0600142 Hot Flashes C8064 Neurodegenerative Diseases [Disease/Finding] Degenerative Neurologic Diseases C0524851 Neurologic Degenerative Conditions Neurodegenerative Diseases Neurodegenerative Diseases Nervous System Degenerative Diseases Degenerative Neurologic Disorders Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. N0000003949 Degenerative Diseases, Neurologic M0029135 Neurodegenerative Disorders D019636 1022112 C8076 Neurologic Degenerative Diseases Neurologic Diseases, Degenerative Degenerative Diseases, Nervous System Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood [Disease/Finding] Those psychiatric disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence. These disorders can also be first diagnosed during other life stages. 987008 N0000003966 M0029626 Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood C8110 D019952 Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood C0525040 Disorders Usually Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence Neurobehavioral Manifestations [Disease/Finding] N0000003967 Neurobehavioral Signs and Symptoms M0333801 C8112 Cognitive Symptoms Signs and Symptoms, Neurobehavioral Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information. 1025867 C0525041 Neurobehavioral Manifestations Neurobehavioral Manifestations Cognitive Manifestations D019954 Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders [Disease/Finding] C0236964 D019958 1031543 Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders C8120 N0000003971 Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders M0029636 Mood Disorders [Disease/Finding] M0029642 1022464 Mood Disorders C0525045 C8128 D019964 Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. N0000003975 Affective Disorders Mood Disorders 46206005 Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders [Disease/Finding] 106014008 C0029227 111479008 M0029645 Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders D019965 Cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders. These may be the result of substance use, trauma, or other causes. Mental Disorders, Organic Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders N0000003976 1022574 Organic Mental Disorders C8130 Substance-Related Disorders [Disease/Finding] Disorders related to substance abuse, the side effects of a medication, or toxin exposure. N0000003977 Substance-Related Disorders 1027904 M0029657 C8132 D019966 Substance-Related Disorders C0236969 Schizophrenia and Disorders with Psychotic Features [Disease/Finding] N0000003978 Schizophrenia and Disorders with Psychotic Features Schizophrenia and Disorders with Psychotic Features C8134 984843 Marked disorders of thought (delusions, hallucinations, or other thought disorder accompanied by disordered affect or behavior), and deterioration from a previous level of functioning. M0029660 D019967 C0525046 Sexual and Gender Disorders [Disease/Finding] D019968 C8136 Mental disorders related to sexual dysfunction, paraphilias, and gender identity disorders. C0525047 984634 N0000003979 Sexual and Gender Disorders Sexual and Gender Disorders M0029661 Alcohol-Related Disorders [Disease/Finding] 1025655 C0236664 M0029672 D019973 N0000003982 29212009 Alcohol-Related Disorders Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or mis-use of alcohol. C8142 Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological [Disease/Finding] D020018 Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Psychosexual Disorders Psychosexual Dysfunctions Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological M0029727 56627002 C8146 1025159 C0033953 Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994) N0000003984 Trauma, Nervous System [Disease/Finding] M0328650 Injuries, Nervous System Nervous System Injuries Trauma, Nervous System D020196 Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures. N0000004034 1031188 C8246 Trauma, Nervous System 128239009 C0751792 Venous Thrombosis [Disease/Finding] 1023173 111293003 The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein. Venous Thrombosis Phlebothrombosis C0042487 Thrombosis, Venous N0000004074 18266009 C8326 D020246 M0029908 Venous Thrombosis Neurotoxicity Syndromes [Disease/Finding] Neurotoxin Disorders Poisoning, Nervous System Neurotoxic Disorders M0328313 Neurotoxin Diseases 19466003 985040 C8338 Neurotoxicity Syndromes N0000004080 Nervous System Poisoning D020258 C0235032 Neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method. This includes conditions caused by biologic, chemical, and pharmaceutical agents. Neurotoxicity Syndromes Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System [Disease/Finding] Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System D020268 N0000004088 Ethanol Induced Nervous System Disorders Acute and chronic neurologic disorders associated with the various neurologic effects of ETHANOL. Primary sites of injury include the brain and peripheral nerves. Ethyl Alcohol Abuse Neurologic Syndromes Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System C0751865 Ethanol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System M0328091 Nervous System Disorders, Ethanol-Induced 1023561 C8354 Ethanol-Induced Nervous System Disorders Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System [Disease/Finding] Nervous System Diseases, Degenerative, Hereditary C8360 985698 Nervous System Degenerative Hereditary Diseases Inherited disorders characterized by progressive atrophy and dysfunction of anatomically or physiologically related neurologic systems. M0328330 Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hereditary Degenerative Disease, Nervous System, Hereditary Degenerative Hereditary Disorders, Nervous System D020271 C0751870 Nervous System Hereditary Degenerative Diseases Hereditary Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary Diseases, Neurodegenerative Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System Hereditary-Degenerative Disorders, Nervous System N0000004091 Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System Degenerative Hereditary Diseases, Nervous System Intracranial Hemorrhages [Disease/Finding] C0151699 D020300 N0000004102 Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. M0328611 Intracranial Hemorrhages Intracranial Hemorrhages C8382 1026294 Hemorrhage, Intracranial 1386000 Brain Infarction [Disease/Finding] Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis. M0328169 1027116 Brain Infarction Brain Infarction C8496 N0000004159 D020520 C0751955 Stroke [Disease/Finding] Cerebral Stroke Apoplexy Cerebrovascular Accident Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810) 270883006 N0000004160 Cerebrovascular Apoplexy Vascular Accident, Brain C8498 Cerebrovascular Stroke CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident) 1024488 D020521 230690007 M0328070 Stroke C0038454 Alcohol-Induced Disorders [Disease/Finding] C8518 M0328025 Alcohol-Induced Disorders C0236970 Alcohol-Induced Disorders 1025678 N0000004170 Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol. D020751 Pathological Conditions, Anatomical [Disease/Finding] An abnormal structural condition of the human body, usually macroscopic, that is common to a variety of different diseases. C8534 N0000004178 1026773 D020763 Pathological Conditions, Anatomical Pathological Conditions, Anatomical M0328642 C0752135 Headache Disorders [Disease/Finding] C0393735 Headache Syndromes M0328324 230461009 Headache Disorders 1023986 N0000004182 Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1) C8542 D020773 Headache Disorders Cephalgia Syndromes Dyskinesias [Disease/Finding] Abnormal Movements 9748009 1021897 C8586 Abnormal involuntary movements which primarily affect the extremities, trunk, or jaw that occur as a manifestation of an underlying disease process. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of dyskinesia as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as dyskinesia syndromes (see MOVEMENT DISORDERS). Dyskinesias are also a relatively common manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. Dyskinesias Dyskinesias M0014140 D020820 N0000004204 C0013384 Neuromuscular Manifestations [Disease/Finding] Signs and symptoms associated with diseases of the muscle, neuromuscular junction, or peripheral nerves. Neuromuscular Manifestations N0000004213 C8604 1027972 Neuromuscular Signs and Symptoms D020879 M0328296 C0752252 Signs and Symptoms, Neuromuscular Neuromuscular Manifestations Discrete Subaortic Stenosis [Disease/Finding] Subaortic Stenosis, Discrete M0001558 A type of constriction that is caused by the presence of a fibrous ring (discrete type) below the AORTIC VALVE, anywhere between the aortic valve and the MITRAL VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA. Discrete Subaortic Stenosis Discrete Subaortic Stenosis C0012628 C8674 1031927 N0000004248 D021922 amprenavir [Chemical/Ingredient] C0754188 M0250495 amprenavir C095108 tetrahydro-3-furyl N-(3-(4-amino-N-isobutylbenzenesulfonamido)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxypropyl)carbamate Amprenavir N0000004336 amprenavir C11148 228656 candesartan [Chemical/Ingredient] C081643 C0717550 2-ethoxy-7-carboxy-1-(2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl)methylbenzimidazole 1H-Benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid, 2-ethoxy-1-((2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)methyl)- N0000004463 M0217705 214354 candesartan C12170 candesartan candesartan Dihydroergocornine [Chemical/Ingredient] Dihydroergocornine Dihydroergocornine N0000004681 M0006403 3415 D025441 Ergotaman-3',6',18-trione, 9,10alpha-dihydro-12'-hydroxy-2',5'alpha-bis(1-methylethyl)- Ergocornine, 9,10-dihydro- A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains isopropyl sidechains at the 2' and 5' positions of the molecule. C13790 Dihydroergocornine C0012288 Dihydroergocristine [Chemical/Ingredient] 3416 A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position of the molecule. Ergotaman-3',6',18-trione, 9,10alpha-dihydro-12'-hydroxy-2'-(1-methylethyl)-5'alpha-(phenylmethyl)- Dihydroergocristine N0000004682 C13794 Dihydroergocristine D025442 M0006404 C0012289 Dihydroergocristine Dihydroergocryptine [Chemical/Ingredient] 3417 N0000004683 Dihydroergocryptine Dihydroergocryptine Dihydroergocryptine D025443 Ergotaman-3',6',18-trione, 9,10alpha-dihydro-12'-hydroxy-5'alpha-isobutyl-2'-isopropyl C0012290 C13798 A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position and an alpha-isobutyl sidechain at 5'alpha position of the molecule. M0006405 gatifloxacin [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000004840 C078049 M0209340 3-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo- C0753645 gatifloxacin 1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid gatifloxacin gatifloxacin 228476 C14992 moxifloxacin [Chemical/Ingredient] C17464 C104727 N0000005131 C0536495 139462 M0273433 moxifloxacin moxifloxacin moxifloxacin 1-cyclopropyl--7-(2,8-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-8-yl)-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid sparfloxacin [Chemical/Ingredient] C20242 N0000005508 C0052585 18469 C061363 sparfloxacin M0170192 sparfloxacin sparfloxacin Carbohydrates [Chemical/Ingredient] The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates D002241 M0003360 C21790 C0007004 2028 N0000005723 Amiodarone [Chemical/Ingredient] Amiodarone C21866 703 Amiodarone Amiodarone D000638 Methanone, (2-butyl-3-benzofuranyl)(4-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl)- N0000005761 M0000973 An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. C0002598 Losartan [Chemical/Ingredient] Losartan 2-Butyl-4-chloro-1-((2'-(1H-etrazol-5-yl) (1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)methyl)-1H-imidazole-5-methanol D019808 52175 Losartan M0029400 An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II. C0126174 C21892 N0000005774 Losartan Disopyramide [Chemical/Ingredient] M0006581 C21912 Diisopyramide Disopyramide 3541 C0012702 Disopyramide D004206 A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties. 2-Pyridineacetamide, alpha-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)-alpha-phenyl- Disopyramide N0000005784 Probucol [Chemical/Ingredient] 8699 N0000005811 M0017604 D011341 Probucol Probucol Probucol Phenol, 4,4'-((1-methylethylidene)bis(thio))bis(2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl))- C21966 C0033215 A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993). Procainamide [Chemical/Ingredient] Procainamide Benzamide, 4-amino-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)- Procainamide M0017605 D011342 8700 C0033216 Procainamide C21970 A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE. N0000005813 Procaine Amide Fenofibrate [Chemical/Ingredient] Fenofibrate C0033228 D011345 8703 Fenofibrate N0000005823 C21990 Procetofene Phenofibrate Procetofen M0017618 Propanoic acid, 2-(4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy)-2-methyl-, 1-methylethyl ester An antilipemic agent which reduces both CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood. Fenofibrate Simvastatin [Chemical/Ingredient] M0029425 36567 Simvastatin Simvastatin C0074554 C22028 A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL. Synvinolin Simvastatin N0000005842 D019821 ibutilide [Chemical/Ingredient] N-(4-(4-(ethylheptylamino)-1-hydroxybutyl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide ibutilide ibutilide 41289 C22102 M0184268 C0082966 C067192 ibutilide N0000005879 Benzoates [Chemical/Ingredient] Benzoates N0000005901 Benzoates D001565 M0002350 Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxybenzene structure. C22146 C0005058 1398 Digoxin [Chemical/Ingredient] Card-20(22)-enolide, 3-((O-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1-4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl)oxy)-12,14-dihydroxy-, (3beta,5beta,12beta)- A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666) C0012265 3407 N0000005903 M0006386 D004077 C22150 Digoxin Digoxin Digoxin Amrinone [Chemical/Ingredient] 738 Amrinon Inamrinone C22158 N0000005907 A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell. Amrinone M0001038 C0002697 (3,4'-Bipyridin)-6(1H)-one, 5-amino- 5-Amino-(3,4'-bipyridine)-6(1H)-one Amrinone D000676 Phentermine [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000005935 Phentermine Phentermine C22214 M0016536 A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity. 8152 Benzeneethanamine, alpha,alpha-dimethyl- Phentermine D010645 C0031447 Dihydroergotoxine [Chemical/Ingredient] A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES. Dihydroergotoxin M0006406 3419 Co-Dergocrine Ergotoxine, dihydro- C0012294 C22232 Dihydroergotoxine N0000005944 Dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine D004088 Phenylephrine [Chemical/Ingredient] D010656 An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent. Phenylephrine 8163 (R)-3-Hydroxy-alpha-((methylamino)methyl)benzenemethanol Phenylephrine Phenylephrine M0016556 C22276 N0000005966 C0031469 Benzenemethanol, 3-hydroxy-alpha-((methylamino)methyl)-, (R)- Proline [Chemical/Ingredient] A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. N0000005995 C0033382 D011392 Proline C22334 8737 Proline L-Proline M0017693 Proline Phenylpropanolamine [Chemical/Ingredient] D010665 8175 Phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine C0031495 Norephedrine C22352 A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant. Benzenemethanol, alpha-(1-aminoethyl)-, (R*,S*)-(+-)- N0000006004 Phenylpropanolamine M0016572 Phenytoin [Chemical/Ingredient] Phenytoin C22390 M0016580 N0000006023 8183 Phenytoin An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. C0031507 Diphenylhydantoin 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin D010672 2,4-Imidazolidinedione, 5,5-diphenyl- Fenitoin Phenytoin Salicylates [Chemical/Ingredient] C0036077 9523 M0019362 N0000006035 The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. Salicylates Salicylates C22414 D012459 Nelfinavir [Chemical/Ingredient] A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children. C22438 M0029531 Nelfinavir D019888 134527 C0525005 Nelfinavir N0000006047 Nelfinavir Halothane [Chemical/Ingredient] M0009773 Ethane, 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoro- Halothane N0000006050 C0018549 D006221 C22444 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-Chloro-2-Bromoethane Halothane 5095 A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178) Halothane Dobutamine [Chemical/Ingredient] D004280 Dobutamine M0006696 N0000006055 C0012963 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-(2-((3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl)amino)ethyl)-, (+-)- Dobutamine 3616 C22454 Dobutamine A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY. Lidocaine [Chemical/Ingredient] 2-2EtN-2MePhAcN 6387 M0012483 A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE. C22486 Lidocaine Lidocaine C0023660 D008012 Lignocaine 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)Acetamide Lidocaine N0000006071 Acetamide, 2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)- Dopamine [Chemical/Ingredient] Hydroxytyramine D004298 M0006756 One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action. C0013030 Dopamine C22526 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol 3628 N0000006091 Dopamine Dopamine 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-(2-aminoethyl)- Lipids [Chemical/Ingredient] Lipids C22714 Lipids N0000006185 C0023779 6411 D008055 A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) M0012553 Enalapril [Chemical/Ingredient] C0014025 3827 D004656 C22736 Enalapril L-Proline, 1-(N-(1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl)-L-alanyl)-, (S)- N0000006195 One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS that is used to treat hypertension. Enalapril M0007330 Enalapril Valine [Chemical/Ingredient] Valine Valine A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. L-Valine C22824 11115 C0042285 D014633 M0022497 Valine N0000006239 Epinephrine [Chemical/Ingredient] Epinephrine N0000006261 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-(1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl)-, (R)- Epinephrine M0007583 C0014563 The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS. Adrenaline 3992 D004837 4-(1-Hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl)-1,2-benzenediol C22868 Epinephrine Amlodipine [Chemical/Ingredient] C0051696 A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION. 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 2-((2-aminoethoxy)methyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-, 3-ethyl 5-methyl ester D017311 C22882 17767 M0026284 N0000006268 Amlodipine Amlodipine Amlodipine Indapamide [Chemical/Ingredient] 5764 Indapamide C22894 M0011207 A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS. Indapamide C0021186 N0000006274 Benzamide, 3-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-N-(2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl)- Metindamide D007190 Indapamide Moricizine [Chemical/Ingredient] Carbamic acid, (10-(3-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxopropyl)-10H-phenothiazin-2-yl)-, ethyl ester M0024900 40169 Moracizin An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances. Moracizine Moricizine D016293 Moricizine C0079856 C23016 N0000006334 Moricizine Isosorbide [Chemical/Ingredient] 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma. C0022251 Isosorbide Isosorbide Isosorbide 6057 M0011786 D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro- C23038 N0000006345 D007547 Isosorbide Dinitrate [Chemical/Ingredient] M0011788 Isosorbide Dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate N0000006348 A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action. D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, dinitrate C0022252 D007548 6058 C23044 Isosorbide Dinitrate Ergoloid Mesylates [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000006352 Ergoloid Mesylates C0014708 A mixture of the mesylates (methane sulfonates) of DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and the alpha- and beta-isomers of DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. The substance produces a generalized peripheral vasodilation and a fall in arterial pressure and has been used to treat symptoms of mild to moderate impairment of mental function in the elderly. Ergoloid Mesylates Ergoloid Mesylate M0007657 Co-Dergocrine Mesylate C23052 Dihydroergotoxine Methanesulfonate Dihydroergotoxine Monomethanesulfonate Co-Dergine Mesylate ergoloid mesylates, USP 4024 Dihydroergotoxine Mesylate Co-Dergocrine Mesilate Ergotoxin, Dihydro-, Monomethasulfonate D004877 Felodipine [Chemical/Ingredient] M0024118 D015736 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-, ethyl methyl ester Felodipine Felodipine Felodipine 4316 A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. N0000006368 C23084 C0015772 Nisoldipine [Chemical/Ingredient] C0028116 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-, methyl 2-methylpropyl ester A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina. D015737 Nisoldipine Nisoldipine 7435 N0000006370 M0024120 C23088 Nisoldipine Hydralazine [Chemical/Ingredient] 1(2H)-Phthalazinone, hydrazone Hydrazinophthalazine N0000006385 Hydralazine 5470 D006830 Hydralazine A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. C23118 M0010676 Hydrallazin Apressin Hydralazine C0020223 Mephentermine [Chemical/Ingredient] C0025380 D008616 N0000006392 Mephentermine Mephentermine 6756 C23132 M0013430 Benzeneethanamine, N,alpha,alpha-trimethyl- Mephentermine A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA. Hydrochlorothiazide [Chemical/Ingredient] Hydrochlorothiazide Dihydrochlorothiazide M0010703 5487 Hydrochlorothiazide C23252 HCTZ A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. N0000006452 D006852 Dichlothiazide 2H-1,2,4-Benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide, 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-, 1,1-dioxide Hydrochlorothiazide C0020261 Bepridil [Chemical/Ingredient] C23270 1-Pyrrolidineethanamine, beta-((2-methylpropoxy)methyl)-N-phenyl-N-(phenylmethyl)- C0005116 A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist. Bepridil Bepridil N0000006461 D015764 1436 M0024153 Bepridil Nicardipine [Chemical/Ingredient] 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-, methyl 2-(methyl(phenylmethyl)amino)ethyl ester C0028005 Nicardipine A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents. D009529 7396 M0014820 Nicardipine Nicardipine C23276 N0000006464 Mexiletine [Chemical/Ingredient] M0013719 2-Propanamine, 1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)- Mexiletine Mexiletine Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties. 6926 D008801 C23320 C0025887 N0000006486 Mexiletine Clonidine [Chemical/Ingredient] D003000 C0009014 Clonidine Clonidine M0004605 An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION. C23358 Clofenil 2599 Klofenil Clonidine N0000006505 1H-Imidazol-2-amine, N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro- Nifedipine [Chemical/Ingredient] Nifedipine M0014847 Nifedipine N0000006519 7417 C0028066 D009543 C23386 Nifedipine 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-, dimethyl ester A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. Milrinone [Chemical/Ingredient] C23440 D020105 N0000006546 (3,4'-Bipyridine)-5-carbonitrile, 6-dihydro-2-methyl-6-oxo- A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties. It inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase type 3 activity in myocardium and vascular smooth muscle. Milrinone is a derivative of amrinone and has 20-30 times the inotropic potency of amrinone. 52769 Milrinone C0128513 Milrinone Milrinone M0029839 Nimodipine [Chemical/Ingredient] C23468 C0028094 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-, 2-methoxyethyl 1-methylethyl ester Nimodipine M0014859 7426 N0000006560 D009553 Nimodipine Nimodipine A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. Glycerol [Chemical/Ingredient] A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. 1,2,3-Propanetriol Glycerin Glycerine M0009417 Glycerin Glycerol Glycerol C23480 N0000006566 4910 C0017861 D005990 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane Nitroglycerin [Chemical/Ingredient] Glyceryl Trinitrate M0009426 N0000006574 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate C23496 C0017887 4917 Nitroglycerin A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives. Nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin D005996 Aspirin [Chemical/Ingredient] C23512 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic Acid C0004057 Acetylsalicylic Acid N0000006582 Benzoic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)- Aspirin Aspirin D001241 M0001864 1191 Aspirin The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5) Cisapride [Chemical/Ingredient] C23528 N0000006590 C0072916 M0029858 A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed) Cisapride Cisapride D020117 Benzamide, 4-amino-5-chloro-N-(1-(3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl)-3-methoxy -4-piperidinyl)-2-methoxy-, cis- 35255 Cisapride Metaraminol [Chemical/Ingredient] Benzenemethanol, alpha-(1-aminoethyl)-3-hydroxy-, (R-(R*,S*))- Metaradrin C23590 N0000006621 Metaraminol Isophenylephrine meta-Hydroxynorephedrine D008680 M0013526 Metaraminol 6805 C0025575 m-Hydroxynorephedrine Metaraminol A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION. benazepril [Chemical/Ingredient] benazepril 1H-1-Benzazepine-1-acetic acid, 3-((1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl)amino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-oxo-, (S-(R*,R*))- C23608 benazapril benazepril M0130973 N0000006630 benzazepril C0053091 18867 C044946 benazepril Reserpine [Chemical/Ingredient] M0018861 Reserpine N0000006632 C23612 C0035179 D012110 An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. Reserpine Reserpine 9260 Yohimban-16-carboxylic acid, 11,17-dimethoxy-18-((3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy)-, methyl ester, (3beta,16beta,17alpha,18beta,20alpha)- Prazosin [Chemical/Ingredient] 8629 C23624 D011224 A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION. Furazosin C0032912 Piperazine, 1-(4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-quinazolinyl)-4-(2-furanylcarbonyl)- M0017441 Prazosin Prazosin Prazosin N0000006638 valsartan [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000006659 N-valeryl-N-((2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)valine valsartan valsartan M0217346 L-Valine, N-(1-oxopentyl)-N-((2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)methyl)- 69749 C23666 C081489 C0216784 valsartan Sorbitol [Chemical/Ingredient] C0037688 D013012 9945 Sorbitol Sorbitol A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. N0000006662 M0020169 D-Glucitol Glucitol C23672 Sorbitol Nitroprusside [Chemical/Ingredient] Ferrate(2-), pentakis(cyano-C)nitrosyl-, (OC-6-22)- C0028193 C23708 Nitroprusside N0000006680 Nitroprusside D009599 Cyanonitrosylferrate Nitroferricyanide 7476 Nitroprusside M0014916 A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins. Diltiazem [Chemical/Ingredient] D004110 M0006434 3443 A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions. C23712 Diltiazem Diltiazem Diltiazem C0012373 1,5-Benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one, 3-(acetyloxy)-5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, (2S-cis)- N0000006682 Propafenone [Chemical/Ingredient] D011405 An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity. Propafenone 1-Propanone, 1-(2-(2-hydroxy-3-(propylamino)propoxy)phenyl)-3-phenyl- M0017736 8754 Propafenone C23732 N0000006692 Propafenone C0033429 telmisartan [Chemical/Ingredient] (1,1'-Biphenyl)-2-carboxylic acid, 4'-((1,4'-dimethyl-2'-propyl(2,6'-bi-1H-benzimidazol)-1'-yl)methyl)- 4'-((1,4'-dimethyl-2'-propyl(2,6'-bi-1H-benzimidazol)-1'-yl)methyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-2-carboxylic acid N0000006703 73494 telmisartan telmisartan telmisartan C0248719 M0223750 C23754 C084178 Propranolol [Chemical/Ingredient] Propanolol D011433 A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs. 2-Propanol, 1-((1-methylethyl)amino)-3-(1-naphthalenyloxy)- C0033497 C23870 Propranolol Propranolol M0017773 8787 N0000006760 Propranolol Amino Acids [Chemical/Ingredient] C0002520 M0000922 D000596 Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. C23962 N0000006806 Amino Acids Amino Acids Amino Acids 658 Yohimbine [Chemical/Ingredient] 220982 A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION. Yohimbine Yohimbine M0023104 yohimbine Yohimban-16-carboxylic acid, 17-hydroxy-, methyl ester, (16alpha,17alpha)- C23984 D015016 N0000006817 C0724441 Fatty Acids [Chemical/Ingredient] Fatty Acids 4297 Fatty Acids N0000006847 D005227 C24044 C0015684 M0008265 Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) Dipyridamole [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000006853 Dipyramidole C24056 D004176 Dipyridamole A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752) Dipyridamole Dipyridamole C0012582 Ethanol, 2,2',2'',2'''-((4,8-di-1-piperidinylpyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine-2,6-diyl)dinitrilo)tetrakis- M0006533 3521 Chlorothiazide [Chemical/Ingredient] D002740 C0008273 N0000006932 2H-1,2,4-Benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide, 6-chloro-, 1,1-dioxide A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812) 2396 Chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide C24214 M0004186 Guanethidine [Chemical/Ingredient] An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues. C0018318 Octadine Oktadin 5036 M0009675 Guanidine, (2-(hexahydro-1(2H)-azocinyl)ethyl)- Guanethidine Guanethidine D006145 C24232 N0000006941 ((2-Hexahydro-1(2H)-azocinyl)ethyl)guanidine Guanethidine Cimetidine [Chemical/Ingredient] Cimetidine A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRINS output. It also blocks the activity of CYTOCHROME P-450 which might explain proposals for use in NEOADJUVANT THERAPY. Cimetidine D002927 C0008783 N-Cyano-N'-methyl-N''-(2-(((5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl)thio)ethyl)guanidine C24364 Guanidine, N-cyano-N'-methyl-N''-(2-(((5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl)thio)ethyl)- Cimetidine 2541 N0000007007 M0004479 Cyclandelate [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000007009 2970 Benzeneacetic acid, alpha-hydroxy-, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester C24368 D003495 C0010525 Cyclandelate Cyclandelate Cyclandelate M0005451 A direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels. It may cause gastrointestinal distress and tachycardia. Perindopril [Chemical/Ingredient] Perindopril Perindopril C0136123 Pirindopril D020913 Perindopril 54552 An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure. 1H-Indole-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(2-((1-(ethoxycarbonyl)butyl)amino)-1-oxopropyl)octahydro- M0129811 C24390 N0000007020 Pravastatin [Chemical/Ingredient] M0025879 An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES). C0085542 N0000007054 Eptastatin 1-Naphthaleneheptanoic acid, 1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-beta,delta,6-trihydroxy-2-methyl-8-(2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)-, (1S-(1alpha(betaS*,deltaS*),2alpha,6alpha,8beta(R*),8aalpha))- Pravastatin Pravastatin Pravastatin C24460 42463 D017035 Cholestyramine Resin [Chemical/Ingredient] Colestyramin C24510 A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion. C0008402 Cholestyramine Resin Cholestyramine Resin N0000007079 D002792 Colestyramine M0004278 Cholestyramine Resin Cholestyramine 2447 Verapamil [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000007093 Verapamil D014700 Verapamil C24538 Verapamil Iproveratril Benzeneacetonitrile, alpha-(3-((2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl)methylamino)propyl)-3,4-dimethoxy-alpha-(1-methylethyl)- 11170 C0042523 M0022608 A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. Lovastatin [Chemical/Ingredient] Monacolin K N0000007106 Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-(2-(tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethyl)-1-naphthalenyl ester, (1S-(1alpha(R*),3alpha,7beta,8beta(2S*,4S*),8abeta))- 6-Methylcompactin 6472 A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. D008148 C0024027 M0012707 Lovastatin Lovastatin Lovastatin Mevinolin C24564 Iodine [Chemical/Ingredient] Iodine Iodine N0000007196 A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. C0021968 M0011640 C24744 Iodine 5933 D007455 Deslanoside [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000007203 Desacetyl Lanatoside D003892 Desacetyllanatoside C Deslanatoside C Deslanoside Deslanoside Deslanoside C0011689 Desacetyldigilanide C M0006076 3248 Deacetyllanatoside C. A cardiotonic glycoside from the leaves of Digitalis lanata. Card-20(22)-enolide, 3-((O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1-4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl)oxy)-12,14-dihydroxy-, (3beta,5beta,12beta)- C24758 irbesartan [Chemical/Ingredient] C0288171 irbesartan irbesartan C081309 N0000007230 83818 C24812 M0216909 irbesartan 1,3-Diazaspiro(4.4)non-1-en-4-one, 2-butyl-3-((2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)methyl)- 2-n-butyl-3-((2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)-1,3-diazaspiro(4,4)non-1-en-4-one Doxazosin [Chemical/Ingredient] M0026251 Piperazine, 1-(4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-quinazolinyl)-4-((2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)carbonyl)- 49276 C24988 D017292 Doxazosin C0114873 Doxazosin Doxazosin N0000007318 A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker. Adenosine [Chemical/Ingredient] D000241 M0000377 296 C25062 Adenosine A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. Adenosine Adenosine C0001443 N0000007355 Papaverine [Chemical/Ingredient] An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. M0015830 C25072 Isoquinoline, 1-((3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl)-6,7-dimethoxy- Papaverine Papaverine Papaverine 7895 D010208 C0030350 N0000007360 Acetanilides [Chemical/Ingredient] M0000123 D000083 C25074 N-Phenylacetamides 163 Acetanilides Acetanilides C0000974 Acetylanilines Compounds based on N-phenylacetamide, that are similar in structure to 2-PHENYLACETAMIDES. They are precursors of many other compounds. They were formerly used as ANALGESICS and ANTIPYRETICS, but often caused lethal METHEMOGLOBINEMIA. N0000007361 Methoxamine [Chemical/Ingredient] M0013598 6853 C25110 N0000007379 Benzenemethanol, alpha-(1-aminoethyl)-2,5-dimethoxy- Methoxamine Methoxamine D008729 C0025681 Methoxamedrin Methoxamine An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION. Ritonavir [Chemical/Ingredient] Ritonavir 85762 C0292818 Ritonavir D019438 C25198 M0028918 N0000007423 An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. Ritonavir Norepinephrine [Chemical/Ingredient] C25204 Levonorepinephrine Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. M0014964 Norepinephrine N0000007426 Levarterenol 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-, (R)- Norepinephrine Noradrenaline D009638 7512 C0028351 Norepinephrine atorvastatin [Chemical/Ingredient] C0286651 83367 C065179 C25208 atorvastatin M0179294 N0000007428 atorvastatin atorvastatin liptonorm Ethanol [Chemical/Ingredient] 448 Grain Alcohol C0001962 D000431 Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES. N0000007432 M0000653 Alcohol, Ethyl C25216 Captopril [Chemical/Ingredient] M0003319 Captopril (S)-1-(3-Mercapto-2-methyl-1-oxopropyl)-L-proline 1998 L-Proline, 1-(3-mercapto-2-methyl-1-oxopropyl)-, (S)- Captopril C0006938 C25222 D002216 A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. N0000007435 Captopril Alcohols [Chemical/Ingredient] M0000663 Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) D000438 N0000007439 Alcohols Alcohols Alcohols C25230 455 C0001975 fluvastatin [Chemical/Ingredient] 41127 fluindostatin M0179302 C0082608 7-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(1-methylethyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptenoate fluvastatin fluvastatin fluvastatin C25244 N0000007446 C065180 Minoxidil [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000007452 M0013916 C0026196 6984 Minoxidil Minoxidil D008914 C25256 A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371) Minoxidil 2,4-Pyrimidinediamine, 6-(1-piperidinyl)-, 3-oxide Amino Acids, Essential [Chemical/Ingredient] C0002525 D000601 Amino Acids, Essential M0000927 C25296 N0000007472 Essential Amino Acids 663 Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs. Amino Acids, Essential sildenafil [Chemical/Ingredient] C0529793 C101426 M0265894 sildenafil 136411 N0000007479 sildenafil sildenafil C25310 Alkaloids [Chemical/Ingredient] Alkaloids C0002062 496 Alkaloids D000470 Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) C25362 M0000713 N0000007503 Oligopeptides [Chemical/Ingredient] 7639 Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids. D009842 Oligopeptides M0015279 Oligopeptides N0000007507 C0028954 C25370 Metoprolol [Chemical/Ingredient] Metoprolol D008790 Metoprolol A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS. 6918 2-Propanol, 1-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy)-3-((1-methylethyl)amino)-, (+-)- Metoprolol C0025859 M0013686 N0000007508 C25372 Anilides [Chemical/Ingredient] Anilides N0000007515 C0003035 D000813 842 C25386 M0001214 Anilides Benzamides [Chemical/Ingredient] Benzamides BENZOIC ACID amides. C25396 C0005029 1381 Benzamides M0002327 N0000007520 D001549 Benzazepines [Chemical/Ingredient] M0002330 Benzazepines C0005034 1384 C25404 D001552 N0000007524 Benzazepines Compounds with BENZENE fused to AZEPINES. Benzene Derivatives [Chemical/Ingredient] 1387 D001555 C0005037 C25406 Benzene Derivatives Benzene Derivatives N0000007525 M0002333 Phenethylamines [Chemical/Ingredient] D010627 N0000007526 Phenylethylamines Phenethylamines C25408 M0016506 C0031399 A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta- aminoethylbenzene which is structurally and pharmacologically related to amphetamine. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) 8127 Phenethylamines Benzhydryl Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] Benzhydryl Compounds D001559 Diphenylmethyl Compounds N0000007528 C25412 1392 C0005046 Compounds which contain the methyl radical substituted with two benzene rings. Permitted are any substituents, but ring fusion to any of the benzene rings is not allowed. M0002345 Benzhydryl Compounds Digitalis Glycosides [Chemical/Ingredient] C25424 3400 Digitalis Glycosides Glycosides from plants of the genus DIGITALIS. Some of these are useful as cardiotonic and anti-arrhythmia agents. Included also are semi-synthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring glycosides. The term has sometimes been used more broadly to include all CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES, but here is restricted to those related to Digitalis. N0000007534 C0012253 M0006379 D004071 Digitalis Glycosides Benzimidazoles [Chemical/Ingredient] Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES. C0005050 D001562 C25428 M0002348 Benzimidazoles Benzimidazoles 1396 N0000007536 Phenols [Chemical/Ingredient] M0016520 Phenols C25436 8140 Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure. C0031428 N0000007540 Phenols D010636 Anions [Chemical/Ingredient] D000838 C25438 Anions N0000007541 M0001248 C0003075 Anions 853 Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. Cardenolides [Chemical/Ingredient] C0007143 C(23)-steroids with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a five-membered lactone at C-17. They are aglycone constituents of CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES and must have at least one double bond in the molecule. The class includes cardadienolides and cardatrienolides. Members include DIGITOXIN and DIGOXIN and their derivatives and the STROPHANTHINS. N0000007543 Cardenolides D002298 M0003448 2078 Cardenolides C25442 Phenothiazines [Chemical/Ingredient] Phenothiazines C25444 8146 M0016525 N0000007544 C0031436 Compounds containing dibenzo-1,4-thiazine. Some of them are neuroactive. D010640 Phenothiazines Benzofurans [Chemical/Ingredient] D001572 C0005068 M0002359 Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring. N0000007548 Benzofurans Coumarones 1405 C25452 Benzofurans Phenyl Ethers [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000007549 M0016542 C25454 Phenyl Ethers 8154 C0031449 Ethers that are linked to a benzene ring structure. Phenyl Ethers D010647 Benzophenones [Chemical/Ingredient] 1410 Benzophenones C0005077 Benzophenones M0002366 C25460 D001577 N0000007552 Benzothiadiazines [Chemical/Ingredient] D001581 Heterocyclic compounds of a ring with SULFUR and two NITROGEN atoms fused to a BENZENE ring. Members inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS and are used as DIURETICS. Benzothiadiazines N0000007554 1414 M0002371 C25464 Benzothiadiazines C0005084 Dihydropyridines [Chemical/Ingredient] Dihydropyridines C25468 N0000007556 C0012315 D004095 M0006414 Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position. Dihydropyridines 3427 Pyridines [Chemical/Ingredient] C0034255 Pyridines Pyridines D011725 8995 Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES. N0000007570 C25496 M0018233 Halogens [Chemical/Ingredient] D006219 Halogens Halogens 5092 C25502 C0018544 M0009770 Group 17 Elements A family of nonmetallic, generally electronegative, elements that form group 17 (formerly group VIIa) of the periodic table. N0000007573 Pyridones [Chemical/Ingredient] C25506 8999 D011728 Pyridones Pyridones N0000007575 M0018236 Pyridinones Pyridine derivatives with one or more keto groups on the ring. C0034260 Biogenic Monoamines [Chemical/Ingredient] C25528 D015306 1565 Biogenic Monoamines M0023566 C0005497 N0000007586 Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. Monoamines, Biogenic Biogenic Monoamines Pyrimidines [Chemical/Ingredient] Pyrimidines N0000007587 M0018260 C25530 Pyrimidines C0034289 9015 D011743 A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. Pyrroles [Chemical/Ingredient] C0034325 Azoles of one NITROGEN and two double bonds that have aromatic chemical properties. Pyrroles D011758 Pyrroles N0000007592 M0018276 C25540 9033 1-aza-2,4-cyclopentadiene Pyrrolidines [Chemical/Ingredient] 9034 M0018277 D011759 C0034326 Pyrrolidines Pyrrolidines C25542 N0000007593 Quinazolines [Chemical/Ingredient] 9064 N0000007605 Quinazolines Quinazolines M0018336 C25570 C0034407 D011799 Quinolones [Chemical/Ingredient] Ketoquinolines C25572 Quinolinones Quinolones Oxoquinolines 9080 N0000007606 D015363 A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID. M0023650 Quinolones C0034428 Ergolines [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000007618 C25596 C0014699 Ergolines 4020 M0007652 D004873 A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure. Ergolines Ergonovine [Chemical/Ingredient] Ergobasin N0000007619 C25598 M0007653 Ergonovine C0014704 Ergoline-8-carboxamide, 9,10-didehydro-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-6-methyl-, (8beta(S))- Ergometrin Ergonovine 4021 D004874 An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties. Ergometrine Ergonovine Ergot Alkaloids [Chemical/Ingredient] Ergot Alkaloids Clavine Alkaloids Ergots Alkaloids originally isolated from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea (Hypocreaceae). They include compounds that are structurally related to ergoline (ERGOLINES) and ergotamine (ERGOTAMINES). Many of the ergot alkaloids act as alpha-adrenergic antagonists. Ergot Alkaloids 4023 C25600 C0014707 M0007656 Ergot Alkaloids N0000007620 D004876 Ergotamines [Chemical/Ingredient] C25602 C0014711 4026 A series of structurally-related alkaloids containing the ergotaman backbone structure. Ergotamines M0007665 N0000007621 D004879 Ergotamines Acids [Chemical/Ingredient] Acids M0000220 D000143 230 C0001128 C25612 Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) Acids N0000007626 Acids, Acyclic [Chemical/Ingredient] Acyclic Acids Acids, Acyclic Acids, Acyclic M0000221 231 D000144 C0001129 N0000007627 C25614 Carboxylic acids that have open-chain molecular structures as opposed to ring-shaped structures. Acids, Carbocyclic [Chemical/Ingredient] Carbocyclic Acids Carboxylic acids that have a homocyclic ring structure in which all the ring atoms are carbon. Acids, Carbocyclic 233 D000146 N0000007628 C25616 M0000223 Acids, Carbocyclic C0001131 Acids, Heterocyclic [Chemical/Ingredient] Acids, Heterocyclic Acids, Heterocyclic N0000007629 Heterocyclic Acids A class of acids containing a ring structure in which at least one atom other than CARBON is incorporated. C25618 C0001132 234 M0000224 D000147 Acids, Noncarboxylic [Chemical/Ingredient] D000148 Inorganic acids with a non metal, other than carbon, attached to hydrogen, or an acid radical containing no carbon. 235 N0000007630 C25620 Noncarboxylic Acids Acids, Noncarboxylic Acids, Noncarboxylic M0000225 C0001133 Nicotinic Acids [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000007641 C25642 7412 2-, 3-, or 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acids. Pyridine derivatives substituted with a carboxy group at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position. The 3-carboxy derivative (NIACIN) is active as a vitamin. Nicotinic Acids Nicotinic Acids M0014839 C0028049 D009539 Nitrates [Chemical/Ingredient] Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. C25654 M0014874 Nitrates D009566 7439 C0028125 N0000007647 Nitrates Lanatosides [Chemical/Ingredient] M0012199 D007799 C25666 Lanatosides 6225 Glycosides from DIGITALIS lanata leaf. Lanatoside C has actions similar to DIGOXIN. Mixtures of lanatosides A, B, and C have also been used. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p670) C0022994 Lanatosides Digilanides N0000007653 Propanolamines [Chemical/Ingredient] C25698 M0017745 Aminopropanols C0033442 D011412 Propanolamines AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the propanolamine (NH2CH2CHOHCH2) group and its derivatives. 8760 N0000007669 Propanolamines Organic Chemicals [Chemical/Ingredient] C25712 Organic Chemicals Organic Chemicals A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form. C0029224 N0000007676 D009930 M0015401 7692 Propiophenones [Chemical/Ingredient] Propiophenones 8780 N0000007679 D011427 M0017764 C25718 C0033483 Propiophenones Amides [Chemical/Ingredient] Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) C0002482 C25722 Amides Amides N0000007681 M0000897 633 D000577 Organometallic Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] C25726 Organometallic Compounds Metalloorganic Compounds N0000007683 A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) Metallo-Organic Compounds D009942 M0015420 C0029252 Organometallic Compounds 7695 Propylamines [Chemical/Ingredient] Propylamines N0000007691 C25742 D011437 Propylamines M0017781 8790 C0033504 Dipeptides [Chemical/Ingredient] Dipeptides 3496 Peptides composed of two amino acid units. M0006502 D004151 C25754 Dipeptides C0012512 N0000007697 Amino Acids, Branched-Chain [Chemical/Ingredient] Amino Acids, Branched Chain Amino Acids, Branched-Chain M0000923 N0000007702 659 C25764 Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain. D000597 Amino Acids, Branched-Chain C0002521 Amino Acids, Cyclic [Chemical/Ingredient] 660 M0000924 N0000007703 C25766 Amino Acids, Cyclic A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure. Cyclic Amino Acids D000598 Amino Acids, Cyclic C0002522 Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000007714 4299 M0008269 C25788 Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated C0015687 Fatty acids which are unsaturated in only one position. Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated D005229 Catecholamines [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000007715 Catecholamines M0003647 D002395 Sympathins 2146 A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine. C0007412 C25790 Catecholamines Fatty Acids, Unsaturated [Chemical/Ingredient] M0008271 Fatty Acids, Unsaturated Fatty Acids, Unsaturated C0015690 C25794 FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. N0000007717 D005231 4302 Steroids [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000007720 A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed) 10072 M0020527 D013256 Steroids C25800 C0038317 Steroids Biogenic Amines [Chemical/Ingredient] D001679 M0002518 Amines, Biogenic N0000007726 C25812 C0005496 Biogenic Amines 1564 Biogenic Amine Biogenic Amines A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology. Quinidine [Chemical/Ingredient] C25816 An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission. Cinchonan-9-ol, 6'-methoxy-, (9S)- 9068 Chinidin Quinidine M0018341 N0000007728 Quinidine Quinidine D011802 C0034414 Quinolines [Chemical/Ingredient] D011804 C25822 C0034424 N0000007731 9077 M0018350 Quinolines Quinolines Quinuclidines [Chemical/Ingredient] Quinuclidines Quinuclidines N0000007740 C0034439 D011812 9086 M0018359 C25840 Phthalazines [Chemical/Ingredient] Phthalazines 8288 N0000007752 D010793 Phthalazines M0016766 C25864 C0031780 Ferric Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] C25868 4345 Ferric Compounds Ferric Compounds D005290 M0008352 Inorganic or organic compounds containing trivalent iron. C0015860 N0000007754 Ferricyanides [Chemical/Ingredient] C0015864 N0000007756 Ferricyanides Inorganic salts of the hypothetical acid, H3Fe(CN)6. C25872 D005292 M0008354 4347 Ferricyanides Imidazoles [Chemical/Ingredient] Imidazoles D007093 C25898 5684 M0011048 Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES). C0020924 N0000007769 Imidazoles Imino Acids [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000007771 D007098 Imino Acids Imino Acids C25902 5689 M0011055 Amino Acids, Secondary C0020931 Secondary Amino Acids Acids, Secondary Amino Ethanolamines [Chemical/Ingredient] Aminoethanols D004983 M0007823 4116 C0014983 Ethanolamines Ethanolamines AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the ETHANOLAMINE; (-NH2CH2CHOH) group and its derivatives. N0000007805 C25970 Naphthalenes [Chemical/Ingredient] C0027378 7251 D009281 C25978 N0000007809 M0014459 Naphthalenes Naphthalenes Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics. Polymers [Chemical/Ingredient] C0032521 M0017208 Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS). C26000 N0000007820 8534 Polymers Polymers D011108 Oxazines [Chemical/Ingredient] Oxazines Oxazines C26020 N0000007830 C0030001 Six-membered heterocycles containing an oxygen and a nitrogen. 7783 M0015639 D010078 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient] Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins C26026 664 N0000007833 Amino acids and chains of amino acids connected by peptide linkages. C0002526 D000602 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins M0000928 Amino Alcohols [Chemical/Ingredient] C0002530 M0000931 Amino Alcohols C26036 667 N0000007838 Compounds possessing both a hydroxyl (-OH) and an amino group (-NH2). D000605 Amino Alcohols Polystyrenes [Chemical/Ingredient] C26040 N0000007840 M0017261 Polymerized forms of styrene used as a biocompatible material, especially in dentistry. They are thermoplastic and are used as insulators, for injection molding and casting, as sheets, plates, rods, rigid forms and beads. Polystyrenes C0032604 D011137 Polystyrenes 8562 Polystyrol Nitrogen Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] D017672 7457 N0000007847 C26054 Nitrogen Compounds Nitrogen Compounds M0026728 Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule. C0028159 Butyrates [Chemical/Ingredient] D002087 C0006521 Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxypropane structure. Butyrates Butyrates 1852 C26078 N0000007859 M0003108 Aminopyridines [Chemical/Ingredient] C0002585 M0000964 C26084 N0000007862 D000631 694 Aminopyridines Aminopyridines Pyridines substituted in any position with an amino group. May be hydrogenated, but must retain at least one double bond. Peptides [Chemical/Ingredient] 8036 Peptides Peptides M0016238 N0000007874 Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES. C0030956 C26108 D010455 Biphenyl Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] Biphenyl Compounds C26120 C0005580 D001713 Biphenyl Compounds M0002570 N0000007880 1590 Amphetamines [Chemical/Ingredient] M0001015 Analogs or derivatives of AMPHETAMINE. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopressin, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. Amphetamines D000662 C0002667 C26126 Amphetamines N0000007883 726 Ribonucleosides [Chemical/Ingredient] Ribonucleosides M0019074 Ribonucleosides C0035546 9356 C26148 Nucleosides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed) D012263 N0000007894 Cycloparaffins [Chemical/Ingredient] C26152 Alicyclic hydrocarbons in which three or more of the carbon atoms in each molecule are united in a ring structure and each of the ring carbon atoms is joined to two hydrogen atoms or alkyl groups. The simplest members are cyclopropane (C3H6), cyclobutane (C4H8), cyclohexane (C6H12), and derivatives of these such as methylcyclohexane (C6H11CH3). (From Sax, et al., Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed) Cyclic Olefins Cycloalkanes D003516 N0000007896 C0010578 Cycloparaffins Cycloparaffins 2997 M0005477 Glycosides [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000007897 Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed) C26154 C0017977 M0009500 Glycosides Glycosides D006027 4958 Cyclopropanes [Chemical/Ingredient] M0005491 Cyclopropanes C0010588 C26160 D003521 Cyclopropanes N0000007900 3005 Elements [Chemical/Ingredient] C0013879 3802 Elements M0007227 N0000007912 D004602 Substances that comprise all matter. Each element is made up of atoms that are identical in number of electrons and protons and in nuclear charge, but may differ in mass or number of neutrons. Elements C26186 Piperazines [Chemical/Ingredient] Piperazines Piperazines C0031958 8341 C26216 N0000007927 D010879 M0016884 Piperidines [Chemical/Ingredient] 8343 A family of hexahydropyridines. C26220 M0016885 Piperidines D010880 C0031960 Piperidines N0000007929 Tetrazoles [Chemical/Ingredient] 10423 N0000007957 Tetrazoles Tetrazoles D013777 M0021253 C26278 C0039703 Isoquinolines [Chemical/Ingredient] D007546 6056 C26284 C0022248 N0000007960 M0011785 A group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine. The ring structure is characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids such as papaverine. (From Stedman, 25th ed) Isoquinolines Isoquinolines Hydantoins [Chemical/Ingredient] Imidazolidine-2,4-Diones Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS. N0000007970 Hydantoins D006827 C26304 5469 C0020209 M0010672 Hydantoins Hydrocarbons [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000007973 Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons C0020242 M0010687 D006838 5476 C26310 Hydrocarbons, Halogenated [Chemical/Ingredient] Hydrocarbons, Halogenated Halogenated Hydrocarbons M0010696 D006846 5484 C26318 C0020250 N0000007977 Hydrocarbons, Halogenated Hydroxy Acids [Chemical/Ingredient] Hydroxy Acids 5515 C26330 C0020317 Organic compounds containing both the hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals. M0010745 D006880 Hydroxy Acids N0000007983 Ethylamines [Chemical/Ingredient] Ethylamines C26386 N0000008011 C0015069 Ethylamines M0007897 D005021 4146 Sugar Alcohols [Chemical/Ingredient] M0020728 C26422 Alcohols, Sugar Alditols 10163 Sugar Alcohols D013402 C0038654 Polyhydric alcohols having no more than one hydroxy group attached to each carbon atom. They are formed by the reduction of the carbonyl group of a sugar to a hydroxyl group.(From Dorland, 28th ed) Sugar Alcohols N0000008029 Guanidines [Chemical/Ingredient] C0018320 C26440 N0000008038 A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties. Guanidines Guanidines 5038 M0009678 D006146 Sulfites [Chemical/Ingredient] Inorganic Sulfites Sulfites, Inorganic N0000008046 Sulfites D013447 10211 C26456 Sulfites C0038750 M0020784 Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid. Sulfonamides [Chemical/Ingredient] 10215 C0038760 C26460 Sulfonamides Sulfonamides M0020790 A group of compounds that contain the structure SO2NH2. Members of this group, also known as sulfa drugs, are derivatives of sulfanilamide, which competitively inhibit folic acid synthesis in microorganisms, and are bacteriostatic. They have been largely supplanted by more effective and less toxic antibiotics. (From Dorland, 28th ed) N0000008048 D013449 Indoles [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000008052 Indoles Indoles D007211 M0011238 C26468 Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring. 5779 C0021242 Sulfones [Chemical/Ingredient] C26470 10216 M0020791 Sulfones Sulfones C0038761 N0000008053 D013450 Cinchona Alkaloids [Chemical/Ingredient] Cinchona Alkaloids Alkaloids extracted from various species of Cinchona. D002930 C26480 N0000008058 2545 M0004487 Cinchona Alkaloids C0008792 Purine Nucleosides [Chemical/Ingredient] Purine Nucleosides Purine Nucleosides 8950 C26486 M0018166 Purines with a RIBOSE attached that can be phosphorylated to PURINE NUCLEOTIDES. N0000008061 D011684 C0034136 Purines [Chemical/Ingredient] C0034140 M0018169 C26494 Purines N0000008065 D011687 A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. Purines 8952 Plastics [Chemical/Ingredient] Plastics M0017004 D010969 N0000008071 C26506 Polymeric materials (usually organic) of large molecular weight which can be shaped by flow. Plastic usually refers to the final product with fillers, plasticizers, pigments, and stabilizers included (versus the resin, the homogeneous polymeric starting material). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) C0032167 Plastics 8420 Morpholines [Chemical/Ingredient] Tetrahydro-1,4-Oxazines C26510 7058 M0014072 D009025 Morpholines Morpholines C0026561 N0000008073 Heptanoic Acids [Chemical/Ingredient] 7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids. N0000008080 C0019227 Heptanoic Acids M0010246 C26524 5257 Heptanoic Acids D006538 Mandelic Acids [Chemical/Ingredient] C26532 6620 Mandelic Acids Analogs or derivatives of mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid). M0012974 Mandelic Acids D008333 N0000008084 C0024685 Thiazoles [Chemical/Ingredient] Thiazoles Thiazoles N0000008087 M0021333 D013844 10468 C26538 C0039859 Heterocyclic Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] C0019398 C26554 Ring compounds having atoms other than carbon in their nuclei. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) Heterocyclic Compounds 5283 M0010290 D006571 N0000008095 Heterocyclic Compounds Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000008096 Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring A class of organic compounds containing three ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic D006575 5286 C26556 M0010294 C0019401 Heterocyclic Cpds, 3 Ring Ketones [Chemical/Ingredient] C26582 Ketones N0000008109 C0022634 M0011995 Ketones 6141 D007659 Propanols [Chemical/Ingredient] Propanols Propanols C26588 C0175804 D020005 Isomeric forms and derivatives of PROPANOL (C3H7OH). Alcohols, Propyl N0000008112 62221 M0029710 Carbamates [Chemical/Ingredient] C26612 Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as POLYURETHANES. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of ISOCYANATES and the singular term URETHANE refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid. N0000008124 Carbamates Carbamates 2001 D002219 C0006948 M0003327 Styrene [Chemical/Ingredient] C26624 C0038515 A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. Benzene, ethenyl- Styrol Vinylbenzene D020058 Styrene Styrene Styrene Monomer 1362878 N0000008130 M0029766 Styrene Carboxylic Acids [Chemical/Ingredient] M0003405 D002264 2060 C0007066 N0000008137 Carboxylic Acids Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. C26638 Carboxylic Acids Cardanolides [Chemical/Ingredient] C26644 Cardanolides Cardanolides The aglycone constituents of CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES. The ring structure is basically a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus attached to a lactone ring at the C-17 position. C0007142 N0000008140 M0003447 D002297 2077 Benzylidene Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] Compounds containing the PhCH= radical. N0000008143 D001597 Benzylidene Compounds C0005107 M0002394 1432 Benzylidene Compounds C26650 Pyridazines [Chemical/Ingredient] C26654 C0034250 8993 M0018232 Pyridazines N0000008145 Pyridazines D011724 Cardiac Glycosides [Chemical/Ingredient] Cyclopentanophenanthrenes with a 5- or 6-membered lactone ring attached at the 17-position and SUGARS attached at the 3-position. Plants they come from have long been used in congestive heart failure. They increase the force of cardiac contraction without significantly affecting other parameters, but are very toxic at larger doses. Their mechanism of action usually involves inhibition of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE and they are often used in cell biological studies for that purpose. 2079 M0003451 C26678 Cardiac Glycosides Cardiotonic Steroids C0007158 N0000008157 Cardiac Glycosides D002301 Nitro Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] C0028138 D009574 N0000008159 Nitro Compounds Compounds having the nitro group, -NO2, attached to carbon. When attached to nitrogen they are nitramines and attached to oxygen they are NITRATES. 7447 C26682 Nitro Compounds M0014885 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic [Chemical/Ingredient] A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96) C0032458 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 8504 M0017164 C26692 D011084 N0000008164 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Nitric Acid [Chemical/Ingredient] Nitric Acid Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) N0000008166 Nitric Acid Nitric Acid D017942 M0027104 C26696 1311391 Nitric acid C0068808 Amidines [Chemical/Ingredient] 634 D000578 C26698 Amidines Amidines N0000008167 M0000898 C0002483 Amines [Chemical/Ingredient] C0002508 Amines A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) C26700 N0000008168 823705 M0000913 D000588 Amines Fatty Acids, Volatile [Chemical/Ingredient] Fatty Acids, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Volatile C26716 D005232 N0000008176 C0015691 4303 Short-chain fatty acids of up to six carbon atoms in length. They are the major end products of microbial fermentation in the ruminant digestive tract and have also been implicated in the causation of neurological diseases in humans. Fatty Acids, Volatile M0008273 Biomedical and Dental Materials [Chemical/Ingredient] Biomedical and Dental Materials Biomedical and Dental Materials M0002544 C26728 N0000008182 D001697 Substances used in biomedicine or dentistry predominantly for their physical, as opposed to chemical, properties. C0005538 1580 Cyanides [Chemical/Ingredient] 2962 Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical. C26734 Cyanides N0000008185 M0005437 C0010505 D003486 Cyanides Imines [Chemical/Ingredient] M0011054 Imines Imines C26744 D007097 N0000008190 C0020930 5688 Ions [Chemical/Ingredient] C26758 M0011678 Ions 5964 D007477 C0022023 N0000008197 Ions An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS. Iron Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000008199 Iron Compounds M0540735 D058085 67003 C0684279 C26762 Iron Compounds Organic and inorganic compounds that contain iron as an integral part of the molecule. Ethers [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000008201 Ethers Ethers D004987 M0007828 C0014996 4121 C26766 Azoles [Chemical/Ingredient] D001393 C0004504 Azoles Five membered rings containing a NITROGEN atom. N0000008217 M0002083 1269 Azoles C26798 Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic [Chemical/Ingredient] C0020244 Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen. Three or more carbon atoms are arranged in a cyclic structure and they possess aliphatic properties. D006840 Alicyclic Hydrocarbons N0000008228 Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic C26820 M0010689 5478 Hydrocarbons, Aromatic [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000008229 5479 C26822 C0020245 Aromatic Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons, Aromatic M0010690 Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in the form of an unsaturated, usually hexagonal ring structure. The compounds can be single ring, or double, triple, or multiple fused rings. Hydrocarbons, Aromatic D006841 Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated [Chemical/Ingredient] C0020249 Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated 5483 M0010695 Fluorinated Hydrocarbons C26826 Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated N0000008231 D006845 Nucleosides [Chemical/Ingredient] M0015066 N0000008235 7578 Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed) C26834 Nucleosides Nucleosides D009705 C0028621 Sulfur Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule. M0020800 Sulfur Compounds C26862 N0000008249 Sulfur Compounds D013457 C0038776 1431851 Inorganic Chemicals [Chemical/Ingredient] A broad class of substances encompassing all those that do not include carbon and its derivatives as their principal elements. However, carbides, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, and carbon disulfide are included in this class. D007287 C0021521 N0000008257 M0011365 Inorganic Chemicals C26878 5824 Inorganic Chemicals Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring [Chemical/Ingredient] C26880 D006572 5288 A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms. Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring Bridged-Ring Heterocyclic Compounds M0010291 C0019403 N0000008258 Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring [Chemical/Ingredient] Heterocyclic Cpds, 1-Ring C0019399 A class of organic compounds containing a ring structure made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The ring structure can be aromatic or nonaromatic. Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring 5284 D006573 N0000008259 C26882 Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring M0010292 Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring [Chemical/Ingredient] C26884 A class of organic compounds containing two ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic. Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring D006574 5285 N0000008260 M0010293 C0019400 Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring Heterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More Rings [Chemical/Ingredient] C0019402 Heterocyclic Cpds, 4 or More Rings N0000008261 D006576 5287 A class of organic compounds containing four or more ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic. Heterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More Rings Heterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More Rings C26886 M0010295 Electrolytes [Chemical/Ingredient] Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) C26910 C0013832 M0007189 Electrolytes N0000008272 D004573 3793 Electrolytes Styrenes [Chemical/Ingredient] Styrenes Styrenes N0000008277 M0020644 10132 C26920 Derivatives and polymers of styrene. They are used in the manufacturing of synthetic rubber, plastics, and resins. Some of the polymers form the skeletal structures for ion exchange resin beads. C0038513 D013343 Hydrocarbons, Cyclic [Chemical/Ingredient] Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen forming a closed ring that may be either alicyclic or aromatic. 5482 Hydrocarbons, Cyclic Cyclic Hydrocarbons C0020248 Hydrocarbons, Cyclic D006844 M0010694 N0000008280 C26926 Hydrogen Cyanide [Chemical/Ingredient] Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials. 1367183 Hydrocyanic Acid C26928 Hydrogen Cyanide M0010712 Hydrogen Cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide C0020270 N0000008281 D006856 Hydrocyanic acid Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides [Chemical/Ingredient] D009706 C26930 Complex compounds of high molecular weight occurring in living cells. These are basically of two types, ribonucleic (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA) acids, both of which consist of nucleotides (nucleoside phosphates linked together by phosphate bridges). Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides 7579 N0000008282 C0028622 Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides M0015067 Adrenal Cortical Activity Alteration [PE] C1371274 Adrenal Cortical Activity Alteration 985815 C26948 N0000008291 Arterial Vasoconstriction [PE] C26962 C1371490 986283 N0000008298 Arterial Vasoconstriction Arterial Vasodilation [PE] Arterial Vasodilation C1371278 984618 N0000008299 C26964 Atrial Repolarization [PE] N0000008303 Atrial Repolarization 1032452 C1371280 C26972 Bladder Sphincter Tone Alteration [PE] N0000008306 C1371290 Bladder Sphincter Tone Alteration C26978 989817 Blood & Lymphatic Fluid Function Alteration [PE] C1371289 Blood & Lymphatic Fluid Function Alteration 988284 N0000008307 C26980 Breast Function Alteration [PE] C26998 Breast Function Alteration 990630 C1371304 N0000008316 Breast Milk Secretion [PE] Breast Milk Secretion 986284 N0000008319 C1371301 C27004 Bronchial Smooth Muscle Tone Alteration [PE] Bronchial Smooth Muscle Tone Alteration C1371300 C27006 N0000008320 988934 Bronchoconstriction [PE] C0079043 C27008 N0000008321 1024751 Bronchoconstriction Cardiac Contractility Alteration [PE] 986415 N0000008328 C27022 C1371293 Cardiac Contractility Alteration Cardiac Rate Alteration [PE] Cardiac Rate Alteration C2825066 985479 N0000008329 C27024 Cardiac Rhythm Alteration [PE] C27026 Cardiac Rhythm Alteration N0000008330 988420 C1371292 Cardiovascular Activity Alteration [PE] C27028 988145 C1371291 N0000008331 Cardiovascular Activity Alteration Cell Membrane Alteration [PE] N0000008334 1031394 C0544958 C27034 Cell Membrane Alteration Cellular Activity Alteration [PE] Cellular Activity Alteration N0000008337 985006 C1371483 C27040 Cellular Structure Alteration [PE] C27058 C1371474 N0000008346 990421 Cellular Structure Alteration Cerebral Arterial Vasoconstriction [PE] 990151 N0000008351 Cerebral Arterial Vasoconstriction C1371311 C27068 Cerebral Arterial Vasodilation [PE] C1371310 N0000008352 988849 Cerebral Arterial Vasodilation C27070 Cholesterol Absorption Alteration [PE] Cholesterol Absorption Alteration C27082 988421 N0000008358 C1371471 Cholesterol Metabolism Alteration [PE] 988014 C27086 N0000008360 Cholesterol Metabolism Alteration C1371469 Cholesterol Synthesis Alteration [PE] C27088 N0000008361 C1371468 Cholesterol Synthesis Alteration 988147 Conduction System Depolarization [PE] N0000008369 Conduction System Depolarization 985660 C1371319 C27104 Conduction System Repolarization [PE] C1371318 C27106 985661 N0000008370 Conduction System Repolarization Conjunctival Arterial Vasoconstriction [PE] Conjunctival Arterial Vasoconstriction C27108 N0000008371 C1371317 989471 Coronary Arterial Vasodilation [PE] 990108 C27116 Coronary Arterial Vasodilation N0000008375 C1371463 Cutaneous Arterial Vasoconstriction [PE] N0000008376 C1371462 Cutaneous Arterial Vasoconstriction 986416 C27118 Cutaneous Arterial Vasodilation [PE] N0000008377 Cutaneous Arterial Vasodilation 987881 C1371461 C27120 Decreased Autonomic Nervous System Norepinephrine Activity [PE] C2267191 N0000008412 C27190 989573 Decreased Autonomic Nervous System Norepinephrine Activity Decreased Autonomic Nervous System Organized Electrical Activity [PE] 987033 C1371443 C27192 N0000008413 Decreased Autonomic Nervous System Organized Electrical Activity Decreased Bladder Sphincter Tone [PE] C1371408 N0000008421 C27208 988422 Decreased Bladder Sphincter Tone Decreased Bradykinin Degradation [PE] N0000008423 C1371406 989574 C27212 Decreased Bradykinin Degradation Decreased Cardiac Muscle Organized Electrical Activity [PE] C27310 987282 C1371357 N0000008472 Decreased Cardiac Muscle Organized Electrical Activity Decreased Cholesterol Absorption [PE] N0000008553 984431 C27472 C1371530 Decreased Cholesterol Absorption Decreased Cholesterol Synthesis [PE] C1371532 N0000008555 987433 C27476 Decreased Cholesterol Synthesis Decreased Disorganized Electrical Activity [PE] N0000008578 C1371555 C27522 986372 Decreased Disorganized Electrical Activity Decreased Eicosanoid Production [PE] N0000008592 986162 Decreased Eicosanoid Production C27550 C1371569 Decreased GI Smooth Muscle Tone [PE] N0000008636 Decreased GI Smooth Muscle Tone 989577 C27638 C1371646 Decreased Immunologically Active Molecule Degradation [PE] Decreased Immunologically Active Molecule Degradation N0000008664 986197 C27694 C1371673 Decreased Immunologically Active Molecule Production [PE] C27696 C1371674 N0000008665 987036 Decreased Immunologically Active Molecule Production Decreased Intravascular Volume [PE] Decreased Intravascular Volume N0000008669 988730 C27704 C1371678 Decreased Kinin Degradation [PE] C1371684 C27718 987233 N0000008676 Decreased Kinin Degradation Decreased Lipid Derived Immunologically Active Molecule Production [PE] C27738 N0000008686 984433 C1371694 Decreased Lipid Derived Immunologically Active Molecule Production Decreased Lipolysis [PE] C1371696 N0000008688 988100 Decreased Lipolysis C27742 Decreased Mineralocorticoid Secretion [PE] 985529 Decreased Mineralocorticoid Secretion C27828 N0000008731 C1371739 Decreased Muscular System Organized Electrical Activity [PE] C1371762 N0000008754 Decreased Muscular System Organized Electrical Activity 985532 C27874 Decreased Norepinephrine Activity [PE] Decreased Norepinephrine Activity C27894 C2267200 989127 N0000008764 Decreased Organized Electrical Activity [PE] C1371776 987290 Decreased Organized Electrical Activity N0000008768 C27902 Decreased Peripheral Nervous System Norepinephrine Activity [PE] C28006 987038 N0000008820 Decreased Peripheral Nervous System Norepinephrine Activity C2267202 Decreased Peripheral Nervous System Organized Electrical Activity [PE] Decreased Peripheral Nervous System Organized Electrical Activity C28008 989609 N0000008821 C1371829 Decreased Platelet Activating Factor Production [PE] C1371839 C28028 986002 Decreased Platelet Activating Factor Production N0000008831 Decreased Platelet Aggregation [PE] C28030 Decreased Platelet Aggregation C0855739 989580 N0000008832 Decreased Prostaglandin Production [PE] Decreased Prostaglandin Production C28038 N0000008836 987922 C1371843 Decreased Renal Ion Excretion [PE] C28082 988472 N0000008858 C1371865 Decreased Renal Ion Excretion Decreased Renal K+ Excretion [PE] C1371866 C28084 Decreased Renal K+ Excretion 987923 N0000008859 Decreased Respiratory Secretions [PE] Decreased Respiratory Secretions C28102 N0000008868 985021 C1371875 Decreased Sensory-Somatic Nervous System Organized Electrical Activity [PE] 990252 Decreased Sensory-Somatic Nervous System Organized Electrical Activity C1371896 N0000008889 C28144 Decreased Nasal and Sinus Secretions [PE] Decreased Nasal and Sinus Secretions N0000008896 988102 C28158 C1371903 Decreased Striated Muscle Contraction [PE] 987443 C28272 C1371959 N0000008953 Decreased Striated Muscle Contraction Decreased Sympathetic Norepinephrine Activity [PE] C2267207 Decreased Sympathetic Norepinephrine Activity C28350 N0000008992 986379 Decreased Sympathetic Organized Electrical Activity [PE] Decreased Sympathetic Organized Electrical Activity C1371999 986429 C28352 N0000008993 Decreased Thromboxane Production [PE] C28378 987590 Decreased Thromboxane Production C1372012 N0000009006 Digestive/GI System Activity Alteration [PE] N0000009022 990045 Digestive/GI System Activity Alteration C28410 C1372028 Disorganized Electrical Activity Alteration [PE] 987926 C28414 N0000009024 C1372030 Disorganized Electrical Activity Alteration Electrical Activity Alteration [PE] N0000009027 C1372033 C28420 Electrical Activity Alteration 985119 Endocrine Activity Alteration [PE] 990694 N0000009036 C1372041 C28438 Endocrine Activity Alteration Female Reproductive System Activity Alteration [PE] Female Reproductive System Activity Alteration C28454 C1372049 985744 N0000009044 GI Smooth Muscle Tone Alteration [PE] C1372054 C28464 GI Smooth Muscle Tone Alteration N0000009049 989000 Generalized Systemic Effects [PE] C1372062 C28480 N0000009057 990172 Generalized Systemic Effects Hematologic Activity Alteration [PE] 986633 Hematologic Activity Alteration N0000009065 C1372069 C28496 Hemic/Lymphatic Activity Alteration [PE] N0000009069 C28504 C1372073 990696 Hemic/Lymphatic Activity Alteration Hemostasis Alteration [PE] C1372074 N0000009070 Hemostasis Alteration C28506 989781 Immunologic Activity Alteration [PE] C1372077 C28512 N0000009073 990814 Immunologic Activity Alteration Immunologically Active Molecule Degradation Alteration [PE] N0000009075 989847 C1372079 Immunologically Active Molecule Degradation Alteration C28516 Immunologically Active Molecule Production Alteration [PE] C1372080 C28518 Immunologically Active Molecule Production Alteration 989133 N0000009076 Increased Cardiac Muscle Organized Electrical Activity [PE] 985492 Increased Cardiac Muscle Organized Electrical Activity C1372172 C28702 N0000009168 Increased Distal Tubule H+ Excretion [PE] C1372279 989312 C28916 N0000009275 Increased Distal Tubule H+ Excretion Increased Distal Tubule K+ Excretion [PE] N0000009277 Increased Distal Tubule K+ Excretion C28920 C1372281 984847 Increased Distal Tubule Na+ Excretion [PE] Increased Distal Tubule Na+ Excretion 987639 C1372283 N0000009279 C28924 Increased Muscular System Organized Electrical Activity [PE] N0000009446 Increased Muscular System Organized Electrical Activity 989860 C1372445 C29258 Increased Nitric Oxide Activity [PE] 984699 Increased Nitric Oxide Activity C29276 N0000009455 C1372454 Increased Organized Electrical Activity [PE] 985295 N0000009460 C1372459 C29286 Increased Organized Electrical Activity Increased Renal H+ Excretion [PE] N0000009548 C29462 C1372546 989634 Increased Renal H+ Excretion Increased Renal Ion Excretion [PE] C1372548 Increased Renal Ion Excretion C29466 989861 N0000009550 Increased Renal K+ Excretion [PE] N0000009551 986593 Increased Renal K+ Excretion C1372549 C29468 Increased Renal Na+ Excretion [PE] 986790 N0000009553 C29472 Increased Renal Na+ Excretion C1372551 Intravascular Volume Alteration [PE] C1372729 C29830 Intravascular Volume Alteration 987907 N0000009732 Lipid Metabolism Alteration [PE] N0000009739 987514 C29844 Lipid Metabolism Alteration C0548934 Male Reproductive System Activity Alteration [PE] 987654 N0000009742 C1372738 C29850 Male Reproductive System Activity Alteration Metabolic Activity Alteration [PE] C1372744 N0000009748 990190 Metabolic Activity Alteration C29862 Mucosal Arterial Vasoconstriction [PE] Mucosal Arterial Vasoconstriction 986890 N0000009751 C29868 C1372747 Musculoskeletal Activity Alteration [PE] C1372751 N0000009755 C29876 Musculoskeletal Activity Alteration 985711 Negative Chronotropy [PE] N0000009756 Negative Chronotropy C1372752 986396 C29878 Negative Inotropy [PE] N0000009757 C29880 990886 C1372753 Negative Inotropy Nervous System Activity Alteration [PE] C2916815 Nervous System Activity Alteration C29884 987311 N0000009759 Neurotransmitter & Neuromuscular Transmitter Activity Alteration [PE] C29888 Neurotransmitter & Neuromuscular Transmitter Activity Alteration N0000009761 C1372757 989639 Nitric Oxide Activity Alteration [PE] 987515 C29890 Nitric Oxide Activity Alteration C1372758 N0000009762 Nodal Depolarization [PE] Nodal Depolarization C1372759 N0000009763 C29892 987463 Nodal Repolarization [PE] Nodal Repolarization 987312 N0000009764 C1372760 C29894 Norepinephrine Activity Alteration [PE] 985713 C29896 Norepinephrine Activity Alteration C1372761 N0000009765 Organ System Specific Effects [PE] N0000009770 C29906 Organ System Specific Effects 985923 C1372766 Organized Electrical Activity Alteration [PE] Organized Electrical Activity Alteration 988792 N0000009774 C29914 C1372770 Penile Venous Vasodilation [PE] N0000009798 C1372794 988321 C29962 Penile Venous Vasodilation Physiological Effects [PE] C1372798 N0000009802 C29970 Physiological Effects 984490 Platelet Aggregation Alteration [PE] C1372803 1030000 C29980 N0000009807 Platelet Aggregation Alteration Positive Chronotropy [PE] N0000009808 Positive Chronotropy C1372804 C29982 987259 Positive Inotropy [PE] Positive Inotropy C29984 989869 N0000009809 C1372805 Prostatic Alteration [PE] 990027 N0000009811 Prostatic Alteration C29988 C1372807 Renal Arterial Vasoconstriction [PE] N0000009825 C1372856 989641 Renal Arterial Vasoconstriction C30016 Renal Arterial Vasodilation [PE] C30018 988963 N0000009826 C1372857 Renal Arterial Vasodilation Renal Ion Transport Alteration [PE] C1372861 C30026 Renal Ion Transport Alteration 984183 N0000009830 Renal/Urological Activity Alteration [PE] N0000009832 988191 C30030 C1372863 Renal/Urological Activity Alteration Reproductive System Activity Alteration [PE] 990488 C1372864 Reproductive System Activity Alteration C30032 N0000009833 Respiratory Secretion Alteration [PE] N0000009836 Respiratory Secretion Alteration C1372867 984707 C30038 Respiratory Smooth Muscle Tone Alteration [PE] C30042 C1372869 987051 Respiratory Smooth Muscle Tone Alteration N0000009838 Respiratory/Pulmonary Activity Alteration [PE] N0000009839 C30044 Respiratory/Pulmonary Activity Alteration C1372870 987910 Striated Muscle Contraction Alteration [PE] 984654 Striated Muscle Contraction Alteration C1372910 N0000009879 C30124 Systemic Venous Vasodilation [PE] 990847 Systemic Venous Vasodilation N0000009883 C1372914 C30132 Triglyceride Metabolism Alteration [PE] N0000009895 988124 C1372926 C30156 Triglyceride Metabolism Alteration Vascular Tone Alteration [PE] Vascular Tone Alteration C30178 C1372937 N0000009906 987659 Vasoconstriction [PE] Vasoconstriction C30182 N0000009908 C0042396 1022844 Vasodilation [PE] C30184 1021984 N0000009909 C0042401 Vasodilation Venous Vasodilation [PE] 989329 N0000009911 C30188 Venous Vasodilation C1372940 Ventricular Repolarization [PE] 986031 Ventricular Repolarization N0000009914 C1372942 C30194 Unknown Cellular or Molecular Interaction [MoA] C1373108 C30196 990716 Unknown Cellular or Molecular Interaction N0000009915 Adrenergic alpha2-Agonists [MoA] C1373110 C30202 Adrenergic alpha-2 Agonists Adrenergic alpha2-Agonists alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists N0000009918 1035126 Adrenergic alpha1-Antagonists [MoA] C1373137 Adrenergic alpha1-Antagonists C30204 N0000009919 Adrenergic alpha-1 Antagonists alpha-1 Adrenergic Antagonists 990490 Adrenergic beta1-Agonists [MoA] Adrenergic beta-1 Agonists C30208 Adrenergic beta1-Agonists 988194 beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists N0000009921 C1373135 Unknown Physiological Effect [PE] N0000009925 990891 Unknown Physiological Effect C30216 C1372849 Systemic Arterial Vasodilation [PE] 989331 C1372836 C30248 Systemic Arterial Vasodilation N0000009940 Systemic Arterial Vasoconstriction [PE] 988324 Systemic Arterial Vasoconstriction C30250 N0000009941 C1372835 Sterol Synthesis Inhibitors [MoA] Sterol Synthesis Inhibitors C1373112 988794 C30280 N0000009956 Dose Forms [Dose Form] 987323 C2267212 C30528 N0000010010 RxNorm Dose Forms Pill [Dose Form] N0000010024 1151133 Pill C30642 C0994475 Pill ezetimibe [Chemical/Ingredient] C1142985 (1-(4-fluorophenyl)-(3R)-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)-(3S)-hydroxypropyl)-(4S)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-azetidinone) ezetimibe N0000010117 ezetimib C108606 C31254 ezetimibe 341248 M0422151 ezetimibe Pregnancy [Disease/Finding] N0000010195 C31746 289908002 C0032961 Pregnancy 1022794 Physiologic States [Disease/Finding] 989040 C31750 N0000010197 C2916830 Physiologic States Demographic States [Disease/Finding] C31754 N0000010198 Demographic States 985726 C2916805 Age Categories [Disease/Finding] 989345 C31762 N0000010202 C2916832 Age Categories Infant [Disease/Finding] Infant N0000010203 1023674 133931009 C31764 C0021270 Child [Disease/Finding] 1025000 410601007 C31768 Child N0000010205 C0008059 Young Child [Disease/Finding] C0728836 N0000010207 C31772 74489007 1029003 Young Child Adolescent [Disease/Finding] N0000010214 Adolescent 133937008 59223006 C31786 C0205653 1023260 Lactation [Disease/Finding] 1025167 C0022925 169741004 Lactation C31790 N0000010216 Sterol Metabolism Alteration [PE] C31802 Sterol Metabolism Alteration C1371579 990415 N0000010222 Pregnancy Third Trimester [Disease/Finding] N0000010245 C31848 41587001 Pregnancy Third Trimester 255248002 C0032981 1023212 Smooth Muscle Tone Alteration [PE] C31894 Smooth Muscle Tone Alteration 985732 N0000010268 C1371604 Lengthen Conduction System Depolarization Time [PE] C31924 987666 N0000010283 C1371584 Lengthen Conduction System Depolarization Time Delay Conduction System Repolarization [PE] N0000010287 C31932 987486 C1371590 Delay Conduction System Repolarization alfuzosin [Chemical/Ingredient] N-(3-((4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-quinazolinyl)methylamino)propyl)tetrahydro-2-furancarboxamide alfuzosin alfuzosin N0000010340 alphuzosine 17300 alfusozine C047638 C53846 C0051150 M0137486 alfuzosin rosuvastatin [Chemical/Ingredient] rosuvastatin rosuvastatin C0965129 M0382713 N0000010356 301542 6-Heptenoic acid, 7-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(1-methylethyl)-2-(ethyl(methylsulfonyl)amino)-5-pyrimidinyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-, (3R,5S,6E) C53922 rosuvastatin C422923 Drug Products by VA Class 985512 Drug Products by VA Class C2267083 N0000010574 C281072 Drug Products by Generic Ingredient Combinations C2267084 C288626 987399 N0000010582 Drug Products by Generic Ingredient Combinations A [Preparations] 989498 C288627 N0000010583 A [Preparations] C2267085 B [Preparations] 987472 C288628 N0000010584 C2267086 B [Preparations] C [Preparations] C [Preparations] 987820 C288629 C2267087 N0000010585 D [Preparations] C288630 N0000010586 C2267088 D [Preparations] 990856 E [Preparations] E [Preparations] C2267089 984666 C288631 N0000010587 F [Preparations] 986610 C2267090 N0000010588 C288632 F [Preparations] G [Preparations] N0000010589 C288633 C2267091 986405 G [Preparations] H [Preparations] 985945 C288634 C2741642 N0000010590 H [Preparations] I [Preparations] C288635 N0000010591 C2267092 I [Preparations] 987875 L [Preparations] C288638 L [Preparations] N0000010594 C2267094 984195 M [Preparations] C2267095 989499 C288639 M [Preparations] N0000010595 N [Preparations] 984993 C2267096 C288640 N0000010596 N [Preparations] P [Preparations] C2267098 P [Preparations] 987400 C288642 N0000010598 R [Preparations] C288644 N0000010600 987269 C2267100 R [Preparations] S [Preparations] S [Preparations] C2267101 C288645 985848 N0000010601 T [Preparations] N0000010602 989806 T [Preparations] C288646 C2267102 V [Preparations] C2267104 V [Preparations] C288648 984196 N0000010604 Hepatic Insufficiency [Disease/Finding] N0000010941 1026586 59927004 C291294 C1306571 Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION. M0461663 Hepatic Insufficiency Hepatic Insufficiency Liver Insufficiency D048550 Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced [Disease/Finding] Gestational Hypertension 308551004 48194001 987054 C291390 Pregnancy Induced Hypertension C0340274 Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced N0000011037 M0452741 A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (>140 mm Hg) and diastolic (>90 mm Hg) blood pressure on at least two occasions 6 h apart. HYPERTENSION complicates 8-10% of all pregnancies, generally after 20 weeks of gestation. Gestational hypertension can be divided into several broad categories according to the complexity and associated symptoms, such as EDEMA; PROTEINURIA; SEIZURES; abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION and liver functions. D046110 Genetic Diseases, Inborn [Disease/Finding] Genetic Diseases, Inborn Genetic Diseases, Inborn M0385531 D030342 C0950123 Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero. C291458 1025368 N0000011105 Inborn Genetic Diseases Glucose Metabolism Disorders [Disease/Finding] Glucose Metabolism Disorders C291476 126877002 M0446458 N0000011123 Glucose Metabolic Disorder 989730 Glucose Metabolic Disorders Pathological conditions in which the BLOOD GLUCOSE cannot be maintained within the normal range, such as in HYPOGLYCEMIA and HYPERGLYCEMIA. Etiology of these disorders varies. Plasma glucose concentration is critical to survival for it is the predominant fuel for the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Glucose Metabolism Disorders Glucose Metabolism Disorder C1257958 D044882 Diabetes Complications [Disease/Finding] Conditions or pathological processes associated with the disease of diabetes mellitus. Due to the impaired control of BLOOD GLUCOSE level in diabetic patients, pathological processes develop in numerous tissues and organs including the EYE, the KIDNEY, the BLOOD VESSELS, and the NERVE TISSUE. Diabetic Complications C291479 C0342257 D048909 Diabetes Complications 1023143 372069003 N0000011126 190422004 Complications of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes-Related Complications M0462957 Diabetes Complications Cardiomyopathies [Disease/Finding] C291490 Cardiomyopathies Cardiomyopathies 85898001 D009202 57809008 C0878544 1025008 M0014337 Myocardial Diseases N0000011137 A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS). Myocardiopathies Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids [Chemical/Ingredient] Terpenoid Indole Alkaloids Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids D046948 Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids C291543 469968 Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids Secologanin Indole Alkaloids M0456000 C1449663 Compounds formed by condensation of secologanin with tryptamine resulting in a tetrahydro-beta-carboline which is processed further to a number of bioactive compounds. These are especially found in plants of the APOCYNACEAE; LOGANIACEAE; and RUBIACEAE families. N0000011187 Indole Alkaloids [Chemical/Ingredient] Group of alkaloids containing a benzylpyrrole group (derived from TRYPTOPHAN) D026121 287953 C291544 M0377033 N0000011188 Indole Alkaloids Indole Alkaloids C0949738 Fluoroquinolones [Chemical/Ingredient] D024841 M0372253 Fluoroquinolones Fluoroquinolones C291546 287913 N0000011190 C0949665 A group of QUINOLONES with at least one fluorine atom and a piperazinyl group. Imidazolines [Chemical/Ingredient] C291660 Imidazolines 470102 Imidazolines D048288 N0000011304 Compounds based on reduced IMIDAZOLES containing a single double bond. C1449836 M0461078 Imidazolidines [Chemical/Ingredient] M0461079 D048289 470103 Imidazolidines N0000011314 Imidazolidines C291670 Compounds based on reduced IMIDAZOLINES which contain no double bonds in the ring. C1449837 Aza Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] M0002056 Aza Compounds 1249 D001372 C291680 N0000011324 Aza Compounds C0004471 Macrocyclic Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] 469970 Macrocyclic Compounds Macrocycle Compounds M0456185 C291686 Macrocyclic Compounds N0000011330 D047028 C1449665 Cyclic compounds with a ring size of approximately 1-4 dozen atoms. Polycyclic Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] Compounds consisting of two or more fused ring structures. M0017162 N0000011331 Polycyclic Compounds Polycyclic Compounds C0032456 D011083 8502 C291687 Benzylisoquinolines [Chemical/Ingredient] C291712 382269 M0444533 Benzylisoquinolines Benzylisoquinolines C1257875 Benzyl-Isoquinolines ISOQUINOLINES with a benzyl substituent. N0000011356 D044182 Fluorobenzenes [Chemical/Ingredient] D005464 N0000011440 C0016334 4482 C291797 M0008621 Fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes Azetidines [Chemical/Ingredient] C291815 D001384 M0002072 1260 C0004490 N0000011458 Azetidines Azetidines Azetines [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000011459 C0004491 1261 M0002073 C291816 Azetines Azetines D001385 Vascular Alterations [PE] 984378 N0000020002 Vascular Alterations C2267116 C300387 Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors [MoA] C2267138 Phosphodiesterase V Inhibitor N0000020026 985515 C300412 Phosphodiesterase V Inhibitors Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors L-Calcium Channel Receptor Antagonists [MoA] L-Calcium Channel Receptor Antagonists C300455 989377 N0000020065 C2916833 ERGONOVINE N0000020091 <VANDF_Record>50.6^7^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>7</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Ingredient C14296 4022085 C0014704 ERGONOVINE 4021 Ergonovine ENALAPRIL/HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE <VANDF_Record>50.6^2309^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>2309</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0717738 Ingredient ENALAPRIL/HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE C289827 4023310 Enalapril / Hydrochlorothiazide N0000021315 214536 MILRINONE <VANDF_Record>50.6^2784^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>2784</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 52769 N0000021606 4023601 MILRINONE Milrinone C17328 C0128513 Ingredient 米力农注射液 FLUVASTATIN 41127 FLUVASTATIN C0082608 Ingredient C14840 N0000021914 fluvastatin 4023909 <VANDF_Record>50.6^3184^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3184</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE/LOSARTAN Hydrochlorothiazide / Losartan 4023994 C0717825 <VANDF_Record>50.6^3294^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3294</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000021999 C290442 214619 HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE/LOSARTAN Ingredient BENAZEPRIL/HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Ingredient C290444 4023999 N0000022004 BENAZEPRIL/HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE <VANDF_Record>50.6^3302^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3302</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> benazepril / Hydrochlorothiazide 214287 C0717481 IBUTILIDE IBUTILIDE Ingredient C15668 N0000022023 ibutilide C0082966 41289 4024018 <VANDF_Record>50.6^3336^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3336</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> ATORVASTATIN atorvastatin ATORVASTATIN Ingredient C11394 83367 <VANDF_Record>50.6^3382^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3382</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000022046 4024041 C0286651 SILDENAFIL SILDENAFIL sildenafil 136411 C19856 N0000022115 <VANDF_Record>50.6^3484^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3484</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Ingredient C0529793 4024110 HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE/IRBESARTAN 214617 Hydrochlorothiazide / irbesartan C290524 C0717823 N0000022154 Ingredient 4024149 厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪胶囊 <VANDF_Record>50.6^3566^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3566</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE/IRBESARTAN ASPIRIN/DIPYRIDAMOLE 阿司匹林双嘧达莫片 N0000022178 C0732279 Ingredient 226716 4024173 ASPIRIN/DIPYRIDAMOLE Aspirin / Dipyridamole <VANDF_Record>50.6^3614^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3614</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C290547 HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE/TELMISARTAN Ingredient 4024371 C0939233 N0000022375 HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE/TELMISARTAN 284636 <VANDF_Record>50.6^3998^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3998</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Hydrochlorothiazide / telmisartan C290711 AMLODIPINE/ATORVASTATIN 404773 Ingredient C1329978 AMLODIPINE/ATORVASTATIN <VANDF_Record>50.6^4013^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>4013</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C290717 Amlodipine / atorvastatin N0000022380 4024377 [AU000] AUTONOMIC MEDICATIONS 691599 C8798 4021550 N0000029103 <VANDF_Record>50.605^39^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>39</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> AU000 AUTONOMIC MEDICATIONS NOTE: Includes single ingredient anticholinergic products used as antiparkinson agents (e.g.,benztropine,trihexyphenidyl (AU350)) and single ingredient anticholinergic products used as antispasmodics in the gastrointestinal tract (e.g.,glycopyrrolate). Excludes those products classified under selected cardiovascular (beta-blockers (CV100), alpha-blockers (CV150), antihypertensives (CV400,CV490)), respiratory (sympathomimetic bronchodilators (RE103), anticholinergic bronchodilators (RE105)), or ophthalmic (beta-blockers (OP101,OP107)) subclassifications; gastrointestinal tract antispasmodic combinations (GA802); and urinary tract antispasmodics (GU200). VA Class C1874403 [AU100] SYMPATHOMIMETICS (ADRENERGICS) SYMPATHOMIMETICS (ADRENERGICS) 4021551 C8800 N0000029104 AU100 <VANDF_Record>50.605^40^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>40</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> VA Class 691847 C1875809 [BL000] BLOOD PRODUCTS/MODIFIERS/VOLUME EXPANDERS <VANDF_Record>50.605^45^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>45</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4021556 N0000029109 BL000 BLOOD PRODUCTS/MODIFIERS/VOLUME EXPANDERS C8810 591687 INCLUDES: IRON/BLOOD FORMATION (BL400) PRODUCTS CONTAINING IRON SALTS AS SINGLE INGREDIENT OR IN COMBINATION WITH ASCORBIC ACID,CYANOCOBALAMIN,FOLIC ACID, OR INTRINSIC FACTOR C1579434 VA Class [CV000] CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICATIONS 4021563 2095 N0000029116 NOTE: The beta-blockers/related subclassification (CV100) includes all single-entity beta-blockers and alpha-beta- blockers. Combinations containing a beta-blocker are included with the combination antihypertensives (CV400). The alpha-blockers/related subclassification (CV150) includes both peripheral and central single-entity products. All antihypertensive combinations, with the exception of potassium-sparing diuretics in combination with other diuretics (CV704), are included in the CV400 subclassification. C0007220 CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICATIONS <VANDF_Record>50.605^52^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>52</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> CV000 C8898 VA Class [CV050] DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES CV050 C0012253 VA Class 3400 N0000029117 4021564 DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES <VANDF_Record>50.605^53^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>53</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C8900 [CV200] CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS C0006684 CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS C8906 N0000029119 CV200 1899 VA Class 4021566 <VANDF_Record>50.605^55^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>55</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> [CV250] ANTIANGINALS N0000029120 <VANDF_Record>50.605^56^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>56</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> CV250 691969 VA Class C1874267 C8908 4021567 ANTIANGINALS [CV300] ANTIARRHYTHMICS CV300 883 C8910 N0000029121 ANTIARRHYTHMICS VA Class <VANDF_Record>50.605^57^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>57</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4021568 C0003195 [CV350] ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS 4021569 969 C8912 ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS CV350 N0000029122 <VANDF_Record>50.605^58^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>58</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0003367 VA Class [CV400] ANTIHYPERTENSIVE COMBINATIONS <VANDF_Record>50.605^59^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>59</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> VA Class C1874305 N0000029123 4021570 691548 CV400 ANTIHYPERTENSIVE COMBINATIONS C8914 [CV500] PERIPHERAL VASODILATORS PERIPHERAL VASODILATORS C0724804 221187 VA Class <VANDF_Record>50.605^60^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>60</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C8918 N0000029124 CV500 4021571 [CV700] DIURETICS DIURETICS CV700 4021572 N0000029125 C8922 VA Class <VANDF_Record>50.605^61^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>61</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 3567 C0012798 [CV701] THIAZIDES/RELATED DIURETICS 4021573 THIAZIDES/RELATED DIURETICS 3571 CV701 C8924 N0000029126 VA Class <VANDF_Record>50.605^62^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>62</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0012802 [CV800] ACE INHIBITORS VA Class C0003015 <VANDF_Record>50.605^66^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>66</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4021577 CV800 N0000029130 ACE INHIBITORS C8934 836 [CN000] CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MEDICATIONS C0007680 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MEDICATIONS N0000029132 <VANDF_Record>50.605^69^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>69</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C8830 2225 VA Class 4021579 NOTE: Includes all single-entity and combination analgesic products containing an opioid agonist or partial agonist (CN101); non-opioid single-entity and combination analgesic products containing acetaminophen and/or salicylates (CN103); single-entity monocyclic, bicyclic, or tetracyclic antidepressants (CN609); and single-entity products containing a phenothiazine or thioxanthene (CN701). Excludes antitussive products containing an agonist or partial agonist opioid (RE301); antidiarrheal products containing tincture of opium or paregoric (GA400); single- entity anticholinergic products and dopamine agonists (AU350); pargyline (CV490); procarbazine (AN900); anesthetics, local topical (DE700). CN000 [CN100] ANALGESICS 4021580 ANALGESICS C8832 N0000029133 CN100 <VANDF_Record>50.605^70^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>70</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0002771 VA Class 760 [CN103] NON-OPIOID ANALGESICS C0242937 VA Class CN103 <VANDF_Record>50.605^72^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>72</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000029135 NON-OPIOID ANALGESICS C8838 4021582 71642 [CN200] ANESTHETICS 817 N0000029138 4021585 CN200 <VANDF_Record>50.605^75^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>75</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C8844 ANESTHETICS VA Class C0002932 [CN204] LOCAL ANESTHETICS,INJECTION LOCAL ANESTHETICS,INJECTION C1875449 691893 <VANDF_Record>50.605^79^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>79</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C8852 CN204 VA Class N0000029142 4021589 [CN900] CNS MEDICATIONS,OTHER C8896 691644 C1874882 VA Class N0000029153 <VANDF_Record>50.605^94^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>94</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> CN900 CNS MEDICATIONS,OTHER 4021600 [DE000] DERMATOLOGICAL AGENTS N0000029154 DERMATOLOGICAL AGENTS NOTE: The topical anti-inflammatory subclassification (DE200) includes all single-entity anti-inflammatory agents and all combinations containing an adrenocorticoid except those which also contain anti-infective agent (DE250) or an antipsoriatic agent (DE802). The topical antipsoriatic subclassification (DE802) includes products containing adrenocorticoids in combination with coal tar or salicylic acid and products containing coal tar. The "anti-infective, topical other" subclassification (DE109) includes products containing combinations of agents from any one or more subclassification of anti-infectives, topical (DE101, DE102, DE103). Topical pediculicides are included under class AP300. C8940 DE000 VA Class 4021601 <VANDF_Record>50.605^95^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>95</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0011625 3236 [DE700] LOCAL ANESTHETICS,TOPICAL <VANDF_Record>50.605^102^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>102</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> LOCAL ANESTHETICS,TOPICAL 4021608 C1875450 C8970 691894 N0000029161 DE700 VA Class [DE900] DERMATOLOGICALS,TOPICAL OTHER C1874970 VA Class DE900 691787 DERMATOLOGICALS,TOPICAL OTHER <VANDF_Record>50.605^105^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>105</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000029163 4021610 C8986 [DX000] DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS C8988 DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS VA Class N0000029164 4021611 106571 DX000 <VANDF_Record>50.605^106^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>106</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0358514 [DX900] DIAGNOSTICS,OTHER 4021614 DX900 <VANDF_Record>50.605^112^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>112</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> VA Class C9004 693311 DIAGNOSTICS,OTHER N0000029167 C1875013 [BL117] PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS N0000029299 C8824 C0032177 BL117 <VANDF_Record>50.605^255^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>255</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4021746 8426 VA Class [CV150] ALPHA BLOCKERS/RELATED N0000029337 C1874153 CV150 VA Class 691908 ALL SINGLE AGENT ALPHA BLOCKERS ARE LISTED IN THIS CATEGORY. INCLUDES BOTH PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL ALPHA BLOCKERS/RELATED <VANDF_Record>50.605^297^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>297</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C8904 4021784 [CV490] ANTIHYPERTENSIVES,OTHER C8916 N0000029427 C0350167 VA Class ANTIHYPERTENSIVES,OTHER 714568 CV490 <VANDF_Record>50.605^397^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>397</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4021874 [CV805] ANGIOTENSIN II INHIBITOR C1874242 VA Class 4021997 CV805 691944 N0000029550 C8936 <VANDF_Record>50.605^520^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.605</VA_File><VA_IEN>520</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> ANGIOTENSIN II INHIBITOR Capsule [Dose Form] Capsule 1995 C0006935 C30350 Capsule N0000135688 Cream [Dose Form] Cream 446669 C1378128 C30424 Cream N0000135693 Extended Release Capsule [Dose Form] C30456 N0000135703 Extended Release Capsule Extended Release Capsule C0991505 316943 Extended Release Tablet [Dose Form] 316945 C0991507 C30460 Extended Release Tablet N0000135707 Extended Release Tablet Injectable Solution [Dose Form] C0991511 Injectable Solution C30468 N0000135717 Injectable Solution 316949 Liquid [Dose Form] C30406 Liquid 90230 N0000135726 Liquid C1697794 Oral Capsule [Dose Form] Oral Capsule C30508 C0991533 Oral Capsule N0000135751 316965 Oral Solution [Dose Form] N0000135758 Oral Solution C0991536 C30514 Oral Solution 316968 Oral Suspension [Dose Form] Oral Suspension C0991537 C30516 N0000135760 316969 Oral Suspension Oral Tablet [Dose Form] 317541 C30618 Oral Tablet C0993159 Oral Tablet N0000135761 Orderable Drug Form [Dose Form] Orderable Drug Form C0991538 N0000135762 316970 Orderable Drug Form C30518 Patch [Dose Form] C30646 Patch Patch 318130 N0000135768 C0994894 Solid [Dose Form] Solid 447005 N0000135782 C30404 C1378566 Solid Solution [Dose Form] 450530 Solution C30372 C1382100 N0000135783 Solution Sublingual Tablet [Dose Form] Sublingual Tablet C30604 C0991582 Sublingual Tablet N0000135785 317007 Suspension [Dose Form] C0038960 C30376 10269 Suspension N0000135787 Suspension Tablet [Dose Form] Tablet N0000135790 10311 C30378 Tablet C0039225 Topical Cream [Dose Form] N0000135792 316982 Topical Cream C0991551 C30544 Topical Cream Topical Solution [Dose Form] 316986 Topical Solution C0991555 C30552 Topical Solution N0000135799 Transdermal Patch [Dose Form] Transdermal Patch C0991556 N0000135801 Transdermal Patch 316987 C30554 PAPAVERINE HYDROCHLORIDE C0700461 4017430 23473EC6BQ <VANDF_Record>50.416^21^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>21</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Papaverine Hydrochloride N0000145818 Ingredient C18118 203132 PAPAVERINE HYDROCHLORIDE RESERPINE <VANDF_Record>50.416^98^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>98</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 9260 C19522 N0000145891 RESERPINE 4017506 利血平注射液 C0035179 Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.6^57^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>57</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 8B1QWR724A Reserpine NITROGLYCERIN G59M7S0WS3 Ingredient C17720 <VANDF_Record>50.6^68^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>68</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4017525 硝酸甘油气雾剂 4917 Nitroglycerin NITROGLYCERIN <VANDF_Record>50.416^117^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>117</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0017887 N0000145909 ASPIRIN <VANDF_Record>50.416^129^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>129</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Ingredient R16CO5Y76E Aspirin C11388 4017536 N0000145918 C0004057 1191 ASPIRIN <VANDF_Record>50.6^964^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>964</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE 4017541 C0700450 N0000145923 C13968 DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Dobutamine Hydrochloride 0WR771DJXV Ingredient 203121 <VANDF_Record>50.416^134^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>134</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> CAPTOPRIL 卡托普利注射液 注射用卡托普利 <VANDF_Record>50.6^107^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>107</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> CAPTOPRIL C0006938 9G64RSX1XD Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.416^208^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>208</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 1998 N0000145994 复方卡托普利片 C12216 4017614 Captopril HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE <VANDF_Record>50.416^209^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>209</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000145995 C0020261 0J48LPH2TH C15474 4017615 Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.6^236^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>236</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Hydrochlorothiazide 5487 PROCAINAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE C19146 C0600311 N0000146002 PROCAINAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE Ingredient Procainamide Hydrochloride <VANDF_Record>50.416^217^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>217</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> SI4064O0LX 155056 4017622 IODINE Iodine C0021968 <VANDF_Record>50.416^254^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>254</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000146037 9679TC07X4 <VANDF_Record>50.6^1388^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>1388</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4017659 5933 C15972 IODINE Ingredient SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE N0000146172 <VANDF_Record>50.6^180^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>180</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 9895 C0037533 Ingredient C20028 4017812 SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE EAO03PE1TC <VANDF_Record>50.416^407^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>407</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Sodium Nitroprusside ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE 硝酸异山梨酯注射液 <VANDF_Record>50.6^191^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>191</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Ingredient N0000146183 <VANDF_Record>50.416^420^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>420</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 6058 C0022252 IA7306519N C16186 Isosorbide Dinitrate 4017825 DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE 67V3FSL2GL 4017832 <VANDF_Record>50.416^427^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>427</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0012290 C13796 3417 Dihydroergocryptine N0000146190 Ingredient DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE DIHYDROERGOCORNINE <VANDF_Record>50.416^428^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>428</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Dihydroergocornine N0000146191 C0012288 C13788 IK4C1OC8NE 4017833 Ingredient DIHYDROERGOCORNINE 3415 DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE Ingredient DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE 4017834 Dihydroergocristine 3416 C13792 05D48LUM4Z C0012289 <VANDF_Record>50.416^429^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>429</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000146192 ERGOLOID MESYLATES N0000146193 ergoloid mesylates, USP C0014708 ERGOLOID MESYLATES X3S33EX3KW Ingredient 4017835 甲磺酸二氢麦角碱缓释胶囊（进口） <VANDF_Record>50.416^430^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>430</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> <VANDF_Record>50.6^199^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>199</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C14294 4024 DISOPYRAMIDE PHOSPHATE Ingredient 磷酸丙吡胺片 <VANDF_Record>50.416^439^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>439</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> DISOPYRAMIDE PHOSPHATE C0700534 C13940 N0000146201 Disopyramide Phosphate 203178 4017844 N6BOM1935W PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE C18604 4017845 04JA59TNSJ C0031470 8164 Phenylephrine Hydrochloride N0000146202 Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.416^440^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>440</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> PHENYLEPHRINE PHENYLEPHRINE 8163 C18598 4017847 Phenylephrine C0031469 <VANDF_Record>50.6^553^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>553</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000146204 1WS297W6MV Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.416^442^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>442</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Clonidine Hydrochloride 4017849 CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE W76I6XXF06 C12992 N0000146206 C0546860 142432 Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.416^444^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>444</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> CLONIDINE <VANDF_Record>50.416^445^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>445</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0009014 Clonidine CLONIDINE 2599 MN3L5RMN02 4017850 C12990 N0000146207 Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.6^211^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>211</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> PHENYTOIN <VANDF_Record>50.416^451^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>451</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> <VANDF_Record>50.6^215^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>215</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4017856 Ingredient Phenytoin PHENYTOIN 8183 6158TKW0C5 C18638 C0031507 N0000146211 PHENYTOIN SODIUM 苯妥英钠片 <VANDF_Record>50.416^452^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>452</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> PHENYTOIN SODIUM 4182431BJH Phenytoin sodium Ingredient C18640 N0000146212 C0237417 4017857 71227 HYDRALAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE 4017880 HYDRALAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE FD171B778Y C0282198 Hydralazine Hydrochloride <VANDF_Record>50.416^475^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>475</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C15462 Ingredient 82027 N0000146233 DIPYRIDAMOLE Ingredient N0000146237 <VANDF_Record>50.416^479^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>479</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4017884 <VANDF_Record>50.6^235^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>235</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 3521 C13918 DIPYRIDAMOLE C0012582 Dipyridamole 双嘧达莫缓释胶囊 64ALC7F90C ENALAPRIL MALEATE 9O25354EPJ Ingredient N0000146304 ENALAPRIL MALEATE <VANDF_Record>50.416^549^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>549</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C14204 Enalapril Maleate C0700452 4017954 马来酸依那普利胶囊 203123 METARAMINOL BITARTRATE 6806 <VANDF_Record>50.416^553^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>553</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> <VANDF_Record>50.6^297^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>297</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C16994 N0000146308 4017958 ZC4202M9P3 Ingredient C0025576 METARAMINOL BITARTRATE Metaraminol Bitartrate LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE 142440 N0000146337 盐酸利多卡因胶浆 <VANDF_Record>50.416^589^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>589</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> V13007Z41A 盐酸利多卡因气雾剂 盐酸利多卡因氯化钠注射液 Lidocaine Hydrochloride C16498 LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE Ingredient C0546869 4017992 盐酸利多卡因凝胶 MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE <VANDF_Record>50.416^626^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>626</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 580655Z8RR C0282231 C16938 Mephentermine Sulfate MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Ingredient 4018029 N0000146372 82042 DIGOXIN C13772 C0012265 3407 DIGOXIN <VANDF_Record>50.6^372^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>372</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 73K4184T59 Digoxin <VANDF_Record>50.416^644^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>644</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4018047 Ingredient N0000146388 CYCLANDELATE Cyclandelate C13316 CYCLANDELATE <VANDF_Record>50.6^382^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>382</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 2970 4139O1OAY2 4018058 Ingredient C0010525 N0000146399 <VANDF_Record>50.416^655^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>655</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE N0000146406 盐酸胺碘酮胶囊 <VANDF_Record>50.416^662^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>662</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE 976728SY6Z C0700442 Ingredient 203114 4018065 C11026 Amiodarone hydrochloride MINOXIDIL <VANDF_Record>50.416^674^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>674</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Minoxidil 米诺地尔酊 4018077 MINOXIDIL N0000146416 C0026196 5965120SH1 Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.6^399^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>399</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 米诺地尔凝胶 6984 C17364 VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE C0700468 VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE N0000146466 V3888OEY5R Ingredient 203138 <VANDF_Record>50.416^725^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>725</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Verapamil hydrochloride C21412 4018128 NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Ingredient C0028333 7508 N0000146573 4018242 Norepinephrine Bitartrate C17734 NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE IFY5PE3ZRW <VANDF_Record>50.416^840^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>840</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> LIDOCAINE N0000146592 <VANDF_Record>50.6^576^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>576</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 6387 <VANDF_Record>50.416^860^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>860</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0023660 98PI200987 C16496 4018262 LIDOCAINE Lidocaine Ingredient NIFEDIPINE N0000146717 Nifedipine C0028066 7417 C17688 <VANDF_Record>50.416^988^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>988</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Ingredient 4018390 NIFEDIPINE <VANDF_Record>50.6^695^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>695</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> I9ZF7L6G2L ISOSORBIDE 4018584 Isosorbide 6057 <VANDF_Record>50.6^899^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>899</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> WXR179L51S <VANDF_Record>50.416^1183^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>1183</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0022251 C16184 Ingredient ISOSORBIDE N0000146900 PROBUCOL 8699 C0033215 PROBUCOL 4018611 C19142 Probucol <VANDF_Record>50.6^928^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>928</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000146924 <VANDF_Record>50.416^1211^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>1211</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Ingredient P3CTH044XJ DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE C0282151 <VANDF_Record>50.416^1257^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>1257</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4018656 DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE C14014 N0000146968 Dopamine Hydrochloride Ingredient 82010 7L3E358N9L INDAPAMIDE Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.416^1348^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>1348</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 吲达帕胺胶囊 C0021186 F089I0511L INDAPAMIDE Indapamide <VANDF_Record>50.6^1075^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>1075</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 5764 N0000147050 4018746 C15718 DESLANOSIDE C13534 YGY317RK75 Ingredient N0000147056 <VANDF_Record>50.416^1355^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>1355</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0011689 Deslanoside <VANDF_Record>50.6^1089^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>1089</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> DESLANOSIDE 3248 4018753 METHOXAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Methoxamine Hydrochloride Ingredient N0000147082 <VANDF_Record>50.416^1381^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>1381</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 203187 C17102 4018779 METHOXAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE C0700544 8MB4MJ9R7L CHOLESTYRAMINE <VANDF_Record>50.416^1413^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>1413</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> <VANDF_Record>50.6^1160^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>1160</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4018811 4B33BGI082 C0008402 Cholestyramine Resin C12776 Ingredient N0000147114 2447 CHOLESTYRAMINE DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE C13822 DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE <VANDF_Record>50.416^1419^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>1419</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Ingredient 203211 4018817 OLH94387TE C0700579 Diltiazem Hydrochloride N0000147120 PRAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Ingredient X0Z7454B90 PRAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE C19108 盐酸哌唑嗪片 N0000147152 4018850 C0700578 Prazosin hydrochloride <VANDF_Record>50.416^1453^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>1453</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 203210 DIGITALIS Digitalis preparation C13756 DIGITALIS C0304520 <VANDF_Record>50.416^1508^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>1508</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4018904 <VANDF_Record>50.6^1303^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>1303</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000147198 F1T8QT9U8B 91235 Ingredient ERGOT C0304712 4018908 Ingredient 91405 N0000147201 ERGOT <VANDF_Record>50.416^1512^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>1512</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C14300 Ergot preparation 01G9XEA93N MEXILETINE HYDROCHLORIDE Mexiletine Hydrochloride 盐酸美西律片 606D60IS38 MEXILETINE HYDROCHLORIDE <VANDF_Record>50.416^1672^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>1672</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Ingredient C0543459 4019066 142138 盐酸美西律注射液 C17258 N0000147333 NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE 4019350 K5BC5011K3 C0770150 <VANDF_Record>50.416^1963^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>1963</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 235230 C17660 N0000147522 Ingredient Nicardipine hydrochloride NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE 盐酸尼卡地平片 NIMODIPINE 57WA9QZ5WH 注射用尼莫地平 尼莫地平注射液（进口） C17692 Nimodipine 4019390 尼莫地平缓释片 尼莫地平分散片 <VANDF_Record>50.6^1999^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>1999</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0028094 NIMODIPINE N0000147543 Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.416^2003^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2003</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 尼莫地平注射液 尼莫地平片 7426 尼莫地平片（进口） TERAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE D32S14F082 C20664 C0770137 TERAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE <VANDF_Record>50.416^2048^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2048</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 235224 N0000147565 Ingredient terazosin hydrochloride 4019435 PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE Ingredient PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE C0700465 C19216 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2101^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2101</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4019487 Propafenone Hydrochloride 盐酸普罗帕酮注射液 203135 33XCH0HOCD N0000147607 ADENOSINE N0000147627 K72T3FS567 <VANDF_Record>50.6^2152^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>2152</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C9804 Adenosine Ingredient ADENOSINE <VANDF_Record>50.416^2121^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2121</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 296 C0001443 4019507 BEPRIDIL HYDROCHLORIDE N0000147653 235752 Ingredient C0770909 C11674 4019549 BEPRIDIL HYDROCHLORIDE <VANDF_Record>50.416^2164^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2164</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4W2P15D93M Bepridil hydrochloride MORICIZINE HYDROCHLORIDE <VANDF_Record>50.416^2166^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2166</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Moricizine hydrochloride 71OK3Z1ESP 221126 C17444 Ingredient C0724636 N0000147655 4019551 MORICIZINE HYDROCHLORIDE DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE C0077770 Doxazosin Mesylate 4019565 Ingredient 39173 DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE C14048 N0000147665 86P6PQK0MU <VANDF_Record>50.416^2180^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2180</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> AMIODARONE AMIODARONE 4019606 N3RQ532IUT N0000147701 Amiodarone <VANDF_Record>50.6^389^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>389</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 703 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2225^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2225</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C11024 C0002598 Ingredient AMRINONE AMRINONE <VANDF_Record>50.6^539^Inactive/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>539</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Inactive/Master</VA_Status> Ingredient 4019612 738 C11150 Inamrinone N0000147706 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2231^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2231</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> JUT23379TN 注射用氨力农 C0002697 氨力农注射液 BEPRIDIL Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.416^2250^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2250</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4019631 755BO701MA C11672 1436 BEPRIDIL C0005116 Bepridil <VANDF_Record>50.6^2223^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>2223</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000147724 DILTIAZEM C13816 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2341^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2341</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> DILTIAZEM Diltiazem EE92BBP03H Ingredient N0000147814 <VANDF_Record>50.6^1169^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>1169</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0012373 4019722 3443 DISOPYRAMIDE C13938 3541 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2348^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2348</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> GFO928U8MQ Disopyramide DISOPYRAMIDE Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.6^206^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>206</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0012702 4019729 N0000147821 DOBUTAMINE DOBUTAMINE Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.6^77^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>77</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0012963 4019730 Dobutamine N0000147822 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2349^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2349</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 3616 3S12J47372 C13966 DOPAMINE <VANDF_Record>50.6^981^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>981</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> <VANDF_Record>50.416^2352^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2352</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> DOPAMINE Dopamine 3628 C14012 VTD58H1Z2X N0000147825 C0013030 4019733 Ingredient DOXAZOSIN Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.416^2354^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2354</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000147827 <VANDF_Record>50.6^2238^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>2238</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0114873 4019735 DOXAZOSIN C14046 49276 NW1291F1W8 Doxazosin ENALAPRIL N0000147835 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2363^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2363</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 3827 <VANDF_Record>50.6^292^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>292</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0014025 ENALAPRIL Enalapril 4019744 C14202 69PN84IO1A Ingredient GUANETHIDINE ZTI6C33Q2Q 4019770 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2393^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2393</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C15250 硫酸胍乙啶片 GUANETHIDINE Ingredient Guanethidine 5036 C0018318 N0000147861 HYDRALAZINE N0000147869 C0020223 <VANDF_Record>50.6^231^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>231</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 5470 26NAK24LS8 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2401^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2401</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4019778 Hydralazine C15460 HYDRALAZINE Ingredient MEPHENTERMINE 4019814 TEZ91L71V4 MEPHENTERMINE N0000147903 C16936 Ingredient 6756 Mephentermine C0025380 <VANDF_Record>50.6^357^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>357</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> <VANDF_Record>50.416^2437^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2437</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> METARAMINOL C16992 4019818 C0025575 N0000147907 6805 Ingredient 818U2PZ2EH <VANDF_Record>50.416^2441^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2441</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> METARAMINOL Metaraminol METHOXAMINE Methoxamine 6853 Ingredient METHOXAMINE HUQ1KC1YLI 4019829 C0025681 <VANDF_Record>50.6^1122^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>1122</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C17100 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2452^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2452</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000147917 MEXILETINE 6926 <VANDF_Record>50.6^1564^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>1564</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> <VANDF_Record>50.416^2460^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2460</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000147925 MEXILETINE C0025887 1U511HHV4Z Ingredient 4019837 C17256 Mexiletine MORICIZINE N0000147932 4019845 Moricizine 2GT1D0TMX1 <VANDF_Record>50.6^2225^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>2225</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Ingredient MORICIZINE C0079856 40169 C17442 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2468^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2468</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> NICARDIPINE <VANDF_Record>50.6^1962^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>1962</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> NICARDIPINE Nicardipine N0000147944 CZ5312222S C0028005 4019858 7396 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2481^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2481</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C17658 Ingredient NOREPINEPHRINE Ingredient Norepinephrine 7512 4019859 <VANDF_Record>50.6^545^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>545</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> X4W3ENH1CV C0028351 C17732 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2482^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2482</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000147945 NOREPINEPHRINE PAPAVERINE 4019875 C0030350 Papaverine Ingredient 7895 <VANDF_Record>50.6^10^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>10</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000147960 DAA13NKG2Q PAPAVERINE <VANDF_Record>50.416^2500^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2500</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C18116 PRAZOSIN Ingredient XM03YJ541D C19106 C0032912 N0000147986 PRAZOSIN 4019901 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2526^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2526</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Prazosin <VANDF_Record>50.6^1219^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>1219</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 8629 PROCAINAMIDE Ingredient C19144 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2529^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2529</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> <VANDF_Record>50.6^106^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>106</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Procainamide L39WTC366D N0000147989 PROCAINAMIDE 4019904 C0033216 8700 PROPAFENONE <VANDF_Record>50.416^2536^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2536</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> <VANDF_Record>50.6^2128^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>2128</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 68IQX3T69U Ingredient C0033429 8754 PROPAFENONE Propafenone N0000147996 4019911 C19214 TERAZOSIN C20662 N0000148025 8L5014XET7 <VANDF_Record>50.6^2051^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>2051</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0076107 4019940 37798 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2566^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2566</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Ingredient Terazosin TERAZOSIN VERAPAMIL 4019969 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2595^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2595</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Ingredient CJ0O37KU29 N0000148054 VERAPAMIL Verapamil 11170 C0042523 C21410 <VANDF_Record>50.6^448^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>448</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> BENAZEPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE N0000148075 Ingredient C0770917 C11578 BENAZEPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE <VANDF_Record>50.416^2657^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2657</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 235758 4020025 N1SN99T69T Benazepril hydrochloride FELODIPINE FELODIPINE C14572 C0015772 N0000148116 Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.6^2691^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>2691</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 非洛地平缓释胶囊 4316 OL961R6O2C Felodipine <VANDF_Record>50.416^2794^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2794</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4020159 ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE LX1OH63030 单硝酸异山梨酯缓释片 <VANDF_Record>50.416^2863^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>2863</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 注射用单硝酸异山梨酯 单硝酸异山梨酯缓释胶囊(Ⅳ)（进口） 单硝酸异山梨酯缓释胶囊(Ⅲ) 单硝酸异山梨酯缓释胶囊 单硝酸异山梨酯葡萄糖注射液 ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE 单硝酸异山梨酯胶囊 Ingredient N0000148137 C0064079 单硝酸异山梨酯缓释胶囊（Ⅱ） 4020224 C16188 28004 Isosorbide Mononitrate 单硝酸异山梨酯氯化钠注射液 单硝酸异山梨酯缓释胶囊(Ⅰ) <VANDF_Record>50.6^2703^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>2703</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 单硝酸异山梨酯注射液 PRAVASTATIN SODIUM Ingredient C0700474 Pravastatin Sodium <VANDF_Record>50.416^3011^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3011</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4020369 C19098 3M8608UQ61 PRAVASTATIN SODIUM 203144 N0000148190 SIMVASTATIN C19902 Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.416^3045^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3045</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4020400 36567 AGG2FN16EV <VANDF_Record>50.6^2708^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>2708</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0074554 N0000148200 辛伐他汀胶囊 SIMVASTATIN Simvastatin PRAVASTATIN <VANDF_Record>50.6^2689^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>2689</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4020548 Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.416^3194^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3194</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000148255 C0085542 42463 KXO2KT9N0G PRAVASTATIN Pravastatin C19096 AMLODIPINE BESYLATE 104416 AMLODIPINE BESYLATE <VANDF_Record>50.416^3235^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3235</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000148281 4020586 864V2Q084H Amlodipine Besylate C11040 Ingredient C0354468 AMLODIPINE Amlodipine 甲磺酸氨氯地平片 <VANDF_Record>50.6^2775^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>2775</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4020813 AMLODIPINE C11038 <VANDF_Record>50.416^3469^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3469</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 马来酸氨氯地平片 17767 C0051696 N0000148333 Ingredient 1J444QC288 BENAZEPRIL <VANDF_Record>50.416^3473^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3473</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 18867 C0053091 <VANDF_Record>50.6^2695^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>2695</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4020817 N0000148336 Ingredient UDM7Q7QWP8 BENAZEPRIL benazepril C11576 FLUVASTATIN SODIUM 72875 N0000148361 4020854 <VANDF_Record>50.416^3510^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3510</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> PYF7O1FV7F C0246203 C14842 FLUVASTATIN SODIUM Fluvastatin sodium Ingredient LOSARTAN <VANDF_Record>50.6^3285^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3285</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000148401 4020913 C16628 Ingredient C0126174 Losartan JMS50MPO89 52175 <VANDF_Record>50.416^3573^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3573</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> LOSARTAN LOSARTAN POTASSIUM 氯沙坦钾胶囊 <VANDF_Record>50.416^3580^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3580</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4020920 C0700492 Losartan Potassium 203160 C16630 Ingredient LOSARTAN POTASSIUM 3ST302B24A N0000148405 NISOLDIPINE <VANDF_Record>50.416^3604^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3604</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000148422 尼索地平胶囊 Ingredient 7435 NISOLDIPINE 4020942 <VANDF_Record>50.6^3319^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3319</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Nisoldipine 尼索地平缓释胶囊 4I8HAB65SZ C17694 尼索地平胶丸 C0028116 IBUTILIDE FUMARATE ibutilide fumarate Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.416^3622^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3622</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 51256 IBUTILIDE FUMARATE N0000148432 C0123053 4020956 C15670 9L5X4M5L6I VALSARTAN valsartan <VANDF_Record>50.416^3653^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3653</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 69749 VALSARTAN <VANDF_Record>50.6^3372^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3372</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0216784 Ingredient 4020986 N0000148456 C21348 80M03YXJ7I ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM 阿托伐他汀钙胶囊 <VANDF_Record>50.416^3666^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3666</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM 4020999 C11396 Ingredient C0286650 Atorvastatin calcium N0000148468 48A5M73Z4Q 83366 IRBESARTAN C0288171 irbesartan IRBESARTAN 83818 C16072 N0000148533 <VANDF_Record>50.416^3739^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3739</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4021071 厄贝沙坦胶囊 J0E2756Z7N Ingredient <VANDF_Record>50.6^3466^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3466</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> SILDENAFIL CITRATE 4021093 SILDENAFIL CITRATE Sildenafil citrate BW9B0ZE037 Ingredient C0724693 <VANDF_Record>50.416^3761^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3761</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C19858 N0000148549 221161 FENOFIBRATE Fenofibrate <VANDF_Record>50.416^3766^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3766</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C14580 N0000148554 <VANDF_Record>50.6^3489^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3489</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> U202363UOS C0033228 4021098 Ingredient FENOFIBRATE 8703 TELMISARTAN <VANDF_Record>50.6^3542^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3542</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C20646 Ingredient 4021146 替米沙坦胶囊 U5SYW473RQ <VANDF_Record>50.416^3818^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3818</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000148599 telmisartan 73494 TELMISARTAN C0248719 CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL C31068 C0527379 candesartan cilexetil Ingredient N0000148601 135481 4021148 <VANDF_Record>50.416^3820^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3820</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> R85M2X0D68 CANDESARTAN S8Q36MD2XX <VANDF_Record>50.416^3823^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3823</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> <VANDF_Record>50.6^3548^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3548</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> candesartan N0000148603 C12168 214354 CANDESARTAN C0717550 Ingredient 4021151 PERINDOPRIL <VANDF_Record>50.6^3593^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3593</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000148627 54552 C0136123 4021179 PERINDOPRIL Ingredient Perindopril 培哚普利片（进口） <VANDF_Record>50.416^3851^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>3851</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Y5GMK36KGY C18422 EZETIMIBE <VANDF_Record>50.416^4040^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>4040</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> EZETIMIBE EOR26LQQ24 4021366 C1142985 ezetimibe C31252 <VANDF_Record>50.6^3843^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3843</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000148785 341248 Ingredient ALFUZOSIN 17300 alfuzosin <VANDF_Record>50.6^3889^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3889</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C0051150 <VANDF_Record>50.416^4072^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>4072</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 90347YTW5F C53844 ALFUZOSIN 4021396 N0000148814 Ingredient ROSUVASTATIN ROSUVASTATIN <VANDF_Record>50.416^4081^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>4081</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 瑞舒伐他汀钙胶囊 Ingredient 413KH5ZJ73 瑞舒伐他汀钙片 301542 N0000148821 4021405 C53920 rosuvastatin C0965129 <VANDF_Record>50.6^3899^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>3899</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Thiazides [Chemical/Ingredient] D049971 Heterocyclic compounds with SULFUR and NITROGEN in the ring. This term commonly refers to the BENZOTHIADIAZINES that inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS and are used as DIURETICS. Thiazides N0000166469 C0541746 141801 C7757382887769 Thiazides M0471776 Phenoxypropanolamines [Chemical/Ingredient] C7757556548667 N0000166515 Phenoxy-Propanolamines Compounds based on a propanolamine attached via an OXYGEN atom to a phenoxy ring. The side chain is one carbon longer than PHENYLETHYLAMINES. M0473241 Phenoxypropanolamines D050198 587150 C1563753 Phenoxypropanolamines Chlorobenzoates [Chemical/Ingredient] C0008231 2377 Chlorobenzoates M0004162 N0000166658 C7757833506772 Benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more chlorine atoms. Chlorobenzoates D002723 Cinnarizine [Chemical/Ingredient] Cinarizine Piperazine, 1-(diphenylmethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)- Cinnarizine C0008803 A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS. 2549 1-(Diphenylmethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)piperazine 桂利嗪片 Cinnarizine 桂利嗪胶囊 N0000167127 Cinnarizine D002936 C7758748559942 M0004492 Betahistine [Chemical/Ingredient] 2-Pyridineethanamine, N-methyl- C7758845353250 Betahistine 1511 C0005301 A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers. M0002430 Betahistine N0000167237 BETAHISTINE D001621 Nitrendipine [Chemical/Ingredient] D009568 Nitrendipine 尼群地平片 7441 N0000167238 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-, ethyl methyl ester M0014876 A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive. Nitrendipine Nitrendipine 马来酸左旋氨氯地平片 C7758856372248 C0028127 Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine [Chemical/Ingredient] 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester. 3,5-Diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-, diethyl ester 3345 C0012062 尼群地平软胶囊 M0006262 Diethoxycarbonyldihydrocollidine Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine N0000167239 D003997 Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine C7758867919526 3,5-Dicarbethoxy-1,4-Dihydrocollidine Bemegride [Chemical/Ingredient] C7758869674777 M0002301 Bemegride Ethylmethylglutarimide Methetharimide 尼群地平贴片 N0000167240 2,6-Piperidinedione, 4-ethyl-4-methyl- C0004960 D001534 1360 Bemegride A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose. Nicergoline [Chemical/Ingredient] C7758313090350 尼麦角林片（进口） Nicergoline Ergoline-8-methanol, 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-, 5-bromo-3-pyridinecarboxylate (ester), (8beta)- An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It has been suggested to ameliorate cognitive deficits in cerebrovascular disease. M0014823 尼麦角林片 Nicotergoline N0000167295 C0028008 D009530 Nicergoline Nicergoline Nimergoline 7398 Macromolecular Substances [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000167471 Macromolecular Substances Macromolecular Substances C1449655 D046911 Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure. C7759277952086 M0455942 469962 Macromolecular Compounds and Complexes Headache Disorders, Primary [Disease/Finding] Conditions in which the primary symptom is HEADACHE and the headache cannot be attributed to any known causes. Headache Disorders, Primary D051270 N0000171629 1026706 Primary Headache Disorders Headache Disorders, Primary C7768697376063 C1565106 M0480011 Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias [Disease/Finding] 986844 N0000171634 D051303 C1565172 M0480084 C7768704400419 Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias Primary headache disorders that show symptoms caused by the activation of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. These autonomic features include redness and tearing of the EYE, nasal congestion or discharge, facial SWEATING and other symptoms. Most subgroups show unilateral cranial PAIN. Renal Insufficiency [Disease/Finding] 1026620 D051437 C7769506319378 Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE. Renal Insufficiency C1565489 Kidney Insufficiency N0000171642 M0480487 Renal Insufficiency Obstetric Labor Complications [Disease/Finding] D007744 C0022865 Obstetric Labor Complications N0000171645 Labor Complications Complications, Labor C7769561853252 Obstetric Labor Complications 1024576 M0012106 Medical problems associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR, such as BREECH PRESENTATION; PREMATURE OBSTETRIC LABOR; HEMORRHAGE; or others. These complications can affect the well-being of the mother, the FETUS, or both. Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological [Disease/Finding] Sex Disorders D012735 Sexual Disorders, Physiological C0237873 Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological C7769454662813 N0000171659 Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female. 1027365 M0019736 Sexual Dysfunctions, Physiological Dyslipidemias [Disease/Finding] C0242339 M0010831 Dyslipidemias Dyslipidemia Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL. C7772221546872 D050171 370992007 Dyslipidemias N0000171679 1030190 LACIDIPINE C0064568 Ingredient C23283817097424 260080034N N0000171781 lacidipine LACIDIPINE 28382 <VANDF_Record>50.416^4308^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>4308</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> 4025250 拉西地平片 Nucleoside Synthesis Inhibitors [MoA] C2266855 N0000175074 C634436 987332 Nucleoside Synthesis Inhibitors Chemical Classes for Pharmacologic Classification [Chemical/Ingredient] C2916904 C634443 991135 N0000175081 Chemical Classes for Pharmacologic Classification Opiate Alkaloids [Chemical/Ingredient] Opiate Alkaloids Opiate Alkaloids 70677 D053610 M0494990 Alkaloids found in OPIUM from PAPAVER that induce analgesic and narcotic effects by action upon OPIOID RECEPTORS. N0000175103 C25677129444664 C0221793 Binding Activity [MoA] C2266866 Binding Activity N0000175355 C634738 990338 Decreased Immunologic Activity [PE] Decreased Immunologic Activity N0000175550 Immunologic Suppression Immunosuppression 989722 C1373218 Immune Suppression C634943 Immune System Suppression Nicotinic Acid [EPC] 注射用烟酸 Nicotinic Acid-containing Agent 烟酸注射液 C0028049 N0000175594 Nicotinic Acid 烟酸片 7412 烟酸缓释片 C634987 Autonomic Nervous System Activity Alteration [PE] Autonomic Nervous System Activity Alteration N0000175642 990764 C635035 C2267060 Sympathetic Activity Alteration [PE] C635040 987557 N0000175647 C2267065 Sympathetic Activity Alteration Decreased Sympathetic Activity [PE] N0000175650 Sympatholytic Activity C2267068 986974 C635043 Decreased Sympathetic Activity Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient] C635127 Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Compounds C2916905 Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Compounds Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Compounds 991139 Non-steroidal Antiinflammatory Compounds N0000175721 Peripheral Nervous System Activity Alteration [PE] C635131 N0000175725 992027 Peripheral Nervous System Activity Alteration C2917266 Cholesterol Synthesis Inhibitors [MoA] C2917205 991925 N0000175919 Cholesterol Synthesis Inhibitors C635357 Coagulation Activity Alteration [PE] N0000175977 Coagulation Activity Alteration 991697 C635431 C2917139 Decreased Coagulation Activity [PE] Anti-coagulation Activity C2917212 Anticoagulation Activity N0000175978 1024413 Decreased Coagulation Activity C635432 Anticoagulation Anti-coagulation BETAHISTINE HYDROCHLORIDE 4027336 盐酸倍他司汀片 Ingredient 盐酸倍他司汀口服液 Betahistine Hydrochloride 81964 <VANDF_Record>50.416^4501^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>4501</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C50.416.4501 盐酸倍他司汀注射液 N0000176140 C0282071 49K58SMZ7U BETAHISTINE HYDROCHLORIDE AMLODIPINE/VALSARTAN <VANDF_Record>50.6^4281^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>4281</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> C50.6.4281 729455 AMLODIPINE/VALSARTAN 4026499 C1962523 N0000176226 Ingredient Amlodipine / valsartan Drug Delivery Device [Dose Form] C637360 637280 C1713964 Drug Delivery Device N0000177905 Blood Pressure Alteration [PE] Blood Pressure Alteration C637932 C2917124 N0000178476 991626 Decreased Blood Pressure [PE] 991700 C2917141 C637933 N0000178477 Decreased Blood Pressure Metaraminol Bitartrate [Chemical/Ingredient] C0025576 M0350574 6806 N0000178937 Metaraminol Tartrate CMSHM0350574 Metaraminol Bitartrate D008680 Metaraminol Bitartrate Metaraminol Bitartrate Norepinephrine Bitartrate [Chemical/Ingredient] D009638 N0000178944 7508 Norepinephrine l-Tartrate (1:1) M0329978 Norepinephrine Bitartrate Norepinephrine Bitartrate Norepinephrine Bitartrate C0028333 CMSHM0329978 Noradrenaline Bitartrate Phenylephrine Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient] M0016557 C0031470 CMSHM0016557 8164 Phenylephrine Hydrochloride Phenylephrine Hydrochloride D010656 N0000178951 Phenylephrine Hydrochloride Sodium Nitroprusside [Chemical/Ingredient] Sodium Nitroprusside Sodium Nitroprusside N0000178982 Sodium Nitroprusside D009599 M0329967 9895 C0037533 CMSHM0329967 Nitroprusside, Disodium Salt isosorbide-5-mononitrate [Chemical/Ingredient] monocinque Isosorbide Mononitrate isosorbide mononitrate 5-ISMN isosorbide-5-mononitrate M0096187 C030397 isosorbide-5-nitrate 28004 isosorbide-5-mononitrate CMSHM0096187 C0064079 N0000179163 lacidipine [Chemical/Ingredient] 28382 C060285 diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-((E)-2-((2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonyl)ethenyl)phenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate N0000179165 lacidipine CMSHM0167569 C0064568 lacidipine lacidipine M0167569 Terazosin [Chemical/Ingredient] 37798 Terazosin M0528343 N0000179262 C041226 Terazosin CMSHM0122360 Terazosin C0076107 Doxazosin Mesylate [Chemical/Ingredient] D017292 1 (4-Amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-quinazolinyl)-4-((2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)carbonyl)piperazine CMSHM0329258 39173 N0000179277 Doxazosin Mesylate Doxazosin Mesylate Doxazosin Mesylate C0077770 M0329258 Betahistine Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient] Betahistine Dihydrochloride C0282071 M0330845 81964 Betahistine Hydrochloride Betahistine Hydrochloride CMSHM0330845 D001621 N0000179397 Betahistine Hydrochloride Dopamine Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient] M0006757 N0000179412 D004298 C0282151 Dopamine Hydrochloride Dopamine Hydrochloride CMSHM0006757 Dopamine Hydrochloride 82010 Hydralazine Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient] CMSHM0010678 D006830 N0000179418 Hydralazine Hydrochloride M0010678 82027 Hydralazine Hydrochloride C0282198 Hydralazine Hydrochloride Mephentermine Sulfate [Chemical/Ingredient] Mephentermine Sulfate D008616 M0013431 82042 Mephentermine Sulfate (2:1) N0000179425 CMSHM0013431 Mephentermine Sulfate Mephentermine Sulfate C0282231 Amlodipine Besylate [Chemical/Ingredient] 104416 C0354468 M0373070 Amlodipine Besylate Amlodipine Besylate Amlodipine Besylate CMSHM0373070 D017311 N0000179493 candesartan cilexetil [Chemical/Ingredient] candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil 135481 1-(cyclohexylocarbonyloxy)ethyl-2-ethoxy-1-(2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl)-1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylate N0000179517 C077793 CMSHM0208739 C0527379 candesartan cilexetil M0208739 1H-Benzimidazolium, 7-carboxy-1-(2-((cyclohexylcarbonyl)oxy)ethyl)-2-ethoxy-1-(2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)-, hydroxide, inner salt, (+-)- Mexiletine Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient] Mexiletine Hydrochloride CMSHM0013720 Mexiletine Hydrochloride D008801 C0543459 142138 M0013720 Mexiletine Hydrochloride N0000179524 Clonidine Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient] CMSHM0004608 C0546860 D003000 N0000179536 Clonidine Hydrochloride Clonidine Hydrochloride Clonidine Hydrochloride M0004608 Clonidine Monohydrochloride 142432 Lidocaine Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient] C0546869 CMSHM0012489 Lidocaine Monohydrochloride 142440 Lidocaine Hydrochloride D008012 N0000179544 M0012489 Lidocaine Hydrochloride Lidocaine Hydrochloride Procainamide Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient] C0600311 N0000179558 155056 Procainamide Hydrochloride Procainamide Hydrochloride D011342 M0017608 CMSHM0017608 Procainamide Hydrochloride Dobutamine Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient] C0700450 CMSHM0330490 N0000179591 M0330490 D004280 203121 Dobutamine Hydrochloride Dobutamine Hydrochloride Dobutamine Hydrochloride Enalapril Maleate [Chemical/Ingredient] CMSHM0331398 N0000179593 203123 M0331398 Enalapril Maleate D004656 Enalapril Maleate Enalapril Maleate C0700452 Papaverine Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient] D010208 203132 Papaverine Hydrochloride Papaverine Hydrochloride CMSHM0331238 N0000179598 Papaverine Hydrochloride M0331238 C0700461 Propafenone Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient] Propafenone Hydrochloride M0352002 N0000179601 203135 D011405 Propafenone Hydrochloride Propafenone Hydrochloride C0700465 CMSHM0352002 Pravastatin Sodium [Chemical/Ingredient] Pravastatin Sodium M0329324 Pravastatin Sodium D017035 CMSHM0329324 Pravastatin Sodium Salt C0700474 Pravastatin Sodium N0000179608 203144 Losartan Potassium [Chemical/Ingredient] 203160 Losartan Monopotassium Salt D019808 C0700492 Losartan Potassium N0000179615 CMSHM0351838 Losartan Potassium Losartan Potassium M0351838 Disopyramide Phosphate [Chemical/Ingredient] CMSHM0330465 C0700534 Disopyramide Phosphate Disopyramide Phosphate (1:1) D004206 M0330465 N0000179626 Disopyramide Phosphate Disopyramide Phosphate 203178 Methoxamine Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient] 203187 CMSHM0350565 Methoxamine Hydrochloride M0350565 Methoxamine Hydrochloride N0000179633 D008729 C0700544 Methoxamine Hydrochloride Diltiazem Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient] N0000179650 Diltiazem Hydrochloride C0700579 203211 Diltiazem Hydrochloride D004110 CMSHM0353529 M0353529 Diltiazem Hydrochloride Moricizine Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient] D016293 M0333637 CMSHM0333637 C0724636 Moricizine Hydrochloride 221126 Moricizine hydrochloride N0000179669 Moricizine Hydrochloride Nicardipine Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient] C0770150 M0463037 235230 CMSHM0463037 N0000179693 Nicardipine Hydrochloride Nicardipine Hydrochloride D009529 Nicardipine hydrochloride Lipid Metabolism Disorders [Disease/Finding] 1023349 CMSHM0486903 D052439 M0486903 Lipid Metabolism Disorders C0154251 N0000181055 Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body. Lipid Metabolism Disorders Vascular Malformations [Disease/Finding] 1022335 A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases. CMSHM0501326 C0158570 M0501326 D054079 Vascular Malformations Vascular Malformations N0000181059 Tachycardia, Reciprocating [Disease/Finding] M0021003 D054139 Reciprocal Tachycardia Reciprocating Tachycardia 1001963 CMSHM0021003 Tachycardia, Reciprocal C0242514 N0000181076 Tachycardia, Reciprocating Tachycardia, Reciprocating Abnormally rapid heartbeats caused by reentrant conduction over the accessory pathways between the HEART ATRIA and the HEART VENTRICLES. The impulse can also travel in the reverse direction, as in some cases, atrial impulses travel to the ventricles over the accessory pathways and back to the atria over the BUNDLE OF HIS and the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE. Female Urogenital Diseases [Disease/Finding] M0489295 C1720887 Pathological processes of the female URINARY TRACT and the reproductive system (GENITALIA, FEMALE). 1024696 D052776 Female Urogenital Diseases CMSHM0489295 Female Genitourinary Diseases N0000181236 Female Urogenital Diseases Proteostasis Deficiencies [Disease/Finding] C2718000 CMSHM0534903 D057165 Disorders caused by imbalances in the protein homeostasis network - synthesis, folding, and transport of proteins; post-translational modifications; and degradation or clearance of misfolded proteins. N0000181302 Proteostasis Deficiencies Proteostasis Deficiencies M0534903 1002154 Proteostasis Dysfunctions DIHYDROERGOTOXINE Ingredient 3419 4030210 注射用甲磺酸二氢麦角碱 34HPE9Z8IP C50.416^4706^ DIHYDROERGOTOXINE <VANDF_Record>50.416^4706^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.416</VA_File><VA_IEN>4706</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> N0000181828 Dihydroergotoxine C0012294 <VANDF_Record>50.6^4587^Active/Master</VANDF_Record><VA_File>50.6</VA_File><VA_IEN>4587</VA_IEN><VA_Status>Active/Master</VA_Status> Fibric Acids [Chemical/Ingredient] Fibric Acids Fibric Acids Methyl-2-Phenoxypropanoic Acid Derivatives C2936462 D058607 2-Phenoxy Isobutyric Acids CMSHM0543661 2-Phenoxy-2-Methylpropionic Acid Derivatives Compounds that either share the structure of fibric acid in their molecular arrangement or are considered variants of the fibric acid structure. Fibric Acid Derivatives M0543661 1029707 N0000182116 FDA Established Pharmacologic Classes FDA Established Pharmacologic Classes 1112458 N0000182631 C634794 C3160088 Hydroxybenzoates [Chemical/Ingredient] C0178698 1316103 Hydroxybenzoates Benzoate derivatives substituted by one or more hydroxy groups in any position on the benzene ring. CMSHM0568289 N0000185640 M0568289 Hydroxybenzoates D062385 Aminobenzoates [Chemical/Ingredient] Aminobenzoates D062365 Aminobenzoates CMSHM0568272 N0000185645 M0568272 Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the benzene ring structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobenzoate structure. C3495420 1368355 Isobutyrates [Chemical/Ingredient] Isobutyrates 1032226 N0000185674 Aliphatic acids that contain four carbons in a branched-chain configuration. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-carboxypropane structure. C2936466 CMSHM0543643 M0543643 D058610 Isobutyrates para-Aminobenzoates [Chemical/Ingredient] M0568273 N0000185676 1326448 Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure. 4-Aminobenzoates p-Aminobenzoates C3266846 D062366 para-Aminobenzoates para-Aminobenzoates CMSHM0568273 entity entity BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81 Entity An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf Julius Caesar Verdi’s Requiem the Second World War your body mass index continuant continuant Continuant (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240 Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) occurrent (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players. Occurrent occurrent Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) independent continuant IndependentContinuant (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) a heart ic a chair a leg a molecule a spatial region an atom an orchestra. an organism b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) the bottom right portion of a human torso the interior of your mouth temporal region (forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001] TemporalRegion t-region (forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001] A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001]) All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001]) Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002]) Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional process Process (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war) a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart a process of meiosis a process of sleeping p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) process the course of a disease the flight of a bird the life of an organism your process of aging. disposition (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type. Disposition (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] disposition If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways. the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis realizable entity (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) RealizableEntity To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) realizable the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity. the disposition of your blood to coagulate the function of your reproductive organs the role of being a doctor the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet quality (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] quality Quality (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001]) a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001]) the ambient temperature of this portion of air the color of a tomato the length of the circumference of your waist the mass of this piece of gold. the shape of your nose the shape of your nostril specifically dependent continuant (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] SpecificallyDependentContinuant A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates. sdc the disposition of this fish to decay the function of this heart: to pump blood the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79 the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center the role of being a doctor the shape of this hole. the smell of this portion of mozzarella role Role role (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives. John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) the priest role the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories the role of a building in serving as a military target the role of a stone in marking a property boundary the role of subject in a clinical trial the student role site site Site (forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002] Manhattan Canyon) a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese a rabbit hole an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002]) the Grand Canyon the Piazza San Marco the cockpit of an aircraft the hold of a ship the interior of a kangaroo pouch the interior of the trunk of your car the interior of your bedroom the interior of your office the interior of your refrigerator the lumen of your gut your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity) object object Object BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting. BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below). BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47 BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74 atom b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001]) cell cells and organisms engineered artifacts grain of sand molecule organelle organism planet solid portions of matter star generically dependent continuant (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] GenericallyDependentContinuant gdc The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity. b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule. function (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] Function A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc. function the function of a hammer to drive in nails the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar one-dimensional temporal region (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001] OneDimensionalTemporalRegion 1d-t-region A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001]) BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks). the temporal region during which a process occurs. material entity material (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60 BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity. BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here. Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) MaterialEntity a flame a forest fire a human being a hurricane a photon a puff of smoke a sea wave a tornado an aggregate of human beings. an energy wave an epidemic every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) the undetached arm of a human being immaterial entity immaterial BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10 ImmaterialEntity relational quality r-quality (iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001] John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. RelationalQuality a marriage bond, an instance of love, an obligation between one person and another. b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001]) zero-dimensional temporal region (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001] ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion 0d-t-region A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001]) a temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary right now temporal instant. the moment at which a child is born the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident the moment of death. biological_process Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. GO:0000004 GO:0007582 GO:0008150 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this. Wikipedia:Biological_process biological process biological_process physiological process cell death Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as "apoptotic bodies"); and/or (3) its corpse (or its fragments) have been engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo. GO:0008219 This term should not be used for direct annotation. The only exception should be when experimental data (e.g., staining with trypan blue or propidium iodide) show that cell death has occurred, but fail to provide details on death modality (accidental versus programmed). When information is provided on the cell death mechanism, annotations should be made to the appropriate descendant of 'cell death' (such as, but not limited to, GO:0097300 'programmed necrotic cell death' or GO:0006915 'apoptotic process'). Also, if experimental data suggest that a gene product influences cell death indirectly, rather than being involved in the death process directly, consider annotating to a 'regulation' term. accidental cell death biological_process necrosis cellular process Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GO:0008151 GO:0009987 GO:0050875 biological_process cell growth and/or maintenance cell physiology cellular physiological process death A permanent cessation of all vital functions: the end of life; can be applied to a whole organism or to a part of an organism. GO:0016265 See also the biological process term 'apoptosis ; GO:0006915'. Wikipedia:Death biological_process single-organism process 2012-09-19T15:05:24Z A biological process that involves only one organism. GO:0044699 biological_process janelomax single organism process single-organism cellular process 2012-12-11T16:56:55Z Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, occurring within a single organism. GO:0044763 biological_process janelomax necrotic cell death A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues. GO:0070265 Note that the word necrosis has been widely used in earlier literature to describe forms of cell death which are now known by more precise terms, such as apoptosis. Necrosis can occur in a regulated fashion, involving a precise sequence of signals; in this case, consider annotating to GO:0097300 'programmed necrotic cell death' or to its more specific child GO:0070266 'necroptotic process'. biological_process cellular necrosis necrosis adverse event Melanie Courtot and YH: More work is needed on how to restrict the scope of a term to be an 'adverse event', notably regarding temporal association. When is an appropirate time interval between a medical intervention and an adverse event observed? One week, one month, one year, or a lifetime? For some well-studied medical interventions (e.g., administration of many vaccines or drugs), we probably have a general idea. For many new interventions, we don't know much. In OAE, this issue is associated with defining the 'adverse event incubation time'. AE YH: There has been discussion regarding whether the term 'side effect' is an alternative term for 'adverse event'. In AERO, the term 'AERO:adverse event' represents a subset of those adverse events for which causality has been established. In OAE, an adverse event for which causality has been established is called 'causal adverse event'. a pathological bodily process that occurs after a medical intervention. An adverse event is likely caused by the medical intervention; however, such a causal association is not required to be an adverse event. YH: The main scope of OAE includes: (1) represent terms and relations in the area of adverse events, (2) assess possible associations between an adverse event and a medical intervention, particularly, identify any causal effect of a medical intervention to an adverse event; and (2) understand the mechanism (including molecular mechanisms) of causal adverse events. WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25093068 The OAE official website is: http://www.oae-ontology.org/. WEB: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/HowToReport/ucm053087.htm adverse reaction YH: An adverse event is a process that has specified output of some adverse medical outcome (e.g., symptom, sign or accident) after a medical intervention (or process) (e.g., administration of drug or vaccine). The medical intervention can be an administration of a drug, a vaccine (i.e., vaccination), or a special nutritional product (for example, dietary supplement, infant formula, medical food), surgery, or usage of a medical device. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_event YH: An adverse event is possibly induced by the medical intervention. It can be caused by the medical intervention, or may not be caused by the medical intervention. One ultimate goal (or the goal in clinics) of study adverse events is to assess if the adverse event outcome is due to the medical intervention. Yongqun He medical intervention medical intervention is a planned process that has the goal of diagnosing, preventing or relieving illness or injury. YH WEB: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_medical_intervention adverse drug event adverse drug reaction an adverse event that occurs after a drug administration YH, JX ADE ADR drug adverse event drug administration a medical intervention where a patient is administered with a drug YH contusion AE MedDRA ID: 10050584 a haematoma AE that has an outcome of contusion. SS, YH Contusion is a type of relatively minor hematoma of tissue in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep into the surrounding interstitial tissues. 挫伤 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruise flushing AE 面红 面色潮红 a skin discoloration AE which has an outcome of flushing, a sudden reddening of the face, neck, or upper chest MedDRA:10016825 SS, YH HPO: HP_0001033 面潮红 SIDER: C0016382 面赤 颜面潮红 面部发热 脸红 脸潮红 CTCAE:E13771 面部潮红 NCIt:C26775 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003241.htm pain in extremity AE MedDRA: 10033425 四肢痛 SIDER: C0030196 a pain AE where the pain reachs an extreme level. SS, YH, MW HPO: HP_0009763 musculoskeletal or connective tissue AE an adverse event that has an outcome of abnormal sign in a musculoskeletal or connective tissue. YH, RR, JX WEB: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/msd/ MedDRA: 10028395 musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorder AE A musculoskeletal disorder is an injury or disorder of the muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, cartilage, or supporting structures of the upper or lower limbs, neck, or lower back that are caused, precipitated, or exacerbated by sudden exertion or prolonged exposure to physical factors such as repetition, force, vibration, or awkward posture CTCAE: E13872 fatigue AE 昏睡 乏力/疲劳 SS, YH, MW 疲倦 乏力 MedDRA: 10016256 (fatigue); MedDRA: 10024264 (lethargy) NCIt: C3036 lethargy AE HPO: HP_0003388 疲乏无力 嗜睡 疲劳 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_%28medical%29 SIDER: C0015672 CTCAE: E11098 疲惫 a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of fatigue, which is a state of awareness describing a range of afflictions, usually associated with physical and/or mental weakness, though varying from a general state of lethargy to a specific work-induced burning sensation within one's muscles. Physical fatigue is the inability to continue functioning at the level of one's normal abilities. 疲乏 myocardial infarction AE a cardiac disorder AE that is characterized by a necrosis of the myocardium caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart SIDER: C0027051 HPO: HP_0001658 SS 心肌缺血 心肌梗塞 心肌梗死 MedDRA: 10028596 NCIt: C27996 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68009203 CTCAE: E10152 injury AE MedDRA ID: 10022116 SS, YH an injury and procedural complication AE which has an outcome of injury skin warm AE 瞬间皮肤发热 SS, YH a skin adverse even that has an outcome of warm skin nystagmus AE 眼球震颤 CTCAE:E12748 MedDRA: 10029864 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystagmus JX, LW, YH NCIt:C3282 眼球震颤 Nystagmus AE is an eye AE that is a condition of involuntary eye movement, acquired in infancy or later in life, that may result in reduced or limited vision. Due to the involuntary movement of the eye, it is often called "dancing eyes". hot flushes AE HPO: HP_0008209 hot flashes AE 潮热 皮肤潮红(如感觉温热、皮肤发红、瘙痒或麻刺感） hot flash AE hot flush AE SS, YH, MW 潮红 SIDER: C0600142 瞬间皮肤发红发热 a skin adverse event that is characterized by an uncomfortable and temporary sensation of intense body warmth, flushing, sometimes accompanied by sweating upon cooling. 热潮红 皮肤潮红 MedDRA: 10020407 tumor AE YH, RR an adverse event that results in the outcome of a tumor. MedDRA: 10026865 nodule AE tumour AE mass AE 肿瘤 wheezing AE NCIt:C78718 MedDRA ID: 10047924 SS, YH, MW CTCAE:E13605 a respiratory system AE which has an outcome of wheezing, a high-pitched whistling sound made while breathing. WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/wheezing/basics/definition/sym-20050764 metabolism, endocrine or exocrine system AE SS, YH, JX MP: 0005266; MedDRA: 10027433 metabolism, endocrine, and exocrine system AE an adverse event which occurs in a metabolism process (including anabolism and catabolism), endocrine system, or exocrine system. discomfort AE HPO: HP_0010832 a sensory capability AE that resuls in an uncomfortable feeling. 不适感 YH SIDER: C0234215 不适 female reproductive system AE YH a reproductive system AE that occurs on the female side. MedDRA ID: 10038604 male reproductive system AE a reproductive system AE that occurs on the male side. YH cardiac disorder AE HPO: HP_0001627 MedDRA (SOC) : 10007541 SIDER: C0018799 心跳停顿 MedDRA (PT): 10061024 a cardiovascular disorder AE that has a cardiac disorder outcome. SS, YH WEB: Primary Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/heart+disease Secondary Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23091623 vascular disorder AE a cardiovascular disorder AE that has a vascular disorder outcome MedDRA: 10047065 dermatitis AE 皮肤炎 MedDRA: 10012431 SIDER: C0011603 SS, YH HPO: HP_0011123 皮炎 influenza like illness AE influenza like illness AE is an adverse event that has an outcome of a medical diagnosis of possible influenza or other illness causing a set of common symptoms acute respiratory infection, ARI, flu-like syndrome HPO: HP_0005376 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza-like_illness SS, YH MDR: 10022004 SIDER: C0521839 流感样症状 MedDRA: 10016791 sensory neuropathy AE a peripheral neuropathy AE which has an outcome of sensory neuropathy that involves damage to nerves of the peripheral nervous system. sensory neuropathy AE YH, AG tremor AE SS, YH SIDER: C0040822 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tremor.html HPO: HP_0001337 震颤（最先出现手细颤） MedDRA: 10044565 Tremor AE is a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of an involuntary trembling or quivering, and muscle contraction and relaxation. 震颤 circulatory shock AE physiological shock AE 休克 a cardiovascular disorder AE that is a result of insufficient blood flow throughout the body. Shock often accompanies severe injury or illness. WEB: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm shock WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_%28circulatory%29 Circulatory shock is not related to the emotional state of shock. MedDRA: 10040560 thrombosis AE SS, YH, MW SIDER: C0040053 HPO: HP_0004419 MedDRA: 10043607 血栓症; 血栓生成 A vascular disorder AE that results in the presence of blood clot along the wall of a blood vessel, frequently causing vascular obstruction. Some authorities differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. cell death AE MedDRA: 10057248 HPO: HP_0010885 SIDER: C0007587 SS, YH a metabolic disorder AE that has an outcome of cell death. phlebitis AE an inflammation AE that shows the result of an inflammation located in a vein, usually in the legs. 静脉炎 CTCAE:E13815 SIDER: C0031542 NCIt:C38003 HPO: HP_0004419 YH, MW MedDRA:10034879 pancreatitis AE MedDRA: 10033645; MedDRA: 10033646 HPO: HP_0001733 YH, MW SIDER: C0030305 胰腺炎 NCIt: C3306 CTCAE: E10930 a liver, biliary, and pancreatic AE that has an outcome of pancreatitis. necrosis AE SS, YH SIDER: C0027540 HPO: HP_0003713 a cell death AE that has an outcome of necrosis ischemia AE HPO: HP_0002597 MedDRA: 10061255 组织供血不足 ischaemia AE SIDER: C0022116 SS, YH A cardiovascular disorder AE that results in Insufficient blood supply for the need of a part of the body, usually as a result of a disease of the blood vessels supplying that part. Note: also spelt ischemia. hair, skin or nail AE YH, SS, JX an adverse event that occurs in hair, skin, or nail. hair, skin, and nail AE hair AE YH, SS a hair, skin, and nail AE that occurs in hair. nail AE a hair, skin, and nail AE that occurs in nail. YH, SS endocrine system AE a metabolism, endocrine, and exocrine system AE that occurs in endocrine system. YH, SS MedDRA: 10014698 paresis AE HPO: HP_0008153 MedDRA: 10033800 WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresis 肌肉无力 SIDER: C0030552 肌无力 局部麻痹 Neurologists use the term paresis to describe weakness, and plegia to describe paralysis in which all voluntary movement is lost. (Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresis) a muscular weakness AE that shows weakness or inability to move a body part, often used to describe a neurologic condition. hepatitis AE HPO: HP_0006562 a liver, biliary, and pancreatic AE that has an outcome of hepatitis. 肝炎 YH SIDER: C0019158 ulcer AE an adverse event that displays an outcome of ulcer. SIDER: C0041582 HPO: HP_0005229 YH, SS bradycardia AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradycardia HPO: HP_0001662 心跳缓慢 MedDRA: 10006093 SIDER: C0428977 a decreased heart rate AE that results in a resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minutes (BPM). 心动过缓 矛盾性心动过缓 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bradycardia arterial disorder AE arterial disease AE SS SIDER: C0852949 a vascular disorder AE that affects the artery HPO: HP_0002620 peripheral arterial disease AE SIDER: C1704436 an artery disorder AE that is characterized by a narrowing of the blood vessels outside of the heart. WEB: http://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v%3Aproject=medlineplus&query=peripheral+arterial+disease peripheral artery disease AE HPO: HP_0004950 SS peripheral artery disorder AE MedDRA: 10067825 stress AE YH a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of stress in a patient 紧张 abdominal discomfort AE HPO: HP_0002027 SIDER: C0232487 DJ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10000059 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Abdominal+discomfort 腹部不适 a discomfort AE that has an outcome of a stomach ache abdominal distension AE NCIt: C78161 a sensory capability AE that results in a sensation of elevated abdominal pressure and volume 腹胀满 DJ, SS, YH HPO: HP_0003270 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0003609/ SIDER: C0000731 MedDRA: 10000060 CTCAE: E10456 胃肠胀气 腹胀 abnormal dreams AE 异常梦 梦异常 梦境异常 MedDRA: 10000125 DJ, SS, YH 异常梦境 a behavioral and neurological AE that results in odd dreams acne AE 痤疮 DJ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10000496 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/acne SIDER: C0702166 a skin AE that is characterized by pimples generally on the face, chest and back, caused by clogging of the pores HPO: HP_0001061 activated partial thromboplastin time prolonged AE DJ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10000636 部分凝血活酶时间延长 SIDER: C0853223 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003653.htm HPO: HP_0003645 CTCAE: E12073 NCIt: C27028 a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of a prolonged time taken for blood to clot. The partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is a blood test that looks at how long it takes for blood to clot. PTT measures the efficacy of the comon coagulation pathways and helps tell if bleeding or clotting problems exist. acute pulmonary edema AE DJ, SS, YH HPO: HP_0100598 急性肺水肿 acute pulmonary oedema AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Acute+pulmonary+edema SIDER: C0155919 MedDRA: 10001029 a lung disorder AE that has the outcome fluid accumulation in the air spaces and parenchyma of the lungs with rapid onset aggression AE SIDER: C0001807 HPO: HP_0000718 攻击反应 MedDRA: 10001488 a behavior and neurological AE that results in an increase in hostile behavior DJ, SS, YH agranulocytosis AE 粒细胞缺乏症 SIDER: C0001824 a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of acute leukopenia, or lowered white blood cell count, most commonly of neutrophils causing neutropenia in circulating blood WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001295.htm 粒性白血球缺乏症 JX, DJ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10001507 粒性白细胞缺乏 粒细胞缺乏 HPO: HP_0001913 alanine aminotransferase level abnormal AE WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139615 DJ, SS, YH a liver related investigation result abnormal AE that has an outcome of an abnormal blood level of alanine aminotransferase MedDRA: 10001547 alanine aminotransferase level increased AE DJ, SS, YH, EB GPT升高 NCIt: C26948 CTCAE: E12077 谷(氨酸)丙(酮酸)氨基转移酶升高 ALT的升高 MedDRA: 10001551 ALT升高 GPT的异常 an alanine aminotransferase level abnormal AE that has an outcome of elevated levels of alanine transaminase, an enzyme most commonly found in the liver ALT值增高 ALT增高 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139615 ALT (SGPT)升高 谷丙转氨酶（GPT）升高 丙氨酸氨基转移酶增高 amenorrhoea AE HPO: HP_0000141 DJ, SS, YH SIDER: C0002453 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942684 MedDRA: 10001928 a female reproductive system AE that is characterized by the absence of menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age angina pectoris AE WEB: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/SymptomsDiagnosisofHeartAttack/Angina-Pectoris-Stable-Angina_UCM_437515_Article.jsp# 心绞痛(不稳定型除外) MedDRA: 10002383 心绞痛发作 a cardiac disorder AE that is stable and shows the symptom of a chest pain due to ischemia of the heart stable angina AE WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23016723 HPO: HP_0001681 SIDER: C0002962 心绞痛 DJ, SS, YH aplastic anaemia AE 再生障碍性贫血 DJ, SS, JX, YH SIDER: C0002874 再生不良性贫血 aplastic anemia Aplastic anaemia AE is an anemia AE that occurs when the bone marrow, and the blood stem cells that reside there are damaged. This causes a deficiency of all three blood cell types (pancytopenia): red blood cells (anemia), white blood cells (leukopenia), and platelets (thrombocytopenia). MedDRA: 10002967 HPO: HP_0001915 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23292240 Henoch-Schonlein purpura AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henoch-Schonlein_purpura MedDRA ID: 10019617 SS, YH Henoch-Schonlein purpura AE is a purpura AE, a systemic vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) characterized by deposition of immune complexes containing the antibody IgA in the skin and kidney. This results from some allergic response, allergic purpura, anaphylactoid purpura, vascular purpura SIDER: C0034152 亨诺克-舍恩莱因（亨-舍二氏）紫癜 HPO: HP_0000979 abdominal pain upper AE SIDER: C0232492 上腹部疼痛 SS, YH HPO: HP_0002027 MedDRA ID: 10000087 a stomach pain AE that is observed in upper stomach ageusia AE MedDRA ID: 10001480 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageusia a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of loss of taste functions of the tongue, particularly the inability to detect sweetness, sourness, bitterness, saltiness, and umami (the taste of monosodium glutamate). 味觉缺失 SS, YH anxiety AE 焦虑症 焦虑障碍 a psychiatric disorder AE that has an outcome of a psychological and physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. These components combine to create an unpleasant feeling that is typically associated with uneasiness, fear, or worry. SIDER: C0003467 HPO: HP_0000739 焦虑 MedDRA: 10002855 焦虑不安 SS, YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety atrial flutter AE HPO: HP_0004749 MedDRA: 10003662 SS NCIt: C51224 CTCAE: E10087 auricular flutter SIDER: C0004239 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/atrial+flutter AF 心房颤动 an arrhythmia AE that is characterized by rapid regular atrial contractions occurring usually at rates between 250 and 400 per minute and often producing saw-tooth waves in an electrocardiogram. balance disorder AE a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of a disturbance that causes an individual to feel unsteady, giddy, woozy, or have a sensation of movement, spinning, or floating. MedDRA ID: 10049848 HPO: HP_0002141 SS, YH SIDER: C0575090 平衡失调 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_disorder cellulitis AE 蜂窝织炎 HPO: HP_0003553 cellulitis AE is an inflammation AE that is a diffuse inflammation of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis SIDER: C0007642 MedDRA: 10007882 蜂窝组织炎 SS, YH convulsion AE MedDRA ID: 10010904 convulsion AE is a muscle adverse event that results in a medical condition where body muscles contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly, resulting in an uncontrolled shaking of the body HPO: HP_0001250 抽搐 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsion SIDER: C0009951 惊厥 SS, YH dysgeusia AE MedDRA:10013911 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysgeusia NCIt:C28145 SIDER: C0013378 味觉异常 HPO: HP_0000223 a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of distortion of the sense of taste SS, YH, MW 味觉障碍 CTCAE:E12643 dyskinesia AE SIDER: C0013384 HPO: HP_0100660 运动障碍 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskinesia SS, YH dyskinesia is a movement disorder which consists of effects including diminished voluntary movements and the presence of involuntary movements MedDRA ID: 10013916 a movement disorder AE that has an outcome of dyskinesia dyspnea AE SS, YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnoea 气短 HPO: HP_0002094 UMLS CUI: C0013404 MedDRA: 10013968 is for "dyspnoea"; MedDRA: 10013963 is for "dyspnea". 呼吸短促 呼吸浅 SIDER: C0013404 呼吸困难 dyspnoea AE is an abnormal respiration AE debilitating symptom that is the experience of unpleasant or uncomfortable respiratory sensations, shortness of breath, air hunger 呼吸困难（剂量依赖性） dyspnoea AE MedDRA: 10013968; MedDRA: 10013963 eye irritation AE SS, YH SIDER: C0235266 MedDRA ID: 10015946 HPO: HP_0000478 眼激惹 WEB: http://www.freemd.com/eye-irritation/ eye irritation AE is an eye disorder AE that results in mild eye redness, itching, or tearing eye pruritus AE SIDER: C0022281 eye pruritus AE is a pruritus AE (an unpleasant sensation that evokes the desire or reflex to scratch) at the eye area MedDRA ID: 10052140 HPO: HP_0000989 SS, YH 眼痒 conduction system disorder AE a cardiac disorder AE of the electrical conduction system that controls the heart rate, generates and conducts electrical impulses throughout the muscle of the heart, stimulating the heart to contract and pump blood. conduction disorder AE NCIt: C78245 CTCAE: E10114 心脏传导异常 WEB: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8407 MedDRA: 10000032; MedDRA: 10010276 SS cardiac conduction disorder AE hypoesthesia AE MedDRA ID: 10020937 WEB:http://medguides.medicines.org.uk/document.aspx?name=hypoaesthesia a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of hypoaesthesia, meaning that skin loses some of its sensitivity to pain or touch HPO: HP_0010830 SIDER: C0020580 hypoaesthesia AE SS, YH 感觉迟钝 感觉减退 disesthesia AE arterial thrombosis AE MedDRA: 10003178 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23236330 a thrombosis AE that has an outcome of a blood clot within an artery HPO: HP_0004420 SIDER: C0151942 [SS] Per DRA and KKB's comment, arterial thrombosis may also be characterized as an embolism. DJ, SS, YH influenza AE 流感综合征 SIDER: C0021400 SS, YH a viral infection AE that demonstrates an influenza viral infection. Influenza is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses), that affects birds and mammals WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza HPO: HP_0005376 MDR: 10022000 arteriosclerosis coronary artery AE SIDER: C0010054 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Coronary+Arteriosclerosis MedDRA: 10003211 a coronary artery disease AE with the outcome hardening of the coronary artery due to a build up of waxy plaque on the inside of blood vessels HPO: HP_0004929 DJ, SS, YH joint swelling AE 关节肿胀 SIDER: C0152031 SS, YH HPO: HP_0005833 MedDRA ID: 10023232 A joint disorder AE that has an outcome of joint swelling, which is a joint disorder that results in a buildup of fluid in the soft tissue surrounding the joint WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003262.htm kidney AE MedDRA: 10038428 SS, YH an adverse event that occurs in kidney. lip swelling AE 唇肿胀 口唇水肿 HPO: HP_0000159 lip swelling AE is an edema (swelling) AE that results in enlargement or protuberance in the lip MedDRA ID: 10024570 SS, YH SIDER: C0240211 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swelling_%28medical%29 muscular weakness AE HPO: HP_0001324 软弱 a muscle AE that has an outcome of muscular weakness AE (i.e., lack of muscle strength). MedDRA ID: 10028372 SS, YH SIDER: C0151786 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_weakness musculoskeletal stiffness AE SIDER: C0948525 MedDRA ID: 10052904 SS, YH a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of a sensation of stiffness in muscles and skeleton 僵硬 HPO: HP_0003552 nasal congestion AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_congestion 鼻塞 鼻充血 SS, YH MedDRA: 10028735 HPO: HP_0001742 nasal congestion AE is a respiratory system AE that results in a blockage of the nasal passages usually due to membranes lining the nose becoming swollen from inflamed blood vessels SIDER: C0027424 nasopharyngitis AE SIDER: C0027441 SS, YH common cold AE 感冒症状 a respiratory system inflammation AE which has an outcome of nasopharyngitis, a respiratory system inflammation that results in common cold, a contagious, viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system 鼻咽炎 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngitis a respiratory system inflammation AE which has an outcome of nasopharyngitis, a respiratory system inflammation that results in common cold, a contagious, viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system HPO: HP_0002087 peripheral neuropathy AE MedDRA: 10029331 WEB: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/peripheralneuropathy/detail_peripheralneuropathy.htm WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy 外周神经病 an neuropathy AE that results in a damage to the peripheral nervous system (PNS, outside the brain and spinal cord), the vast communication network that transmits information from the brain and the spinal cord (the central nervous system) to every other part of the body. neuropathy peripheral AE 周围神经病 周围神经病变 SS, YH 外周神经病变 otitis media AE CTCAE: E11477 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_media 中耳炎 MedDRA: 10033078 HPO: HP_0008623 NCIt: C34885 SIDER: C0029882 SS, YH an ear disorder AE which has an outcome of otitis media that results in inflammation of the middle ear, or middle ear infection pericarditis AE MedDRA: 10034484 HPO: HP_0001701 SS, YH an inflammation AE that has an outcome of pericaditis, which is a cardiovascular disorder that results in a condition in which the sac-like covering around the heart (pericardium) becomes inflamed NCIt: C34915 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000182.htm CTCAE: E10180 SIDER: C0031046 pharyngeal edema AE WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68004487?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Mesh.Mesh_ResultsPanel.Mesh_RVDocSum pharyngeal oedema AE SS, YH 咽肿胀 pharyngeal edema AE is an edema AE that results in an bbnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities in pharynx (throat swelling). pharyngitis AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngitis SS, YH SIDER: C0031350 NCIt: C26851 咽炎 HPO: HP_0100776 pharyngitis AE is a digestive system AE that results in an inflammation of the throat or pharynx 咽头炎 CTCAE: E11525 MedDRA ID: 10034835 respiratory distress AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome HPO: HP_0002747 MedDRA: 10038687 呼吸窘迫 SS, YH respiratory distress AE is a respiratory system AE that results in a severe lung disease caused by a variety of direct and indirect issues. It is characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma leading to impaired gas exchange with concomitant systemic release of inflammatory mediators causing inflammation, hypoxemia and frequently resulting in multiple organ failure. MedDRA ID: 10038687 SIDER: C0476273 rhinitis AE 鼻炎 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinitis SIDER: C0035455 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/rhinitis runny nose MedDRA: 10028116 HPO: HP_0002257 SS, YH rhinitis AE is a respiratory system inflammation characterized by runny nose,irritation and inflammation of some internal areas of the nose rhinorrhea AE 流涕 SS, YH rhinorrhoea AE 流鼻涕 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinorrhoea rhinorrhoea AE is a respiratory system AE that results in runny nose, an unusually significant amount of nasal fluid shoulder pain AE shoulder pain is a pain iin or around the shoulder joint WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003171.htm 肩痛 a pain AE that occurs in shoulder SS, YH sinus congestion AE HPO: HP_0002257 SS, YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_%28anatomy%29, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_congestion SIDER: C0152029 sinus congestion AE is a nasal congestion AE that results in blockage of the air cavities in the cranial bones or nasal passages usually due to membranes lining the nose becoming swollen from inflamed blood vessels 鼻窦充血 sneezing AE sneezing AE is a respiratory system adverse event that results in sternutation, a semi-autonomous, convulsive expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth, usually caused by foreign particles irritating the nasal mucosa CTCAE:E13572 喷嚏 NCIt:C50746 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneezing sternutation MedDRA:10041232 SS, YH, MW tachycardia AE 心动过速 SIDER: C0039231 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia an increased heart rate AE where the heart rate exceeds the normal range for a resting heartrate (heartrate in an inactive or sleeping individual) 心跳加速 脉搏加快（心动过速） 心跳加快 SS, YH 心跳过速 HPO: HP_0001649 MedDRA ID: 10043071 upper respiratory tract infection AE 上呼吸道感染包括咽炎和鼻炎 SS, YH CTCAE: E11604 NCIt: C35650 an infection AE is a respiratory system AE that results in illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx MedDRA: 10046300 SIDER: C0041912 URI, URTI HPO: HP_0002788 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection 上呼吸道感染 varicella AE a viral infection AE that results in an acute contagious diseased caused by herpes varicella zoster virus; causes a rash of vesicles on the face and body. varicella zoster virus infection AE chicken pox AE WEB: http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=varicella SS, YH SIDER: C0008049 HPO: HP_0005428 fever AE Axelrod YK1, Diringer MN. Temperature management in acute neurologic disorders. Neurol Clin. 2008 May;26(2):585-603, xi. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2008.02.005. PMID: 18514828. 发热 YH, SS, MW WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrexia 发烧 febrile response MedDRA: 10037660 an abnormal body temperature AE which has an outcome of fever MedDRA: 10005911; MedDRA: 10016558 CTCAE: E11102 body temperature increased AE pyrexia AE NCIt: C3038 Fever is a frequent medical sign that describes an increase in internal body temperature to levels above normal. Fever is characterized as a temporary elevation in the body's thermoregulatory set-point, usually by about 1-2 °F). rash AE YH SIDER: C0015230 URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rash MedDRA: 10037844 Drug-induced rash is the most commonly reported drug reaction. URL: http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/common-rashes Wick JY. Drug-induced rash: nuisance or threat? Consult Pharm. 2013 Mar;28(3):160-6. PMID: 23462025. a skin AE that shows the symptom of rash, i.e., an abnormal change in skin color, appearance, or texture. A rash may cause the skin to change color, itch, become warm, bumpy, dry, cracked or blistered, swell and may be painful. 疹 皮疹 HPO: HP_0000988 infection AE YH, JX MedDRA: 10021789 infection an adverse event that has an outcome of a pathogen infection, i.e., an infection caused by a pathogen such as a virus, bacterium, or parasite. infectious adverse event WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/infection 感染症状（如泌尿道感染包括膀胱炎） change of name from 'infection adverse event' to 'infectious adverse event' on 09/23/13 for a better clinical relevance, move 'infection adverse event' as an alternative term - SS syndrome AE An AE that has an outcome of syndrome. Syndrome is the association of several clinically recognizable features, signs (observed by a physician), symptoms (reported by the patient), phenomena or characteristics that often occur together, so that the presence of one feature alerts the physician to the presence of the others. YH agitation AE CTCAE:E12874 SIDER: C0085631 MedDRA:10001497 激动 HPO: HP_0000711 a psychiatric disorder AE that has an outcome of emotional state of excitement or restlessness 激越 YH, MW NCIt:C79530 精神兴奋 pruritus AE NCIt:C3344 搔痒症 SIDER: C0033774 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=mesh&cmd=DetailsSearch&term=pruritus+generalised&log$=activity itching 搔痒 pruritus generalised AE itch Pruritus is an itch (Latin: pruritus), i.e., an unpleasant sensation that evokes the desire or reflex to scratch. HPO: HP_0000989 瘙痒感 皮肤瘙痒 蚁走样瘙痒 瘙痒 CTCAE:E13686 MedDRA:10037087 YH, SS, MW 不伴皮疹的瘙痒 瘙痒症 a skin adverse event that has an outcome of pruritus pain AE CTCAE: E11167 NCIt: C3303 YH, MW a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of pain in a patient 疼痛（肢红痛） 全身疼痛 HPO: HP_0010833 SIDER: C0030193 疼痛 MedDRA: 10033371 myalgia AE 肌痛 肌肉疼痛 骨骼肌痛 SIDER: C0231528 MedDRA:10028411 NCIt:C27009 YH, MW 肌肉痛 HPO: HP_0003326 muscle pain AE CTCAE:E12485 a pain AE that has outcome of myalgia. Myalgia means "muscle pain" and is a symptom of many diseases and disorders. urticaria AE 寻麻疹 风团 SIDER: C0042109 Urticaria AE is a rash AE notable for dark red, raised, itchy bumps. 荨麻疹（过敏反应） 荨麻疹 MedDRA:10046735 YH, MW 风疹 hives CTCAE:E13746 HPO: HP_0001025 NCIt:C3432 headache AE SIDER: C0018681 MedDRA: 10019211 a pain AE that has an outcome of headache HPO: HP_0002315 头痛 YH, MW 头疼 respiratory system AE I created this term and make it to be an umbrella term for different disorder terms related to respiratory system. --Oliver He YH an AE that occurs in respiratory system. leukocyte cell number increased AE CTCAE: E10048 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'leukocytosis' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,021 VAERS reports (0.8%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). white blood cell count increased AE NCIt: C35524 MedDRA: 10024378; MedDRA: 10047943 leukocytosis AE MP: MP_0000218 血液白细胞增高 SS, YH, EB a leukocyte cell number abnormal AE that has an outcome of greater than normal number of leukocytes, or nucleated cells of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages, found in blood or other tissue 白细胞增多 leukocyte cell number decreased AE MedDRA: 10047942 CTCAE: E12232 white blood cell count decreased AE 白细胞减少 NCIt: C26816 a leukocyte cell number abnormal AE that has an outcome of reduction in the number of leukocytes, or of nucleated cells of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages, found in blood or other tissue decreased leukocyte cell number AE According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'leukopenia' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 417 VAERS reports (0.3%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). MP: MP_0000221 abnormal blood pressure AE MP: MP_0000230 血压变化 a cardiovascular disorder AE that has an outcome of abnormal blood pressure, representing altered tension of the blood within the systemic arteries asthenia AE YH 虚弱 SIDER: C0004093 虚弱（疲劳） a muscle adverse event which has an outcome of asthenia, which is a medical term denoting symptoms of physical weakness and loss of strength. 衰弱 HPO: HP_0001324 MedDRA ID: 10003549 无力 maculo-papular rash AE YH, MW maculopapular rash AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maculopapular_rash 斑丘疹 The term "maculopapular" is a compound: macules are small, flat discolored spots on the surface of the skin; and papules are small, raised bumps. CTCAE:E13700 rash maculopapular AE rash maculo-papular AE MedDRA:10037868 A rash AE that shows a flat, red area on the skin overed with small confluent bumps. NCIt:C75579 arthralgia AE NCIt:C50464 YH, MW HPO: HP_0002829 CTCAE:E12374 An joint disorder AE that has an outcome of arthralgia. Arthralgia means joint pain. It is a symptom of injury, infection, illnesses (in particular arthritis) or an allergic reaction to medication. According to MeSH, the term "arthralgia" should only be used when the condition is non-inflammatory, and the term "arthritis" should be used when the condition is inflammatory. SIDER: C0003862 关节痛 MedDRA:10003239 dizziness AE 头晕 HPO: HP_0002321 头昏眼花 眼花 眩晕欲倒 头昏 YH, SS, MW a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of dizziness Dizziness describes a number of subjective symptoms, which the patient may describe as feelings of lightheadedness, floating, wooziness, giddiness, confusion, disorientation or loss of balance. Medical terms include vertigo, disequilibrium, pre-syncope or syncoptic episode. Causes may stem from a variety of failures of equilibrioception, hypotension, cerebral hypoxia or a reaction to environmental chemicals or drugs. CTCAE:E12631 NCIt:C37943 MedDRA ID: 10013573 SIDER: C0012833 edema limbs AE 周围性水肿 CTCAE: E11086 NCIt: C78262 外周性水肿 外周水肿 YH, SS oedema peripheral AE peripheral edema AE edema peripheral AE peripheral edema AE is an edema AE that results in swelling of tissues, usually in the lower limbs, due to the accumulation of fluids 四肢远端水肿 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_edema MedDRA: 10030124; MedDRA: 10050068 末梢水肿 malaise AE MedDRA: 10025482 YH HPO: HP_0002321 CTCAE: E11152 Malaise is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an "out of sorts" feeling. Malaise is often the first indication of an infection or other disease. Vaccination may induce malaise. 全身不适感 a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of malaise 身体不适 全身不适 NCIt: C3832 SIDER: C0231218 somnolence AE CTCAE:E12814 HPO: HP_0001262 嗜眠 drowsiness a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of somnolence MedDRA:10041349 Somnolence (or "drowsiness") is a state of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods (c.f. hypersomnia). SIDER: C2830004 YH, SS, MW NCIt:C26754 瞌睡 paresthesia AE paraesthesia AE a sensory neuropathy AE that shows a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of a person's skin with no apparent long-term physical effect. 感觉异常 MedDRA: 10033775 (paraesthesia); MedDRA: 10033987 (paresthesia). WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraesthesia Paresthesia is more generally known as the feeling of "pins and needles" or of a limb being "asleep" (although this is not directly related to the phenomenon of sleep). The manifestation of paresthesia may be transient or chronic. YH, MW chills AE feeling cold AE MedDRA: 10008531 寒颤 YH CTCAE: E11074 SIDER: C0085593 Chills refers to feeling cold after an exposure to a cold environment. The word can also refer to an episode of shivering, accompanied by paleness and feeling cold. 对寒冷敏感 HPO: HP_0001945 a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of chills NCIt: C35143 寒战 anorexia AE decreased appetite AE YH, MW 食欲下降 食欲不振 胃纳减退 HPO: HP_0002039 食欲减低 a gustatory system AE which demonstrates a decreased sensation of appetite. MedDRA: 10002649 (anorexia nervosa); MedDRA: 10061428 (decreased appetite); MedDRA: 10002646 (anorexia). WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia/basics/definition/con-20033002 anorexia nervosa AE 食欲减退 SIDER: C0003123 厌食症 胃纳不佳 厌食 厌食症 face edema AE 颜面浮肿 NCIt: C78289 swelling face 面部浮肿 MedDRA: 10042682; MedDRA: 10014222 face oedema AE 面肿胀 面部水肿 WEB:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003105.htm CTCAE: E11082 oedema face AE 面部肿胀 MedDRA: 10016029 颜面水肿 emema face AE face edema AE is an edema AE that results in facial swelling, the build-up of fluid in the tissues of the face. Swelling may also affect the neck and upper arms YH, SS, MW cough AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cough 咳嗽加重 YH, SS, MW coughing AE cough WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cough.html an abnormal respiration AE that shows a sudden and often repetitively occurring reflex to keep the throat and airways clear CTCAE:E13364 咳嗽 咳嗽增加 NCIt:C37935 干咳 MedDRA:10011224 flu syndrome AE YH NCIt: C78302 CTCAE: E11108 flu-like symptom AE 流感症状 类流感样症状 a syndrome AE that has an outcome of a flu syndrome AE and occurs after a medical intervention. syncope AE SIDER: C0039070 昏厥 MedDRA: 10024855 a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of loss of consciousness, fainting WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousness 晕厥 fainting Syncope is the medical term for fainting, a sudden, usually temporary, loss of consciousness. MedDRA:10042772 NCIt:C35053 昏厥（体位性低血压） 昏厥（突然丧失知觉） 晕倒 CTCAE:E12832 YH, SS, MW HPO: HP_0001279 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_%28medicine%29 sweating AE YH a skin adverse event that has an outcome of sweating 出汗 异常出汗 SIDER: C0038990 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'sweating' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 2,301 VAERS reports (1.8%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). HPO: HP_0000975 abdominal pain AE 腹痛 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_pain HPO: HP_0002027 SIDER: C0000737 YH, SS According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'abdominal pain' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 2,254 VAERS reports (1.8%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). a pain AE that is observed in abdominal cavity MedDRA ID: 10000081 腹部疼痛 hypertension AE 高血压 血压过高 血压增加10～20mmHg MedDRA: 10005750 静注时血压升高 NCIt:C3117 HPO: HP_0000822 blood pressure increased SIDER: C0020538 CTCAE:E13785 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722707 YH, SS, MW an abnormal blood pressure AE that has an outcome of sustained high blood pressure at a level that is likely to result in cardiovascular disease and/or other pathological states MedDRA:10020772 MP: MP_0000231 血压升高 myasthenia AE a muscular weakness AE that has an outcome of myasthenia. Myasthenia represenats myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatiguability. YH, SS SIDER: C0947912 myasthenia syndrome AE myasthenic syndrome AE HPO: HP_0001324 myasthenia gravis chest pain AE YH MedDRA ID: 10008479 HPO: HP_0001681 胸痛 胸部疼痛 SIDER: C0008031 胸骨下疼痛 胸部痛 剑下疼痛 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'chest pain' was mentioned in 1,752 VAERS reports (1.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). 不明确的胸痛 a pain AE that occurs at the chest twitching AE a movement disorder AE that has an outcome of twitching, an involuntary sudden movement of part of the body. 颤抖 颤搐 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'twitching' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,511 VAERS reports (1.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). YH 颤动 asthma AE 哮喘 Asthma is a common chronic lung disease. It has been defined by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute as a common chronic disorder of the airways that is complex and characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (bronchospasm), and an underlying inflammation. HPO: HP_0002099 YH a respiratory system AE which has an outcome of asthma MedDRA ID: 10003553 SIDER: C0004096 neck pain AE SIDER: C0007859 颈痛 MedDRA: 10028836 YH, MW According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'neck pain' was mentioned in 1,323 VAERS reports (1.0%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). HPO: HP_0003418 a pain AE that has an outcome of neck pain 颈部疼痛 back pain AE According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'back pain' was mentioned in 1,277 VAERS reports (1.0%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). 背部疼痛 背痛 YH, MW HPO: HP_0003418 NCIt:C41830 CTCAE:E12388 a pain AE that has an outcome of back pain SIDER: C0004604 后背痛（如坐骨神经痛） MedDRA:10003988 alopecia AE 秃头 SIDER: C0002170 VAE, MW MedDRA:10001760 NCIt:C50575 秃头症 秃发 alopecia means the absence of hair or loss of hair. It is not usually in reference to primary genetic hairlessness but may be due to dietary, stress, secondary to immune condition. HPO: HP_0001596 CTCAE:E13611 MP: MP_0000414 脱发 a hair AE that has an outcome of alopecia and occurs after a medical intervention. gastrointestinal hemorrhage AE MedDRA: 10017955 MP: MP_0000465 gastrointestinal haemorrhage AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gastrointestinal+hemorrhage bleeding in the stomach and/or the intestines 肠胃出血 a hemorrhage AE that has an outcome of gastrointestinal hemorrhage 胃肠出血 胃肠道出血 neuropathy AE WEB: http://www.neuropathy.org/ SIDER: C0442874 a nervous system AE that shows a damage to or disease affecting the nerves. 神经病变 WEB: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/147963.php YH, RR WEB: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/neuropathy/article_em.htm#types_of_neuropathy WEB: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/neuropathy/article_em.htm Neuropathy is often classified according to the types or location of nerves that are affected. Neuropathy can also be classified according to the disease causing it. (For example, neuropathy from the effects of diabetes is called diabetic neuropathy. Ref: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/neuropathy/article_em.htm#types_of_neuropathy. HPO: HP_0007141 muscle twitch AE JX, YH muscle contraction AE myokymia AE 肌肉颤搐 MedDRA: 10028346 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciculation fasciculation AE 肌肉收缩 肌肉震颤 Muscle twitch AE is a twitching AE that is a small, local, involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation which may be visible under the skin. skin discoloration AE skin discoloration AE is a skin adverse event that results in change in color of skin or mucus membranes skin discolouration AE MedDRA: 10040829 YH, SS According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'skin discoloration' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 909 VAERS reports (0.7%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). 皮肤褪色 皮肤变色 肤色改变 shingles AE Herpes zoster is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a limited area on one side of the body, often in a stripe. The initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes the acute (short-lived) illness chickenpox, and generally occurs in children and young people. Once an episode of chickenpox has resolved, the virus is not eliminated from the body but can go on to cause shingles (an illness with very different symptoms) often many years after the initial infection. YH SIDER: C0019360 HPO: HP_0005353 a varicella zoster virus infection AE that occurs in adults and rarely in children. zoster AE 带状疱疹 WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shingles/basics/causes/con-20019574 herpes zoster AE MedDRA: 10019974 speech disorder AE MedDRA ID: 10041466 YH a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of disorder in speech SIDER: C0037822 HPO: HP_0006977 hemorrhage AE 前列腺术后出血过多 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hemorrhage haemorrhage AE bleeding AE MP: MP_0001914 出血 a cardiovascular disorder AE that has an outcome of hemorrhage loss of blood from the vascular compartment to the exterior or into nonvascular body space as a result of rupture or severance of the blood vessels MedDRA: 10055798 personality disorder AE SIDER: C0031212 MedDRA ID: 10034721 性格改变 a psychiatric disorder AE that is characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating markedly from those accepted by the individual's culture. YH, MW HPO: HP_0000751 WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder lung AE MedDRA: 10025082 YH SIDER: C0024115 lung disorder AE a respiratory system AE which has an outcome of lung disorder HPO: HP_0006552 muscle AE a musculoskeletal system AE that occurs in muscle. YH hepatobiliary or pancreatic AE YH, JX an adverse event that occurs in liver, biliary, and pancreatic areas. URL: http://www.ijhpd.com/ WEB: http://www.uchospitals.edu/online-library/content=P00670 liver, biliary, and pancreatic disorder AE digestive system AE YH an AE that occurs in digestive system. confusion AE mental confusion AE YH, KM WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mental+confusion a psychiatric disorder AE that has an outcome of confusion, which is a mild form of delirium. 混乱 confused state AE MedDRA: 10010305 (confused state); MedDRA: 10010300 (confusion) joint disorder AE a musculoskeletal system AE which has an outcome of joint disorder YH 关节病 eye AE YH MedDRA ID: 10015916 an AE that occurs in eye. eye disorder AE HPO: HP_0000496 SIDER: C0015397 sedimentation rate increased AE 血沉增快 YH red blood cell sedimentation rate increased AE Sedimentation rate is a diagnostic test for inflammation. The test measures the rate at which red blood cells fall to the bottom of a tube over time. An increased sedimentation rate corresponds to increased non-specific inflammation in the body. It is often called "sedrate" for short. ESR sedrate red blood cell sedimentation rate increased AE is an AE: sedimentation rate increased that has an increase in rate at which red blood cells precipitate in a period of 1 hour. This term should be inferred to lab test abnormal. erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR升高 a hematopoietic system AE which has an outcome of sedimentation rate increased According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'sedimentation rate increased' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 530 VAERS reports (0.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). amblyopia AE an abnormal vision AE which has an outcome of amblyopia SIDER: C0002418 MedDRA ID: 10001906 YH 弱视 HPO: HP_0000646 mental retardation AE a psychiatric disorder AE that has an outcome of mental retardation 反应迟钝 HPO: HP_0001249 SIDER: C0025362 YH erythema multiforme AE a rash AE which shows red, target-shaped or "bulls-eye" patches or sores on the skin. WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema_multiforme The erythema multiforme rash usually begins on the arms, hands, legs, and feet, but you might also find it on the face, neck, and body. It also can affect the lips and inside the mouth. It usuallys follows an infection or drug exposure. HPO: HP_0010783 WEB: http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/skin/erythema_multiforme.html SIDER: C0014742 YH, MW CTCAE:E13627 多形红斑 多形性红斑 NCIt:C3024 MedDRA:10015218 SGOT increased AE SGOT respresents serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, an enzyme that is normally present in liver and heart cells. SGOT is released into blood when the liver or heart is damaged. The blood SGOT levels are thus elevated with liver damage (for example, from viral hepatitis) or with an insult to the heart (for example, from a heart attack). Some medications can also raise SGOT levels. SGOT is also called aspartate aminotransferase (AST). YH According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'SGOT increased' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 477 VAERS reports (0.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). a lab test abnormal AE that has an outcome of SGOT increased SGPT increased AE a lab test abnormal AE that has an outcome of SGPT increased According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'SGPT increased' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 459 VAERS reports (0.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). YH SGPT represents serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, an enzyme that is normally present in liver and heart cells. SGPT is released into blood when the liver or heart are damaged. The blood SGPT levels are thus elevated with liver damage (for example, from viral hepatitis) or with an insult to the heart (for example, from a heart attack). Some medications can also raise SGPT levels. SGPT is also called alanine aminotransferase (ALT). thinking abnormality AE a behavioral and neurological AE that has an outcome of thinking abnormality According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'thinking abnormality' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 457 VAERS reports (0.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). 异常思绪 MedDRA: 10043431 YH, JX dyspepsia AE HPO: HP_0002577 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'dyspepsia' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 454 VAERS reports (0.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). MedDRA: 10013946 an abnormal digestion AE which has an outcome of dyspepsia SIDER: C0013395 Dyspepsia is popularly known as indigestion, meaning hard or difficult digestion. It is a medical condition characterized by chronic or recurrent pain in the upper abdomen, upper abdominal fullness and feeling full earlier than expected when eating. MedDRA ID: 10013946 YH 消化不良 gastrointestinal disorder AE 胃肠道紊乱 胃肠功能紊乱 胃肠道不适 胃肠反应 a digestive system AE which has an outcome of a gastrointestinal disorder 胃肠道反应 YH 胃肠道障碍 HPO: HP_0011024 SIDER: C0017178 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'gastrointestinal disorder' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 449 VAERS reports (0.3%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). 胃或肠道消化功能失调 胃肠道功能紊乱 vertigo AE According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'vertigo' was mentioned in 412 VAERS reports (0.3%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). NCIt: C38057 Vertigo is a specific type of dizziness, a major symptom of a balance disorder. It is the sensation of spinning or swaying while the body is actually stationary with respect to the surroundings. The effects of vertigo may be slight. It can cause nausea and vomiting and, in severe cases, it may give rise to difficulties with standing and walking. 眩晕（体位性低血压） 眩晕 MedDRA ID: 10047340 晕眩 HPO: HP_0002321 SIDER: C0042571 CTCAE: E10291 YH a dizziness AE that has an outcome of vertigo cardiac arrest 心跳停止 MedDRA: 10007617 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cardiac+arrest a cardiac disorder AE that has an outcome of heartarrest, the abrupt cessation of normal circulation of the blood due to failure of the heart to contract effectively during systole. 心脏停搏 cardiopulmonary arrest 心脏骤停 YH circulatory arrest NCIT: C50479 心搏骤停 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction CTCAE: E10101 MedDRA: 10007515 heart arrest AE MedDRA: 10028596 心脏停博 bronchitis AE 支气管炎 SIDER: C0006277 YH a respiratory system inflammation AE which has an outcome of bronchitis HPO: HP_0002837 Bronchitis is an inflammation of the air passages within the lungs. It occurs when the trachea (windpipe) and the large and small bronchi (airways) within the lungs become inflamed because of infection or other causes. liver function test abnormal AE 肝功能检测异常 肝功能检查异常 MedDRA: 10024690 MedDRA: 10019670 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hepatic+function MP: MP_0000609 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'liver function tests abnormal' was mentioned in 717 VAERS reports (0.6%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). a liver related investigation result abnormal AE which shows an abnormal test result in a liver function test, indicating aberrant function of liver. ear AE an AE that occurs in ear. SIDER: C0013447 ear disorder AE YH HPO: HP_0000598 viral infection AE viral infection HPO: HP_0005364 SIDER: C0042769 an infection AE that results in detrimental colonization of a host organism by virus YH, SS WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_infection jaundice AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'jaundice' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 317 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). 眼及皮肤明显黄染 MedDRA ID: 10023126 MP: MP_0000611 SIDER: C0022346 a liver/biliary system AE which has an outcome of jaundice, which is the clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, with deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes HPO: HP_0000952 黄疸 (肝内胆汁於积性黄疸) SS, YH icterus AE MedDRA: 10023126 黄疸 eye pain AE 眼痛 SIDER: C0151827 MedDRA ID: 10015958 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'eye pain' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 316 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). a pain AE that has an outcome of eye pain 眼睛刺痛感 CTCAE: E10376 NCIt: C78287 HPO: HP_0200025 YH palpitation AE MedDRA: 10033557 心悸; WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpitations a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of palpitation A palpitation is an abnormal awareness of the beating of the heart, whether it is too slow, too fast, irregular, or at its normal frequency. YH 心悸 心慌 tongue edema AE tongue swelling AE an edema AE which has an outcome of tongue edema MedDRA: 10042727 tongue oedema AE YH, RR 舌肿胀 WEB: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=97582 ear pain AE NCIt: C37944 HPO: HP_0010833 MedDRA: 10014020 YH CTCAE: E10262 SIDER: C0013456 a pain AE that has an outcome of ear pain According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'ear pain' was mentioned in 302 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). 耳痛 angioedema AE angioneurotic edema MedDRA: 10002473 血管神经性水肿（奎根水肿） 血管神经性水肿发生 an edema AE which has an outcome of angioedema 血管性水肿 Angioedema is the rapid swelling (edema) of the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, mucosa and submucosal tissues often around the eyes and lips. It is very similar to urticaria, but urticaria, commonly known as hives, occurs in the upper dermis. YH, SJ 血管神经性水肿 immune system AE According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'immune system disorder' was mentioned in 292 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). HPO: HP_0002715 YH SIDER: C0021053 immune system disorder AE an AE that occurs in immune system. antinuclear antibody present AE anti-nuclear factor present The presence of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs) that are antibodies directed against contents of the cell nucleus. ANAs are present in higher than normal numbers in autoimmune disease. The ANA test measures the pattern and amount of autoantibody which can attack the body's tissues as if they were foreign material. Autoantibodies are present in low titers in the general population, but in about 5% of the population, their concentration is increased, and about half of this 5% have an autoimmune disease. According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'antinuclear antibody present'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 288 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). 抗核抗体阳性 YH an immune system disorder AE which has an outcome of antinuclear antibody present migraine AE migraine headache YH HPO: HP_0002076 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'migraine'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 267 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). a headache AE that has an outcome of migraine 偏头痛 SIDER: C0149931 A migraine is a very painful type of headache. People who get migraines often describe the pain as pulsing or throbbing in one area of the head. During migraines, people are very sensitive to light and sound. They may also become nauseated and vomit. amnesia AE 健忘症 NCIt:C2867 YH, MW a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of amnesia in a patient 健忘 HPO: HP_0002354 CTCAE:E12585 SIDER: C0002622 Amnesia is a short term memory condition in which memory is disturbed. In simple terms it is the loss of memory. MedDRA:10001949 遗忘 voice alteration AE a speech disorder that has an outcome of voice alteration YH MedDRA: 10047681 purpura AE HPO: HP_0000979 Purpura is the appearance of red or purple discolorations on the skin that do not blanch on applying pressure. They are caused by bleeding underneath the skin. This is common with typhus and can be present with meningitis caused by meningococcal meningitis or septicaemia. Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpura. NCIt:C78787 YH, MW CTCAE:E13690 紫癜 MedDRA:10037549 紫癜 (包括亨诺赫-舍恩莱因紫癜) SIDER: C0034150 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'purpura'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 251 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). 紫癫 a skin discoloration AE which has an outcome of purpura acute brain syndrome AE a syndrome AE that has an outcome of an acute brain syndrome AE and occurs after a medical intervention. YH coma AE Coma is a profound state of unconsciousness. A comatose person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to pain or light, does not have sleep-wake cycles, and does not take voluntary actions. 昏迷 MedDRA ID: 10010071 HPO: HP_0001259 a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of coma YH SIDER: C0009421 hyperkinesia AE SIDER: C0424295 HPO: HP_0002487 MedDRA ID: 10020651 运动过度 a muscle adverse event which has an outcome of hyperkinesia, an abnormal increase in muscular activity. YH cardiovascular AE HPO: HP_0001626 SIDER: C0007222 MedDRA ID: 10007649 YH an AE that occurs in cardiovascular system. 心血管意外 cardiovascular disorder AE encephalopathy AE SIDER: C0085584 CTCAE:E12652 MedDRA:10014625 NCIt:C26920 YH, MW a nervous system AE which has an outcome of encephalopathy, which is disorder or disease of the brain. HPO: HP_0007239 urine abnormality AE SIDER: C0235639 a urinary system AE that has an outcome of urine abnormality AE HPO: HP_0011036 YH gastroenteritis AE MedDRA: 10017888 HPO: HP_0004386 YH SIDER: C0017160 胃肠炎 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'gastroenteritis' was mentioned in 218 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gastroenteritis a gastrointestinal disorder AE which has an outcome of gastroenteritis, an inflammation occuring in the gastrointestinal tract that involves both the stomach and the small intestine, often results in diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain and cramping urinary tract infection AE NCIt: C50791 a urinary system AE that has an outcome of urnary tract infection AE SIDER: C0042029 HPO: HP_0000094 YH MedDRA: 10046571 CTCAE: E11614 尿道感染 泌尿道感染 尿路感染 increased salivation AE MP: MP_0000622 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'increased salivation' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 336 VAERS reports (0.3%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). 唾液分泌增加 an abnormal salivary gland physiology AE which has an outcome of increased salivation, meaning greater than normal amounts of flowing saliva depression AE 精神抑郁 CTCAE:E12909 抑郁 NCIt:C2982 SIDER: C0011570 YH, MW WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/basics/definition/con-20032977 HPO: HP_0000716 MedDRA:10012378 a psychiatric disorder AE that has an outcome of depression. Depression causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. 情绪抑郁 diabetes mellitus AE HPO: HP_0000819 SIDER: C0011849 YH MedDRA ID: 10012601 糖尿病 diabetes AE a glucose homeostasis AE which has an outcome of diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus, often referred to simply as diabetes, is a syndrome of disordered metabolism, usually due to a combination of hereditary and environmental causes, resulting in abnormally high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). laryngitis AE CTCAE: E11435 YH SIDER: C0023067 Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx. It causes hoarse voice or the complete loss of the voice because of irritation to the vocal folds (vocal cords). MedDRA: 10023874 NCIt: C26811 HPO: HP_0001600 a respiratory system inflammation AE which has an outcome of laryngitis 喉炎 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'laryngitis'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 190 VAERS reports (0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). reflexes decreased AE a movement disorder AE that has an outcome of reflexes decreased, an abnormal decrease in an involuntary response to a peripheral stimulus According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'reflexes decreased'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 178 VAERS reports (0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). YH hyporeflexia AE dry mouth AE 口干 xerostomia NCIt: C26917 MedDRA ID: 10013781 HPO: HP_0000217 a digestive system AE which has an outcome of dry mouth, which is dryness of the mouth resulting from reduced salivary secretion YH According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'dry mouth'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 171 VAERS reports (0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). 口干（与剂量有关） CTCAE: E10578 SIDER: C0043352 epistaxis AE YH, MW NCIt:C26766 nosebleed Epistaxis is the relatively common occurrence of hemorrhage from the nose, usually noticed when the blood drains out through the nostrils. 鼻衄 SIDER: C0014591 HPO: HP_0000421 鼻出血 a hemorrhage AE that has an outcome of epistaxis CTCAE:E13374 MedDRA:10015090 lupus AE 狼疮样综合征 lupus syndrome AE YH, JX WEB: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/lupus/ 狼疮样综合症 a syndrome AE that displays a lupus syndrome. Lupus is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks normal, healthy tissue. This results in symptoms such as inflammation, swelling, and damage to joints, skin, kidneys, blood, the heart, and lungs. photophobia AE Photophobia is a symptom of excessive sensitivity to light and the aversion to sunlight or well-lit places. In medical terms it is not fear, but an experience of discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure. NCIt: C28210 HPO: HP_0000613 CTCAE: E10416 MedDRA ID: 10034960 an eye disorder AE which has an outcome of photophobia 畏光 SIDER: C0085636 YH abnormal salivary gland physiology AE MP: MP_0005310 a digestive system AE which has an outcome of abnormal salivary gland physiology, which is any functional anomaly of any of the glands in the mouth that secrete saliva hallucination AE NCIt: C37961 幻觉 HPO: HP_0000738 幻视 A hallucination, in the broadest sense, is a perception in the absence of a stimulus. In a stricter sense, hallucinations are defined as perceptions in a conscious and awake state in the absence of external stimuli which have qualities of real perception, in that they are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space. YH, MW MedDRA ID: 10019063; MedDRA: 10019077 hallucinations AE SIDER: C0018524 a psychiatric disorder AE that has an outcome of hallucination CTCAE: E12919 tongue disorder HPO: HP_0000157 SIDER: C0040409 a digestive system AE which has an outcome of tongue disorder YH According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'tongue disorder'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 156 VAERS reports (0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). neuralgia AE CTCAE:E12744 a pain AE that has an outcome of neuralgia Neuralgia or neuropathic pain can be defined most simply as non-nociceptive pain. Neuralgia is pain produced by a change in neurological structure or function. Unlike nociceptive pain, Neuralgia exists with no continuous nociceptive input. Neuralgia falls into two categories: central Neuralgia and peripheral Neuralgia. According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'neuralgia'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 155 VAERS reports (0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). 神经痛 NCIt:C79695 HPO: HP_0003489 SIDER: C0027796 YH, MW MedDRA:10029223 thirst AE SIDER: C0039971 MedDRA ID: 10043458 an abnormal fluid regulation AE which has an outcome of thirst HPO: HP_0001959 Thirst is the craving for liquids, resulting in the basic instinct of humans or animals to drink. It is an essential mechanism involved in fluid balance. 口渴 YH bone AE HPO: HP_0000924 SIDER: C0005940 YH MedDRA: 10005956 a musculoskeletal system AE that occurs in the bone bone disorder emotional liability AE 易激动 a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of emotional liability YH 情绪波动 muscle spasm AE 肌痉挛 MP: MP_0000743 SS, YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasm MedDRA: 10028334 a muscle adverse event which has an outcome of muscle spasm, which is an involuntary and often painful muscle contraction or cramps having a number of causes ranging from nutritional deficiency to serious nervous system conditions tendon disorder AE a connective tissue disorder AE that occurs at the location of tendon YH According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'tendon disorder'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 137 VAERS reports (0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendon disorder is a medical condition that results in a tendon not functioning normally. visual field defect AE SS, YH 视觉障碍 visual impairment AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment MedDRA: 10047571 an eye disorder AE which has an outcome of visual field defect MedDRA ID: 10047555 myopathy AE SIDER: C0026848 HPO: HP_0003198 MP: MP_0000751 肌病 a muscle adverse event which has an outcome of myopathy AE, an abnormal condition or disease of the skeletal muscle 肌病（包括肌炎） MedDRA: 10028641 MedDRA ID: 10028641 apathy AE 情感淡漠 HPO: HP_0000741 perfunctoriness MedDRA ID: 10002942 SIDER: C0085632 a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of apathy state impassivity YH Apathy is a state of indifference, or the suppression of emotions such as concern, excitement, motivation and passion. An apathetic individual has an absence of interest or concern to emotional, social, or physical life. They may also exhibit an insensibility or sluggishness. pustular rash AE CTCAE: E11545 a rash AE that is characterized by a circumscribed and elevated skin lesion filled with pus. MedDRA: 10037888 NCIt: C80119 YH 脓疱疹 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'pustular rash'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 128 VAERS reports (<0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). rash pustular AE blood creatine phosphokinase level increased AE YH, EB 血清磷酸肌酸激酶(CPK)升高 elevated serum creatine phosphate kinase AE a blood creatine phosphokinase level abnormal AE that is characterized by an increased level of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) or phosphocreatine kinase, an enzyme expressed by various tissue types that catalyses the conversion of creatine and consumes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to create phosphocreatine and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 肌酸激酶增加 CPK升高 肌酸激酶（CK）水平的升高 MedDRA: 10005470 血清肌酸激酶(CK)升高 血肌酸激酶升高 CPK增高 肌酸磷酸激酶升高 来源于骨骼肌部分的血清磷酸肌酸激酶(CK)升高 血肌酸激酶增加 血清肌酸磷酸激酶升高 intracranial hypertension AE a hypertension AE that has an outcome of elevated pressure in the skull. MedDRA: 10049977 WEB: http://www.ihrfoundation.org/intracranial/hypertension/info/C16 YH, SS 颅压过高 abnormal stool AE According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'abnormal stools' was mentioned in 111 VAERS reports (<0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). a digestive system AE which has an outcome of abnormal stool YH bone pain AE NCIt:C38644 骨骼疼痛 MedDRA:10006002 YH, MW SIDER: C0151825 a pain AE that has an outcome of bone pain 骨痛 CTCAE:E12392 HPO: HP_0002653 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'bone pain' was mentioned in 109 VAERS reports (<0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). cerebrovascular accident AE 脑血管意外 HPO: HP_0001297 YH stroke SIDER: C0038454 Cerebrovascular accident: The sudden death of some brain cells due to lack of oxygen when the blood flow to the brain is impaired by blockage or rupture of an artery to the brain. A CVA is also referred to as a stroke. MedDRA ID: 10008190 a cardiovascular disorder AE that comes with cerebrovascular accident flatulence AE 胃胀气 YH 胃胀 a movement disorder AE that has an outcome of flatulence CTCAE: E10697 SIDER: C0016204 MedDRA ID: 10016766 NCIt: C37954 肠胃胀气 Flatulence is the production of a mixture of gases in the digestive tract of mammals or other animals that are byproducts of the digestion process. Such a mixture of gases is known as flatus, and is expelled from the rectum in a process colloquially referred to as "passing gas" or "farting". HPO: HP_0011024 胀气 肠胃气胀 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'flatulence' was mentioned in 102 VAERS reports (<0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). liver damage AE a liver/biliary system AE which has an outcome of liver damage YH According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'liver damage' was mentioned in 102 VAERS reports (<0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). sore throat AE 咽喉痛 a respiratory system AE which has an outcome of sore throat YH, MW MedDRA: 10041367 咽痛 weight loss AE MP: MP_0001263 CTCAE: E12228 MedDRA: 10047895; MedDRA: 10047900 a physical examination result abnormal AE that has an outcome of weight loss, which is the progressive reduction of body weight below normal average for age 体重减轻 NCIt: C3445 消瘦 MW, YH weight decreased AE 体重下降 ataxia AE CTCAE:E12597 运动失调 SIDER: C0004134 HPO: HP_0001251 a movement disorder AE that has an outcome of ataxia, inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'ataxia' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 555 VAERS reports (0.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). YH, MW MedDRA:10003591 共济失调 NCIt:C26702 MP: MP_0001393 skin AE 皮肤异常如湿疹 WEB: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/skin+disorder a hair, skin, and nail AE that occurs in skin. 皮肤功能异常 银屑样皮肤改变 YH MedDRA: 10040831 abnormal gait AE gait disturbance AE 步态异常 NCIt: C78303 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224774 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'abnormal gait' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 998 VAERS reports (0.8%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). MedDRA: 10017577 a movement disorder AE that has an outcome of unusual or distinctive way of walking SS, YH CTCAE: E11112 MP: MP_0001406 dehydration AE hypohydration MedDRA:10012174 an abnormal fluid regulation AE which has an outcome of dehydration, which is an excessive water loss from the body or from an organ or bodily part CTCAE:E12258 YH, SS, MW MP: MP_0001429 脱水 NCIt:C26740 SIDER: C0011175 HPO: HP_0001944 abnormal fluid regulation AE MP: MP_0001784 a homeostasis AE which has an outcome of abnormal fluid regulation, which is any anomaly in the control of intracellular and/or extracellular fluid hyperglycemia AE 高糖血症 MP: MP_0001559 MedDRA: 10020635 (hyperglycaemia); MedDRA: 10020639 (hyperglycemia) WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperglycemia a glucose homeostasis AE which has an outcome of hyperglycemia, which is an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood; generally refers to a pathological state 高血糖症状 YH, MW cyanosis AE MedDRA ID: 10011703 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'cyanosis' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,804 VAERS reports (1.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). SIDER: C0010520 MP: MP_0001575 皮肤紫绀 HPO: HP_0000961 a skin adverse event that has an outcome of cyanosis, a dark bluish or purple skin discoloration resulting from deficient oxygenation of the blood MedDRA: 10011703 anemia AE WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001586/ MedDRA: 10002034; MedDRA: 10002272 a hematopoietic system AE which has an outcome of anemia, which is less than normal levels of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin within red blood cells, or volume of packed red blood cells in the bloodstream, resulting in insufficient oxygenation of tissues and organs anaemia AE 贫血 NCIt: C2869 MP: MP_0001577 CTCAE: E10010 hypotension AE HPO: HP_0002615 NCIt:C3128 MedDRA: 10005734 血压降至正常值以下（低血压反应） 低血压 YH, MW MedDRA:10021097 血压下降（尤其原有血压生高者） CTCAE:E13791 blood pressure decreased, low blood pressure 血压降低 MP: MP_0001596 an abnormal blood pressure AE that has an outcome of sustained low blood pressure at a level that is likely to result in cardiovascular disease and/or other pathological states SIDER: C0020649 血压下降 irregular heartbeat AE MP: MP_0001636 an arrhythmia AE that has an outcome of uneven timing of heart contraction electrolyte blood test abnormal AE an electrolyte lab test abnormal AE that shows an abnormal level of an electrolyte in the blood YH, MW abnormal digestion AE MP: MP_0001664 a digestive system AE which has an outcome of abnormal digestion, which is an altered ability of the mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic processes of the body to convert ingested food into material suitable for assimilation for synthesis of tissues or liberation of energy homeostasis AE an AE that occurs in the homeostasis system. anomaly in the processes involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of various functions and chemical or protein composition of the fluids and tissues MP: MP_0001764 edema AE 肢体下垂部位浮肿 水肿 MedDRA: 10030095 浮肿 oedema, swelling, dropsy 水肿/肿胀 水储留 MedDRA: 10042674 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swelling_(medical) MP: MP_0001785 囊样斑块水肿 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedema MedDRA: 10016807 an abnormal fluid regulation AE which has an outcome of edema, which is an accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells or intercellular tissues 肿胀 水肿（剂量依赖性） 浮肿/肿胀 inflammation AE SIDER: C0021368 SS, YH HPO: HP_0007891 MedDRA: 10061218 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation MP: MP_0001846 an immune system disorder AE that results in complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli as well as initiate the healing process for the tissue greater than expected response to injury, infection, or insult. eye inflammation AE MP: MP_0001851 HPO: HP_0100533 an eye disorder AE which has an outcome of eye inflammation, which is local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the eye MedDRA ID: 10015943 SIDER: C0239429 conjunctivitis AE 结膜炎 an eye inflammation AE which has an outcome of conjunctivitis, which is inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the front of the eyeball HPO: HP_0000509 SIDER: C0009763 NCIt: C34504 MP: MP_0001852 CTCAE: E10355 MedDRA ID: 10010741 MedDRA: 10010741 liver inflammation AE YH, JX MP: MP_0001860 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'hepatitis' was mentioned in 387 VAERS reports (0.3%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). an inflammation AE that shows a local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the liver lung inflammation AE According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'pneumonia' was mentioned in 879 VAERS reports (0.7%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). MP: MP_0001861 aa inflammation AE which has an outcome of lung inflammation, a local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the lung respiratory system inflammation AE MP: MP_0002405 an inflammation AE which occurs in the respiratory system, which is reflected with the local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the respiratory system vasculitis AE NCIt:C26912 MP: MP_0001864 脉管炎 CTCAE:E13837 YH, MW HPO: HP_0002633 an inflammation AE that has an outcome of vasculitis, which is an inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel 血管炎 SIDER: C0042384 MedDRA:10047115 It's an inflammation. salivary gland inflammation AE MP: MP_0001870 an inflammation AE which has an outcome of salivary gland inflammation, which is local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the salivary gland 涎腺炎 sinusitis AE SS, YH, RR CTCAE: E11563 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'sinusitis'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 298 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). MedDRA: 10040753 MP: MP_0001872 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusitis 鼻窦炎 sinus inflammation AE HPO: HP_0000246 SIDER: C0037199 NCIt: C35024 a respiratory system inflammation AE which has an outcome of sinus inflammation, an inflammation of paranasal sinuses, which may be due to infection, allergy, or autoimmune issues. 窦炎 allergy AE anaphylactic reaction AE allergic reaction AE 过敏 CTCAE: E11248 MP: MP_0001878 过敏性反应 过敏反应 NCIt: C3114 过敏反应（呼吸困难和皮肤反应） 过敏反应综合征 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy allergic response AE 过敏反应（最严重的反应为过敏性休克） JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10001738; MedDRA: 10001718 a hypersensitivity AE which results in an allergic response showing a marked increase in reactivity to an antigen upon subsequent exposure. 变态反应 nervous system AE an AE that occurs in nervous system. MP: MP_0003633 YH abnormal respiration AE Not sure if it is same as respiratory system disorder or abnormal respiration. --Oliver He MP: MP_0001943 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'respiratory disorder' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 556 VAERS reports (0.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). a respiratory system AE which has an outcome of abnormal respiration, an anomaly in the movement of gases into and out of the lung apnea AE 呼吸停止 respiratory arrest AE JX, YH, MW MedDRA: 10002974 is for "apnoea"; MedDRA: 10002972 is for "apnea". According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'apnea' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,618 VAERS reports (1.3%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). 呼吸暂停 apnoea AE UMLS CUI: C0003578 MedDRA: 10002974; MedDRA: 10002972 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/apnea MP: MP_0001957 an abnormal respiration AE which has an outcome of apnea, temporary cessation of breathing; sometimes episodic deafness AE MedDRA ID: 10011878 MP: MP_0001967 HPO: HP_0000365 SIDER: C0011053 an ear disorder AE which has an outcome of deafness, which is an inability to hear 听力丧失 耳聋 gustatory system AE MP: MP_0001985 YH, JX an adverse event that occurs in a gustatory system polyuria AE 尿量增加 光敏感性 多尿 光过敏症 光敏感 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyuria MedDRA: 10036142 多尿症 LW, ML, JX, YH a urinary system AE that has an outcome of excessive or abnormally large production or passage of urine. 光过敏 blindness AE SIDER: C0456909 HPO: HP_0000618 MP: MP_0002001 MedDRA ID: 10005169 an abnormal vision AE which has an outcome of blindness, which is loss of the sense of sight 血药浓度峰值时瞬间失明 abnormal vision AE 视觉异常 an eye disorder AE which has an outcome of abnormal vision, which is an inability or decreased ability to see 视力障碍 MP: MP_0002090 seizure AE WEB: http://www.healthline.com/symptom/seizures 突然发作 YH, JX, YH MedDRA: 10039910 (seizures); MedDRA: 10039906 (seizure) MP: MP_0002064 a behavior and neurological AE that shows a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain. behavioral and neurological AE WEB: http://www.psychguides.com/guides/behavioral-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-effects/ YH, JX behavior AE disruptive behavioral disorder AE MP: MP_0004924 an adverse event that has an outcome of an abnormal behavior and neurological phenotype. any anomaly in the actions, reactions, or performance of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli compared to controls behavioral AE behavioral disorder AE movement disorder AE HPO: HP_0100022 SIDER: C0026650 MP: MP_0002066 MedDRA ID: 10028035 a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of altered ability to coordinate voluntary movement or repetitive, compulsive movements sensory capability AE MP: MP_0002067 a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of inability or altered ability to respond to a sensory stimulus glucose homeostasis AE MP: MP_0002078 a homeostasis AE which has an outcome of glucose homeostasis, which is an anomaly in the processes involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose in the fluids and tissues hypersensitivity AE MedDRA: 10020751 MedDRA ID: 10020751 Hypersensitivity AE is a immune system AE that is a set of undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. These reactions may be damaging, uncomfortable, or occasionally fatal. JX, LW, YH MP: MP_0002148 高敏反应 HPO: HP_0100326 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitivity hypersensitivity reaction AE 超敏反应 SIDER: C0020517 超敏反应，如皮疹、荨麻疹等 hyperventilation AE According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'Petechiae' was mentioned in 510 VAERS reports (0.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). SIDER: C0020578 HPO: HP_0002883 MedDRA ID: 10020910 MP: MP_0002320 an abnormal respiration AE which has an outcome of hyperventilation, i.e., increased alveolar ventilation relative to metabolic carbon dioxide production; results in carbon dioxide pressure decreasing below normal 过度换气 hypoventilation AE HPO: HP_0007110 MP: MP_0002321 MedDRA: 10021133; MedDRA: 10038678 WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoventilation QL, YH According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'hypoventilation' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 321 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). SIDER: C0398353 呼吸抑制 an abnormal respiration AE which has an outcome of hypoventilation, i.e., reduced alveolar ventilation relative to metabolic carbon dioxide production; results in alveolar carbon dioxide pressure increasing above normal hematopoietic system AE MP: MP_0002396 an adverse event which occurs in a hematopoietic system, which is any structural or developmental anomaly of the blood cells or the organs associated with the development and formation of blood cells mydriasis AE MedDRA ID: 10028521 瞳孔扩大 瞳孔散大 HPO: HP_0011499 SIDER: C0026961 MP: MP_0002546 an eye disorder AE which has an outcome of mydriasis, which is dilation of one or both pupils regardless of light conditions increased heart rate AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia 心率加快 MP: MP_0002626 MedDRA: 10019303 an arrhythmia AE that has an outcome of greater than average resting heart beats per minute, usually measured by the number of times the heart ventricles contract per unit of time, usually per minute tachycardia 心率增加5～15次／min 心率加快（心动过速） 心率快 joint inflammation AE An joint disorder AE that has an outcome of joint inflammation, which is local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the joints MP: MP_0002933 YH increased lactate dehydrogenase level AE 乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的升高 MP: MP_0002944 LDH升高 an abnormal enzyme level AE which has an outcome of incraesed lactate dehydrogenase level, which is greater than the normal concentration of this enzyme, which catalyzes the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate 乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)升高 乳酸脱氢酶升高 arthritis AE A joint inflammation AE that has an outcome of arthritis, marked by changes in the synovial membranes and thickening of articular structures, widespread degeneration of the collagen fibers in connective tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures SIDER: C0003864 CTCAE:E12378 HPO: HP_0001369 MP: MP_0002993 NCIt:C2883 YH, MW MedDRA:10003246 关节炎 dysphagia AE MedDRA: 10013950 MedDRA ID: 10013950 CTCAE: E10621 HPO: HP_0002015 吞咽困难 SIDER: C0011168 NCIt: C2980 MP: MP_0003158 a digestive system AE which has an outcome of dysphagia, which is a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of difficulty in swallowing food or liquid platelet count decreased AE HPO: HP_0001873 血小板计数降低 MP: MP_0003179 NCIt: C3408 MedDRA: 10035528 血小板计数减少 CTCAE: E12207 SS, YH SIDER: C0392386 a hematopoietic system AE which has an outcome of decreased platelet count, which is fewer than the normal numbers of the non-nucleated cells found in the blood and involved in blood coagulation decreased platelet cell number AE nausea AE MedDRA: 10028813 MP: MP_0003259; MDR: 10028813 恶心 HPO: HP_0002018 MedDRA ID: 10028813 SIDER: C0027497 an abnormal digestion AE which has an outcome of nausea, a gastric discomfort associated with the inclination to vomit vomiting AE NCIt: C3442 regurgitation AE 呕吐（刺激延髓中枢） MedDRA ID: 10047700 MedDRA: 10047700 SIDER: C0042963 MP: MP_0003260; MDR: 10047700 CTCAE: E11068 HPO: HP_0002013 an abnormal digestion AE which has an outcome of vomiting, the retrograde expulsion of gastric contents through the oral cavity 呕吐 constipation AE CTCAE: E10562 MP: MP_0003267 infrequent bowel movements AE SIDER: C0009806 MedDRA ID: 10010774 便秘 NCIt: C37930 HPO: HP_0002019 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'constipation'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 242 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). an abnormal defecation AE that has an outcome of constipation, which is incomplete, infrequent or difficult evacuation of fecal matter abnormal defecation AE MP: MP_0003866 a digestive system AE that has an outcome of abnormal defecation, an anomaly in the production and excretion of feces urinary incontinence AE MP: MP_0003280 小便失禁 HPO: HP_0000020 SIDER: C0042024 尿失禁 YH, MW MedDRA: 10046543 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/urinaryincontinence.html a urinary system AE that has an outcome of the symptom of urinary incontinence, which is the inability to control the urinary excretory functions. pallor AE MP: MP_0003717 SIDER: C0030232 皮肤苍白 苍白 HPO: HP_0008361 面色苍白 面部苍白 MedDRA ID: 10033546 a skin discoloration AE which has an outcome of pallor, an unnatural paleness to the skin, generally attributable to anemia tinnitus AE CTCAE: E10287 耳鸣 NCIt: C50772 MedDRA ID: 10043882 HPO: HP_0000360 MP: MP_0003741 SIDER: C0040264 an hearing disorder AE that shows a persistent sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, or other noises in the ear stomatitis AE This is a type of inflammation. 口腔炎 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stomatitis MedDRA ID: 10042128 MedDRA: 10042128 MP: MP_0003746 SIDER: C0038362 HPO: HP_0010280 a digestive system AE which has an outcome of stomatitis, which is an inflammation of the mucous lining of the mouth abnormal muscle tone AE MP: MP_0004142 YH a muscle adverse event AE that has an outcome of abnormal muscle tone, which is an anomaly in the resting tautness or laxity of a muscle, normally somewhere in the middle of the range between total contraction and total relaxation hypertonia AE SIDER: C0026826 HPO: HP_0001276 MP: MP_0004143 肌张力过高 张力亢进 肌张力增强 MedDRA ID: 10020852 痉挛 张力过高 YH an abnormal muscle tone AE which has an outcome of hypertonia, which is increased muscle tension resulting in stiffness of the muscles in the resting state 张力过强 myositis AE YH, MW 骨骼肌发炎 肌炎 MedDRA:10028653 SIDER: C0027121 MP: MP_0004510 NCIt:C27578 CTCAE:E12489 HPO: HP_0009071 a muscle inflammation AE which has an outcome of myositis, which is an inflammation of skeletal muscle; local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the striated muscle muscle inflammation AE YH MP: MP_0004511 a muscle adverse event which has an outcome of muscle inflammation, which is a local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in muscle diarrhea AE 腹泄 MedDRA: 10012735 diarrhoea AE MP: MP_0005036 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diarrhea an abnormal defecation AE that has an outcome of diarrhea, which is abnormally frequent discharge of semi-solid or fluid fecal matter from the bowel 腹泻 hypoxia AE YH, MW MedDRA:10021143 MP: MP_0005039 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hypoxia SIDER: C0242184 CTCAE:E13388 NCIt:C3890 HPO: HP_0002795 a homeostasis AE which has an outcome of hypoxia, which is a reduced concentration of O2 in the blood, alveoli or other tissues resulting in the decreased pressure of this component of body gases hematuria AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hematuria MP: MP_0005161 YH, SJ, MW MedDRA: 10018867 (haematuria); MedDRA: 10018870 (blood urine presence); MedDRA: 10019450 (hematuria) MedDRA: 10018867 is "haematuria"; MedDRA: 10018870 is "blood urine presence"; MedDRA: 10019450 is "hematuria". WEB: http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/hematuria/ a urinary system AE that results in the presence of blood in the urine blood urine blood urine presence haematuria AE 血尿症 血尿 UMLS CUI: C0018965 (hematuria AND haematuria); UMLS CUI: C0947999 (blood urine presence) 血尿浓度增加 Hematuria AE can be caused by menstruation, vigorous exercise, sexual activity, viral illness, trauma, or infection, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI), along with more serious disorders such as cancer, disease, and clotting. abnormal enzyme level AE MP: MP_0005319 a homeostasis AE which has an outcome of abnormal enzyme level, which is an altered level of any enzyme or their cofactors, that act as catalysts to induce chemical changes in other substances decreased heart rate AE MedDRA: 10019301 反射性心率减慢 an arrhythmia AE that has an outcome of fewer than average resting heart beats per minute, usually measured by the number of times the heart ventricles contract per unit of time, usually per minute 心率缓慢 心率减慢（心动过缓） YH, JX heart rate decreased AE MP: MP_0005333 urinary system AE MP: MP_0005502 YH an adverse event that has an outcome of urinary system AE is a functional anomaly of any of the organs involved in the production or excretion of urine abnormal body temperature AE MP: MP_0005535 a homeostasis AE whic has an outcome of abnomal body temperature, which is a deviation in the level of heat natural to a living being neuritis AE MP: MP_0006082 a peripheral neuropathy AE which has an outcome of neuritis, the local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the brain and/or spinal cord 周围神经炎 MedDRA ID: 10029240 神经炎 double vision AE 复视 MedDRA: 10013036 an abnormal vision AE which has an outcome of double vision, which is two images perceived when only a single object is present diplopia AE MP: MP_0006150 investigation result abnormal AE EB, SS, YH This term is used to replace 'lab test abnormal AE'. The reason for this is that some test, like X-ray test, is not considered by many physicians as a lab test. Therefore, we have used this new term to cover a broader scope. All terms asserted under this term represent the investigation results without defined conclusion of disease. laboratory test abnormal MedDRA: 10061253 an adverse event that is indicated by an abnormal result of an investigation that uses some laboratory equipment, device, or medical technology. nervous AE MP: MP_0008912 a movement disorder AE that has an outcome of nervous According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'nervousness' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 583 VAERS reports (0.5%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). increased, skittish, behavior induced by stimulation such as handling, touching or noise 精神紧张 ecchymosis AE MP: MP_0009276 MedDRA ID: 10014080 HPO: HP_0000978 an ecchymosis is a spot caused by loss of blood from a vessel; it implies a larger size than a petechiae, and has a more diffuse border than purpura; an ecchymosis can be caused by a bruise (which implies trauma), but can also be caused by bleeding diathesis 瘀癍 a hemorrhage AE that has an outcome of ecchymosis SIDER: C0013491 serious adverse event serious adverse event WEB: http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&ved=0CA4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irrd.ca%2Fethics%2Fimages%2FAdverse-event-definition.doc&ei=eqFMS-yFNZSoswOt6siKAQ&usg=AFQjCNGnQcwI8OXH7dqxwo4RgZEEn8X6lg&sig2=UNngkCdO5ZTFvbIB1pKuaA WEB: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/HowToReport/ucm053087.htm WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_adverse_event YH, MC severe adverse event serious adverse event is an adverse event that requires in-patient hospitalization, or prolongation of existing hospitalization, or that causes congenital malformation, or that results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity, or that is life threatening or results in death. death AE a serious adverse event that has an outcome of death. 致死 HPO: HP_0001645 NCIt: C28554 MedDRA: 10011906; MedDRA: 10011914 SIDER: C1306577 YH WEB: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/HowToReport/ucm053087.htm CTCAE: E11080 erythema AE reddish skin SIDER: C0041834 皮肤发红 MedDRA ID: 10015150 Erythema AE is a skin adverse event that showns redness of the skin caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin. MP:0001190 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema 红斑 HPO: HP_0010783 MedDRA: 10015150 红癍 SS, YH 红斑（发红） sinus headache AE sinus headache is a headache located over the sinuses, (forehead, corners of the eye, and cheek areas). On occasion, the pain will be felt behind the eyes, in the back of the neck, or may extend into the upper teeth. YH, SS 窦性头痛 WEB: http://american-rhinologic.org/patientinfo.headache.phtml HPO: HP_0002315 SIDER: C0037195 a headache AE that has an outcome of sinus headache pneumonia AE an inflammation AE that occurs in the lung. It is often characterized as including inflammation of the parenchyma of the lung (that is, the alveoli) and abnormal alveolar filling with fluid (consolidation and exudation). MedDRA ID: 10035664 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia HPO: HP_0002090 MedDRA: 10035664 SS, YH SIDER: C0032285 hematoma AE NCIt: C37921 SS, YH CTCAE: E11666 bruising AE an cardiovascular adverse event that is a collection of blood outside the blood vessels, generally the result of hemorrhage, or more specifically, internal bleeding. It is commonly called a bruise. SIDER: C0018944 YH: MedDRA ID: 10018852 is for "haematoma"; MedDRA ID: 10019428 is for "hematoma". WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematoma HPO: HP_0001892 ecchymoses AE MedDRA ID: 10018852; MedDRA ID: 10019428; 10006504 bruise AE haematoma AE reproductive system AE YH, SS reproductive system AE is an AE that occurs in the reproductive system. aspartate aminotransferase level increased AE 门冬氨酸氨基转移酶增高 MedDRA: 10003481 AST值增高 谷氨酸草酰乙酸氨基转移酶升高 GOT升高 CTCAE: E12087 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aspartate+aminotransferase GOT的异常 AST升高 DJ, SS, YH, EB 谷草转氨酶（GOT）升高 an aspartate aminotransferase level abnormal AE that has an outcome of an increased amount of AST, an enzyme normally present in body tissues especially of the heart and liver AST增高 NCIt: C26947 谷氨酸草酰乙酸氨基转移酶增高 atrial fibrillation AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/atrial+fibrillation NCIt: C50466 AF MedDRA: 10003658 SS, YH MedDRA ID: 10003658 房颤 Atrial fibrillation (AF or A-fib) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm), and involves the two upper chambers (atria) of the heart. Its name comes from the fibrillating (i.e., quivering) of the heart muscles of the atria, instead of a coordinated contraction. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation HPO: HP_0005110 SIDER: C0004238 CTCAE: E10081 an arrhythmia AE that involves the two upper chambers (atria) of the heart arrhythmia AE MedDRA: 10003119 abnormal heartbeat AE HPO: HP_0011675 心律失常（包括室性心动过速以及心房颤动） 心律不齐 心律失常 SS, YH WEB: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/ 心律失常(包括心动过缓，室性心动过速和房颤) SIDER: C0003811 心律失常（尤其用大剂量） cardiac arrhythmia AE a cardiac disorder AE which has an outcome of abnormal heart rhythm MP: MP_0004085 致心律失常作用 心率失常 新的心律失常 full blood count abnormal AE a hematology investigation result abnormal AE that has an outcome of abnormal full blood count SS, YH, EB MedDRA ID: 10017412 MedDRA: 10064198 血常规异常 hyporeflexia AE MedDRA ID: 10021089 a reflexes decreased AE that has an outcome of hyporeflexia SIDER: C0151888 HPO: HP_0009072 反射减弱 hyporeflexia is the condition of below normal or absent reflexes. Hyporeflexia is generally associated with a lower motor neuron deficit (at the alpha motor neurons from the spinal cord to muscle). SS, YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyporeflexia sensation of heaviness AE a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of a sensation feeling of heaviness feeling heavy AE SS, YH stomach discomfort AE 胃不适 stomach upset AE MedDRA: 10042124 SS, YH 胃部不适 a digestive system AE which has an outcome of stomach discomfort 胃肠不适 stridor AE a wheezing AE which has an outcome of stridor, a high pitched wheezing sound resulting from turbulent air flow in the upper airway. It is primarily inspiratory. It can be indicative of serious airway obstruction from severe conditions such as epiglottitis, a foreign body lodged in the airway, or a laryngeal tumor. SS, YH, MW SIDER: C0038450 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridor 吸气末期喘鸣 NCIt:C78632 CTCAE:E13579 MedDRA:10042241 HPO: HP_0010307 skin ulceration AE SIDER: C0037299 skin ulcer AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcer_%28dermatology%29 HPO: HP_0200042 NCIt: C54247 MedDRA: 10040943 皮肤溃疡 皮肤破潰 CTCAE: E13730 a skin AE that shows a result of skin ulcer, i.e., a sore on the skin or a mucous membrane, accompanied by the disintegration of tissue. Ulcers can result in complete loss of the epidermis and often portions of the dermis and even subcutaneous fat. SS, YH, MW vaginal hemorrhage AE 阴道出血 MedDRA: 10046910 is for "vaginal haemorrhage"; MedDRA: 10046912 is for "vaginal hemorrhage" vaginal hemorrhage is irregular/heavy bleeding from the vagina. Vaginal hemorrhage is more often associated with pregnancy complications such as miscarriage or placental abruption, but certainly can occur in the absence of pregnancy. a hemorrhage AE that has an outcome of vaginal hemorrhage SS, YH, MW MedDRA: 10046910; MedDRA: 10046912 WEB: http://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/Military_OBGYN/Textbook/AbnormalBleeding/Bleeding.htm vaginal haemorrhage AE vasodilatation AE a cardiovascular disorder AE which has an outcome of vasodilatation, which refers to the widening of blood vessels resulting from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, particularly in the large arteries, smaller arterioles and large veins. 血管舒张 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation SS, YH 血管扩张 HPO: HP_0004927 SIDER: C0595862 blepharitis AE HPO: HP_0000498 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002586/ 眼睑炎 MedDRA: 10005148 DJ, SS, YH an eye inflammation AE that has an outcome of swelling in the eyelids, usually where eyelash follicles are located SIDER: C0005741 blood alkaline phosphatase level abnormal AE ALP的异常 DJ, SS, YH, EB MedDRA: 10059571 a liver related investigation result abnormal AE that has an outcome of an abnormal level of alkaline phosphatase in the blood blood alkaline phosphatase increased AE MedDRA: 10059570; MedDRA: 10001675 CTCAE: E12082 HPO: HP_0003155 SIDER: C0852911 a blood alkaline phosphatase abnormal AE that has an outcome of elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups. a liver/biliary system AE that has an outcome of an increased amount of ALP, an isoenzyme that removes phosphate groups commonly found in the bile ducts but also found in the bone DJ, SS, YH AL-P升高 血碱性磷酸酶升高 NCIt: C35607 碱性磷酸酶升高 碱性磷酸酶增高 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/alkaline+phosphatase ALP升高 碱性磷酸酶增加 碱性磷酸酶(ALP)升高 碱性磷酸酶的升高 AKP的升高 blood bilirubin level abnormal AE a liver related investigation result abnormal AE that has an outcome of an abnormal amount of bilirubin in the blood MedDRA: 10058477 DJ, SS, YH, EB WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bilirubin blood bilirubin level increased AE a blood bilirubin level abnormal AE with an outcome of a increased amount of bilirubin, or a yellow breakdown product (broken down hemoglobin) of normal heme catabolism, in the blood 胆红素的升高 胆红素升高 CTCAE: E12096 胆红素增高 NCIt: C27088 血清胆红质增高 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bilirubin 胆红素增加 DJ, SS, YH, EB MedDRA: 10005364 blood calcium decreased 低血钙 MedDRA: 10005395 a physical quality that has a decreased amount of calcium in the bloodstream DJ, SS, YH blood cholesterol increased AE NCIt: C37967 CTCAE: E12127 DJ, SS, YH, EB a blood cholesterol abnormal AE with the result of an increase in cholesterol level in the blood MedDRA: 10005425 HPO: HP_0003124 总胆固醇升高 SIDER: C0595930 胆固醇升高 blood creatine phosphokinase level abnormal AE an enzyme investigation result abnormal AE that has an outcome of abnormal levels of creatine phosphokinase in the blood DJ, SS, YH, EB MedDRA: 10005468 blood creatinine level increased AE creatinine increased AE a blood creatinine level abnormal AE that has an outcome of an increased level of creatinine in the blood (due to lack of kidney activity) WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/creatinine 血肌酐增加 肌酐增加 肌酐上升 NCIt: C78249 serum creatinine increased CTCAE: E12137 MedDRA: 10005483; MedDRA: 10011368 DJ, SS, YH, EB 肌酐升高 血清肌酐升高 blood glucose level decreased AE DJ, SS, YH, EB 低血糖反应 低血糖 a blood glucose level abnormal AE that has an outcome of a decrease of glucose levels in blood MedDRA: 10005555 blood glucose level increased AE 血糖含量增加 高血糖 血糖升高 MedDRA: 10005557 血糖增加 抑制抗利尿激素和胰岛素分泌使血糖升高 a blood glucose level abnormal AE that has an outcome of an increased glucose level in blood DJ, SS, YH, EB blood lactate dehydrogenase level increased AE DJ, SS, YH, EB a blood lactate dehydrogenase level abnormal AE that has an outcome of an increased amount of LDH, an enzyme that could indicate tissue damage WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003471.htm MedDRA: 10005630 blood phosphorus decreased WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003478.htm 血磷降低 HPO: HP_0002148 A physical quality that has an decreased level of decreased phosphorus in the blood MedDRA: 10049471 SIDER: C0877517 DJ, SS, YH blood potassium decreased HPO: HP_0002900 DJ, SS, YH, LW, MW 血钾下降 MedDRA: 10005724 钾离子缺乏 低血钾 血清钾水平降低 a physical quality where the blood potassium level is decreased. blood sodium decreased 低钠血 血清钠水平降低 低血钠 MedDRA: 10005802 低钠血症 A physical quality that has an decreased level of sodium concentration in the blood DJ, SS, YH, MW 血钠浓度减少 blood urea level increased AE BUN增加 血清尿素氮升高 BUN（尿素氮）增加 BUN上升 尿素氮升高 MedDRA: 10005851 血尿素氮升高 BUN升高 DJ, SS, YH, EB a blood urea level abnormal AE that results in an increase in amount of urea in blood 血清尿素升高 blood uric acid level increased AE 血尿酸水平升高 尿酸增加 a blood uric acid level abnormal AE that has an outcome of an increase in uric acid in the blood; excess purines may accumulate in tissues and form crystals 血尿酸增加 DJ, SS, YH, EB MedDRA: 10005861 WEB: http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/hyperuricemia-high-uric-acid.aspx 尿酸升高 尿酸浓度升高 bone marrow depression AE DJ, SS, YH, MW hypocellular bone marrow UMLS: C0151773 SIDER: C0151773 Bone marrow produces three types of blood cells; red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Bone marrow depression is characterized by an inability or reduced ability of the bone marrow to produce these cells. A low blood count can involve just one or all three types of blood cells. HPO: HP_0012145 NCIt: C35167 bone marrrow hypocellular WEB: http://www.drugs.com/condition/bone-marrow-depression-low-blood-counts.html CTCAE: E10022 a bone marrow disorder AE that has an outcome of an abnormal condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce normal amounts of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets MedDRA: 10005986; MedDRA: 10048580 骨髓抑制 WEB: http://en.diagnosispro.com/differential_diagnosis-for/bx-bone-marrow-biopsy-hypocellular/29777-154.html bone marrow disorder AE MedDRA: 10061729 a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of disease in the bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside of some bones that contain stem cells that can develop into red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonemarrowdiseases.html DJ, SS, YH breast cancer AE HPO: HP_0003002 MedDRA: 10006187 SIDER: C0006142 DJ, SS, YH a tumor AE that has an outcome of cancer in the breast bronchospasm AE HPO: HP_0002099 支气管痉挛 SIDER: C0006266 CTCAE:E13352 DJ, SS, YH, MW a lung disorder AE that has an outcome of a sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles MedDRA:10006482 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bronchospasm NCIt:C34439 burning sensation AE 烧灼感 a sensory capability AE that results in a feeling of burning DJ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10006784 cardiac failure AE DJ, SS, YH heart failure NCIt: C50577 a cardiovascular disorder AE that results in the inability of the heart to provide sufficient pump action to distribute blood flow to meet the needs of the body WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cardiac+failure MedDRA: 10007554; MedDRA: 10019279 心力衰竭 SIDER: C0018801 HPO: HP_0001635 CTCAE: E10124 心衰 cardiac failure congestive AE 充血性心力衰竭 充血性心衰 congestive heart failure DJ, SS, YH SIDER: C0018802 WEB: Primary Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/congestive+heart+failure Secondary Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676684 HPO: HP_0001635 MedDRA: 10007559 a cardiovascular disorder AE that results in an inability of the heart to provide sufficient pump action to distribute blood flow to meet the needs of the body cardiac ventricular disorder AE DJ, SS, YH a cardiac disorder AE that has an outcome of a disorder involving the ventricle(s) in the heart MedDRA: 10057455 WEB: Primary Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ventricular Secondary Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15473469 cardiomyopathy AE WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiomyopathy DJ, SS, YH 心肌病 a cardiovascular disorder AE that has an outcome of deterioration of the function of the myocardium, usually leads to heart failure SIDER: C0878544 HPO: HP_0001638 MedDRA: 10007636 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cardiomyopathy cataract AE SIDER: C0086543 MedDRA: 10007739 白内障 HPO: HP_0000518 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cataract DJ, SS, YH NCIt: C26713 CTCAE: E10350 a eye disorder AE that results in cloudiness that develops in the eye cerebral hemorrhage AE DJ, SS, YH a brain disorder AE with the outcome of hemorrhage or blood in the brain SIDER: C2937358 cerebral haemorrhage AE MedDRA: 10008111 HPO: HP_0001342 cerebral ischemia AE ischemic stroke AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Cerebral+ischaemia HPO: HP_0002637 a brain disorder AE that results in the sudden death of brain cells in a localized area due to inadequate blood flow MedDRA: 10008120 脑缺血 cerebral ischaemia AE SIDER: C0917798 DJ, SS, YH chest discomfort AE DJ, SS, YH SIDER: C0235710 a discomfort AE that has an outcome of pain in the chest 胸部不适 胸闷 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chest+pain 胸部紧压感 MedDRA: 10008469 HPO: HP_0001681 cholestasis AE 肝脏胆汁郁积 胆汁淤积 MedDRA: 10008635 DJ, SS, YH SIDER: C0008370 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001263/ a liver/biliary system AE that has an outcome of a condition in which the flow of bile from the liver is slowed or blocked HPO: HP_0001396 circulatory collapse AE 虚脱 虚脱现象（常伴有心动过缓和晕厥） MedDRA: 10009192 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/circulatory+collapse a cardiovascular disorder AE that has an outcome of insufficient circulation without congestive heart failure DJ, SS, YH colitis AE DJ, SS, YH WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002112/ SIDER: C0009319 an inflammation AE that occurs at the large intestine 大肠炎 MedDRA: 10009887 NCIt: C26723 HPO: HP_0002583 CTCAE: E10521 结肠炎 conjunctival hemorrhage AE MedDRA: 10010719 SIDER: C0009760 a hemorrhage AE that has an outcome of a bright hemorrhagic patch on the bulbar conjunctiva caused by rupture and bleeding of a superficial small capillary due to increased pressure conjunctival haemorrhage AE DJ, SS, YH HPO: HP_0007902 connective tissue disorder AE DJ, SS, YH HPO: HP_0003549 an adverse event that has an outcome of disease in the biological tissue that supports, binds together and protects organs SIDER: C0009782 MedDRA: 10061087 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/connective+tissue+disease coombs' test positive AE DJ, SS, YH, EB WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/test a hematology investigation result abnormal AE that has an outcome of a positive coombs test, which is a blood test that identifies the causes of anemia WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Coombs'+Tests MedDRA: 10061090 cystitis hemorrhagic AE DJ, SS, YH WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hemorrhagic+cystitis 出血性膀胱炎 a urinary system AE that has an outcome of cystitis with severe hemorrhage, a dose-limiting toxic condition with administration of ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide or a complication of bone marrow transplantation cystitis haemorrhagic AE MedDRA: 10011793 delirium AE 谵妄 NCIt:C2981 MedDRA:10012218 a psychiatric disorder AE that results in a decline in level of cognitive function CTCAE:E12898 DJ, SS, YH, MW WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/delirium dermatitis exfoliative AE 表皮脱落性皮炎（炎症性皮肤病） DJ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10012455 剥脱性皮炎 红皮病 a dermatitis ae that is characterized by an inflammatory skin disease with erythmea and scaling, that has an outcome of widespread scaling of the skin, often with itching, skin redness and hair loss HPO: HP_0011123 SIDER: C0011606 脱落性皮炎 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001610.htm disturbance in attention AE 注意力不集中 MedDRA: 10013496 DJ, SS, YH HPO: HP_0007018 SIDER: C0233414 a behavior and neurological AE that results in a loss of attention drug eruption AE a skin AE that has an outcome of a range of adverse drugs reactions of the skin, most commonly rashes resembling measles WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/drug+eruption 药疹 DJ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10013687 drug withdrawal syndrome AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/withdrawal an adverse event that results in symptoms that occur after the discontinuation of the use of a certain drug MedDRA: 10013754 戒断综合征 DJ, SS, YH dry skin AE MedDRA:10013786 皮肤干燥 DJ, SS, YH, MW NCIt:C74592 a skin AE that is characterized by epidermis that lacks moisture, has an outcome of fine lines, scaling and itching CTCAE:E13623 HPO: HP_0000958 SIDER: C0151908 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dry+skin duodenal ulcer AE HPO: HP_0002588 a duodenum AE that has an outcome of a peptic ulcer, or a defect in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, located in the duodenum MedDRA: 10013836 DJ, SS, YH WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001255/ peptic ulcer AE SIDER: C0013295 dysphonia AE a speech disorder AE that results in disorders of voice SIDER: C1527344 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dysphonia HPO: HP_0001618 DJ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10013952 发声困难 dysuria AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dysuria 排尿障碍 排尿异常 MedDRA: 10013990 排尿困难 urination disorders AE SIDER: C0013428 HPO: HP_0100518 Dysuria AE is an urinary system AE that results in painful urination JX, DJ, SS, YH eating disorder AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/eating+disorder DJ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10014062 a gustatory system AE which has an outcome of abrnormal or disturbed eating habits eczema AE HPO: HP_0000964 DJ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10014184 a skin AE that has an outcome of a long term skin disorder that involves scaly and itchy rashes WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001856/ SIDER: C0013595 湿疹 electrocardiogram result abnormal AE 心电图异常 MedDRA: 10014363 a cardiac function test abnormal AE that has an outcome of abnormal electrical activity in the heart 心电图异常如传导紊乱 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003868.htm 心电图变化 DJ, SS, YH, EB electrocardiogram qrs complex abnormal AE DJ, SS, YH, EB MedDRA: 10014378 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23238367 an electrocardiogram result abnormal AE that has an outcome of an abnormal depolarization of the right and left ventricles of the heart that is detected on an electrocardiogram test electrocardiogram qt prolonged AE MedDRA: 10014387 QT间期延 QT间期延长 Q-T间期延长 an electrocardiogram result abnormal AE that has an outcome of a prolonged time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave in the heart's electrical cycle; a biomarker for ventricular tachyarrhythmias Q-T延长 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275261 心电图Q-T间期延长 SIDER: C0151878 HPO: HP_0001657 DJ, SS, YH, EB electrolyte imbalance AE 电解质失调 HPO: HP_0003111 a homeostasis AE that has an outcome of abnormalities in electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium) MedDRA: 10014418 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/electrolyte+imbalance SIDER: C0342579 DJ, SS, YH emotional disorder AE DJ, SS, YH 情绪紊乱 a psychiatric disorder AE that results in an abnormal expression of emotions MedDRA: 10014551 SIDER: C0233459 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/emotional+disorder HPO: HP_0100851 eosinophilia AE a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of higher than normal levels of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell 嗜酸性粒细胞增加 SIDER: C0014457 嗜酸性细胞增多 嗜酸性粒细胞增多 血嗜酸性细胞增高 嗜酸粒细胞增多 WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/eosinophilia/MY00399 DJ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10014950 HPO: HP_0001880 erectile dysfunction AE astyphia AE 阳痿 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction SIDER: C0242350 CTCAE:E13088 DJ, SS, JX, LW, YH, MW HPO: HP_0008652 勃起功能障碍 a male reproductive system AE that results in the inability to develop/maintain an erection of penis impotence AE 阳萎 阳痿/勃起功能障碍 NCIt:C3133 勃起功能障碍/阳萎 MedDRA:10061461 eye hemorrhage AE MedDRA: 10015926 a hemorrhage AE that has an outcome of hemorrhage occuring in the blood vessels in the eye SIDER: C0015402 眼出血 subconjunctival haemorrhage AE WEB: http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/bleeding-in-the-eye DJ, SS, YH eye haemorrhage AE HPO: HP_0011885 fall AE CTCAE: E11687 NCIt: C50558 MedDRA: 10016173 HPO: HP_0002359 a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of patient falling DJ, SS, YH SIDER: C0085639 feeling abnormal AE DJ, SS, YH SIDER: C1443060 HPO: HP_0010870 a sensory capabilty AE that results in the patient feeling different than normal after a medical intervention such as taking drug MedDRA: 10016322 feeling hot AE 热感 DJ, SS, YH Feeling hot AE is a feeling abnormal AE that a patient feels hot. 感觉温热 MedDRA: 10016334 热觉 热感（红斑） fluid overload AE 体液潴留 MedDRA: 10016803 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22827112 DJ, SS, YH a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of too much fluid in the blood, can occur due to increase in total body sodium full blood count decreased AE a full blood count abnormal AE that has an outcome of a decrease in full blood cell count MedDRA: 10017413 血细胞降低 DJ, SS, YH, EB WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/full+blood+count gamma-glutamyltransferase level abnormal AE a liver related investigation result abnormal AE that has an outcome of an abnormal level of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT); GGT is involved in the transfer of amino acids across the cellular membrane DJ, SS, YH, EB MedDRA: 10017688 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003458.htm gamma-glutamyltransferase level increased AE CTCAE: E12161 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23258530 γ-GTP升高 DJ, SS, YH, EB a gamma-glutamyltransferase level abnormal AE that has an outcome of an increase in gamma-glutamyltransferase enzyme presence in the liver GGT increased MedDRA: 10017693; MedDRA: 10056910 γ-谷氨酸转肽酶升高 γ-GT升高 NCIt: C26943 GGT升高 gastric ulcer AE DJ, SS, YH CTCAE: E10727 MedDRA: 10017822 HPO: HP_0002592 a gastric disorder AE that has an outcome of a defect in the lining of the stomach 胃溃疡 胃溃疡 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001255/ SIDER: C0038358 NCIt: C3388 gastritis AE SIDER: C0017152 NCIt: C26780 a gastric disorder AE that has an outcome of inflammation in the lining of the stomach WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002135/ 胃炎 CTCAE: E10733 MedDRA: 10017853 DJ, SS, YH HPO: HP_0005263 gingival swelling AE DJ, SS, YH 牙龈肿大 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003066.htm MedDRA: 10018291 a digestive system AE that has an outcome of abnormally enlarged, bulging or protruding gums glossodynia AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/glossodynia DJ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10018388 a digestive system AE that has an outcome of a burning or tingling sensation on the lips, tongue or entire mouth burning tongue AE SIDER: C0017672 HPO: HP_0000157 granulocytopenia AE MedDRA: 10018687 粒细胞减少 a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of a marked decrease in number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell filled with microscopic granules that are little sacs containing enzymes that digest microorganisms WEB: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8817 DJ, SS, YH gynaecomastia AE DJ, SS, YH 男性乳腺发育 男子女性乳房 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gynecomastia 男性乳房发育 MedDRA: 10018800 SIDER: C0018418 男性乳房女性化 HPO: HP_0000771 a male reproductive system AE that has an outcome of abnormal development of large mammary glands in males resulting in breast enlargement hematemesis AE 呕血 DJ, SS, YH WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hematemesis haematemesis AE HPO: HP_0002248 a vomiting AE that results in the vomiting of blood MedDRA: 10018830 SIDER: C0018926 hematocrit decreased AE DJ, SS, YH, EB 血球容积减少 血细胞比容降低 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hematocrit MedDRA: 10018838 haematocrit decreased AE a hematocrit abnormal AE with an outcome of decreased volume percentage of red blood cells in blood hemoglobin level abnormal AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hemoglobin a red blood cell profile abnormal AE that has an outcome of an abnormal count of hemoglobin, or iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in red blood cells MedDRA: 10018879 haemoglobin abnormal AE DJ, SS, YH, EB hemorrhoids AE CTCAE: E10773 MedDRA: 10019022; MedDRA: 10019611 haemorrhoids AE HPO: HP_0004296 痔疮 a digestive system AE that has an outcome of painful, swollen veins in the lower portion of the rectum or anus DJ, SS, YH WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001337/ NCIt: C26792 hemoglobin level decreased AE DJ, SS, YH, EB 血红蛋白减少 血红蛋白下降 血红蛋白降低 MedDRA: 10018884 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hemoglobin a hemoglobin level abnormal AE with an outcome of decrease in amount of iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells haemoglobin decreased AE hepatic enzyme increased AE 肝酶浓度增加 HPO: HP_0002910 MedDRA: 10060795 SIDER: C0235996 DJ, SS, YH WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/elevated-liver-enzymes/MY00508 肝酶升高 a lab test abnormal AE that has an outcome of an increase in amount of hepatic enzyme in body, a liver/biliary system AE that has an outcome of elevated levels of liver enzymes, commonly ALT and AST, may indicate inflammation or damage to liver cells 各种肝的酶类增高 hepatic failure AE 肝功能衰竭 a liver/biliary system AE that has an outcome of the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic function MedDRA: 10019663 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/liver+failure HPO: HP_0001399 NCIt: C26922 DJ, SS, YH CTCAE: E11211 SIDER: C0085605 hepatic necrosis AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hepatic+necrosis CTCAE: E11221 DJ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10019692 NCIt: C78340 SIDER: C0151798 a liver/biliary system AE that has an outcome of death of hepatic parenchyma which may be single cell, or multicell in piecemeal, focal, periacinar, midzonal, periportal or paracentral locations HPO: HP_0002605 acanthosis nigricans AE 黑棘皮病 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans Acanthosis nigricans AE is a skin AE that is a brown to black, poorly defined, velvety hyperpigmentation of the skin. It is usually found in body folds, such as the posterior and lateral folds of the neck, the armpits, groin, navel, forehead, and other areas. JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10000350 hepatomegaly AE MedDRA: 10019842 a liver/biliary system AE that has an outcome of swelling of the liver 肝肿大 DJ, SS, YH WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003275.htm SIDER: C0019209 HPO: HP_0002240 hepatotoxicity AE DJ, SS, YH 肝毒性反应 MedDRA: 10019851 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hepatotoxicity a liver damage AE that has an outcome of chemically driven liver damage hypercalcemia AE HPO: HP_0003072 SIDER: C0020437 MedDRA: 10020583 (hypercalcaemia); MedDRA: 10020587 (hypercalcemia) 高钙血症 YH, MW hypercalcaemia AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hypercalcemia a blood calcium abnormal AE that has an outcome of an elevated calcium level in the blood, above normal range of 9-10.5 mg/dL hyperhidrosis AE 多汗 CTCAE:E13645 大汗 DJ, SS, YH, MW WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperhidrosis MedDRA:10020642 a skin AE that results in excess perspiration HPO: HP_0000975 SIDER: C0020458 NCIt:C78345 hyperkalemia AE 高血钾症(血清钾>5.5mEq/L) MedDRA: 10020646 (hyperkalaemia); MedDRA: 10020647 (hyperkalemia) a blood potassium abnormal AE that has a lab test outcome of an abnormally increased concentration of potassium in blood HPO: HP_0002153 SIDER: C0020461 hyperkalaemia AE 高钾血症 (血钾＞505mEp/l) WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperkalemia YH, MW toxin-induced cardiomyopathy AE hyperuricemia AE HPO: HP_0002149 gout AE MedDRA: 10020903 (hyperuricaemia); MedDRA: 10020907 (hyperuricemia) 痛风的发作 痛风 DJ, SS, YH, MW 高尿酸血症 an arthritis AE that has an outcome of uric acid building up in blood and causes joint inflammation SIDER: C0740394 hyperuricaemia AE WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001459/ hypoglycemia AE SIDER: C0020615 hypoglycaemia AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hypoglycemia MedDRA: 10020993 (hypoglycaemia); MedDRA: 10021005 (hypoglycemia) a glucose homeostasis AE that results in a abnormally diminished content of glucose in the blood DJ, SS, YH, MW HPO: HP_0005969 低糖血症 Glascow coma scale abnormal AE 低钾血症 a neurological, special senses and psychiatric investigation result abnormal AE that is the abnormal result of the recording of the level of consciousness in a person after a brain injuiry. 低血钾症 MedDRA: 10069709 Clinicians use the Galscow coma scale to rate the best eye opening response, the best verbal response, and the best motor response an individual makes. The final GCS score or grade is the sum of these numbers. YH, SJ WEB: http://www.brainline.org/content/2010/10/what-is-the-glasgow-coma-scale.html hypothyroidism AE HPO: HP_0008245 SIDER: C0020676 an endocrine system AE with the outcome of the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone DJ, SS, YH WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001393/ NCIt: C26800 CTCAE: E10334 甲状腺机能低下 MedDRA: 10021114 hypovolemia AE a cardiovascular disorder AE that is characterized by decreased blood plasma volume DJ, SS, YH HPO: HP_0011106 血容量减少 hypovolaemia AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hypovolemia MedDRA: 10021137 SIDER: C0546884 ileus AE HPO: HP_0002595 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001306/ DJ, SS, YH intestinal obstruction AE 肠梗阻（肠麻痹导致的肠道运送障碍） a digestive system AE that has an outcome of a partially or completely blocked bowel SIDER: C1258215 MedDRA: 10021328 CTCAE: E10812 NCIt: C37979 肠梗阻（肠麻痹导致的肠运送障碍） intestinal obstruction AE MedDRA: 10022687 a gastrointestinal disorder AE that has an outcome of a blockage that keeps substance from passing through the intestine, may be caused by fibrous bands of tissue in the abdomen, inflamed/infected pouches in the intestine, or hernias and tumors SIDER: C0021843 HPO: HP_0005250 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001306/ 肠梗阻 SZ, DJ, SS, YH intracranial pressure increased AE 颅内压增高恶化 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000793.htm SIDER: C0151740 HPO: HP_0002516 MedDRA: 10022773 a nervous system AE that has an outcome of a rise in the pressure inside the skull that can result from or cause brain injury SZ, DJ, SS, YH irritability AE 易激惹 SZ, DJ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10022998 HPO: HP_0000737 Behavior and Neurological AE that results in the patient being easily annoyed/irritated feverish (subjective) AE 烦躁 SIDER: C0022107 NCIt: C50623 CTCAE: E11144 jaundice cholestatic AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cholestatic+jaundice MedDRA: 10023129 胆汁淤积型黄疸 cholestasis jaundice AE HPO: HP_0006575 胆汁淤积性黄疸 SZ, DJ, SS, YH SIDER: C0022354 a jaundice AE that results in an abnormal bile flow in the liver le cells present AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/LE+cell SZ, DJ, SS, YH, EB an immunology and allergy investigation result abnormal that results in LE cells (neutrophil or macrophage that has phagocytized the denatured nuclear material of another cell) being detected MedDRA: 10024062 leukocytoclastic vasculitis AE 白细胞破碎性血管炎 MedDRA: 10024377 白细胞碎裂性血管炎 HPO: HP_0011944 an vasculitis AE that has an outcome of fragmented cells, and debris in the blood vessels. May develop skin lesions, accompanied by arthralgia and fever WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/leukocytoclastic+vasculitis SIDER: C2973529 SZ, DJ, SS, YH leukocyturia AE Urinary system AE that results in white blood cells in the urine WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/leukocyturia MedDRA: 10050791 尿白细胞阳性 SZ, DJ, SS, YH leukopenia AE SIDER: C0023530 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2154209/ HPO: HP_0001882 a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of a lower than normal number of leukocytes, or nucleated cells of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages, found in blood or other tissue MedDRA: 10024384 白细胞减少症 SZ, DJ, SS, YH libido disorder AE MedDRA: 10061221 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695750/ SZ, DJ, SS, YH a psychiatric disorder AE that results in a disorder in the patient's desire for sexual interaction 性欲改变 lichen planus AE WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001870/ MedDRA: 10024429 扁平苔藓 a skin AE that has an outcome of an itchy rash on the skin or in the mouth SZ, DJ, SS, YH liver AE WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/liverdiseases.html Liver/biliary system AE that results in the disease of the liver SIDER: C0023895 SZ, DJ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10024670 HPO: HP_0006706 liver disorder lung infiltration AE SZ, DJ, SS, YH SIDER: C0235896 肺浸润 HPO: HP_0005828 a lung disorder AE that has an outcome of an abnormal presence of granulomas, fluid, inflammatory exudates or cells in the lung tissue WEB: http://www.blurtit.com/q840550.html MedDRA: 10025102 lymphadenopathy AE HPO: HP_0002716 SIDER: C0497156 SZ, SS, YH WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lymphadenopathy an immune system disorder AE that has an outcome of lymphadenopathy, which is a term meaning "disease of the lymph nodes" . It is generally a disease or inflammation of the lymph nodes, could be due to infection, auto-immune disease or malignancy MedDRA: 10025197 淋巴结病 coronary artery disorder AE MedDRA: 10011082 YH, SS an arterial disorder AE that resuts in arteries that supply blood to heart muscle become hardened and narrowed. WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronaryarterydisease.html coronary artery disese AE MedDRA: 10011078 melena AE HPO: HP_0002249 melaena AE 柏油样黑色大便 黑粪 黑便 Abnormal defecation AE that results in black feces associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage SZ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10027141 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003130.htm SIDER: C0025222 metabolic disorder AE SZ, SS, YH WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicdisorders.html a metabolism, endocrine, and exocrine system AE that has an outcome of abnormal chemical reactions in the body that disrupts a metabolic process MedDRA: 10058097 mouth ulceration AE HPO: HP_0000155 MedDRA: 10028034 canker sore AE SIDER: C0149745 a digestive system AE that has an outcome of sores or open lesions in the mouth WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001448.htm aphthous stomatitis AE 口腔溃疡 SZ, SS, YH muscle cramp AE WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/musclecramps.html 肌肉痉挛 SZ, SS, YH 痛性痉挛 肌肉痛性痉挛 a muscle contraction AE that has an outcome of painful sensations, associated with muscle fatigue and low sodium/potassium MedDRA: 10028294 musculoskeletal chest pain AE HPO: HP_0006649 SIDER: C0476280 SZ, SS, YH WEB: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-causes-of-musculoskeletal-chest-pain?source=see_link MedDRA: 10050819 肌肉骨骼胸痛 a pain AE located in musculoskeletal structures of the chest wall, atypical or noncardiac chest pain myocarditis AE WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001204/ SZ, SS, YH NCIt: C34831 an inflammation AE that has an outcome of inflammation of the heart muscle CTCAE: E10157 MedDRA: 10028606 nail infection AE SIDER: C0343026 SZ, SS, YH WEB: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/paronychia_nail_infection/article_em.htm a nail AE around the nail area, tends to be fungal MedDRA: 10061304 HPO: HP_0008396 nephrotic syndrome AE 肾病综合征 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001520/ MedDRA: 10029164 SZ, SS, YH HPO: HP_0000100 a kidney disorder AE that has an outcome of a group of symptoms that include protein in the urine, low blood protein levels, high cholesterol levels, high triglyceride levels and swelling SIDER: C0027726 neutropenia AE HPO: HP_0001875 a neutropenia AE that compromises the immune system where the number of neutrophil granulocytes, a type of white blood cell, is abnormally low. A neutropenia makes body vulnerable to bacterial and fungal infections. MedDRA: 10029354 SZ, SS, YH WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/neutropenia SIDER: C0027947 中性粒细胞减少 中性粒细胞减少症 neutrophil count abnormal AE SZ, SS, YH, EB WEB: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20030 a white blood cell profile abnormal AE that results in an abnormal number of neutrophil granulocytes, a type of white blood cell (outside the normal range of ~1700 per microliter) MedDRA: 10061313 neutrophil count decreased AE SZ, SS, YH, EB MedDRA: 10029366 WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/neutropenia/MY00110 CTCAE: E12198 neutropenia AE a neutrophil count abnormal AE that has an outcome of decreased neutrophil count SIDER: NA NCIt: C80520 HPO: HP_0011991 esophagitis AE oesophagitis AE NCIt: C9224 MedDRA: 10030216; MedDRA: 10015461 HPO: HP_0100633 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002138/ CTCAE: E10687 SIDER: C0014868 SZ, SS, YH an esophagus AE located in the esophagus, can present with heartburn, and nausea 食道炎 pain of skin AE 皮肤疼痛 皮肤刺痛 a pain AE located in the skin CTCAE:E13668 HPO: HP_0010833 SIDER: C0241136 MedDRA:10033474 SZ, SS, YH, MW NCIt:C78516 pancytopenia AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pancytopenia SIDER: C0030312 SZ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10033661 各类血细胞减少 HPO: HP_0001876 Hematopoietic System AE that results in a reduction in the amount of red and white blood cells and platelets in blood periodontal disease AE 牙龈炎 MedDRA: 10034536 SIDER: C0031090 SZ, SS, YH 齿龈炎 a digestive system AE that has an outcome of inflammation and infection that destroys the tissues that support the teeth, including the gums, the periodontal ligaments and the tooth sockets HPO: HP_0000704 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002051/ gingivitis AE peripheral ischemia AE HPO: HP_0002597 peripheral ischaemia AE SIDER: C0235490 外周末梢缺血 WEB: Primary Source: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4052 Secondary Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6430442 an ischaemia AE that has an outcome of restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism MedDRA: 10034576; MedDRA: 10034578 外周缺血 YH: MedDRA: 10034576 is for "peripheral ischaemia"; MedDRA: 10034578 is for "peripheral ischemia". SZ, SS, YH petechiae AE a hemorrhage AE that has an outcome of tiny pinpoint red dots that form due to broken blood vessels under the skin SZ, SS, YH HPO: HP_0000967 MP: MP_0008816 瘀点 SIDER: C0031256 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003235.htm MedDRA: 10034754 photosensitivity reaction AE 光敏反应 a skin AE that shows a cutaneous disease as a result of sun allergy and may be induced by different triggers such as a chemical. WEB: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049648-overview photosensitivity AE SIDER: C0162830 SZ, SS, YH, MW MedDRA: 10034972 and UMLS CUI: C0162830 are for "photosensitivity reaction"; MedDRA: 10034966 and UMLS CUI: C0349506 are for "photosensitivity". UMLS CUI: C0349506; UMLS CUI: C0162830 MedDRA: 10034972; MedDRA: 10034966 HPO: HP_0000992 WEB: http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/sunlight-and-skin-damage/photosensitivity-reactions atrioventricular block AE HPO: HP_0001678 房室传导阻滞 WEB: http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=10751 房室传导阻滞(I、II、III度) heart block MedDRA: 10003671 房室阻滞 房室传导阻滞（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ度） I度、II度或III度房室阻滞 AV block SIDER: C0004245 房室阻断症状 SS a conduction system disorder AE that refers to partial or complete block of electrical impulses originating in the atrium or sinus node, preventing them from reaching the AV node and ventricles pleural effusion AE a respiratory system AE that has an outcome of fluid buildup between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity SIDER: C0032227 SZ, SS, YH, MW MedDRA:10035598 HPO: HP_0002202 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001150/ NCIt:C3331 CTCAE:E13486 胸腔积液 pollakiuria AE a urinary system AE that results in abnormally frequent urination frequent micturition AE SIDER: C0042023 尿频 SZ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10036018 polyuria AE HPO: HP_0000103 WEB: http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/pollakiuria prinzmetal angina AE coronary vessel spasm AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/prinzmetal+angina Prinzmetal's angina AE SIDER: C0002963 MedDRA: 10036759 HPO: HP_0001681 SZ, SS, YH a coronary artery disorder AE that results in cardiac pain at rest that occurs in cycles productive cough AE SZ, SS, YH, MW 排痰性咳嗽 CTCAE:E13517 MedDRA:10036790 WEB: http://coldflu.about.com/od/glossary/g/productivecough.htm NCIt:C78569 a cough AE that has an outcome of secretions that could be mucous or blood protein total abnormal AE a protein and chemistry analysis result abnormal AE that is characterized by the protein level in the body being abnormal MedDRA: 10037012 SZ, SS, YH, EB prothrombin time prolonged AE WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003652.htm MedDRA: 10037063 血浆凝血酶原时间延长 凝血酶原时间延长 SZ, SS, YH, EB a prothrombin time abnormal AE that has an outcome of prolonged time for plasma in the blood to clot psychotic disorder AE 精神失常 A mental disorder AE that results in abnormal condition of the mind HPO: HP_0000709 MedDRA: 10061920 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/psychotic+disorder SIDER: C0033975 精神错乱 SZ, SS, YH pulmonary edema AE a lung disorder AE that has an outcome of edema or abnormal buildup of fluid in the air sacs of the lungs, leads to shortness of breath HPO: HP_0100598 肺水肿 SIDER: C0034063 UMLS CUI: C0034063 SZ, SS, YH, MW WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001195/ MedDRA: 10037423 is for "pulmonary oedema"; MedDRA: 10037375 is for "pulmonary edema" MedDRA: 10037423; MedDRA: 10037375 pulmonary oedema AE pulse absent AE SZ, SS, YH a cardiovascular disorder AE that has an outcome of an inability to detect pulse 脉搏消失 MedDRA: 10037469 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003078.htm rales AE MedDRA: 10037833 SZ, SS, YH 吸气末期罗音 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/crackles 罗音 a respiratory system AE that has an outcome of clicking, rattling or crackling noises made by one or both lungs during inhalation Crackles rectal hemorrhage AE 直肠出血 NCIt: C27054 HPO: HP_0002573 rectal haemorrhage AE MedDRA: 10038063; MedDRA: 10038064 SIDER: C0267596 SZ, SS, YH CTCAE: E10955 Digestive System AE that results in bleeding in the rectal area renal failure AE renal insufficiency AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/renal+failure SIDER: C0035078 HPO: HP_0000083 肾衰 MedDRA: 10038435 肾功能衰竭 a kidney disorder AE that results in kidneys failing to adequately filter toxins and waste from the blood 肾衰竭 kidney failure AE SZ, SS, YH acute kidney injury AE NCIt:C26808 As shown on the renal.org website (http://www.renal.org/guidelines/modules/acute-kidney-injury), Acute kidney injury (AKI) has now replaced the term acute renal failure. renal failure acute AE CTCAE:E12973 SZ, SS, YH, Izabela Birsanescu, MW SIDER: C0022660 AKI Acute kidney failure occurs when kidneys become unable to filter waste products from blood. HPO: HP_0001919 WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-failure/basics/definition/con-20024029 急性肾功能衰竭 MedDRA: 10038436; MedDRA: 10069339 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/acute+renal+failure a kidney disorder AE that results in the rapid loss or decline of kidney function renal impairment AE a kidney disorder AE that results in the kidneys failing to adequately filter toxins and waste from the blood HPO: HP_0000082 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23263712 MedDRA: 10062237 SIDER: C0341697 SZ, SS, YH 肾损害 respiratory disorder AE MedDRA: 10038683 SZ, SS, YH Respiratory system AE that is characterized by conditions that affect organs and systems that deal with gas exchange HPO: HP_0002086 呼吸疾病 呼吸障碍 SIDER: C0035204 WEB: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/respiratory+disorder respiratory tract infection AE SZ, SS, YH 呼吸道感染 SIDER: C0035243 an infection AE that has an outcome of infection in the respiratory tract, includes pneumonia as well as lung abscess and acute bronchitis WEB: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/respiratory+tract+infection HPO: HP_0002873 MedDRA: 10062352 rhabdomyolysis AE SZ, SS, YH 横纹肌溶解症 MedDRA: 10039020 横纹肌溶解 a muscle adverse event that results in damaged skeletal muscle tissue breaks down rapidly WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/rhabdomyolysis SIDER: C0035410 横纹肌溶解综合征 HPO: HP_0009045 scleral hyperemia AE SZ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10052130 an eye disorder AE that is characterized by an excessive accumulation of blood in the eye scleral hyperaemia AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperaemia 巩膜充血 sinus disorder AE CTCAE:E13560 NCIt:C26843 窦性失调 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/paranasal+sinuses a respiratory system AE that has an outcome of disease in the air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity, above the eyes and behind the ethmoids 窦失调 SZ, SS, YH, MW MedDRA:10062244 sinus tachycardia AE MedDRA: 10040752 a tachycardia AE that has an outcome of elevated impulses originating from the sinoatrial node, greater than 100 bpm NCIt: C26889 CTCAE: E10214 SZ, SS, YH WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sinus+tachycardia 窦性心动过速 SIDER: C0039239 HPO: HP_0001649 sleep disorder AE 睡眠异常 a behavior and neurological AE that results in irregular sleep patterns 睡眠障碍 睡眠失调 SIDER: C0851578 MedDRA: 10040984 SZ, SS, YH WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sleep+disorder 睡眠紊乱 HPO: HP_0002360 sputum increased AE a respiratory system AE that shows increased sputum, which results in mucous material coughed up from the lungs by the patient. WEB: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5539 SZ, SS, YH SIDER: C0235567 HPO: HP_0002105 痰多 MedDRA: 10041812 stevens-johnson syndrome AE Stevens-Johnson综合征 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001854/ SIDER: C0038325 HPO: HP_0000951 Stevens-Johnson 综合征 MedDRA:10042033 SZ, SS, YH, MW Steven-Johnson综合症 a skin adverse event that is characterized by cell death causing the epidermis to separate from the dermis CTCAE:E13736 NCIt:C79484 gastric hemorrhage AE MedDRA: 10017788; MedDRA: 10017789 gastric haemorrhage AE 胃出血 YH, SS NCIt: C54582 A gastrointestinal hemorrhage AE that has an outcome of the bleeding in the stomach CTCAE: E10706 superinfection AE MedDRA: 10042566 a viral infection AE that has an outcome of a cell that was previously infected being coinfected with a different strain of the virus SZ, SS, YH 双重感染 HPO: HP_0005364 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/superinfection SIDER: C0038826 supraventricular extrasystoles AE 室性期外收缩 SIDER: C0033036 an arrhythmia AE that has an outcome of premature atrial contractions or beats caused by signals originating from ectopic atrial sites WEB: http://sideeffects.embl.de/se/C0033036/ MedDRA: 10042602 室上性早搏 SZ, SS, YH 房性早搏 HPO: HP_0005115 supraventricular tachycardia AE SIDER: C0039240 MedDRA: 10042604 NCIt: C35061 a tachycardia AE that has an outcome of rapid heart rhythm originating at or above the atrioventricular node HPO: HP_0004765 CTCAE: E10218 WEB: Primary Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001235/ Secondary Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23233691 SZ, SS, YH 室上性心动过速 tachycardia paroxysmal AE MedDRA: 10043079 SZ, SS, YH WEB: Primary Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11208235 Secondary Source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000183.htm a tachycardia AE that results in tachycardia beginings and ending in an acute manner 阵发性心动过速 tachypnea AE tachypnoea AE SIDER: C0231835 呼吸急促 an abnormal repiration AE that shows an outcome of tachypnoea (i.e., abnormally rapid breathing or respiration) MedDRA: 10043089 HPO: HP_0004346 SZ, SS, YH thrombocytopenia AE WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000586.htm HPO: HP_0001873 a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of decrease in platelets in the blood 血小板减少症 MedDRA: 10043554 血小板减少 SZ, SS, YH SIDER: C0040034 thrombophlebitis AE WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001108.htm SZ, SS, YH SIDER: C0040046 HPO: HP_0004418 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002098/ MedDRA: 10043570 a phlebitis AE located in the vein, caused by a blood clot heart rate irregular AE an arrhythmia AE that has an outcome of an irregular rate of the heartbeat 心率不齐 SIDER: C0237314 HPO: HP_0011675 MedDRA: 10019304 YH, SS 心率不规则 toothache AE odontalgia AE HPO: HP_0000164 a bone disorder AE that has an outcome of an aching pain in or around a tooth CTCAE: E11054 SZ, SS, YH WEB: Primary Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/toothache Seconday Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22157099 NCIt: C78640 牙痛 MedDRA: 10044055 SIDER: C0040460 hepatic function abnormal AE 肝功能异常 肝功异常 肝功能不正常 SIDER: C0086565 肝功能恶化 肝功损害 HPO: HP_0001410 肝功能改变 A liver AE that has an outcome of an abnormal functionality of the liver YH, SS transaminase level increased AE 转氨酶升高 氨基转移酶增高 血清转氨酶升高 血转氨酶升高 SZ, SS, YH 转氨酶增高 MedDRA: 10054889 a transaminase level abnormal AE that has an outcome of elevated levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase 氨基转移酶升高 血氨基转移酶增高 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Transaminases upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage AE SIDER: C0041909 MedDRA: 10046274; MedDRA: 10055356 HPO: HP_0002239 SZ, SS, YH upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage AE NCIt: C78660 WEB: Primary Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gastrointestinal+bleeding Secondary Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1237869/ CTCAE: E11062 a gastrointestinal hemorrhage AE that has an outcome of bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract urinary retention AE HPO: HP_0000016 MedDRA:10046555 尿潴留 Urinary system AE that results in an inability to urinate SZ, SS, YH, MW WEB: Primary Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/urinary+retention Secondary Source: http://www.medtronic.com/patients/urinary-retention/index.htm NCIt:C50790 CTCAE:E13046 SIDER: C0080274 urine output decreased AE WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003147.htm 少尿症 CTCAE: E12217 MedDRA: 10059895 少尿 NCIt: C80522 a urine abnormality AE that has an outcome of decreased urine output, less than 500 milliliters of urine in 24 hours 肾血流锐减后尿量减少 SZ, SS, YH 尿量减少 uterine hemorrhage AE MedDRA: 10046788; MedDRA: 10046789 SZ, SS, YH, MW uterine haemorrhage AE HPO: HP_0000130 a uterine AE that has an outcome of bleeding from the uterus MedDRA: 10046788 is for "uterine haemorrhage"; MedDRA: 10046789 is for "uterine hemorrhage" SIDER: C0042134 vaginal infection AE 鞘炎 CTCAE: E11624 NCIt: C26911 SIDER: C0404521 HPO: HP_0000142 MedDRA: 10046914 阴道炎 SZ, SS, YH an infection AE that results in infection of the vagina vision blurred AE 视力模糊 视觉模糊 an abnormal vision AE that results in unclear vision blurred vision AE NCIt: C27123 WEB: Primary Source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm Secondary Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23111613 HPO: HP_0000622 MedDRA: 10047513; MedDRA: 10005886 SIDER: C0344232 视物模糊 CTCAE: E10346 SZ, SS, YH visual acuity reduced AE SIDER: C0234632 HPO: HP_0000572 SZ, SS, YH 视力下降 an abnormal vision AE that results in a decrease in clearness of vision MedDRA: 10047531 WEB: Primary Source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003396.htm Secondary Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23329671 weight increased AE CTCAE: E12224 SZ, SS, YH MedDRA: 10047899; MedDRA: 10047896 体重增加 体重增加（一般为一过性） NCIt: C62754 a physical examination result abnormal AE that shows an increase (gain) in weight of a patient SIDER: C0043094 weight gain AE HPO: HP_0004324 xanthopsia AE MedDRA: 10048216 “黄视”（中毒症状） SIDER: C0221185 黄视症 SZ, SS, YH HPO: HP_0000551 an abnormal vision AEthat results in the patient seeing a predominance of yellow in their vision WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/xanthopsia osteoporosis AE WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/osteoporosis/DS00128 NCIt:C3298 A bone disorder AE that has an outcome of the weakening or brittle bone MedDRA:10031282 CTCAE:E12508 SIDER: C0029456 骨质疏松 HPO: HP_0000939 YH, SS, MW ventricular fibrillation AE SIDER: C0042510 NCIt: C50799 MedDRA: 10047290 YH, SS CTCAE: E10236 VF HPO: HP_0001663 室颤 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004467/ An arrythmia AE that has an outcome of a severely abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that can be life-threatening. first degree atrioventricular block AE NCIt: C62015 Ⅰ度房室阻滞 atrioventricular block first degree Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞 CTCAE: E10098 MedDRA: 10003674 SS first degree heart block an atrioventricular block AE that there is some prolongation of AV conduction time (PR interval). The heart's electrical signals are slowed as they move from the atria to the ventricles (the heart's upper and lower chambers, respectively). This results in a longer, flatter line between the P and the R waves on the EKG (electrocardiogram). brain AE YH an adverse event that occurs in brain. brain disorder AE restlessness AE NCIt:C74533 YH, MW WEB: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/restlessness a psychiatric disorder AE that shows restlessness 焦躁 MedDRA:10038743 UMLS_CUI: C0085631 CTCAE:E12960 不安 fussiness AE YH 易激怒 a sensory capability AE that results in a sensation of fussiness tiredness AE This term appears to be a synonym to the 'fatigue AE'. 精神差 Tiredness AE is a sensory capability AE that results in a sensation of tiredness. MedDRA: 10043890 JX, LW, YH 倦怠 hypodynamia AE 倦怠不适 疲劳/乏力 cardiovascular investigation result abnormal AE an investigation result abnormal AE that involves an abnormal result of an investigation involving the cardiovascular system MedDRA: 10007512 EB, YH second degree atrioventricular block AE Ⅱ度房室传导阻滞 MedDRA: 10003677 an atrioventricular block AE that some but not all atrial impulses fail to reach the ventricles, thus some ventricular beats are dropped. Electrical signals between the atria and ventricles are slowed to a large degree. Some signals don't reach the ventricles. On an EKG, the pattern of QRS waves doesn't follow each P wave as it normally would. SS second degree heart block atrioventricular block second degree 二度房室传导阻滞 electrolyte lab test abnormal AE MedDRA: 10047843 EB an investigation result abnormal AE that involves an abnormal electrolyte value complete atrioventricular block AE MedDRA: 10003673 third degree heart block 完全房室传导阻滞 SS third degree atrioventricular block CTCAE: E10093 NCIt: C50501 complete heart block atrioventricular block complete blood potassium abnormal AE HPO: HP_0011042 SIDER: C0853759 an electrolyte lab test abnormal AE that results in an abnormal level of potassium in the blood EB MedDRA: 10005722 blood potassium increased 钾升高 hyperkalemia AE a physical quality where the blood potassium level is increased. HPO: HP_0002513 血钾浓度增加（高血钾） SIDER: C0853760 高血钾 血钾浓度增加 EB, YH, MW 高钾血 blood sodium increased HPO: HP_0003228 高钠血症 SIDER: C0595878 MedDRA: 10005803 A physical quality that has an increased level of sodium in the blood EB, YH, MW blood magnesium increased MedDRA: 10005655 A physical quality that has an increased level of magnesium in the blood EB, YH, MW blood calcium abnormal AE EB an electrolyte lab test abnormal AE that results in an abnormal level of calcium in the blood MedDRA: 10005393 blood calcium increased EB, YH, MW MedDRA: 10005396 A physical quality that has an increased level of calcium in the blood renal and urinary tract investigation and urinalysis result abnormal AE EB an investigation result abnormal AE that involves the renal and urinary tract and urinalyses MedDRA: 10038362 blood creatinine level abnormal AE MedDRA: 10005481 a renal and urinary tract investigation and urinalysis result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal level of creatinine in the blood EB blood urea level abnormal AE EB BUN异常 MedDRA: 10005846 a renal and urinary tract investigation and urinalysis result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal level of urea in the blood lipid analysis result abnormal AE MedDRA: 10024580 EB an investigation result abnormal AE that involves an abnormal result of a lipid analyses blood cholesterol abnormal AE MedDRA: 10005423 EB a lipid analysis result abnormal AE that results in an abnormal blood cholesterol level blood cholesterol decreased AE EB 血液总胆固醇下降 a blood cholesterol abnormal AE that results in a decreased amount of cholesterol in the blood MedDRA: 10005424 low density lipoprotein abnormal AE MedDRA: 10024901 a lipid analysis result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal amount of low density lipoprotein EB low density lipoprotein increased AE 低密度脂蛋白升高 a low density lipoprotein abnormal AE that is characterized by an increased amount of low density lipoprotein EB MedDRA: 10024910 SIDER: C0549399 HPO: HP_0003141 immunology and allergy investigation result abnormal AE EB MedDRA: 10021505 an investigation result abnormal AE that involves an abnormal result for an immunology and allergy investigation metabolic and nutritional investigation result abnormal AE MedDRA: 10027432 EB an investigation result abnormal AE that involves an abnormal result of a metabolic and nutritional investigation blood glucose level abnormal AE MedDRA: 10005554 EB a metabolic and nutritional investigation result abnormal AE that is charaterized by an abnormal blood glucose level blood uric acid level abnormal AE MedDRA: 10061727 EB a metabolic and nutritional investigation result abnormal AE that is charaterized by an abnormal blood uric acid level blood gas investigation result abnormal AE EB, SJ MedDRA: 10005539 blood gases abnormal AE may be a result of lung, kidney, or metablolic diseases or the result of abnormal breathing after a head or neck injur WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/arterial+blood+gas a hematology investigation result abnormal AE that involves an abnormal result of the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of arterial blood, measured by various methods to assess the adequacy of ventilation and oxygenation and the acid-base status of the body MedDRA: 10027432 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003855.htm behavioral and neurological test abnormal AE MedDRA: 10029295 an investigation result abnormal AE that involves an abnormal result of a neurological, special senses and psychiatric investigation EB neurological, special senses and psychiatric investigation result abnormal AE physical examination result abnormal AE MedDRA: 10071940, 10062078 EB an investigation result abnormal AE resulting from an abnormal physical examination finding endocrine investigation result abnormal AE MedDRA: 10014706 EB an investigation result abnormal AE that involves an abnormal result of an endocrine investigation protein and chemistry analysis result abnormal AE EB MedDRA: 10037000 an investigation result abnormal AE that involves an abnormal protein and chemistry analysis result c-reactive protein level abnormal AE EB a protein and chemistry analysis result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal c-reactive protein level MedDRA: 10068559 protein total decreased AE 血清总蛋白减少 EB MedDRA: 10037014 a protein total abnormal AE that is characterized by a decreased protein total enzyme investigation result abnormal AE an investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal result of an enzyme investigation MedDRA: 10014938 EB hematology investigation result abnormal AE MedDRA: 10018851 haematology investigation abnormal AE an investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal result of a hematology investigation MedDRA: 10057755 EB red blood cell profile abnormal AE EB a hematology investigation result abnormal AE that results in an abnormal red blood cell profile 红细胞异常 MedDRA: 20000029 white blood cell profile abnormal AE MedDRA: 20000030 a hematology investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal white blood cell profile EB neutrophil percentage abnormal AE EB MedDRA: 10058134 a white blood cell profile abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal percentage of neutrophils leukocyte cell number abnormal AE a white blood cell profile abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal leukocyte cell number EB blood lactate dehydrogenase level abnormal AE EB MedDRA: 10005627 an enzyme investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal blood lactate dehydrogenase level liver related investigation result abnormal AE MedDRA: 20000008 EB an investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal liver related investigation result transaminase level abnormal AE MedDRA: 10062688 a liver related investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal level of transaminases EB aspartate aminotransferase level abnormal AE EB a liver related investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal aspartate aminotransferase level MedDRA: 10003477 prothrombin time abnormal AE MedDRA: 10037057 a hematology investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal prothrombin time EB hematocrit abnormal AE MedDRA: 10057763 a red blood cell profile abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal hematocrit EB platelet count abnormal AE MedDRA: 10035526 a hematology investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal platelet count EB HPO: HP_0011873 SIDER: C0580317 platelet count increased AE MedDRA: 10051608 血小板数的升高 SZ, SS, YH, EB a platelet count abnormal AE that is characterized by an increased platelet count WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/thrombocytosis eosinophil count abnormal AE EB MedDRA: 10061125 a white blood cell profile abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal eosinophil count ventricular extrasystoles AE 室性期前收缩 SS 心室异位搏动 HPO: HP_0006696 室性早搏 WEB: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ventricular+extrasystole infranodal extrasystoles AE an arrhythmia AE that is characterized by a premature contraction of the ventricle MedDRA: 10047289 SIDER: C0151636 cardiac embolism AE SS heart embolism AE an embolism disorder AE that is a result of an obstruction in a cardiac vessel due to a blood clot or other foreign matters WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Heart+embolism embolism AE MedDRA: 10014523 SIDER: C0013922 HPO: HP_0001907 SS WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/embolism a vascular disorder AE that is characterized by an obstruction in a blood vessel due to a blood clot or other foreign matter that gets stuck while traveling through the bloodstream. 栓塞 severity of adverse event AE severity YH, SS a process quality that represents the level of severity of an adverse event. cerebral artery thrombosis AE MedDRA: 10008132 [SS] Per DRA and KKB's comment, this term may also be characterized as a type of embolism even though labeled thrombosis. an arterial thrombosis AE that occurs in the cerebral artery, also referred to as an embolism AE MedDRA: 10008092 脑血栓形成 cerebral thrombosis AE eye inflammation AE an inflammation AE that occurs in eye. YH, JX stroke AE WEB: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/ cardiovascular accident AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10042244 心血管意外 中风 a brain AE that occurs when flow of oxygen-rich blood to a portion of the brain is blocked ischemic stroke AE WEB: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/nervous_system_disorders/types_of_stroke_85,P00813/ ischaemic stroke AE MedDRA: 10061256 a stroke AE that occurs when a blood vessel that supplies the brain becomes blocked or "clogged" and impairs blood flow to part of the brain. SS psychiatric disorder AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of a mental illness or psychiatiric disorder. The mental illness is a mental or behavioral pattern or anomaly that causes either suffering or an impaired ability to function in ordinary life (disability), and which is not developmentally or socially normative. MedDRA ID: 10037175 YH, Izabela Birsanescu mental disorder AE 精神症状 AE severity G1 AE severity Grade 1 CTCAE4: E10005 (Grade 1 Adverse Event) YH, SS a severity of AE that shows asymptomatic, or involves mild or minor symptoms, or is of marginal clinical relevance, or consists of clinical or diagnostic observations alone, or where intervention is not indicated, or where only non-prescription intervention is indicated. Note the AE severity Grade 1 equals to CTCAE G1 AE severity. Web: http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/ctcae.owl#Grade_1_Adverse_Event AE severity G2 a severity of AE for which only minimal, local, or noninvasive intervention (e.g. packing, cautery) is indicated, or that limits instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs, e.g., shopping, laundry, transportation, or ability to conduct finances). Note the AE severity Grade 2 equals to CTCAE G2 AE severity. Web: http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/ctcae.owl#Grade_2_Adverse_Event YH, SS CTCAE4: E10006 (Grade 2 Adverse Event) AE severity Grade 2 AE severity G3 Web: http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/ctcae.owl#Grade_3_Adverse_Event AE severity Grade 3 YH, SS CTCAE4: E10007 (Grade 3 Adverse Event) Note the AE severity Grade 3 equals to CTCAE G3 AE severity. a severity of AE that shows an outcome which is medically significant but not life-threatening; or for which inpatient care or prolongation of hospitalization are indicated; or that is an important medical event that does not result in hospitalization, but may jeopardize the patient or may require intervention either to prevent hospitalization, to prevent the AE from becoming life-threatening or causing death; or that is disabling; or that results in persistent or significant disability, incapacity, or limitation of self care activities of daily living (ADLs, getting in and out of bed, dressing, eating, getting around inside, bathing, or using the toilet). AE severity G4 AE severity Grade 4 Web: http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/ctcae.owl#Grade_4_Adverse_Event a severity of AE that has life-threatening consequences, for which urgent intervention is indicated, that puts the patient is at risk of death at the time of the event if immediate intervention is not undertaken, or that causes blindness or deafness (need to decide if unilateral or bilateral). Note the AE severity Grade 4 equals to CTCAE G4 AE severity. CTCAE4: E10008 (Grade 4 Adverse Event) YH, SS AE severity G5 Note the AE severity Grade 5 equals to CTCAE G5 AE severity. YH, SS AE severity Grade 5 Web: http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/ctcae.owl#Grade_5_Adverse_Event CTCAE4: E10009 (Grade 5 Adverse Event) a severity of AE that results in death. gastric disorder AE stomach disorder AE a gastrointestinal disorder AE that shows a problem with the stomach, ranging from indigestion and heartburn to peptic ulcers and GERD. RR, YH WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stomachdisorders.html 胃刺激 MedDRA: 10056819 thyroiditis AE http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/thyroid/thyroiditis 甲状腺炎 An inflammation AE that displays an inflammation (not an infection) of the thyroid gland. yongqun he, liwei wang glucosuria AE web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glycosuria a urinary system AE that has an outcome of the excretion of glucose into the urine. 糖尿 LW, YH numbness AE YH, JS a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of numbness, a loss of sensation of feeling in a part of the body. 麻木感 MedDRA ID: 10029829 WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/numbness/basics/definition/sym-20050938 interstitial pneumonia AE 间质性肺炎 a pneumonia AE that occurs at the interstitial lung. Interstitial pneumonia is often caused by an infection of bacteria, viruses, or fungii. A bacterium called Mycoplasma pneumonia is the most common cause. MedDRA: 10022617 WEB: http://www.webmd.com/lung/interstitial-lung-disease JX, YH skin necrosis AE JX, LW, YH UMLS ID: C0151799 皮肤坏死 MedDRA: 10040893 Skin necrosis AE is a necrosis AE that results in the death of the skin tissue. Skin necrosis often occurs when not enough blood and oxygen are supplied to a given skin region. systemic lupus erythematosus AE 系统性红斑狼疮综合征 systemic lupus erythematosus syndrome AE JX, LW, YH SLE 系统性红斑狼疮 红斑性狼疮综合征 WEB: http://www.healthline.com/health/systemic-lupus-erythematosus#Overview1 红斑狼疮样反应 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) syndrome AE is a lupus syndrome AE that is systemic and disseminated. SLE most often harms the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, liver, kidneys, and nervous system. Although “lupus” actually includes a number of different diseases, SLE is the most common type of lupus, and when people say “lupus,” they are often referring to SLE. urgent urination AE urinary urgency UMLS CUI: C0439609 WEB: http://sideeffects.embl.de/se/C0085606/ WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003140.htm JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10046593 Urgent urination AE is a urinary system AE that has an outcome of a sudden, compelling urge to urinate, along with discomfort in the bladder. 尿急 micturition urgency precordialgia AE Precordialgia AE is a pain AE that pain located in the precordial region. 心前区疼痛 WEB: http://www.drugs.com/dict/precordialgia.html JX, LW, YH 心前痛 dyshidrosis AE Dyshidrosis AE is a skin AE that shows a disorder of eccrine sweat glands, characterized by small blisters on the hands or feet. 汗疱疹 JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10013912 出汗障碍 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyshidrosis ankle swelling AE UMLS ID: C0235439 踝部浮肿 WEB: http://www.healthgrades.com/symptoms/ankle-swelling 踝肿 足踝部水肿 踝部水肿 MedDRA: 10002554 Ankle swelling AE is an edema AE that shows abnormal buildup of fluid in the ankles. Ankle swelling is a sign of fluid buildup or inflammation of the joint and tissues of the ankle. Mild ankle swelling is a common occurrence after standing for a long period. JX, LW, YH renal dysfunction AE hepatic and renal function disorder AE 肾功能障碍 JX, LW, YH 肾功能不全 Renal dysfunction AE is a kidney AE that has an outcome of reduced capacity to excrete metabolic products which accumulate systemically and are detectable clinicopathologically by renal function tests. The early stage of uremia. 肾功能减退 This term appears to be a synonym to the 'renal failure AE'. UMLS ID: C0859242 epiphora AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphora_(medicine) Epiphora AE is a eye AE that shows an overflow of tears onto the face. In this case, there is insufficient tear film drainage from the eyes, and the tears will drain down the face rather than through the nasolacrimal system. MedDRA: 10015068 UMLS ID: C0152227 泪溢 JX, LW, YH hemolytic anemia AE JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10019493 溶血性贫血 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_anemia Hemolytic anemia AE is an anemia AE associated with hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the human body (extravascular). Such an AE can be relatively harmless or life-threatening. somniloquy AE JX, LW, YH 梦呓 a behavioral and neurological AE where somniloquy also is called sleep-talking, a parasomnia that refers to talking aloud while asleep. Somniloquy can be quite loud, ranging from simple mumbling sounds to loud shouts and long frequently inarticulate speeches, and can occur many times during a sleep cycle. As with sleepwalking and night terrors, sleeptalking usually occurs during the less-deep delta-wave NREM sleep stages or during temporary arousals therefrom. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somniloquy cholelithiasis AE 胆石症 UMLS ID: C1328486 MedDRA: 10008629 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallstone Cholelithiasis AE is a liver, biliary, and pancreatic AE that shows hard deposits forming inside the gallbladder. Gallstones may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. JX, LW, YH blepharoptosis AE JX, LW, YH 眼睑下垂 MedDRA: 10005157 WEB: http://eyewiki.aao.org/Blepharoptosis 睑下垂 Blepharoptosis AE is an eye AE that shows droopy upper eyelid or ptosis that presents with substantial blockage upper part of field of vision, risk of amblyopia among young children, and dramatic change in the facial appearance. grand mal AE an epileptic seizure AE that is characterized by tonic-clonic seizures, involving two phases -- the tonic phase in which the body becomes rigid, and clonic phase in which there is uncontrolled jerking. JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10018658 WEB: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=32957 癫痫大发作 erythema simplex AE 单纯性红斑 JX, LW, YH WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/erythema+simplex Erythema simplex AE is an erythema AE that accompany with blushing or redness of the skin caused by a toxic reaction or a neurovascular phenomenon. pelvic pain AE 骨盆痛 MedDRA:10034263 Pelvic pain AE is a pain AE that occurs in the lower abdomen area. The pain might be steady, or it might come and go. If the pain is severe, it might get in the way of people's daily activities. JX, LW, YH, MW CTCAE:E13167 NCIt:C40122 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pelvicpain.html extrasystoles AE 早搏（额外收缩） JX, LW, YH Extrasystoles AE is an arrhythmia AE that shows a premature contraction of the heart that is independent of the normal rhythm of the heart and arises in response to an impulse in some part of the heart other than the normal impulse from the sinoatrial node. The extrasystole is followed by a pause, as the heart electrical system "resets" itself and the contraction following the pause is usually more forceful than normal. 早搏 心脏期前收缩 期外收缩 期前收缩 WEB: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=32159 早博 MedDRA: 10015856 heartburn AE Heartburn AE is a gastric disorder AE that also known as pyrosis, cardialgia, or acid indigestion. It's a burning sensation in the chest, just behind the breastbone or in the epigastrium, the upper central abdomen. The pain often rises in the chest and may radiate to the neck, throat, or angle of the jaw. 胃灼热 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartburn 硝酸盐诱导的括约肌松弛引起的心口灼热 MedDRA: 10019326 烧心感 JX, LW, YH 胃灼热（烧心） tonsillitis AE JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10044008 扁桃体炎 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsillitis Tonsillitis AE is an inflammation AE that is inflammation of the tonsils most commonly caused by viral or bacterial infection. Symptoms may include sore throat and fever. non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus AE MedDRA: 10029505 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病 JX, LW, YH Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus AE is a diabetes mellitus AE which is also called diabetes mellitus type 2, it's characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) in the context of insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin. areflexia AE WEB: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20423 a hyporeflexia AE where the patient shows no sign of reflexes. 反射消失 MedDRA: 10003084 JX, LW, YH mastauxe AE 乳房增大 JX, LW, YH WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mastauxe Mastauxea AE is a reproductive system AE that shows enlargement of the breast. 乳腺增大 uveitis AE 色素层炎 JX, LW, YH CTCAE: E10442 Uveitis AE is an inflammation AE that is inflammation of the uvea, which lines the inside of the eye behind the cornea. NCIt: C26909 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uveitis MedDRA: 10046851 sexual dysfunctions AE 性功能降低 性功能障碍 sexual malfunction AE JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10040477 性功能减退 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction Sexual dysfunctions AE is a reproductive system AE that is difficulty experienced by an individual or a couple during any stage of a normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal or orgasm. hypomnesia AE 记忆力减退 JX, LW, YH 记忆减退 WEB: http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Hypomnesia MedDRA ID: 10021035 Hypomnesia AE is a behavior and neurological AE that is an archaic term applied to poor memory, the impaired ability to recall information previously memorized. phobia AE 恐惧症 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia MedDRA ID: 10034912 JX, LW, YH Phobia AE is a behavior and neurological AE that is a type of anxiety disorder, usually defined as a persistent fear of an object or situation in which the sufferer commits to great lengths in avoiding, typically disproportional to the actual danger posed, often being recognized as irrational. lymphadenectasis AE JX, LW, YH Lymphadenectasis AE is an edema AE that shows enlargement of the lymph node. 淋巴结肿大 MedDRA: 10025282 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lymphadenectasis asterixis AE Asterixis AE is a tremor AE that also called the flapping tremor, or liver flap, which is a tremor of the hand when the wrist is extended, sometimes said to resemble a bird flapping its wings. This motor disorder is characterized by an inability to actively maintain a position, which is demonstrated by jerking movements of the outstretched hands when bent upward at the wrist. The tremor is caused by abnormal function of the diencephalic motor centers in the brain, which regulate the muscles involved in maintaining position. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterixis MedDRA: 10003547 扑翼样震颤 JX, LW, YH parageusia AE 味觉颠倒 味觉紊乱 JX, LW, YH 味觉变化 味觉错倒 Parageusia AE is a gustatory system AE which is the medical term for a bad taste in the mouth. One common form of parageusia is a metallic taste of food. This can be a side effect of several medications, such as acetazolamide, eszopiclone, zopiclone, metronidazole, or etoposide. Metallic taste is also a type of dysgeusia which is frequently associated with infections in the mouth or upper airways. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parageusia MedDRA: 10033793 brain damage AE Brain damage AE is a brain AE that also called brain injury is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells. In general, brain damage refers to significant, undiscriminating trauma-induced damage. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_damage 大脑损害 JX, LW, YH 脑损伤 MedDRA: 10056389 hyperprolactinemia AE Hyperprolactinemia AE is an endocrine investigation result abnormal AE that is the presence of abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood. Normal levels are less than 500 mIU/L [20 ng/mL or µg/L] for women, and less than 450 mIU/L for men. MedDRA: 10020739 高泌乳素血症 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperprolactinaemia JX, LW, YH galactorrhea AE 溢乳 MedDRA: 10017592 JX, LW, YH 乳溢 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactorrhea 非产褥期泌乳 Galactorrhea AE is a reproductive system AE that is the spontaneous flow of milk from the breast, unassociated with childbirth or nursing. sitophobia AE JX, LW, YH WEB: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sitophobia Sitophobia AE is a behavior and neurological AE that shows a morbid or insane dread of eating. 畏食 ejection murmur AE 收缩期喷射性杂音 Ejection murmur AE is a cardiac disorder AE which is due to turbulent forward flow across the right and left ventricular outflow tract, aortic or pulmonary valve, or through the aorta or pulmonary artery. JX, LW, YH WEB: http://www.cardiologysite.com/auscultation/html/ejection_murmurs.html hypoactive sexual desire disorder AE hyposexuality AE JX, LW, YH 性欲降低 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder 性欲减退 MedDRA: 10020933 Hypoactive sexual desire disorder AE is a libido disorder AE that is considered a sexual dysfunction and is characterized as a lack or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity, as judged by a clinician. bigotry AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigotry JX, LW, YH 偏执 Bigotry AE is a behavior and neurological AE that is a state of mind where a person strongly and unfairly dislikes other people, ideas, etc. somnambulism AE Somnambulisma AE is a behavior and neurological AE that also known as sleepwalking or noctambulism, which is a sleep disorder belonging to the parasomnia family. It arise from the slow wave sleep stage in a state of low consciousness and perform activities that are usually performed during a state of full consciousness. These activities can be as benign as sitting up in bed, walking to the bathroom, and cleaning, or as hazardous as cooking, driving, violent gestures, grabbing at hallucinated objects, or even homicide. sleepwalking AE 夜游症 noctambulism AE JX, LW, YH 梦游症 MedDRA ID: 10041347 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepwalking hyperphagia AE 食欲过盛 Hyperphagia AE is an eating disorder AE that also called polyphagia. It's a medical sign meaning excessive hunger and abnormally large intake of solids by mouth. It can be caused by disorders such as diabetes, Kleine–Levin syndrome (a malfunction in the hypothalamus), the genetic disorders Prader–Willi syndrome, and Bardet–Biedl syndrome. MedDRA: 10020710 polyphagia AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphagia JX, LW, YH corneal pigmentation AE Corneal pigmentation is a eye AE shows that the melanin is in the superficial stroma and the basal layer of the corneal epithelium. 角膜色素沉着 JX, LW, YH 角膜中基底层下1/3有黄棕色色素沉着 MedDRA: 10011040 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/corneal+pigmentation chromatosis AE 色素沉着 WEB: http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/chromatosis JX, LW, YH Chromatos AE is a skin AE shows that deposit of pigment in a normally unpigmented area or excessive pigmentation in a normally pigmented site. 皮肤石板蓝样色素沉着 subclavian steal syndrome AE 头臂综合征 subclavian steal phenomenon AE 锁骨下动脉盗血综合征 JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10042335 Subclavian steal syndrome AE is an ischaemia AE that is a constellation of signs and symptoms that arise from retrograde (reversed) flow of blood in the vertebral artery or the internal thoracic artery, due to a proximal stenosis (narrowing) and/or occlusion of the subclavian artery. The arm may be supplied by blood flowing in a retrograde direction down the vertebral artery at the expense of the vertebrobasilar circulation. This is called the subclavian steal. subclavian steal steno-occlusive disease AE allergic rhinitis AE Allergic rhinitis AE is a rhinitis AE that is an allergic inflammation of the nasal airways. It occurs when an allergen, such as pollen, dust, or animal dander (particles of shed skin and hair) is inhaled by an individual with a sensitized immune system. 过敏性鼻炎 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis NCIt:C79532 MedDRA:10001723 CTCAE:E13303 JX, LW, YH, MW ventricular ectopic beats AE 心室异位搏动 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_beat JX, LW, YH Ventricular ectopic beats AE is a cardiac ventricular disorder AE that is a disturbance of the cardiac rhythm frequently related to the electrical conduction system of the heart, in which beats arise from fiber or group of fibers outside the region in the heart muscle ordinarily responsible for impulse formation. MedDRA: 10058291 sjogren syndrome AE JX, LW, YH Sjogren综合征 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren's_syndrome 干燥综合症 Sjogren syndrome AE is a eye AE that is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the body's white blood cells destroy the exocrine glands, specifically the salivary and lacrimal glands, that produce saliva and tears, respectively. MedDRA: 10040767 nocturia AE 夜尿增多 夜尿 MedDRA: 10029446 夜尿症 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturia nycturia AE 夜尿多 Nocturia AE is a urine abnormality AE that is defined by the International Continence Society as “the complaint that the individual has to wake at night one or more times for voiding”. JX, LW, YH night sweat AE 夜汗 JX, LW, YH sleep hyperhidrosis AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_sweats 盗汗 MedDRA: 10029409 Night sweat is a sweating AE that is the occurrence of excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis and focal hyperhidrosis) during sleep. The sufferer may or may not also suffer from excessive perspiration while awake. increased appetite AE Increased appetite AE is a gustatory system AE that is when people want to eat much more often or in larger quantities than their body requires. 食欲增加 JX, LW, YH WEB: http://www.healthline.com/symptom/increased-appetite MedDRA: 10021654 vascular dilatation headache AE 血管扩张性头痛 JX, LW, YH Vascular dilatation headache AE is a headache AE that shows headache which caused by vascular dilatation. WEB: http://www.headaches.org/education/Headache_Topic_Sheets/Vascular_Headaches bundle-branch block AE MedDRA: 10006578 束枝传导阻滞 Bundle-branch block AE is a conduction system disorder AE that refers to a defect of the heart's electrical conduction system. 束支传导阻滞 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundle_branch_block JX, LW, YH unstable diabetes AE labile diabetes AE 不稳定性糖尿病 MedDRA: 10006372 JX, LW, YH Unstable diabetes AE is a diabetes mellitus AE that is a type of diabetes when a person's blood glucose level often swings quickly from high to low and from low to high. 不稳定型糖尿病 brittle diabetes AE WEB: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7271 tendon rupture AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Tendon+rupture MedDRA: 10043248 肌腱断裂 Tendon rupture AE is a tendon disorder AE shows a tearing of the tendon that occurs when the forces placed upon the tendon exceed its tensile strength. JX, LW, YH tendovaginitis AE 腱鞘炎 WEB: http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Tendovaginitis Tendovaginitis AE is an inflammation AE that is an acute or chronic inflammation of the tendon sheath, occurring in the region of the hand, the wrist joint, the forearm (radial and ulnar tenobursitis), the foot, the ankle joint, and the Achilles tendon (achillobursitis). JX, LW, YH tenovaginitis AE MedDRA: 10067216 loose stools AE JX, LW, YH Loose stools AE is a abnormal stool AE that is usually a form of diarrhea and many conditions causing loose stool will be listed under diarrhea. It may also be related to watery stool (also within the spectrum of diarrhea). WEB: http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/sym/loose_stool.htm 稀便 MedDRA: 10024840 cystitis AE MedDRA: 10011781 膀胱炎 JX, LW, YH Cystitis AE is an inflammation AE that is the medical term for inflammation of the bladder. Most of the time, the inflammation is caused by a bacterial infection, and it's called a urinary tract infection. WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystitis/basics/definition/con-20024076 eructation AE MedDRA: 10015137 JX, LW, YH ructus AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burping burping AE belching AE Eructation AE is a digestive system AE that is the release of gas from the digestive tract (mainly esophagus and stomach) through the mouth. It is usually accompanied with a typical sound and, at times, an odor. 嗳气 glossolalia AE Glossolalia AE is a speech disorder AE that is the fluid vocalizing of speech-like syllables that lack any readily comprehended meaning. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossolalia JX, LW, YH 语言不清 leg pain AE JX, LW, YH MedDRA ID: 10024130 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003182.htm 腿痛 Leg pain AE is a pain AE that is a common problem in leg, it can be due to a cramp, injury, or other cause. stomach ache AE NCIt: C26682 胃痛 abdominal pain AE stomach pain AE stomachache AE CTCAE: E10460 MedDRA: 10042126 JX, LW, YH Stomachache AE is a pain AE that the pain in or near your stomach. It is a common symptom associated with transient disorders or serious disease. conduction block AE 传导阻滞 Conduction block AE is a conduction system disorder AE that shows failure of impulse transmission at some point along a nerve fiber, although conduction along the segments proximal and distal to it are unaffected. JX, LW, YH WEB: http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=10757 photodermatitis AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodermatitis 光敏性皮炎 Photodermatitis AE is a dermatitis AE that referred to as sun poisoning or photoallergy, is a form of allergic contact dermatitis in which the allergen must be activated by light to sensitize the allergic response, and to cause a rash or other systemic effects on subsequent exposure. JX, LW, YH pygalgia AE WEB: http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=74312 JX, LW, YH Pygalgia AE is a pain AE that is a rarely used term meaning pain in the buttocks. 臀痛 throat irritation AE throat discomfort AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throat_irritation 咽喉不适 咽部不适 MedDRA: 10043521 Throat irritation AE is a discomfort AE that refers to a dry cough, a scratchy feeling at the back of the throat, or a sensation of a lumpy feeling or something stuck at the back of the throat. JX, LW, YH interstitial nephritis AE tubulointerstitial nephritis AE Interstitial nephritis AE is an inflammation AE that is a form of nephritis affecting the interstitium of the kidneys surrounding the tubules. This disease can be either acute, meaning it occurs suddenly, or chronic, meaning it is ongoing and eventually ends in kidney failure. 间质肾炎 MedDRA: 10048302 JX, LW, YH 间质性肾炎 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_nephritis hoarseness AE MedDRA:10020201 Hoarseness AE is a hoarseness AE that refers to a difficulty making sounds when trying to speak. Vocal sounds may be weak, breathy, scratchy, or husky, and the pitch or quality of the voice may change. 声嘶 CTCAE:E13384 NCIt:C47813 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003054.htm 声音嘶哑 JX, LW, YH, MW photosensitization AE 光敏 JX, LW, YH Photosensitization AE is a hypersensitivity AE that refers to development of abnormally heightened reactivity of the skin or eyes to sunlight. WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/photosensitization fanconi syndrome AE JX, LW, YH 范可尼综合征 凡科尼综合征 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanconi_syndrome Fanconi syndrome AE is a kidney AE that is a disease of the proximal renal tubules of the kidney in which glucose, amino acids, uric acid, phosphate and bicarbonate are passed into the urine, instead of being reabsorbed. MedDRA: 10016219 keratoconjunctivitis AE 角膜结膜炎 Keratoconjunctivitis AE is an inflammation AE that is inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. When only the cornea is inflamed, it is called keratitis; when only the conjunctiva is inflamed, it is called conjunctivitis. JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10023348 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratoconjunctivitis hepatic insufficiency AE JX, LW, YH Hepatic insufficiency AE is a liver disorder AE that shows a failure or partial failure of normal liver function. 肝功能不全 MedDRA: 10056542 WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hepatic+insufficiency hypoxemia AE 低血氧症 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxemia 血氧过少 MedDRA: 10021142 JX, LW, YH Hypoxemia AE is a blood gas investigation result abnormal AE that is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood. More specifically, it is oxygen deficiency in arterial blood. irritant contact dermatitis AE 刺激性接触性皮炎 JX, LW, YH 刺激性皮炎 Irritant contact dermatitis AE is a dermatitis AE that is a form of contact dermatitis that can be divided into forms caused by chemical irritants and those caused by physical irritants. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritant_contact_dermatitis pitting edema AE Pitting edema AE is an edema AE that shows observable swelling of body tissues due to fluid accumulation that may be demonstrated by applying pressure to the swollen area (such as by depressing the skin with a finger). 指压性水肿 MedDRA: 10054547 WEB: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=88528 JX, LW, YH acute bronchitis AE Acute bronchitis AE is a bronchitis AE that is an inflammation of the large bronchi (medium-size airways) in the lungs that is usually caused by viruses or bacteria and may last several days or weeks. Characteristic symptoms include cough, sputum (phlegm) production, and shortness of breath and wheezing related to the obstruction of the inflamed airways. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_bronchitis JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10000687 急性支气管炎 renal calculus AE renal calculi AE NCIt: C26807 Renal calculus AE is a kidney AE that is a solid concretion or crystal aggregation formed in the kidneys from minerals in the urine. Kidney stones typically leave the body by passage in the urine stream, and many stones are formed and passed without causing symptoms. If stones grow to sufficient size (usually at least 3 millimeters (0.12 in)) they can cause blockage of the ureter. This leads to pain, most commonly beginning in the flank or lower back and often radiating to the groin or genitals. 肾结石 kidney stone AE CTCAE: E13018 MedDRA: 10038386; MedDRA: 10038385 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone nephrolithiasis AE JX, LW, YH clouding of consciousness AE brain fog AE JX, LW, YH Clouding of consciousness AE is a sensory capability AE that is a term used in conventional medicine denoting an abnormality in the "regulation" of the "overall level" of consciousness that is mild and less severe than a delirium. The sufferer experiences a subjective sensation of mental clouding described as feeling "foggy". mental fog AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouding_of_consciousness 意识模糊 reflex tachycardia AE JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10063096 反射性心动过速 Reflex tachycardia AE is a tachycardia AE that shows increased heart rate in response to some stimulus conveyed through the cardiac nerves. WEB: http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=89526 joint sprain AE JX, LW, YH Joint sprain AE is a joint disorder AE that is damage to one or more ligaments in a joint, often caused by trauma or the joint being taken beyond its functional range of motion. MedDRA: 10023229 关节扭伤 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprain epicondylitis AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicondylitis Epicondylitis AE is an inflammation AE that is a type of musculoskeletal disorder that refers to an inflammation of an epicondyle. MedDRA: 10014971 上髁炎 JX, LW, YH melanoglosia AE Melanoglosia AE is a tongue AE that shows tongue turn black. Any blackening of the tongue associated with certain disorders and diseases in animals and humans. JX, LW, YH WEB: http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/melanoglosia 舌黑 MedDRA: 10014971 ventricular tachycardia AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia NCIt: C50802 CTCAE: E10239 心室性心搏过速 Ventricular tachycardia AE is a tachycardia AE that is a type of tachycardia, or a rapid heart beat that arises from improper electrical activity of the heart presenting as a rapid heart rhythm, that starts in the bottom chambers of the heart, called the ventricles. JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10047302 室性心动过速 granulomatous hepatitis AE 肉芽肿性肝炎 Granulomatous hepatitis AE is a hepatitis AE that refers to an inflammatory liver disease associated with granuloma formation in the liver. JX, LW, YH WEB: http://radiopaedia.org/articles/granulomatous-hepatitis hypogeusia AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypogeusia 味觉减弱 MedDRA: 10020989 JX, LW, YH 味觉迟钝 Hypogeusia AE is a gustatory system AE that is a reduced ability to taste things (to taste sweet, sour, bitter, or salty substances). dysphoria AE MedDRA: 10013954 烦躁不安 JX, LW, YH Dysphoria AE is a behavior and neurological AE that is a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction. In a psychiatric context, dysphoria may accompany depression, anxiety, or agitation. Common reactions to dysphoria include emotional distress or indifference. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphoria oneirism AE Oneirism AE is a behavior and neurological AE that is a state of abnormal consciousness in which dream-like experiences and hallucinations happen while awake. WEB: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oneirism MedDRA: 10030332 JX, LW, YH 梦幻症 梦幻 podalgia AE JX, LW, YH 足痛 WEB: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/podalgia Podalgia AE is a pain AE that shows pain in the foot. brachialgia AE WEB: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brachialgia Brachialgia AE is a pain AE that shows pain in the arm. JX, LW, YH 臂痛 MedDRA: 10068901 coxalgia AE WEB: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coxalgia JX, LW, YH 髋痛 Coxalgia AE is a pain AE that shows pain in the hip. MedDRA: 10011249 limb injury AE MedDRA ID: 10061225 肢体伤 JX, LW, YH Limb injury AE is an injury AE which involve damage to bones, joints, ligament, musles, the major blood vessels and nerves of the limb. polymyalgia rheumatica AE MedDRA: 10036099 Polymyalgia rheumatica AE is a muscle pain AE that is a syndrome with pain or stiffness, usually in the neck, shoulders, and hips. The pain can be very sudden, or can occur gradually over a period. It may be caused by an inflammatory condition of blood vessels such as temporal arteritis. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymyalgia_rheumatica 风湿性多发性肌痛 JX, LW, YH fibromyalgia AE 纤维肌痛 JX, LW, YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromyalgia MedDRA: 10048439 Fibromyalgia AE is a muscle pain AE that is characterised by chronic widespread pain and allodynia (a heightened and painful response to pressure). Fibromyalgia symptoms are not restricted to pain, leading to the use of the alternative term fibromyalgia syndrome for the condition. Other symptoms include debilitating fatigue, sleep disturbance, and joint stiffness. hepatic encephalopathy AE portosystemic encephalopathy AE Hepatic encephalopathy AE is an encephalopathy AE that is the occurrence of confusion, altered level of consciousness, and coma as a result of liver failure. In the advanced stages it is called hepatic coma or coma hepaticum. JX, LW, YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy 肝性脑病 MedDRA: 10019660 chorea AE choreia AE MedDRA: 10008748 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorea JX, LW, YH 舞蹈症 a behavior and neurological AE AE that is an abnormal involuntary movement disorder, one of a group of neurological disorders called dyskinesias. nightmare AE MedDRA: 10029412 Nightmare AE is a sleep disorder AE that is an unpleasant dream that can cause a strong emotional response from the mind, typically fear or horror but also despair, anxiety and great sadness. 梦魇 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmare JX, LW, YH depersonalization AE depersonalisation AE JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10012359 a psychiatric disorder AE that is an anomaly of self-awareness. It consists of a feeling of watching oneself act, while having no control over a situation. Subjects feel they have changed, and the world has become vague, dreamlike, less real, or lacking in significance. It can be a disturbing experience, since many feel that, indeed, they are living in a "dream". WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization 人格解体 apatheia AE a psychiatric disorder AE that refers to a state of mind where one is not disturbed by the passions. apathia AE 淡漠 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatheia 情感冷漠 JX, LW, YH parosmia AE MedDRA: 10034018 JX, LW, YH troposmia AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parosmia cacosmia AE 味觉倒错 嗅觉到错 Parosmia AE is a sensory capability AE that is an olfactory dysfunction which is characterized by the inability of the brain to properly identify an odor’s “natural” smell. xerophthalmia AE 眼干燥 眼干燥症 Xerophthalmia AE is an eye AE that is a medical condition in which the eye fails to produce tears. 眼干 干眼病 干眼症 xerophthalmus AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophthalmia JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10048221 chondropathy AE JX, LW, YH 软骨病 MedDRA: 10061762 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondropathy Chondropathy AE is a bone disorder AE that refers to a disease of the cartilage. It is frequently divided into 5 grades, with 0-2 defined as normal, and 3-4 defined as diseased. teratogenesis AE Teratogenesis AE is a female reproductive system AE that is a prenatal toxicity characterized by structural or functional defects in the developing embryo or fetus. It also includes intrauterine growth retardation, death of the embryo or fetus, and transplacental carcinogenesis. WEB: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/587782/teratogenesis JX, LW, YH 畸胎 parotitis AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotitis An inflammation AE that courrs in one or both parotid glands, the major salivary glands located on either side of the face, in humans. The parotid gland is the salivary gland most commonly affected by inflammation. 腮腺炎 JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10034038 glossitis AE 舌炎 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossitis Glossitis AE is an inflammation AE that can mean soreness of the tongue, or more usually inflammation with depapillation of the dorsal surface of the tongue, leaving a smooth and erythematous surface. JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10018386 genital edema AE 生殖器水肿 CTCAE:E13111 JX, LW, YH, MW WEB: http://www.lymphoedemanz.org.nz/About+Lymphoedema/Genital+Oedema.html MedDRA:10018146 NCIt:C78324 Genital edema AE is an edema AE that can be the result of interruption to the lymphatic drainage of this area caused by tumor, surgical removal of lymph nodes, radiotherapy or infection. Congenital disorders causing inadequate lymphatics can sometimes lead to the development of this condition. orgasm incapacity AE Orgasm incapacity AE is a reproductive system AE that the disorder characterized by an inability to achieve orgasm. JX, LW, YH 缺乏性高潮 sedation AE 镇静 JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10039897 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedation Sedation AE is a behavior and neurological AE that is the reduction of irritability or agitation by administration of sedative drugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure or diagnostic procedure. sinus bradycardia AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_bradycardia CTCAE: E10208 Sinus bradycardia AE is a bradycardia AE that is a heart rhythm that originates from the sinus node and has a rate that is lower than normal. In humans, bradycardia is generally defined to be a rate of under 60 beats per minute. JX, LW, YH NCIt: C26923 MedDRA: 10040741 窦性心动过缓 cardiac output decreased AE JX, LW, YH 心输出量下降 心输出量减少 心排血量减少 MedDRA: 10007595 Cardiac output decreased AE is a cardiac disorder AE that shows a state in which the blood pumped by an individual's heart is sufficiently reduced that it is inadequate to meet the needs of the body's tissues. Cardiac output is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a left or right ventricle in the time interval of one minute. steatorrhea AE 脂溢 steatorrhoea AE Steatorrhea AE is a digestive system AE that is the presence of excess fat in feces. Stools may also float due to excess lipid, have an oily appearance and can be especially foul-smelling. JX, LW, YH 脂肪泻 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatorrhea MedDRA: 10041968 malabsorption syndrome AE MedDRA: 10025479 吸收不良综合症 JX, LW, YH 吸收不良综合征 Malabsorption syndrome AE is a digestive system AE that refers to a number of disorders in which the intestine’s ability to absorb certain nutrients, such as vitamin B12 and iron, into the bloodstream is negatively affected. WEB: http://www.healthline.com/health/malabsorption#Overview1 sialadenitis AE MedDRA: 10040627 涎腺炎 Sialadenitis AE is an inflammation AE that is inflammation of a salivary gland. It may be subdivided temporally into acute, chronic and recurrent forms. 唾液腺炎 JX, LW, YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialadenitis parkinson's disease AE 帕金森综合症 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson's_disease choreia AE a nervous system AE that shows a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease result from the death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain, the cause of this cell death is unknown. JX, LW, YH paralysis agitans AE 帕金森氏症（停药后可逆转） hypokinetic rigid syndrome AE MedDRA: 10061536 idiopathic/primary parkinsonism AE urinary calculus AE WEB: http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary_disorders/urinary_calculi/urinary_calculi.html 尿结石 JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10046531 urinary calculi AE Urinary calculus AE a urinary system AE that is solid particles in the urinary system. They may cause pain, nausea, vomiting, hematuria, and, possibly, chills and fever due to secondary infection. sinoatrial block AE Sinoatrial block AE is a conduction system disorder AE that shows the electrical impulse is delayed or blocked on the way to the atria, thus delaying atrial depolarization. 窦房阻滞 MedDRA: 10040736 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoatrial_block JX, LW, YH hyperthyroidism AE CTCAE: E10322 MedDRA: 10020850 JX, LW, YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidism 甲状腺机能亢进 NCIt: C3123 Hyperthyroidism AE is an endocrine system AE that is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces and secretes excessive amounts of the free (not protein bound circulating in the blood) thyroid hormones -triiodothyronine (T3) and/or thyroxine (T4). akathisia AE MedDRA:10001540 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akathisia acathisia AE CTCAE:E12581 静坐困难 不能静坐 NCIt:C78163 JX, LW, YH, MW Akathisia AE is a behavior and neurological AE that is a movement disorder characterized by a feeling of inner restlessness and a compelling need to be in constant motion, as well as by actions such as rocking while standing or sitting, lifting the feet as if marching on the spot, and crossing and uncrossing the legs while sitting. People with akathisia are unable to sit or keep still, complain of restlessness, fidget, rock from foot to foot, and pace. retinopathy AE JX, LW, YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinopathy CTCAE: E10432 NCIt: C62601 视网膜病 MedDRA: 10038923 Retinopathy AE is an eye AE that is due to persistent or acute damage to the retina of the eye. Ongoing inflammation and vascular remodeling may occur over periods of time where the patient is not fully aware of the extent of the disease. Frequently, retinopathy is an ocular manifestation of systemic disease as seen in diabetes or hypertension. 视网膜病变 sinus arrest AE sinoatrial arrest AE 窦性停博 sinus pause AE 窦性停搏 Sinus arrest AE is an arrhythmia AE that is a medical condition wherein the sinoatrial node of the heart transiently ceases to generate the electrical impulses that normally stimulate the myocardial tissues to contract and thus the heart to beat. It is defined as lasting from 2.0 seconds to several minutes. MedDRA: 10040738 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoatrial_arrest JX, LW, YH ST segment depression AE JX, LW, YH ST段下降 MedDRA: 10041892 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST_depression ST segment depression AE is an electrocardiogram result abnormal AE that refers to a finding on an electrocardiogram. It may be determined by measuring the vertical distance between the patient's trace and the isoelectric line at a location 2-3 millimeters from the QRS complex. It is significant if it is more than 1 mm in V5-V6, or 1.5 mm in AVF or III. T-wave inversion AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_wave JX, LW, YH T-wave inversion AE is an electrocardiogram result abnormal AE that can be a sign of coronary ischemia, Wellens' syndrome, left ventricular hypertrophy, or CNS disorder. In electrocardiography, the T wave represents the repolarization (or recovery) of the ventricles. MedDRA: 10042966 T波倒置 hyperthermia AE 体温过高 JX, LW, YH, SJ WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermia 体温上升 Hyperthermia AE is an abnormal body temperature AE that is elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation that occurs when a body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates. Extreme temperature elevation then becomes a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment to prevent disability or death. MedDRA: 10020843 priapism AE JX, LW, YH Priapism AE a male reproductive system AE that is a potentially painful medical condition in which the erect penis does not return to its flaccid state, despite the absence of both physical and psychological stimulation, within four hours. 阴茎持续勃起 MedDRA: 10036661 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priapism gingival bleeding AE bleeding on probing AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_on_probing Gingival bleeding AE is a hemorrhage AE that is a term used by dentists and dental hygienists when referring to bleeding that is induced by gentle manipulation of the tissue at the depth of the gingival sulcus, or interface between the gingiva and a tooth. Bleeding on probing, often abbreviated BOP, is a sign of inflammation and indicates some sort of destruction and erosion to the lining of the sulcus or the ulceration of sulcular epithelium. The blood comes from lamina propria after the ulceration of the lining. 牙龈出血 bleeding gums AE MedDRA: 10018276 JX, LW, YH hearing loss AE hearing impairment AE a hearing disorder AE that is a partial or total inability to hear. In children it may affect the development of language and can cause work related difficulties for adults. CTCAE: E10276 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_loss JX, LW, YH hearing impaired AE anacusis AE NCIt: C50576 听力下降 deafness AE MedDRA: 10019246; MedDRA: 10019245 hard of hearing AE muscle fatigue AE physical fatigue AE MedDRA: 10049565 Muscle fatigue AE is a muscle adverse event that is the decline in ability of a muscle to generate force. It can be a result of vigorous exercise but abnormal fatigue may be caused by barriers to or interference with the different stages of muscle contraction. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_fatigue 肌肉疲劳 JX, LW, YH regurgitation AE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_%28digestion%29 MedDRA: 10067171 Regurgitation AE is a digestive system AE that is the expulsion of material from the pharynx, or esophagus, usually characterized by the presence of undigested food or blood. JX, LW, YH 反胃 skin irritation AE MedDRA: 10040880 JX, LW, YH Skin irritation AE is a skin AE that is a mild inflammatory dermal tissue reaction, it can be caused by physical contact with an irritant or can be a local response to a systemic trigger. 皮肤刺激 herpes simplex AE MedDRA: 10019948 JX, LW, YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex herpes catarrhalis AE 单纯性疱疹 a herpes viral infection AE tha is caused by both Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). 单纯疱疹 measles AE Measles AE is a viral infection AE is an infection of the respiratory system, immune system and skin caused by a virus, specifically a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles MedDRA: 10027011 麻疹 English measles AE rubeola AE morbilli AE JX, LW, YH hypercholesteremia AE JX, LW, YH cholesterol high AE hypercholesterolemia AE dyslipidemia 高胆固醇血症 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia Hypercholesteremia AE is a blood cholesterol abnormal AE that is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood. MedDRA: 10020604; MedDRA: 10008661; MedDRA: 10005425 toxic epidermal necrolysis AE 中毒性表皮坏死溶解症 毒性表皮坏死松懈 MedDRA:10044223 JX, LW, YH, MW CTCAE:E13743 中毒性表皮融节坏死 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_epidermal_necrolysis Toxic epidermal necrolysis AE is a skin AE that is a rare, life-threatening skin condition which is usually caused by a reaction to drugs. 中毒性表皮坏死松解症 Lyell's syndrome AE 中毒性表皮坏死溶解 NCIt:C79777 atrioventricular junctional rhythm AE 节性心律不齐 JX, LW, YH Atrioventricular junctional rhythm AE is an arrhythmia AE that is an electrocardiographic finding in which the pacer of the heart is located in the AV junction, presenting with a narrow QRS complex and a rate of 40-60 beats per minute. 房室交界性心律 unconsciousness AE MedDRA: 10045481 Unconsciousness AE is a sensory capability AE that is a state which occurs when the ability to maintain a awareness of self and environment is lost, it involves a complete or near-complete lack of responsiveness to people and other environmental stimuli. 神志丧失 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousness JX, LW, YH loss of consciousness AE 意识丧失 pemphigus AE 天疱疮 Pemphigus AE is a skin AE that is a rare group of blistering autoimmune diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes. MedDRA: 10034280 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemphigus JX, LW, YH onychomycosis AE tinea unguium AE dermatophytic onychomycosis AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychomycosis JX, LW, YH 甲癣 Onychomycosis AE is a nail infection AE that is a fungal infection of the nail. It is the most common disease of the nails and constitutes about half of all nail abnormalities. miosis AE Miosis AE is an eye AE that is a term with various definitions, which generally include constriction of the pupil. 瞳孔缩小 myosis AE MedDRA: 10027646 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosis JX, LW, YH optic atrophy AE JX, LW, YH 视神经萎缩 an optic neuropathy AE that shows the loss of some or most of the nerve fibers in the optic nerve. The effects range from visual change to severe visual loss. MedDRA: 10030910 WEB: http://www.kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/conditions/optic.atrophy.html albuminuria AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuminuria 蛋白尿 JX, LW, YH Albuminuria AE is a urine abnormality AE that is a pathological condition wherein albumin is present in the urine. It is a type of proteinuria. MedDRA: 10001580 enuresis AE JX, LW, YH Enuresis AE is a urine abnormality AE that refers to a repeated inability to control urination. Use of the term is usually limited to describing individuals old enough to be expected to exercise such control. 遗尿 MedDRA: 10014928 This term appears to be a synonym to the 'urinary incontinence AE'. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enuresis gum hypertrophy AE gingival enlargement AE MedDRA: 10018781 gingival over-growth AE gingival hyperplasia AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingival_enlargement hypertrophic gingivitis AE 牙龈增生 Gum hypertrophy AE is a digestive system AE that is an increase in the size of the gingiva (gums). It is a common feature of gingival disease. Gingival enlargement can be caused by a number of factors, including inflammatory conditions and the side effects of certain medications. gingival hypertrophy AE 齿龈增生 JX, LW, YH 牙龈肥厚 contact dermatitis AE Contact dermatitis AE is a dermatitis AE that is a type of skin inflammation.It results from exposure to allergens (allergic contact dermatitis) or irritants (irritant contact dermatitis). Phototoxic dermatitis occurs when the allergen or irritant is activated by sunlight. JX, LW, YH 接触性皮炎 MedDRA: 10010790 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_dermatitis necrotizing vasculitis AE 坏死性血管炎 WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000432.htm JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10028892 Necrotizing vasculitis AE is a vasculitis AE that is a rare condition which involves inflammation of the blood vessel walls. carpal tunnel syndrome AE Carpal tunnel syndrome AE is a peripheral neuropathy AE that is a median entrapment neuropathy that causes paresthesia, pain, numbness, and other symptoms in the distribution of the median nerve due to its compression at the wrist in the carpal tunnel. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome MedDRA: 10007697 JX, LW, YH WEB: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1141168-clinical#showall 腕管综合征 median nerve neuropathy AE erythromelalgia AE Erythromelalgia AE is a peripheral arterial disease AE that is a rare neurovascular peripheral pain disorder in which blood vessels, usually in the lower extremities or hands, are episodically blocked (frequently on and off daily), then become hyperemic and inflamed. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromelalgia erythermalgia AE 红斑性肢痛 Mitchell's disease AE red neuralgia AE acromelalgia AE MedDRA: 10015284 红斑性肢痛病 红斑性肢痛症 JX, LW, YH Raynaud's syndrome AE 雷诺综合症 a syndrome AE which results in the Raynaud's syndrome, a rare disease causes some areas of your body — such as your fingers and toes — to feel numb and cold in response to cold temperatures or stress. In Raynaud's disease, smaller arteries that supply blood to your skin narrow, limiting blood circulation to affected areas (vasospasm). 雷诺现象 Raynaud's phenomenon AE WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/raynauds-disease/basics/definition/con-20022916 JX, LW, YH Raynaud's disease AE MedDRA: 10037914 extrapyramidal syndrome AE extrapyramidal side effects AE 椎体外系综合征 椎体束外综合征 vertebral body outside the beam syndrome AE JX, LW, YH Extrapyramidal syndrome AE is a nervous system AE that is drug induced movement disorders which include acute and tardive symptoms. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapyramidal_symptoms 锥体外系综合征 MedDRA: 10015836 sodium retention AE 钠潴留 WEB: https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100823074826AAcg7WV JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10041277 an electrolyte lab test abnormal AE that is when the kidneys hold on to more sodium and do not excrete it with the kidneys. This tends to expand the blood volume, which can elevate the blood pressure. complex regional pain syndrome AE WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/basics/definition/con-20022844 Complex regional pain syndrome typically develops after an injury, surgery, stroke or heart attack, but the pain is out of proportion to the severity of the initial injury. MedDRA ID: 10064332 SJ, YH complex regional pain syndrome AE is a pain AE that results in an uncommon form of chronic pain that usually affects an extremity. sciatica AE 坐骨神经痛 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciatica sciatic neuralgia AE lumbar radiculopathy AE Sciatica AE is a pain AE that is a set of symptoms including pain caused by general compression or irritation of one of five spinal nerve roots of each sciatic nerve or by compression or irritation of the left or right or both sciatic nerves. sciatic neuritis AE JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10039674 joint stiffness AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_stiffness JX, LW, YH Joint stiffness AE is a joint disorder AE that may be either the symptom of pain on moving a joint, the symptom of loss of range of motion or the physical sign of reduced range of motion. MedDRA: 10023230 关节僵硬 breast engorgement AE 乳房充血 Breast engorgement AE is a reproductive system AE that occurs in the mammary glands due to expansion and pressure exerted by the synthesis and storage of breast milk. MedDRA: 10006240 乳房充盈 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_engorgement JX, LW, YH nervous tension AE MedDRA: 10029214 JX, LW, YH 神经紧张 Nervous tension AE is a behavior and neurological AE that might be said to be a physical expression of how people deal with negatively experienced emotion. WEB: http://helpmetosleep.org/featured-articles/how-to-relieve-nervous-tension/ nervousness AE JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10029216 神经过敏 Nervousness AE is a behavior and neurological AE that shows an uneasy psychological state which including anxiety, neurosis, neuroticism, and worry, etc. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervousness osteoarthritis AE Osteoarthritis AE is an arthritis AE that is a group of mechanical abnormalities involving degradation of joints, including articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Osteoarthritis is not an inflammatory disease even-though the name suggest one. Symptoms may include joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, locking, and sometimes an effusion. degenerative joint disease AE JX, LW, YH 骨关节炎 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis degenerative arthritis AE MedDRA: 10031161 osteoarthrosis AE methemoglobinemia AE JX, LW, YH 血中高铁血红蛋白的水平增加 methaemoglobinaemia AE Methemoglobinemia AE is a red blood cell profile abnormal AE that is a disorder characterized by the presence of a higher than normal level of methemoglobin (metHb, i.e., ferric [Fe3+] rather than ferrous [Fe2+] haemoglobin) in the blood. It's a form of hemoglobin that contains ferric [Fe3+] iron and has a decreased ability to bind oxygen. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methemoglobinemia 高铁血红蛋白症 MedDRA: 10027506 hemiageusia AE 偏侧味觉缺失 WEB: http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=39885 hemigeusia AE hemiageustia AE JX, LW, YH Hemiageusia AE is a ageusia AE that shows loss of taste from one side of the tongue. skin swelling AE Skin swelling AE is an edema AE that has an outcome of the occurrence of swelling which is located on the skin. 皮肤肿胀 MedDRA: 10053262 胕肿 JX, LW, YH WEB: http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/sym/skin_swelling.htm fibrosing alveolitis AE 纤维化肺泡炎 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1818528/ MedDRA: 10016640 JX, LW, YH Fibrosing alveolitis AE is a lung inflammation AE that is a disease of unknown cause mainly involving the gas-exchanging portions of the lungs. It may occur in isolation and be called cryptogenic or idiopathic, in which case the clinical manifestations are mainly respiratory, or it may be associated with other disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. 致纤维化性肺泡炎 hypochloremic alkalosis AE 低氯性碱中毒 MedDRA: 10020958 an electrolyte chloride abnormal AE where the patient's body has abnormally low levels of chloride. This condition usually results from an extremely high loss of chloride, rather than a low intake of it. JX, LW, YH WEB: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-hypochloremic-alkalosis.htm erythema annulare centrifugum AE MedDRA: 10015154 Erythema annulare centrifugum AE is an erythema AE that is a descriptive term for a skin lesion. The lesions form consists of redness (erythema) in a ring form (anulare) that spreads from the center (centrifugum). 离心性环形红斑 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema_annulare_centrifugum deep gyrate erythema AE JX, LW, YH erythema perstans AE superficial gyrate erythema AE palpable migrating erythema AE irritation AE MedDRA: 10029216 Irritation is a behavior and neurological AE that is a state of inflammation or painful reaction to allergy or cell-lining damage. 有刺激 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritation 刺激 JX, LW, YH neuroticism AE 神经质 JX, LW, YH a psychiatric disorder AE that is a fundamental personality trait in the study of psychology characterized by anxiety, fear, moodiness, worry, envy, frustration, jealousy, and loneliness. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism hyperirritability AE This term appears to be a synonym to the 'irritability AE'. JX, LW, YH Hyperirritability AE is a behavior and neurological AE that shows abnormally great or uninhibited response to stimuli. 过激 WEB: http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/hyperirritability; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritability rhinostenosis AE Rhinostenosis AE is a respiratory system AE that shows narrowing or obliteration of the nasal airway by scar formation JX, LW, YH WEB: http://www.drugs.com/dict/rhinostenosis.html 鼻道狭窄 鼻道狭窄 sino-auricular heart-block AE Sino-auricular heart-block AE is a conduction system disorder AE that refers to a rare heart condition caused by abnormalities in the heart's electrical system rather than arterial disease. WEB: http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/s/sino_auricular_heart_block/intro.htm JX, LW, YH 窦房传导阻滞 anisosphygmia AE JX, LW, YH 脉搏不规则 Anisosphygmia AE is a cardiovascular disorder AE that shows difference in volume, force, or time of the pulse in the corresponding arteries on two sides of the body, the two radials, or femorals. WEB: http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=4352 rubefaction AE JX, LW, YH WEB: http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=79112 发红 Rubefaction AE is a skin AE that refers to erythema of the skin caused by local application of a counterirritant. myodystony AE JX, LW, YH 肌张力不全 Myodystony AE is an abnormal muscle tone AE that refers to a condition of slow relaxation, interrupted by a succession of slight contractions, following electrical stimulation of a muscle. WEB: http://www.drugs.com/dict/myodystony.html allotriosmia AE heterosmia AE Allotriosmia is a behavior and neurological AE that shows incorrect recognition of odors. JX, LW, YH 嗅觉异常 WEB: http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=2401 MedDRA: 10029216 pharyngotonsillitis AE WEB: http://www.persify.com/en/perspectives/medical-conditions-diseases/pharyngotonsillitis-_-951000101807 MedDRA: 10049140 Pharyngotonsillitis is an inflammation AE that is a medical condition characterized by an inflammation of both the tonsils and the pharynx (located at the back of the throat). It occurs due to viral or bacterial infections. 咽扁桃体炎 JX, LW, YH hypersensitivity pneumonitis AE Hypersensitivity pneumonitis AE is a pneumonia AE that is an inflammation of the alveoli within the lung caused by hypersensitivity to inhaled organic dusts. Sufferers are commonly exposed to the dust by their occupation or hobbies. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis extrinsic allergic alveolitis AE JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10015887 过敏性肺炎 stagger AE 蹒跚 JX, LW, YH WEB: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stagger Stagger AE is a movement disorder AE that shows an unsteady movement of the body in walking or standing, as if one were about to fall. myocardial anoxia AE JX, LW, YH 心肌缺氧 Myocardial anoxia AE is a hypoxia AE that shows a reduced concentration of O2 in the myocardium. 锥体外系反应 biliary colic AE Biliary colic AE is a pain AE that is the term used to describe a type of pain related to the gallbladder that occurs when a gallstone transiently obstructs the cystic duct and the gallbladder contracts. MedDRA: 10004663 cholecystalgia AE 胆绞痛 JX, LW, YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliary_colic hyperemia AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperaemia 充血 JX, LW, YH hyperaemia AE Hyperemia AE is a cardiovascular disorder AE that is the increase of blood flow to different tissues in the body. It can have medical implications, but is also a regulatory response, allowing change in blood supply to different tissues through vasodilation. abdominal pain lower AE MedDRA: 10000084 下腹痛 RR WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/abdominal-pain/basics/definition/sym-20050728 a stomach pain AE that is observed in lower stomach fecal incontinence AE RR, MW, YH MedDRA: 10016092; MedDRA: 10016296 大便失禁 faecal incontinence AE CTCAE: E10693 NCIt: C78498 WEB: http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/fecalincontinence/#what an abnormal defecation AE that has an outcome of fecal incontinence, the accidental passing of solid or liquid stool or mucus from the rectum glossitis AE 舌炎 MedDRA: 10018386 a tongue disorder with the outcome of glossitis, a condition in which the tongue is swollen and changes color, which may make the tongue appear smooth RR WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001053.htm allergic eruption AE Allergic eruption AE is a skin AE that is most drug-induced cutaneous reactions, especially found in younger adults. Sometimes also be diagnosed with eczema. JX, LW, YH This term appears to be a synonym to the 'eczema AE'. 过敏性皮疹 erythrodermia AE JX, LW, YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroderma Erythrodermia AE is a skin AE that is an inflammatory skin disease with erythema and scaling that affects nearly the entire cutaneous surface. 红皮病 MedDRA: 10037165 exfoliative dermatitis AE red man syndrome AE dermatitis exfoliativa AE mycotic dermatitis AE 真菌性皮炎 Mycotic dermatitis is a dermatitis AE that is a inflammation of skin which induced by mycetes. JX, LW, YH peritendinitis symptom AE 腱鞘炎样症状 JX, LW, YH Peritendinitis symptom AE is an inflammation AE that has an outcome of inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced. orthostatic hypotension AE MedDRA: 10031127 orthostasis AE 直立性低血压 体位性低血压（剂量依赖性） 直立位低血压 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension 与剂量有关的体位性低血压 Orthostatic hypotension AE is a hypotension AE that is a form of hypotension in which a person's blood pressure falls when suddenly standing up or stretching. In medical terms, it is defined as a fall in systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mm Hg when a person assumes a standing position. JX, LW, YH 体位性低血压 多形性皮疹 postural hypotension AE color vision deficiency AE chromatopsia AE “色视”（如黄视、绿视） “色视” Color vision deficiency AE is an abnormal vision AE that is a group of conditions that affect the perception of color. They cause a range of changes in color vision, from mild difficulty with distinguishing shades to a total inability to detect color. These conditions are divided into three major categories: red-green color vision defects, blue-yellow color vision defects, and a complete absence of color vision. 色视力缺乏 WEB: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/color-vision-deficiency “色视”（中毒症状如黄视等） JX, LW, YH carcinogenesis AE oncogenesis AE 致癌 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenesis Carcinogenesis AE is a tumor AE that is literally the 'creation' of cancer. It is a process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. JX, LW, YH tumorigenesis AE anaphylactic shock AE WEB: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10092 WEB: http://smschile.cl/documentos/cursos2010/MedicalClinicsNorthAmerica/Acute%20Symptoms%20of%20Drug%20Hypersensitivity%20%28Urticaria,%20Angioedema,%20Anaphylaxis,%20Anaphylactic%20Shock%29.pdf a circulatory AE that is a serious allergic reaction associated with systemic vasodilation that causes low blood pressure which is by definition 30% lower than the person's baseline or below standard values. 过敏性休克 MedDRA: 10002199 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis JX, LW, YH, RR fatty infiltration AE 脂肪侵润 Fatty infiltration AE is an embolism AE that shows the abnormal accumulation of fat droplets in the cytoplasm of cells. WEB: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fatty+infiltration JX, LW, YH 脂肪浸润 epigastric discomfort AE JX, LW, YH 上腹部不适 WEB: http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/sym/epigastric_discomfort.htm Epigastric discomfort is a discomfort AE that shows discomfort in the upper central region of the abdomen. 上腹不适 MedDRA: 10053155 upper Abdominal discomfort AE acute intravascular hemolysis AE Acute intravascular hemolysis AE is a cardiovascular AE that has an outcome of disruption of red blood cells occurs while they are within blood vessels. JX, LW, YH 急性血管内溶血 allergic hepatitis AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/viral+hepatitis Allergic hepatitis AE is a hepatitis AE that is a tissue-specific inflammatory diease caused by hepersensitivity to a particular drug, accomopanied by a systemic allergic reaction such as eosinophilia. JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10071198 过敏性肝炎 敏性肝炎 paranoid anxietas AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoid_anxiety Paranoid anxiety AE is a anxiety AE that is a term used in object relations theory, particularity in discussions about the Paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions. The term was frequently used by Melanie Klein, especially to refer to a pre-depressive and persecutory sense of anxiety characterised by the psychological splitting of objects. 偏执性焦虑 JX, LW, YH glaucoma AE Glaucoma AE is an eye AE that is a term describing a group of ocular (eye) disorders resulting in optic nerve damage or loss to the field of vision, in many patients caused by a clinically characterized pressure buildup in regards to the fluid of the eye (intraocular pressure-associated optic neuropathy). JX, LW, YH NCIt: C26782 青光眼 CTCAE: E10392 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma MedDRA: 10018304 anaphylaxis AE CTCAE: E11254 过敏症 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis an allergy AE that shows a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death. It typically causes a number of symptoms including an itchy rash, throat swelling, and low blood pressure. Common causes include insect bites and stings, foods, and medications. JX, LW, YH NCIt: C50460 MedDRA: 10002218 过敏反应综合征 seasonal allergy AE JX, LW, YH WEB: http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/allergies/seasonal_allergies.html 季节性变态反应 an allergy AE which occur during certain times of the year, usually when outdoor molds release their spores, and trees, grasses, and weeds release tiny pollen particles into the air to fertilize other plants. MedDRA: 10048908 skin redness AE Skin redness AE is an erythema AE that is abnormal redness of the skin, often signaling a pathological condition, such as inflammation, infection, or sunburn. JX, LW, YH 皮肤发红 WEB: http://www.healthline.com/health/skin-redness angina AE NCIt: C51221 DJ, SS, YH a chest pain that is caused when your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood. MedDRA: 10002383; MedDRA: 10008481 chest pain - cardiac AE SIDER: C0002962 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23016723 CTCAE: E10110 HPO: HP_0001681 tight chest AE aggravating angina AE an angina AE that is aggravating. JX, YH severe hypotension caused angina symptom aggravating AE 严重低血压导致心绞痛症状加重现象 JX, YH an aggravating angina AE that is caused by severe hypotension blink AE JX, LW, YH Blinke AE is a eye disorder AE that an eye AE that shows brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action. 闪耀 dazzling AE 目眩 Dazzling AE is a eye disorder AE that has an outcome of the consequence of illumination too intense for adaptation by the eye. In contrast to glare, dazzling is alleviated by appropriate tinted glasses. WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dazzling JX, LW, YH ventricular rhythm AE JX, LW, YH 室性心律 MedDRA: 10047297 Ventricular rhythm AE is an arrhythmia AE that shows the electrocardiographic finding of an ectopic ventricular rhythm with three or more consecutive ventricular premature beats with a rate less than 100 beats per minute. extrapyramidal signs AE JX, LW, YH 锥体外体征 Extrapyramidal signs AE is a nervous system AE that shows defects in basal ganglia function. It characterized by changes in muscle tone, poverty of voluntary movements (akinesia), or abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesia). hearing disorder AE MedDRA: 10019243 JX, LW, YH Hearing disorder AE is an ear disorder that shows impairment of the sense of hearing. 听觉障碍 yellow urine AE 尿液呈黄色 Yellow urine AE is a urine abnormality AE that may be due to excretion of picric acid, dinitrophenol, phenacetin or chrysarobin or in alkaline pH, to increased secretion of anthocyanin, or associated with ingestion of beets or blackberries. Pure yellow urine is associated with increased acriflavine and has a green fluorescence; yellow-orange urine may be highly concentrated or contain increased bilirubin and biliverdin. JX, LW, YH epidermal necrosis AE Epidermal necrosis AE is a necrosis AE that shows widespread keratinocyte cell death via apoptosis results in the tissue damage. JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10059284 表皮坏死 arthromeningitis AE JX, LW, YH 滑膜炎 Arthromeningitis AE is an inflammation AE that shows inflammation of a synovial membrane, usually painful, particularly on motion, and characterized by fluctuating swelling, due to effusion in a synovial sac. increased defecation frequency AE Increased defecation frequency AE is a abnormal stool AE that shows defecation number increased. 大便次数增多 大便次数增加 JX, LW, YH symptomatic hypotension AE Symptomatic hypotension AE is a hypotension AE that shows blood pressure that less than 90/60 mm Hg with dizziness, vertigo etc. 症状性低血压 JX, LW, YH non-specific gastrointestinal dysfunction AE 非特异性胃肠功能紊乱 Non-specific gastrointestinal dysfunction AE is a gastrointestinal disorder AE that shows non-specific gastrointestinal dysfunction. 非特异性胃肠功能紊乱 JX, LW, YH abnormal sclerotin AE 骨质异常 JX, LW, YH Bbnormal sclerotin AE is a bone disorder AE that shows abnormal sclerotin. fast and weak heart beat AE JX, LW, YH Fast and weak heart beat AE is a cardiac disorder AE that shows fast and weak heart beat. 心跳快而弱 pain over the liver AE JX, LW, YH 肝区痛 Pain over the liver AE is a pain AE that shows pain over the liver. increased biliary calculus AE 胆石增加 JX, LW, YH Increased biliary calculus AE is a liver, biliary, and pancreatic AE that shows increased biliary calculus. muscle function disorder AE 肌肉功能失调 Muscle function disorder AE is a muscle AE that shows muscle function disorder. JX, LW, YH accidental fall AE JX, LW, YH Accidental injury AE is a fall AE that shows accidental falls. 意外跌倒 accidental injury AE 意外损伤 JX, LW, YH MedDRA ID: 10000380 Accidental injury AE is an injury AE that shows accidedntal injury. abnormal ejaculation AE JX, LW, YH 异常射精 MedDRA: 10000128 Abnormal ejaculation AE is a male reproductive system AE that shows abnormal ejaculation. distention of head AE Distention of head AE is a cardiovascular AE that shows distention of head. JX, LW, YH 头胀 water-sodium retention AE JX, LW, YH Water-sodium retention AE is an abnormal fluid regulation AE that shows water-sodium retention. 水钠潴留 WEB: http://www.livestrong.com/article/485782-sodium-retention-weight-gain/ dizziness when standing up AE 站起时头晕 Dizziness when standing up AE is a dizziness AE that shows dizziness when standing up. JX, LW, YH change of gustation AE Change of gustation AE is a gustatory system AE that shows the change of gustation. JX, LW, YH 味觉改变 vascular stimulation of pain AE 血管刺激性疼痛 Vascular stimulation of pain AE is a pain AE that shows pain which due to vascular stimulation. JX, LW, YH vascular pain AE 血管疼痛 JX, LW, YH Vascular pain AE is a pain AE that shows vascular pain. heaviness sense of arm AE Heaviness sense of arm AE is a sensation of heaviness AE that shows a sensation feeling of heaviness in the arm. JX, LW, YH 手臂沉重感 breast swelling AE Breast swelling AE is an edema AE that is common for almost all women in the second half of their menstrual cycle. It in the premenstrual portion of the cycle can be mild to severe. 乳房肿胀 JX, LW, YH WEB: http://www.healthgrades.com/symptoms/breast-swelling MedDRA: 10006312 gastrointestinal cramp AE JX, LW, YH Gastrointestinal cramp AE is a muscle spasm AE that shows abnormal contractions of the gastrointestinal muscles. 胃肠痉挛 MedDRA: 10049136 肠胃痉挛 heart discomfort AE Heart discomfort AE is a discomfort AE that shows an uncomfortable feeling in the heart. 心脏不适 JX, LW, YH angiectopia of skin AE JX, LW, YH Angiectopia of skin AE a vascular disorder AE that shows abnormal position or course of a vessel in the skin. 皮肤血管异位 joint discomfort AE 关节不适 JX, LW, YH Joint discomfort AE is a discomfort AE that shows an uncomfortable feeling in the joint. eye discomfort AE JX, LW, YH 眼部不适 Eye discomfort AE is a discomfort AE that shows an uncomfortable feeling in the eye. instability of gait AE 步态不稳 Instability of gait AE is a abnormal gait AE that shows instability of gait. JX, LW, YH pemphigoid injury AE Pemphigoid injury AE is an injury AE that shows a skin disorder where one has large blisters on the skin. JX, LW, YH 类天疱疮样损伤 pulse frequency change AE Pulse frequency change AE is a cardiovascular AE that shows dpulse frequency change. 脉搏频率变化 JX, LW, YH pulse abnormal AE inhibition of myocardial contraction force AE Inhibition of myocardial contraction force AE is a cardiac disorder AE that shows inhibition of myocardial contraction force. JX, LW, YH 抑制心肌收缩力 decreased of atrial conduction velocity AE Decreased of atrial conduction velocity AE is a conduction system disorder AE that shows decreased of atrial conduction velocity. 心房传导速度减慢 JX, LW, YH spasm of lower limbs AE 下肢痉挛 JX, LW, YH Spasm of lower limbs AE is a muscle spasm AE that shows tightening and spasms of the muscles in the legs. electrocardiogram prolonged PR interval AE JX, LW, YH 心电图出现PR间期延长 Electrocardiogram prolonged PR interval AE is an electrocardiogram result abnormal AE that shows a prolonged time between the onset of atrial depolarization (P wave) to the beginning of ventricular depolarization (QRS complex). qrs wave broadening AE Qrs wave broadening AE is a electrocardiogram qrs complex abnormal AE that shows broadening qrs complex in the electrocardiogram. QRS波增宽 JX, LW, YH edema of lower limbs AE 下肢浮肿 JX, LW, YH 下肢水肿 Edema of lower limbs AE is an edema AE that shows enlargement of the leg, due to the accumulation of fluids. accelerated pulse AE 脉搏加快 Accelerated pulse AE is a cardiovascular AE that shows increased of the number of pulsations per minute palpable in an artery. JX, LW, YH bitter taste of mouth AE Bitter taste of mouth AE is a digestive system AE that is not from a bitter substance is a distorted sense of taste. A persistent bad taste in the mouth, whether bitter, metallic or foul, is called dysgeusia. JX, LW, YH WEB: http://www.healthgrades.com/symptoms/bitter-taste-in-mouth 口苦 skin irritant reaction AE Skin irritant reaction AE is a skin AE that shows rash, inflammation, swelling, scaling, or abnormal tissue which growth in the affected area. 皮肤刺激反应 JX, LW, YH vitreous suspended substance AE Vitreous suspended substance AE is an eye AE shows vitreous suspended substance in the eyes. JX, LW, YH 玻璃体悬浮物 dreaminess AE Dreaminess AE is a sleep disorder AE that shows dreaminess in the sleeping. JX, LW, YH 多梦 abdominal spasm AE WEB: http://www.wisegeekhealth.com/what-are-abdominal-spasms.htm Abdominal spasm AE is a muscle spasm AE that is typically a feeling of cramping in the abdomen caused by a rigid expansion of muscles. It can vary from mild discomfort to moderate or severe pain. MedDRA：10051889 JX, LW, YH 腹部痉挛 coronary contraction AE 冠状动脉收缩 Coronary contraction AE is a coronary artery disorder AE that shows coronary contraction. JX, LW, YH lower extremity edema caused by blood vessels AE 因血管扩张引起的下肢水肿 JX, LW, YH Lower extremity edema caused by blood vessels AE is an edema AE that shows excess fluid accumalated in the leg dut to blood vessels. asthenia of lower limbs AE JX, LW, YH Asthenia of lower limbs AE is a asthenia AE that occurs in the lower limbs. It is a condition typified by a weakness of voluntary movement. 下肢无力 small bronchial lumen occlusion AE JX, LW, YH Small bronchial lumen occlusion AE is a lung disorder AE that shows small bronchial lumen occlusion. 小支气管腔闭塞 prolonged orthostatic hypotension AE Prolonged orthostatic hypotension AE is a orthostatic hypotension AE that shows prolonged orthostatic hypotension. 延长体位性低血压时间 JX, LW, YH cross allergic reaction AE JX, LW, YH an allergy AE that shows produce cross or incomplete cross allergic reaction to similar medicinal chemistry structure. 交叉过敏反应 deep venous thrombophlebitis AE Deep venous thrombophlebitis AE is a thrombophlebitis AE that is causes by a blood clot blocking in the deep vein. 深静脉血栓静脉炎 JX, LW, YH change of hematology AE 血液学改变 JX, LW, YH Change of hematology AE is a hematology investigation result abnormal AE that shows the change of hematology. cardiac depression AE Cardiac depression AE is a cardiac disorder AE that shows cardiac depression. 抑制心脏 JX, LW, YH side limb numbness AE JX, LW, YH 侧肢的麻木感 Side limb numbness AE is a numbness AE that shows reduced or loss of sensation on the skin of an arm and leg on the same side of the body. numbness of tongue AE Numbness of tongue AE is a numbness AE that shows abnormal feeling or loss of sensation in the tongue. JX, LW, YH 舌麻木 舌部麻木 numbness of the limbs AE JX, LW, YH Numbness of the limbs AE is a numbness AE that shows reduced or loss of sensation on the skin of the arm and leg. 肢体麻木 lip numbness AE JX, LW, YH 唇麻木 嘴唇发麻 Lip numbness AE is a numbness AE that shows abnormal feeling in the lips, including numbness and tingling. reflex Increased pulse rate AE 反射性脉率增加 Reflex Increased pulse rate AE is a cardiovascular AE that shows increased pulse rate. JX, LW, YH irritation of the digestive tract AE 消化道刺激 JX, LW, YH Irritation of the digestive tract AE is a digestive system AE that shows irritation of the digestive tract. unconscious chorea AE 不自觉舞蹈症 JX, LW, YH Unconscious chorea AE is a chorea AE that is characterized by brief, non-repetitive irregular muscle contractions. phlebectasia of limbs AE Phlebectasia of limbs AE is a vasodilatation AE that shows dilation of the veins in the extremity. 肢端静脉扩张 JX, LW, YH heart beat skip AE 漏跳 Heart beat skip AE is a irregular heartbeat AE which is sometimes called as either heart palpitation, or premature atrial or ventricular contraction are very common occurrences. They may or may not be accompanied by heart conditions or heart problems. WEB: http://ehealthwall.com/heart-skips-a-beat-causes-symptoms-treatment/ JX, LW, YH fatal liver cell necrosis AE JX, LW, YH 致命性肝细胞坏死 Fatal liver cell necrosis AE is a hepatic necrosis AE that has an outcome of fatal liver cell necrosis. warm and hot feeling in the neck AE Warm and hot feeling in the neck AE is a skini warm AE that shows warm and hot feeling in the neck. JX, LW, YH 颈感觉温热 facial warm feeling AE JX, LW, YH 面部感觉温热 Facial warm feeling AE is a skin warm AE that shows a warm feeling in the face. increased peripheral vascular resistance AE 外周血管阻力升高 Increased peripheral vascular resistance AE is a vascular disorder AE that shows increased peripheral vascular resistance, the degree to which the blood vessels impede the flow of blood. High resistance causes an increase in blood pressure, which increases the workload of the heart. JX, LW, YH venous ischemia AE JX, LW, YH Venous ischemia AE is an ischaemia AE that shows in insufficient blood supply in the vein. 静脉供血不足 increased blood creatine AE 血肌酸增加 JX, LW, YH Increased blood creatine AE is a metabolic and nutritional investigation result abnormal AE that shows an increased creatine level in blood. increased nonprotein nitrogen AE 非蛋白氮增加 Increased nonprotein nitrogen AE is an investigation result abnormal AE that shows increased nonprotein nitrogen, the nitrogenous constituents of the blood exclusive of the protein bodies, consisting of the nitrogen of urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, amino acids, polypeptides, and an undetermined part known as rest nitrogen. JX, LW, YH soft feces AE Soft feces AE is a abnormal stool AE that shows soft and shapeless of the feces. JX, LW, YH 软便 increased hepatic function AE Increased hepatic function AE is a hepatic function abnormal AE that shows the values of liver function tests (LFTs) high than the normal. JX, LW, YH WEB: http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/liver-function-test-lft 肝功能升高 knee pain AE Knee pain AE is a pain AE that shows discomfort in the structures of both knees. Keen pain may be due to injury, inflammation or infection. 膝痛 MedDRA: 10023477 WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/knee-pain/basics/definition/CON-20029534 JX, LW, YH loss of libido AE 性欲丧失 JX, LW, YH Loss of libido AE is a libido disorder AE that shows loss of the desire for sexual interaction. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder MedDRA: 10024870 over sedation AE Over sedation AE is a behavior and neurological AE that shows the over reduction of irritability or agitation. JX, LW, YH 过度镇静 finger tremor AE 手指震颤 手指强硬颤动 JX, LW, YH Finger tremor AE is a tremor AE that shows involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation in the finger. leg cramp AE JX, LW, YH 腿痉挛 Leg cramp AE is a muscle cramp AE that shows tightening, or spasms, of the muscles in the legs. 腿部抽筋 腿部痉挛 insomnia AE 失眠 MedDRA: 10022437 a sleep disorder AE in which there is an inability to fall asleep or to stay asleep as long as desired. SIDER: C0917801 YH, MW HPO: HP_0002360 WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia CTCAE: E12925 Insomnia is a symptom of a sleeping disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity. Insomnia is a symptom, not a stand-alone diagnosis or a disease. terminal insomnia AE matutinal insomnia AE JX, LW, YH 清晨失眠 MedDRA: 10068932 WEB: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-terminal-insomnia.htm Terminal insomnia AE is a insomnia AE that is a medical condition affecting sleep patterns. Typically, people who suffer from terminal insomnia wake up after only four to five hours of sleep. For those afflicted, getting back to sleep can be difficult, resulting in fatigue, irritability, and lack of concentration. 早醒 bone marrow granuloma AE Bone marrow granuloma AE is a bone marrow disorder AE that shows an organized collection of macrophages in the bone marrow. MedDRA: 10066816 骨髓肉芽肿 JX, LW, YH cholestatic liver injury AE JX, LW ,YH 胆汁郁积性肝损伤 MedDRA: 10067969 Cholestatic liver injury AE is a liver damage AE that shows buildup of bile acids in hepatocytes, then causes hepatocellular injury. distant heart sounds AE 心音遥远 JX, LW, YH Distant heart sounds AE is a cardiac disorder AE that shows distant heart sounds. pink skin AE Pink skin AE is a skin AE that shows pink skin. 皮肤粉红 JX, LW, YH 皮肤粉红色 acute laryngeal edema AE 急性喉头水肿 JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10066705 Acute laryngeal edema AE is an edema AE that shows acute laryngeal edema, abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the larynx, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions. hypoplastic bone marrow AE 骨髓发育不全 Hypoplastic bone marrow AE is a bone marrow disorder AE that shows insufficient blood stem cells in the marrow. JX, LW, YH bleeding and coagulation disorders AE JX, LW, YH Bleeding and coagulation disorders AE is a hematopoietic system AE that shows bleeding and coagulation disorders. 出凝血功能障碍 polymorphic ventricular tachycardia AE 多行性室性心动过速 JX, LW, YH WEB: http://www.healthguideinfo.com/arrhythmias-heart-palpitations/p110132/ MedDRA: 10036095 Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia AE is a ventricular tachycardia AE that is an abnormally fast heart rhythm starting in the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart. respiratory tract symptoms AE JX, LW, YH 呼吸道症状 Respiratory tract symptoms AE is a respiratory system AE that is a series of discomforts which occurs in respiratory tract. clammy skin AE Clammy skin AE is a skin AE that occurs when the skin turns cooler than normal and is moist, despite a cooler surface temperature. Clammy skin is often pale. 皮肤湿冷 WEB: http://www.healthgrades.com/symptoms/clammy-skin JX, LW, YH 皮肤冷湿 abnormal visual accommodation AE Abnormal visual accommodation AE is an abnormal vision AE that shows abnormal visual accommodation. Accommodation is the process by which the vertebrate eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies. JX, LW, YH 视调解异常 视觉调节失常 视调节异常 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodation_%28eye%29 skin allergy AE 皮肤变态反应 皮肤过敏反应（如红斑） 皮肤过敏 皮肤过敏反应 an allergy AE that shows swelling and irritation of the skin, caused by an allergy to a substance in the environment. JX, LW, YH 过敏性皮肤反应 heaviness of the head AE MedDRA: 10049121 JX, LW, YH 头重 头重感 Heaviness of the head AE is a sensation of heaviness AE that shows a sensation feeling of heaviness in the head. rheumatoid factor positive AE WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003548.htm Rheumatoid factor positive AE is an immunology and allergy investigation result abnormal AE that shows positive of the rheumatoid factor. Rheumatoid factor is a blood test that measures the amount of the RF antibody in the blood. JX, LW, YH 类风湿因子阳性 MedDRA: 10039080 retinal detachment AE CTCAE: E10420 JX, LW, YH NCIt: C26874 WEB: http://www.medicinenet.com/retinal_detachment/article.htm MedDRA: 10038848 视网膜脱离 NCIT: C26874 Retinal detachment AE is an eye AE that is a separation of the retina from its attachments to the underlying tissue within the eye. arm pain AE Arm pain AE is a pain AE that shows discomfort in the structures of the arm. It can be caused by a wide variety of problems, ranging from joint injuries to compressed nerves. 手臂疼痛 JX, LW, YH WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/arm-pain/basics/definition/SYM-20050870 peripheric paresthesia AE JX, LW, YH 外周感觉异常 Peripheric paresthesia AE is a paresthesia AE that shows paresthesia in the peripheric area. edema of glottis AE JX, LW, YH Edema of glottis AE is an edema AE that is a swelling caused by fluid accumulation in the soft tissues of the larynx. The condition, usually inflammatory, may result from an infection, injury, allergy, or inhalation of toxic substances. 声门肿胀 prolonged qrs complex AE QRS时间延长 Prolonged qrs complex AE is a electrocardiogram qrs complex abnormal AE that shows qrs complex prolonged. The QRS complex is a name for the combination of three of the graphical deflections seen on a typical electrocardiogram. JX, LW, YH prolonged bleeding time AE 出血时间延长 JX, LW, YH Prolonged bleeding time AE is a hematology investigation result abnormal AE that shows prolonged time for small blood vessels in the skin close to stop from bleeding. acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis AE 急性全身性浓疱病 pustular drug eruption AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_generalized_exanthematous_pustulosis toxic pustuloderma AE MedDRA: 10062372 JX, LW, YH Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis AE is a skin AE that is a not uncommon cutaneous reaction pattern that in 90% of cases is related to medication administration, characterized by a sudden eruption that appears on average five days after the medication is started. upper and lower limbs flare AE Upper and lower limbs flare AE is an edema AE that shows edema in the upper and lower limbs, which is an accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells or intercellular tissues. JX, LW, YH 上下肢红肿 abnormal blood sugar with empty stomach AE Abnormal blood sugar with empty stomach AE is a blood glucose level abnormal AE that shows abnormal blood glucose level with empty stomach. 空腹时血糖异常 JX, LW, YH increased blood sugar with empty stomach AE JX, LW, YH Increased blood sugar with empty stomach AE is blood glucose level decreased AE that shows an increased glucose level in blood with empty stomach. 空腹血糖升高 空腹时血糖升高 hydrochloric acid in gastric juice secretion increased AE Hydrochloric acid in gastric juice secretion increased AE is a gastric disorder AE that shows increased gastric acid. JX, LW, YH 胃酸分泌增多 torsades de pointes AE JX, LW, YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsades_de_pointes 扭转性室性心动过速 扭转性室速 MedDRA: 10044067 Torsades de pointes AE is a ventricular tachycardia AE that is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that exhibits distinct characteristics on the electrocardiogram. proximal myasthenia AE 近端肌无力 Proximal myasthenia AE is a myasthenia AE that shows proximal myasthenia. Myasthenia represents myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigability. JX, LW, YH dilated skin vessels AE JX, LW, YH Dilated skin vessels AE is a vasodilatation AE that shows vasodilatation in the skin, which refers to the widening of blood vessels resulting from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, particularly in the large arteries, smaller arterioles and large veins. 皮肤血管扩张 numbness of oral mucosa AE Numbness of oral mucosa AE is a numbness AE that shows an abnormal feeling or loss of sensation in the oral mucosa. 口腔粘膜发麻感 JX, LW, YH 口腔黏膜发麻 orthostatic dizziness AE MedDRA: 10031125 Orthostatic dizziness AE is a dizziness AE that shows dizziness provocation by sudden postural change. 体位性头晕 JX, LW, YH acid reflux AE MedDRA: 10066872 Acid reflux AE is a digestive system AE that shows the acid and pepsin secreted in the stomach back up in to the esophagus. 反酸 JX, LW, YH jugular phlebectasia AE JX, LW, YH 颈静脉扩张 Jugular phlebectasia AE is a vasodilatation AE that is an isolated saccular or fusiform dilation of a vein without tortuosity. WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3708235/ laryngeal edema AE laryngeal oedema AE NCIt:C79607 Laryngeal edema AE is an edema AE that shows abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the larynx, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions. MedDRA:10023838 JX, LW, YH, MW CTCAE:E13393 喉肿胀 flatus AE 排气 MedDRA: 10016769 Flatus AE is a digestive system AE that shows gas or air expelled through the anus. JX, LW, YH continuous polymorphic ventricular tachycardia AE JX, LW, YH 连续性多行性室性心动过速 连续性多形性室性心动过速 Continuous polymorphic ventricular tachycardia AE is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia AE that shows polymorphic ventricular tachycardia is constantly. intermittent polymorphic ventricular tachycardia AE Continuous polymorphic ventricular tachycardia AE is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia AE that shows polymorphic ventricular tachycardia is intermittent. 间歇性多形性室性心动过速 JX, LW, YH aggravated ulcer AE JX, LW, YH Aggravated ulcer AE is a ulcer AE that shows aggravated ulcer. 溃疡加重 加重溃疡 heart failure increased AE JX, LW, YH Heart failure increased AE is a cardiovascular disorder AE that shows aggravated heart failure. 心脏衰竭加重 心力衰竭加剧 aggravated angina symptoms AE 心绞痛加重 JX, LW, YH 心绞痛症状加重 心绞痛症状加重（硝酸盐的矛盾效应） 心绞痛症状加剧 Aggravated angina symptoms AE is a angina pectoris AE that shows aggravated angina symptoms. aggravated renal injury AE 肾损害加剧 JX, LW, YH Aggravated renal injury AE is a renal impairment AE that shows aggravated renal injury. 肾损害加重 aggravated fatigue AE Aggravated fatigue AE is a fatigue AE that shows aggravated fatigue. JX, LW, YH 脱力感加重 persistent nausea AE 持续的恶心 JX, LW, YH 持续恶心 WEB: http://www.all4naturalhealth.com/persistent-nausea.html Persistent nausea AE is a nausea AE that shows constant nausea. Nausea is considered "persistent" if it continues for more than 2 days, or keeps recurring even after treatment. aggravated Raynaud's syndrome AE JX, LW, YH Aggravated Raynaud's syndrome AE is a Raynaud's syndrome AE that shows aggravated Raynaud's syndrome. Raynaud综合征加重 increased gastric acid secretion with high dose AE Increased gastric acid secretion with high dose AE is a gastric disorder AE that shows increased gastric acid secretion with high dose. JX, LW, YH 高剂量时胃酸分泌增加 persistent vomiting AE Persistent vomiting AE is a vomiting AE that occurs frequently throughout the day and is often triggered by even small meals. 持续的呕吐 WEB: http://www.healthhype.com/persistent-and-recurrent-vomiting-emesis-in-adults-and-children.html MedDRA: 10034716 JX, LW, YH 持续呕吐 hypoacusis AE WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hypoacusis Hypoacusis AE is a hearing disorder AE that shows partial or complete loss of the ability to detect or understand sounds resulting from damage to the outer, middle, or inner ear structures. Causes include exposure to loud noise, ear infections, injuries to the ear, genetic, and congenital disorders. MedDRA: 10048865 JX, LW, YH 突发听力减退 lip cyanosis AE 口唇青紫 Lip cyanosis AE is a cyanosis AE that is a condition in which the lips have a bluish discoloration due to a lack of oxygen in the tissues. 嘴唇发紫 WEB: http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/sym/lip_cyanosis.htm JX, LW, YH nail cyanosis AE JX, LW, YH Nail cyanosis AE is a cyanosis AE that shows a dark bluish or purple nail resulting from deficient oxygenation of the blood. 指甲青紫 hemolysis AE NCIt: C37965 JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10019491 溶血 CTCAE: E10037 Hemolysis AE is a hematopoietic system AE that is the rupturing of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and the release of their contents (cytoplasm) into surrounding fluid. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis lip angioedema AE 唇血管神经性水肿 JX, LW, YH Lip angioedema AE is a angioedema AE that shows lip angioedema, which is the rapid swelling (edema) of the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, mucosa and submucosal tissues. tongue angioedema AE JX, LW, YH 舌血管神经性水肿 Tongue angioedema AE is a angioedema AE that shows tongue angioedema, which is the rapid swelling (edema) of the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, mucosa and submucosal tissues. acousma AE 幻听 JX, LW, YH Acousma AE is a sensory capability AE that shows a hallucinatory impression of strange sounds. eye burning AE JX, LW, YH Eye burning AE is a eye AE that shows a feeling of burning in the eye. 眼睛烧灼感 眼睛灼烧感 worsening renal function AE Worsening renal function AE is a kidney AE that shows worsening renal function. JX, LW, YH 肾功能恶化 mild change of hematology AE Mild change of hematology AE is a change of hematology AE that shows mild change of hematology. JX, LW, YH 轻度的血液学改变 moderate change of hematology AE JX, LW, YH 中度的血液学改变 Moderate change of hematology AE is a change of hematology AE that shows moderate change of hematology. severe lower blood pressure AE Severe lower blood pressure AE is a hypotension AE that shows severe sustained low blood pressure at a level that is likely to result in cardiovascular disease and/or other pathological states. 血压的明显降低 血压明显降低 significantly decreased blood pressure AE 严重低血压 严重的血压降低 JX, LW, YH elevated blood transaminase reversibility AE JX, LW, YH Elevated blood transaminase reversibility AE is a transaminase level increased AE that shows elevated levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase reversibly. 血氨基转移酶可逆性升高 mild gastrointestinal tract reaction AE 轻度胃肠道反应 JX, LW, YH Mild gastrointestinal tract reaction AE is a gastrointestinal disorder AE that shows a mild gastrointestinal disorder. temporary abdominal distention AE JX, LW, YH Temporary abdominal distention AE is a abdominal distension AE that shows a temporary sensation of elevated abdominal pressure and volume. 暂时性腹胀 transient nausea AE JX, LW, YH 暂时性恶心 Transient nausea AE is a nausea AE that is a gastric discomfort associated with the inclination to vomit. persistent tachycardia AE JX, LW, YH 持续心动过速 持续的心动过速 Persistent tachycardia AE is a tachycardia AE that is an increased heart rate that exceeds the normal range for a resting heartrate (heartrate in an inactive or sleeping individual). It's a constant process. mild headache AE JX, LW, YH 轻度头痛 Mild headache AE is a headache AE that shows mild headache. transient hypoxemia AE Transient hypoxemia AE is a hypoxia AE that is a reduced concentration of O2 in the blood, alveoli or other tissues resulting in the decreased pressure of this component of body gases. JX, LW, YH 瞬态低氧血症 一过性低氧血症 transient neuroticism AE 一过性神经质 Transient neuroticism AE is a neuroticism AE that is a type of personality trait that contrasts adjustment or emotional stability with maladjustment. Experience of anxiety, anger, disgust, sadness, embarrassment, and a variety of other negative emotions. JX, LW, YH 瞬态神经质 constant irritability AE 持续烦躁 Constant irritability AE is a irritability AE that shows in the patient being easily annoyed/irritated constantly. JX, LW, YH 持续的烦躁 abnormal atony AE JX, LW, YH Abnormal atony AE is a asthenia AE that is a medical term denoting symptoms of physical weakness and loss of strength. 异常无力 异常的无力 secondary hypotension AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_hypertension 继发性高血压 Secondary hypotension AE is a hypotension AE that is a type of hypertension which by definition is caused by an identifiable underlying secondary cause. JX, LW, YH 继发性低血压 transient elevated serum transaminase AE 瞬时血清转氨酶升高 Transient elevated serum transaminase AE is a transaminase level increased AE that shows elevated levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase transiently. JX, LW, YH 一过性血清转氨酶升高 transient elevated blood urea nitrogen AE 一过性血尿素氮升高 Transient elevated blood urea nitrogen AE is a blood urea level increased AE that shows a transient increase in amount of urea in blood. JX, LW, YH 瞬时血尿素氮升高 apparent increased blood creatine phosphokinase AE JX, LW, YH Apparent increased blood creatine phosphokinase AE is a blood creatine phosphokinase level increased AE that is characterized by an apparent increased level of creatine phosphokinase or phosphocreatine kinase. 明显的血肌酸磷酸激酶增高 severe rhabdomyolysis AE Severe rhabdomyolysis AE is a rhabdomyolysis AE that shows in severe damaged skeletal muscle tissue breaks down rapidly. 严重的横纹肌溶解症 JX, LW, YH mild gastrointestinal bleeding AE JX, LW, YH Mild gastrointestinal bleeding AE is a gastrointestinal hemorrhage AE that shows mild gastrointestinal hemorrhage. 胃肠道轻微出血 occult gastrointestinal tract bleeding AE 胃肠道隐匿性出血 Occult gastrointestinal tract bleeding AE is a gastrointestinal hemorrhage AE that shows occult gastrointestinal hemorrhage. JX, LW, YH nitrate headache AE JX, LW, YH 硝酸盐性头痛 Nitrate headache AE is a headache AE that that is a special headache induced by nitrate. pantomorphia erythema exudativum AE WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema_multiforme JX, LW, YH 特别严重的皮肤病变（多形性渗出性红斑） Pantomorphia erythema exudativum AE is a skin AE that is a skin condition of unknown cause, possibly mediated by deposition of immune complex (mostly IgM) in the superficial microvasculature of the skin and oral mucous membrane that usually follows an infection or drug exposure. It is an uncommon disorder, with peak incidence in the second and third decades of life. 多形性渗出性红斑 high hypodynamia AE High hypodynamia AE is a fatigue AE that is a state of awareness describing a range of afflictions, usually associated with physical and/or mental weakness, though varying from a general state of lethargy to a specific work-induced burning sensation within one's muscles. Physical fatigue is the inability to continue functioning at the level of one's normal abilities. 高度乏力 JX, LW, YH short-time nausea AE JX, LW, YH 短暂的恶心 Short-time nausea AE is a nausea AE that shows a gastric discomfort associated with the inclination to vomit. slightly increased aspartic transaminase AE Slightly increased aspartic transaminase AE is a aspartate aminotransferase level increased AE that shows a slightly increased amount of AST which is an enzyme normally present in body tissues especially of the heart and liver, JX, LW, YH 门冬氨酸氨基转移酶轻度升高 slightly increased alanine aminotransferase AE Slightly increased alanine aminotransferase AE is a alanine aminotransferase level increased AE that shows elevated levels of alanine transaminase slightly. JX, LW, YH 丙氨酸氨基转移酶轻度升高 slightly increased lactic dehydrogenase AE 乳酸脱氢酶轻度升高 JX, LW, YH Slightly increased lactic dehydrogenase AE is a blood lactate dehydrogenase level increased AE that shows a slightly increased amount of LDH which is an enzyme that could indicate tissue damage. slightly increased alkaline phosphatase AE JX, LW, YH Slightly increased alkaline phosphatase AE is a blood alkaline phosphatase increased AE that shows elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase slightly. 碱性磷酸酶轻度升高 slightly increased glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase AE 谷草转氨酶轻度升高 Slightly increased glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase AE is a aspartate aminotransferase level increased AE that shows a slightly increased amount of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in the heart and liver. JX, LW, YH slightly increased glutamic pyruvic transaminase AE Slightly increased glutamic pyruvic transaminase AE is a alanine aminotransferase level increased AE that shows eelevated levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase in the liver. JX, LW, YH 谷丙转氨酶轻度升高 transient ischemic stroke AE 暂时性缺血性中风 Transient ischemic stroke AE is a ischemic stroke AE that occurs when a blood vessel that supplies the brain becomes blocked or "clogged" and impairs blood flow to part of the brain. JX, LW, YH evidently increased hepatic lipase AE 肝酶显著增加 JX, LW, YH Evidently increased hepatic lipase AE is a hepatic enzyme increased AE that shows an evidently increase in amount of hepatic enzyme in body, commonly includes ALT and AST. It may indicate inflammation or damage to liver cells. mild decline in blood pressure AE JX, LW, YH 血压轻度下降 Mild decline in blood pressure AE is a hypotension AE that shows mild sustained low blood pressure at a level that is likely to result in cardiovascular disease and/or other pathological states. transient cerebral ischemic attacks AE Transient cerebral ischemic attacks AE is a cerebral ischemia AE that shows the sudden death of brain cells in a localized area due to inadequate blood flow. 短暂脑缺血发作 JX, LW, YH transient hypotension AE JX, LW, YH Transient hypotension AE is a hypotension AE that shows transient sustained low blood pressure at a level that is likely to result in cardiovascular disease and/or other pathological states. 瞬时低血压 一过性低血压 obviously decreased blood pressure AE 血压明显下降（尤其对于基础血压增高的患者） 血压明显下降 JX, LW, YH significantly decreased blood pressure AE Obviously decreased blood pressure AE is a hypotension AE that shows obviously sustained low blood pressure at a level that is likely to result in cardiovascular disease and/or other pathological states. transient dizzy AE Transient dizzy AE is a dizziness AE that shows transient dizziness. JX, LW, YH 瞬时头晕 一过性头晕 short-time hepatic function disorder AE Short-time hepatic function disorder AE is a hepatic function abnormal AE that shows a short-time abnormal functionality of the liver. 短暂肝功能异常 JX, LW, YH a slightly elevated plasma creatinine level AE 血浆肌酐水平的轻微升高 JX, LW, YH A slightly elevated plasma creatinine level AE is a blood creatinine level increased AE that shows an slightly increased level of creatinine in the blood (due to lack of kidney activity). sudden fall of blood pressure AE 血压突然降低 JX, LW, YH Sudden fall of blood pressure AE is a hypotension AE that shows sudden sustained low blood pressure at a level that is likely to result in cardiovascular disease and/or other pathological states. severe hypertension AE Severe hypertension AE is a hypotension AE that shows severe sustained high blood pressure at a level that is likely to result in cardiovascular disease and/or other pathological states. 严重高血压 JX, LW, YH severe arrhythmia AE 严重心律失常 JX, LW, YH Severe arrhythmia AE is an arrhythmia AE that shows severe abnormal heart rhythm. clinically significant rise of serum transaminase AE 血清转氨酶有临床显著升高 Clinically significant rise of serum transaminase AE is a transaminase level increased AE that shows elevated levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase significantly. 血清转氨酶有临床显著升高（持续的＞正常值上限3倍） JX, LW, YH instantaneous sand-blind AE 瞬时视觉模糊 JX, LW, YH Instantaneous sand-blind AE is a vision blurred AE that shows in instantaneous unclear vision. moderately increased urinary nitrogen AE Moderately increased urinary nitrogen AE is a blood urea level increased AE that shows a moderately increase in amount of urea in blood. JX, LW, YH 尿素中度升高 slightly increased urinary nitrogen AE 尿素水平轻微升高 JX, LW, YH Slightly increased urinary nitrogen AE is a blood urea level increased AE that shows a slightly increase in amount of urea in blood. moderately elevated serum creatinine AE Moderately elevated serum creatinine AE is a blood creatinine level increased AE that shows an moderately increased level of creatinine in the blood (due to lack of kidney activity). JX, LW, YH 血肌酐中度升高 slightly increased aminotransferase AE 轻度氨基转氨酶升高 JX, LW, YH Slightly increased aminotransferase AE is a transaminase level increased AE that shows slightly elevated levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. severe dizziness AE Severe dizziness AE is a dizziness AE that shows severe dizziness. 严重眩晕 JX, LW, YH mild abdominal discomfort AE JX, LW, YH 轻微腹部不适 Mild abdominal discomfort AE is a abdominal discomfort AE that shows a mild stomach ache. serum potassium concentration of moderately reduced 血清钾浓度的轻度降低 JX, LW, YH, MW A blood potassium decreased quality where the amount of potassium in the blood is moderately decreased. rebound Increased blood pressure AE 反跳性血压升高 JX, LW, YH Rebound Increased blood pressure AE is a hypertension AE that shows rebound sustained high blood pressure at a level that is likely to result in cardiovascular disease and/or other pathological states. excessive lowering of blood pressure AE Excessive lowering of blood pressure AE is a hypotension AE that shows excessive sustained low blood pressure at a level that is likely to result in cardiovascular disease and/or other pathological states. JX, LW, YH 血压过度降低 short-time increased blood sugar AE Short-time increased blood sugar AE is a blood glucose level increased AE that shows a short-time increased glucose level in blood. 短暂血糖升高 JX, LW, YH mild nausea AE JX, LW, YH 轻度恶心 Mild nausea AE is a nausea AE that shows mild nausea. significant and persistent rise of serum transaminase AE 血清转氨酶显著的持续性升高 Significant and persistent rise of serum transaminase AE is a transaminase level increased AE that shows elevated levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase significantly and persistently. 血清氨基转移酶显著和持续性升高 JX, LW, YH elevated serum transaminase reversibility AE JX, LW, YH Elevated serum transaminase reversibility AE is a transaminase level increased AE that shows elevated levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase reversibly. 血清氨基转移酶可逆性升高 reversible increased creatine phosphokinase AE JX, LW, YH Reversible increased creatine phosphokinase AE is a blood creatine phosphokinase level increased AE that is characterized by an reversible increased level of creatine phosphokinase or phosphocreatine kinase. 肌酸磷酸激酶可逆性升高 persistent and significant increase of serum transaminase AE Persistent and significant increase of serum transaminase AE is a transaminase level increased AE that shows elevated levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase significantly and persistently. 血清转氨酶显著和持续性升高 JX, LW, YH severe bradycardia AE 严重心动过缓 JX, LW, YH Severe bradycardia AE is a bradycardia AE that shows in a resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minutes (BPM). apparent hypotensive reaction AE 显著的低血压反应 明显的低血压反应 JX, LW, YH Apparent hypotensive reaction AE is a hypotension AE that shows apparent sustained low blood pressure at a level that is likely to result in cardiovascular disease and/or other pathological states. severe skin flush AE 显著皮肤潮红 Severe skin flush AE is a hot flush AE that shows severe hot flush. 严重皮肤潮红 JX, LW, YH transient sinus cardiac arrest AE 一过性窦性停搏 Transient sinus cardiac arrest AE is a sinus arrest AE that shows an electrocardiographic finding of transient impulse formation failure in the sinus node. JX, LW, YH 瞬时窦性停搏 low-grade gastralgia AE JX, LW, YH 轻度胃痛 Low-grade gastralgia AE is a stomacheache AE that shows a low-grade painful sensation in the stomach. severe headache AE Severe headache AE is a headache AE that shows severe headache. 严重头痛 JX, LW, YH persistent headache AE JX, LW, YH 持续的头痛 Persistent headache AE is a headache AE that shows persistent headache. 持续头痛 proarrhythmic effect AE Proarrhythmic effect AE is an arrhythmia AE that is a new or more frequent occurrence of pre-existing arrhythmias, paradoxically precipitated by antiarrhythmic therapy, which means it is a side effect associated with the administration of some existing antiarrhythmic drugs, as well as drugs for other indications. In other words, it is a tendency of antiarrhythmic drugs to facilitate emergence of new arrhythmias. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proarrhythmia 促心律失常作用 促心律失常 arhythmia auxo-action AE JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10036766 致心律失常 increased tendency of biliary calculus AE 胆石增加的趋向 胆石增加的趋势 JX, LW, YH Increased tendency of biliary calculus AE is a liver, biliary, and pancreatic AE that shows an increased tendency of biliary calculus. temporarily lose consciousness AE JX, LW, YH 暂时失去知觉 Temporarily lose consciousness AE is a sensory capability AE that shows temporarily lose consciousness. 暂时性失去意识 increase breast cancer occurrence AE Increase breast cancer occurrence AE is a breast cancer AE that shows increase breast cancer occurrence. 增加乳癌发生 乳腺癌发生增加 JX, LW, YH anticholinergic effect AE 经讯号传导阻断效应 JX, LW, YH WEB: http://ibs.about.com/od/glossary/g/Anticholeffect.htm Anticholinergic effect AE is a conduction system disorder AE that is physical symptoms resulting from agents that counter the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter (chemical within the nervous system) that is involved in many major bodily functions. These anticholinergic effects typically include constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, and slowing of urination. 抗胆碱作用 neutrophilopenia AE 中性白细胞减少 Neutrophilopenia AE is a neutrophil count decreased AE that shows the number of neutrophil is decreased. JX, LW, YH abnormal leucocyte neutrophil AE JX, LW, YH Abnormal leucocyte neutrophil AE is a neutrophil percentage abnormal AE that shows abnormal leucocyte neutrophil. 嗜中性白细胞异常 abnormal eosinocyte AE 嗜酸性粒细胞异常 Abnormal eosinocyte AE is an eosinophil count abnormal AE that shows abnormal eosinocyte. JX, LW, YH eosinopenia AE JX, LW, YH MedDRA: 10014940 嗜酸细胞减少症 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinopenia Eosinopenia AE is an eosinophil count abnormal AE that is a form of agranulocytosis where the number of eosinophil granulocytes is lower than expected. aggravated peptic ulcer AE Aggravated peptic ulcer AE is a duodenal ulcer AE that shows aggravated peptic ulcer. 消化性溃疡加重 加重消化性溃疡 JX, LW, YH local tissue necrosis AE JX, LW, YH 局部组织坏死 Local tissue necrosis AE is a necrosis AE that shows local tissue necrosis. hepatic enzyme abnormal AE MedDRA: 10062685 JX, YH Hepatic enzyme abnormal AE is a liver related investigation result abnormal AE that the lab test result of hepatic enzyme deviates from its normal value. autoimmune disorder AE MedDRA: 10061664 NCIt: C2889 JX, YH CTCAE: E11258 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease Autoimmune disorder AE is an immune system AE that arises from an abnormal immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body (autoimmunity). epileptic seizure AE a seizure AE that shows a brief episode of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. 癫痫 WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epileptic_seizure epilepsy JX, YH optic neuropathy AE RR, YH MedDRA: 10061323 WEB: http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/optic-neuritis.htm a cranial neuropathy AE which shows an damage or abnormality to the nerves in the eyes. ventricular arrhythmia AE an arrhythmia AE that shows abnormal heart rhythms that originate in the bottom chambers of the heart called the ventricles. 室性心律失常 WEB: http://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/heart/departments-centers/ventricular-arrhythmia-center MedDRA: 10047281 NCIt: C26924 CTCAE: E10230 LW, YH blood glucose decreased UMLS CUI: C0595883 EB, YH, MW A physical quality that has an decreased level of glucose in the blood MedDRA: 10005555 blood glucose increased EB, YH, MW UMLS CUI: C0595877 MedDRA: 10005557 A physical quality that has an increased level of glucose in the blood cranial neuropathy AE an neuropathy AE that occurs when any of the twelve cranial nerves (nerves that exit from the brain directly) are damaged. MedDRA: 10061096 WEB: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/neuropathy/article_em.htm#types_of_neuropathy MW, YH cardiac function test abnormal AE UMLS CUI: C0438177 a cardiovascular investigation result abnormal AE that results in an abnormal result on a test used to evaluate heart function YH WEB: http://www.drsinatra.com/heart-function-tests-to-assess-heart-disease-risk/ WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedures MedDRA: 10058479 injury or procedural complication AE injury and procedural complication AE an adverse event that shows a result of injury or procedural complication. JX, YH behavior abnormal quality YH, JX a behavioral quality where the behavior in an organism is abnormal. WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormality_(behavior) herpes viral infection AE a viral infection AE that is caused by a herpes virus. Note that there are 8 herpesvirus types. WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesviridae MedDRA: 10019972 YH, JX abnormal reflex AE MedDRA: 10038254 a nervous system AE that shows abnormal neurologic reflexes, which can be tesetd by the knee jerk reaction. JX, YH WEB: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20423 hyporeflexia AE JX, YH MedDRA: 10021089 an abnormal reflex AE where the patient has a condition of below normal or absent reflexes (areflexia). WEB: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20423 stomach pain AE MW, YH MedDRA: 10042112 NCIt: C78630 a pain AE that has a sensation of marked discomfort in the stomach. CTCAE: E11044 esophagus AE YH, MW a digestive system AE that occurs at esophagus 食道副作用 duodenum AE a digestive system AE that occurs at duodenum MW, YH uterine AE JX, YH a female reproductive system AE that occurs in the uterus WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus planned process 'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.) 6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent Bjoern Peters Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy branch derived A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification. This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call) planned process bodily process Albert Goldfain creation date: 2009-06-23T11:53:49Z pathological bodily process Albert Goldfain http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf A bodily process that is clinically abnormal. creation date: 2009-06-23T11:54:29Z behavioral quality An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's behavior aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements in a given situation. PATO:0000186 PATO:0001722 behavioural quality quality physical quality A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities. PATO:0001018 PATO:0002079 Wikipedia:Physical_property quality relational physical quality process quality A quality which inheres in an process. PATO:0001236 PATO:0001239 PATO:0001240 See comments of relational quality of a physical entity. quality quality of a process quality of occurrent quality of process relational quality of occurrent physical object quality A quality which inheres in a continuant. PATO:0001237 PATO:0001238 PATO:0001241 Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles. monadic quality of a continuant monadic quality of an object monadic quality of continuant multiply inhering quality of a physical entity quality quality of a continuant quality of a single physical entity quality of an object quality of continuant snap:Quality organismal quality A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism. PATO:0001995 quality quality of a substance 2010-03-15T04:35:27Z A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution. George Gkoutos PATO:0002198 quality nose BTO:0000840 CALOHA:TS-2037 EHDAA2:0001274 EHDAA:1502 EMAPA:16542 EV:0100037 EV:0100370 FMA:46472 GAID:77 MA:0000281 MAT:0000139 MESH:D009666 MIAA:0000139 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ that is the specialized structure of the face that contains olfactory neurons. The peripheral olfactory organ is paired[ZFA:0000047]. TAO:0000047 The olfactory organ of vertebrates, consisting of nares, olfactory epithelia and the structures and skeletal framework of the nasal cavity. UBERON:0000004 UMLS:C0028429 ZFA:0000047 a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the digestive system, and then into the rest of the respiratory system. In humans, the nose is located centrally on the face; on most other mammals, it is on the upper tip of the snout[WP]. GO: The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity)[Wikipedia:Nose]. galen:Nose nasal sac nasus nose olfactory apparatus peripheral olfactory organ proboscis the organ that is specialized for smell and is part of the respiratory system the structure of the nose varies across vertebrates. In tetrapods the nose is part of the respiratory system.[PMID:25312359] uberon islet of Langerhans A primitive exocrine pancreas can be found in holocephalan cartilaginous fish; a pancreatic duct directly ending in the gut lumen is connected to a glandular structure made of exocrine cells and associated with cell islets, which comprises three different hormone-producing cell types: insulin, somatostatin and glucagon (Yui and Fujita, 1986) AAO:0010406 Anatomical structure which consists of glands developed from pancreatic ducts in the larvae and secrete insulin.[AAO] BTO:0000991 CALOHA:TS-0741 EFO:0000856 EMAPA:32927 EV:0100130 FMA:16016 GAID:324 MA:0000127 MAT:0000076 MESH:D007515 MIAA:0000076 Mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have a pancreas with similar histology and mode of development, while in some fish, the islet cells are segregated as Brockmann bodies.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000006 UMLS:C0022131 VHOG:0000646 XAO:0000159 island of Langerhans island of pancreas islets of langerhans pancreatic insula pancreatic islet the clusters of hormone-producing cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas uberon peripheral nervous system (...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives.[well established][VHOG] A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. AAO:0000429 BAMS:PNS BILA:0000081 BTO:0001028 CALOHA:TS-0808 EFO:0000891 EHDAA2:0001445 EHDAA:2893 EMAPA:16665 EV:0100335 FBbt:00005098 FMA:9903 GAID:715 MA:0000218 MAT:0000338 MESH:D017933 MIAA:0000338 Nervous structures including ganglia outside of the central nervous system. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] PNS Part of nervous system in which nerves extend throughout the body outside of the brain and spinal cord.[AAO] TAO:0000142 The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system connected to the CNS which contains cranial nerves III - XII, spinal, peripheral and autonomic nerves. (CUMBO) UBERON:0000010 UMLS:C0206417 UMLS:C1305921 VHOG:0000399 XAO:0000178 ZFA:0000142 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=247 lateral part of the basal amygdalar nucleus lateral part of the basolateral nucleus nucleus amygdalae basalis, pars lateralis nucleus amygdaloideus basalis, pars lateralis magnocellularis nucleus basalis lateralis amygdalae pars peripherica pars peripherica; systema nervosum periphericum systema nervosum periphericum uberon zone of skin (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...).[well established][VHOG] Any portion of the organ that covers that body and consists of a layer of epidermis and a layer of dermis. EHDAA2:0001844 EHDAA:6530 EMAPA:17525 EV:0100152 FMA:86166 GAID:933 MA:0000151 MAT:0000284 MESH:D012867 MIAA:0000284 Note the distinction between the entire skin of the body, of which there is only 1 in an organism, and zones of skin, of which there can be many. Examples: skin of knee OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjX3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000014 VHOG:0000860 portion of skin region of skin skin skin region skin zone uberon we assume that mouse, HOG and GAID all mean zone of skin when they say skin. We also choose skin as an exact synonym, as it is more intuitive anatomical boundary A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures. AEO:0000192 CARO:0000010 Except in the case of abstracted fiat boundaries such as the midline plane of an organism, all 2D anatomical entities have a 3 dimensional projection. For example, the surface of the shell of a muscle has a distinct shape that projects into the third dimension. Note that boundaries are 2D structures. They have no thickness - and so can not be sites of gene expression or gene product localisation. For this, use boundary region terms. FMA:50705 UBERON:0000015 uberon endocrine pancreas BTO:0000650 CALOHA:TS-1302 EFO:0002542 EMAPA:35305 EV:0100129 FMA:16018 In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] MA:0001582 TAO:0001260 The part of the pancreas that acts as an endocrine gland, consisting of the islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin and other hormones. [TFD][VHOG] The part of the pancreas that is part of the endocrine system and is made up of islet cells, which produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. The zebrafish endocrine pancreas is composed of small groups of islet cells that are distributed throughout the exocrine pancreas. The islet cells produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.[TAO] UBERON:0000016 VHOG:0000049 ZFA:0001260 create a separate class for distributed pancreas, eg cyclostomes? endocrine and exocrine pancreas are not co-associated in hagfishes or lampreys endocrine pancreas endocrine part of pancreas islets of Langerhans part of pancreas pars endocrina pancreatis uberon exocrine pancreas AAO:0010407 BTO:0000434 CALOHA:TS-1241 EMAPA:35328 EV:0100093 FMA:16017 In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] MA:0002415 TAO:0001249 The exocrine pancreas is composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion.[TAO] The part of the pancreas that acts as an exocrine gland, consisting of the pancreatic acini, which produce pancreatic juice and secrete it into the intestine to aid in protein digestion. [TFD][VHOG] The part of the pancreas that is part of the exocrine system and which produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO]. UBERON:0000017 UMLS:C0553695 VHOG:0000048 XAO:0000137 ZFA:0001249 exocrine component of pancreas exocrine pancreas exocrine part of pancreas pars exocrina pancreatis uberon sense organ AEO:0000094 An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system. BSA:0000121 BTO:0000202 CALOHA:TS-2043 EHDAA2:0001824 EHDAA:500 EMAPA:16192 EMAPA:35955 FBbt:00005155 GAID:63 HAO:0000930 MA:0000017 MESH:D012679 Sinnesorgan UBERON:0000020 UMLS:C0935626 VHOG:0001407 WBbt:0006929 organ of sense organ system organ of sensory organ system organ of sensory system sense organ system organ sensillum sensor sensory organ sensory organ system organ sensory system organ uberon tube Any hollow cylindrical anatomical structure containing a lumen through which substances are transported. UBERON:0000025 anatomical tube duct galen:Tube not every anatomical conduit is a tube - for example, a bone foramen is an opening in the bone, and there is no distinct separate tube structure. Tubes may transport large mixed objects (for example, a bolus of food in the digestive tube) or they may transport the secretions of a single gland (for example, gland ducts) tubular uberon appendage AEO:0000193 An appendage is an external body part, or natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's body, such as a vertebrate's limbs[BILA][BILA:0000018]. BILA:0000018 BTO:0001492 CARO:0010003 EFO:0000799 EHDAA2:0003193 EV:0100155 FBbt:00007000 HAO:0000144 MAT:0000023 MESH:D005121 MIAA:0000023 Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS, CARO]. OpenCyc:Mx4rvViC-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ or organ part that is attached to the body of an organism. For example a limb[GO, modified][GO:0048736]. UBERON:0000026 UMLS:C0598782 VSAO:0000075 XAO:0000218 appendages appendicular extremitaet extremity limbs/digits/tail this is currently a subtype of organism subdivision - which would exclude feathers uberon head AAO:0010335 AEO:0000106 BILA:0000115 BTO:0000282 CALOHA:TS-0436 EFO:0000964 EHDAA2:0003106 EMAPA:31858 FBbt:00000004 FMA:7154 GAID:61 HAO:0000397 MA:0000023 MAT:0000294 MESH:D006257 MIAA:0000294 OpenCyc:Mx4rEOLm4rgPEdmAAAACs6hRjg OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi6YJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organism subdivision that is the part of the body consisting of the cranial and pharyngeal regions.[AAO] Organism subdivision which is the part of the body which consists of the cranial and pharygeal regions.[TAO] SPD:0000016 TAO:0001114 TGMA:0000002 The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. UBERON:0000033 UMLS:C0018670 VHOG:0001644 Vertebrate evolution has been characterized by a fresh and vast array of cranial structures that collectively form the head.[well established][VHOG] WBbt:0005739 XAO:0003024 ZFA:0001114 adult head cephalic area galen:Head head (volume) uberon serous membrane A multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer.[TAO] FMA:9581 GAID:19 MESH:D012704 TAO:0005425 UBERON:0000042 UMLS:C0036760 ZFA:0005425 a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (cuboidal epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.[WP] in FMA, SM = mesothelium + connective tissue. It excludes the cavity. Serous sac = SM + cavity. Note that the SM is a subtype of wall in FMA. multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer. serosa tunica serosa uberon wall of serous sac tendon AEO:0000091 BTO:0001356 CALOHA:TS-1021 Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.[VSAO] Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO]. EHDAA2:0003091 EMAPA:35854 EV:0100149 FMA:9721 GAID:276 MA:0000115 MESH:D013710 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjefJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Phylogenetically, tendinous tissue first appears in the invertebrate chordate Branchiostoma as myosepta. This two-dimensional array of collagen fibers is highly organized, with fibers running along two primary axes. In hagfish the first linear tendons appear and the myosepta have developed specialized regions with unidirectional fiber orientation - a linear tendon within the flat sheet of myoseptum.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000043 UMLS:C0039508 VHOG:0001286 VSAO:0000073 XAO:0000173 ZFA:0005647 galen:Tendon in FMA, tendon is an organ component that with parts dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon and dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon sheath; we follow VSAO in making it a subtype of the former. In VSAO tendons connect muscle to bone; in WP the def states integument (e.g. auricular muscles) - but JB confirms this is not actually tendon but aponeurosis sinew tendo uberon ganglion A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. A ganglion is a cluster of neurons. It is part of a nervous system. It may include glial cells. The neurons are arranged in a specific constellation: neuronal somata are concentrated at the surface, thus forming a cell cortex, and neurites are concentrated in the centre of the ganglion to form the neuropil. A ganglion is a distinct unit but several ganglia may be anterio-posteriorly joined by connectives or transversally by commissures AAO:0010426 AEO:0000135 BAMS:G BTO:0000497 CALOHA:TS-0397 Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0000899 EHDAA2:0003135 EHDAA:2897 EHDAA:4662 EHDAA:5621 EHDAA:918 EMAPA:32846 EV:0100372 FBbt:00005137 FMA:5884 MA:0002406 MAT:0000207 MAT:0000343 MESH:D005724 MIAA:0000207 MIAA:0000343 Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system.[AAO] Structures containing a collection of nerve cell bodies. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] Subdivision of nervous system which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord. Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion (adapted from Foundational Model of Anatomy)[NIFSTD:nlx_anat_100302]. TAO:0000190 TGMA:0001016 TODO - check vert vs invert. Other species: Any of a number of aggregations of neurons, glial cells and their processes, surrounded by a glial cell and connective tissue sheath (plural: ganglia). // Subdivision of neural tree (organ) which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord); together with a nucleus and its associated nerve, it constitutes a neural tree (organ). Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion. // a cluster of nerve cells and associated glial cells (nuclear location) // Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system. UBERON:0000045 UMLS:C0017067 VHOG:0000156 WBbt:0005189 XAO:0000209 ZFA:0000190 ganglia ganglionic neural ganglion uberon vessel A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph. UBERON:0000055 uberon ureter AAO:0010254 Anatomical structure consisting of long narrow duct which carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.[AAO] BTO:0001409 CALOHA:TS-1084 EFO:0000930 EHDAA2:0002139 EHDAA:9341 EMAPA:17950 EV:0100097 FMA:9704 GAID:438 MA:0000378 MAT:0000120 MESH:D014513 MIAA:0000120 Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs. OpenCyc:Mx4rvhmm6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The duct of amniotes that carries urine from a metanephric kidney to the urinary bladder. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000056 UMLS:C0041951 VHOG:0000605 XAO:0000144 galen:Ureter in humans, consists of adventitial, muscular and mucoa layers metanephric duct uberon ureteral ureteric urethra BTO:0001426 CALOHA:TS-1132 EFO:0000931 EMAPA:30901 EV:0100099 FMA:19667 GAID:390 In human males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine. In females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening. MA:0000379 MAT:0000121 MESH:D014521 MIAA:0000121 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjkypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000057 UMLS:C0041967 VHOG:0001264 XAO:0000153 galen:Urethra the fibromuscular tubular canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the exterior via the external urinary meatus; in males, the urethra is joined by the ejaculatory ducts and serves as a passageway for semen during ejaculation, as well as a canal for urine during voiding; in females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening uberon urethral duct A tube shaped portion of tissue lined with epithelial cells that collects secretions and routes them to their destination[ZFA:0005171]. A tubular structure that transports secreted or excreted substances. AAO:0011123 FBbt:00100314 FMA:30320 Most ducts, but not all, are exocrine gland ducts. Some ontologies classify structures such as the oviduct here. TAO:0005171 UBERON:0000058 UMLS:C0687028 XAO:0004000 ZFA:0005171 anatomical duct ducts exocrine duct exocrine gland duct galen:Duct uberon anatomical wall EMAPA:25036 FMA:82482 Organ component adjacent to an organ cavity and which consists of a maximal aggregate of organ component layers. UBERON:0000060 UBERON:0009915 galen:Wall in FMA, serosa is a wall organ wall uberon wall wall of organ anatomical structure AAO:0010825 AEO:0000003 BILA:0000003 CARO:0000003 EHDAA2:0003003 EMAPA:0 FBbt:00007001 FMA:67135 GAID:781 HAO:0000003 MA:0003000 MESH:D000825 Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. TAO:0000037 TGMA:0001823 UBERON:0000061 VHOG:0001759 WBbt:0000100 XAO:0003000 ZFA:0000037 biological structure connected biological structure uberon organ Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]. CARO v1 does not include a generic 'organ' class, only simple and compound organ. CARO v2 may include organ, see https://github.com/obophenotype/caro/issues/4 CARO:0020004 EFO:0000634 EMAPA:35949 ENVO:01000162 FMA:67498 MA:0003001 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5XMb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rwP3iWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. UBERON:0000062 UMLS:C0178784 WBbt:0003760 anatomical unit body organ element uberon organ subunit A part of an organ that constitutes a distinct modular sub-unit. In some cases, the organ may also contain other sub-units of identical or similar types, in other cases this may be a distinct entity. FMA distinguishes segment from zone by whether the fiat boundaries are fixed/anchored (segments) or floating (zone). It's not completely clear how to apply this distinction FMA:86140 Organ region with one or more anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyeball. Organ region with one or more fixed or anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyebal. UBERON:0000063 organ region with fixed fiat boundary organ segment segment of organ uberon organ part A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ. AAO:0011124 EFO:0000635 FMA:82472 UBERON:0000064 cardinal organ part currently defined in a very broad sense, may be replaced by more specific classes in the future regional part of organ uberon respiratory tract Anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts EHDAA2:0001606 EHDAA:1568 EHDAA:2219 EMAPA:16737 FMA:265130 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvM--pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000065 VHOG:0000393 uberon fully formed stage BTO:0001043 BilaDO:0000004 EFO:0001272 FBdv:00005369 The stage of development at which the animal is fully formed, including immaturity and maturity. Includes both sexually immature stage, and adult stage. UBERON:0000066 WBls:0000041 XtroDO:0000084 adult stage fully formed animal stage juvenile-adult stage uberon embryo stage part A stage that is part of the embryo stage. UBERON:0000067 embryonic stage part uberon embryo stage A life cycle stage that starts with fertilization and ends with the fully formed embryo. BilaDO:0000002 EV:0300001 FBdv:00005289 FMA:72652 HsapDv:0000002 MmusDv:0000002 OGES:000000 OGES:000022 UBERON:0000068 WBls:0000003 WBls:0000092 WBls:0000102 XAO:1000012 embryogenesis embryonic stage uberon death stage End of the life of an organism. UBERON:0000071 XAO:0000437 XtroDO:0000085 death ncit:Death is an outcome uberon proximo-distal subdivision of respiratory tract An section of a respiratory tract. EMAPA:16737 FMA:45660 MA:0000434 MA:0000434 has subclasses upper and lower, so it corresponds to a segment of the tract, rather than the tract as a whole UBERON:0000072 respiratory tract subdivision of respiratory tract uberon regional part of nervous system 2009-06-18T09:00:04Z Any part or collection of parts of the central or peripheral nervous system. Parts may span both CNS and PNS. Melissa Haendel UBERON:0000073 UMLS:C1518256 part of nervous system uberon subdivision of skeletal system Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. FMA:85544 UBERON:0000075 UBERON:0010322 UMLS:C1519343 galen:ComplexSkeletalStructure skeletal system part skeletal system subdivision uberon external ectoderm (or external ectoderm) forms the following structures: Skin Epithelium of the mouth and nasal cavity saliavary glands, and glands of mouth and nasal cavity Enamel - as a side note dentin and dental pulp are formed from ectomesenchyme which is derived from ectoderm Epithelium of pineal and pituitary glands Lens and cornea of the eye Apical ectodermal ridge inducing development of the limb buds of the embryo. Sensory receptors in epidermis EHDAA2:0001968 EHDAA:1494 EHDAA:350 EHDAA:4784 EHDAA:4790 EHDAA:4796 EHDAA:7860 EMAPA:16096 FMA:87656 The surface (external) layer of ectoderm which begins to proliferate shortly after separation from the neuroectoderm. UBERON:0000076 UMLS:C1515087 merge with non-neural. In vertebrates, the ectoderm has three parts: external ectoderm (also known as surface ectoderm), the neurectoderm (neural crest, and neural tube) surface (external) ectoderm surface ectoderm uberon mesonephros A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the middle region of the nephric ridge; a transient embryonic stage that replaces the pronephros, but is itself replaced by the adult metanephros [in mammals; in fishes and amphibians it is the adult kidney]. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.745][VHOG] AAO:0010384 As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates. (...) In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001542 By contrast to the pronephros, the histological features of the mammalian mesonephros, with its primitive glomeruli, suggest that it probably functions as a primitive kidney, and is involved in the production of much of the amniotic fluid. Within the two mesonephroi, one located on either side of the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut, a substantial number (in the region of about 40 or more) of cranio-caudally segmented mesonephric tubules are formed. It has, however, been suggested that only the most rostrally located 4-6 pairs of mesonephric tubules drain into the mesonephric portion of the nephric duct. This is now seen to extend along the length of the mesonephroi, being located towards their lateral sides. The mesonephros is also retained over a considerably longer period than the pronephros, but gradually undergoes regression in a cranio-caudal direction. While the rostral part displays clear evidence of regression its more caudal part appears to display evidence of functional activity. Within the medial part of the mesonephros, vesicles are formed, although no glomeruli are formed there in this species. It is, however, difficult to believe that the relatively enormous mesonephroi do not have an excretory role in the mouse, only serving as a base for gonadal differentiation. In the human embryo, the medial part of the mesonephric tubules enlarges, become invaginated by capillaries, and form glomeruli. These then take on an excretory role. In the mouse, the mesonephric ducts appear to be patent throughout their length[GUDMAP, modified] CALOHA:TS-0624 EFO:0000928 EHDAA2:0001130 EHDAA:1581 EHDAA:5903 EMAPA:16744 EMAPA:27644 FMA:72171 GAID:1308 In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In fish and amphibians, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney MESH:D001755 Organ that is the definitive adult kidney. It replaces the earlier pronephros, which degenerates as the mesonephros becomes functional in feeding stage tadpoles.[AAO] TAO:0000529 The second stage of the kidney. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary embryonic kidney in higher vertebrates. It is composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo. UBERON:0000080 UMLS:C0025492 VHOG:0000038 Wolffian body XAO:0000141 ZFA:0000529 amphibian adult kidney corpus Wolffi mesonephric mesonephric kidney mesonephroi middle kidney opisthonephros opisto nephros opistonephros uberon metanephros A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the posterior region of the nephric ridge and drained by a ureter; replaces the embryonic pronephros and mesonephros [in mammals]. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.745][VHOG] BTO:0001543 During the fifth week of gestation, the mesonephric duct develops an outpouching, the ureteric bud, near its attachment to the cloaca. This bud, also called the metanephrogenic diverticulum, grows posteriorly and towards the head of the embryo. The elongated stalk of the ureteric bud, the metanephric duct, later forms the ureter. As the cranial end of the bud extends into the intermediate mesoderm, it undergoes a series of branchings to form the collecting duct system of the kidney. It also forms the major and minor calyces and the renal pelvis EHDAA2:0001137 EHDAA:3089 EHDAA:5911 EMAPA:17207 EMAPA:17373 FMA:72172 In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO] TODO check developmental relationships The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000081 UMLS:C0231049 VHOG:0000039 definite kidney definitive kidney hind kidney metanephric metanephric kidney metanephron uberon mesonephric tubule A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. Genital ridge that is next to the mesonephros[WP]. AAO:0010389 Any of the renal tubules composing the mesonephros. In mammals they function as excretory structures during the early embryonic development but are later incorporated into the reproductive system. [TFD][VHOG] As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001134 EMAPA:27588 EMAPA:27659 TODO check UBERON:0000083 VHOG:0000500 XAO:0000148 renal tubules tubuli mesonephrici uberon ureteric bud An epithelial swelling on the Wolffian duct that elongates to invade the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme[MP] BTO:0001646 EHDAA2:0002140 EHDAA:3091 EHDAA:5917 EMAPA:17209 EMAPA:17376 Outgrowth of the mesonephric duct that penetrates the metanephric mesoderm and forms the ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces and collecting ducts. [Embryology, See_Dudek_RW_and_Fix_JD, Third_Edition_(2004)_Philadelphia:_Lippincott_William_and_Wilkins, p.137][VHOG] Outgrowth of the mesonephric duct that penetrates the metanephric mesoderm and forms the ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces and collecting ducts[VHOG:0000541]. The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000084 UMLS:C1284058 VHOG:0000541 diverticulum diverticulum metanephricum gemma ureterica metanephric bud metanephric diverticulum uberon ureteric ampulla ureteric diverticulum post-embryonic stage BilaDO:0000003 In birds, the postnatal stage begins when the beak penetrates the shell (i.e., external pipping) (Brown et al. 1997) OGES:000010 OGES:000014 OGES:000024 UBERON:0000092 WBls:0000022 WBls:0000093 WBls:0000103 post-hatching stage postembryonic postembryonic stage stage succeeding embryo, including mature structure uberon membrane organ 2009-07-30T05:19:13Z FMA:7145 Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA] UBERON:0000094 cjm membrane membrane of organ uberon life cycle An entire span of an organism's life, commencing with the zygote stage and ending in the death of the organism. FBdv:00000000 HsapDv:0000001 MmusDv:0000001 OGES:000011 UBERON:0000104 entire life cycle entire lifespan life lifespan ncithesaurus:Life uberon life cycle stage A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism. BILS:0000105 EFO:0000399 FBdv:00007012 FMA:24120 HsapDv:0000000 MmusDv:0000000 OlatDv:0000010 PdumDv:0000090 UBERON:0000105 WBls:0000002 XAO:1000000 ZFS:0000000 ZFS:0100000 developmental stage ncithesaurus:Developmental_Stage stage the WBls class 'all stages' belongs here as it is the superclass of other WBls stages this class represents a proper part of the life cycle of an organism. The class 'life cycle' should not be placed here uberon we map the ZFS unknown stage here as it is logically equivalent to saying *some* life cycle stage zygote stage 1-cell stage A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction. As in all metazoans, eumetazoan development begins with a fertilized egg, or zygote.[well established][VHOG] BILS:0000106 BilaDO:0000005 EFO:0001322 EHDAA:27 EMAPA:16033 FBdv:00005288 PdumDv:0000100 UBERON:0000106 VHOG:0000745 XAO:1000001 ZFS:0000001 fertilized egg stage fertilized egg stage one cell stage one-cell stage uberon zygote zygotum cleavage stage BILS:0000107 BilaDO:0000006 EFO:0001290 FBdv:00000054 MESH:A16.254.270 MmusDv:0000004 OGES:000015 OGES:000020 PdumDv:0000200 The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula. UBERON:0000107 XAO:1000004 ZFS:0000046 uberon blastula stage An early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. BILS:0000108 BilaDO:0000007 EFO:0001282 HsapDv:0000006 MmusDv:0000007 OGES:000003 OGES:000016 OGES:000021 OpenCyc:Mx4rEetFnKP2EdqAAAACs4vPlg UBERON:0000108 WBls:0000005 XAO:1000003 ZFS:0000045 consider adding a preceding stage 'morula stage' as part of cleavage uberon gastrula stage A stage defined by complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. BILS:0000109 BilaDO:0000008 EFO:0001296 FBdv:00005317 HsapDv:0000010 MmusDv:0000013 OGES:000004 OGES:000019 UBERON:0000109 WBls:0000010 XAO:1000005 ZFS:0000047 blastocystis trilaminaris stage trilaminar blastocyst stage trilaminar blastoderm stage trilaminar disk stage trilaminar germ stage trilaminar stage uberon neurula stage BILS:0000110 BilaDO:0000009 HsapDv:0000012 MmusDv:0000017 Staged defined by the formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. UBERON:0000110 XAO:1000006 uberon organogenesis stage A stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. BILS:0000111 BilaDO:0000010 HsapDv:0000015 MmusDv:0000018 OGES:000005 OGES:000032 UBERON:0000111 segmentation stage uberon respiratory tube A tube in the respiratory system. Examples: bronchus, bronchiole, trachea. FMA:12224 UBERON:0000117 in GO lung development is part of respiratory tube development. This can lead to inconsistencies with other ontologies, e.g. VT. The GO structure may be better represented by a tree of tubes (see the FMA class) respiratory conducting tube segment of tracheobronchial tree segment of tracheobronchial tree tracheobronchial tree segment uberon lung bud BTO:0001643 EHDAA2:0004089 Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung[GO]. UBERON:0000118 UMLS:C1514420 UMLS:C1514897 clarify successors - include bronchi? gemma pulmonalis gemma respiratoria lung bud primary lung bud respiratory diverticulum uberon neuron projection bundle A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses. CARO:0001001 FBbt:00005099 UBERON:0000122 UBERON:0005163 funiculus nerve fiber bundle neural fiber bundle uberon neural nucleus A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO) AEO:0000136 Anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma[GO][GO_REF:0000021]. FMA:83686 Proposed CUMBO def from MM: A subcortical part of the nervous system consisting of a relatively compact group of cells that is distinguishable histologically that share a commonality of cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecturel and connectivity. (comments: I put in 'subcortical' because I don't think we consider either the cerebellar cortex or cerebral cortex to be nuclei. Some people distinguish between a nucleus and a laminar structure (see Wikipedia definition). However, there are structures identified as nuclei that are laminar, e.g., lateral geniculate nucleus, although they are not laminated in all species. Also, I put in 'relatively compact' and 'distiguishable by histology' because we have groups of cells, e.g., cholinergic cell groups, doparminergic cell groups that are related on the 3 criteria but which we don't tend to consider nuclei because they don't occupy an easily defined territory. But all is open to debate. UBERON:0000125 nervous system nucleus neuraxis nucleus neuronal nucleus nucleus nucleus of CNS nucleus of neuraxis uberon cranial nerve nucleus FMA:54501 Nucleus that receives projections from or contains neurons that send projections through one of the cranial nerves UBERON:0000126 cranial neural nucleus nucleus nervi cranialis nucleus of cranial nerve uberon anterior region of body UBERON:0000153 uberon posterior region of body UBERON:0000154 uberon membranous layer A thin sheet or layer of pliable tissue, serving as a covering or envelope of a part, as the lining of a cavity, as a partition or septum, or to connect two structures. FMA:30322 FMA:82500 MESH:D008566 UBERON:0000158 membrane membranous organ component uberon intestine AAO:0000246 ANISEED:1235303 BSA:0000093 BTO:0000648 CALOHA:TS-0490 EFO:0000834 EMAPA:32874 EMAPA:35180 EV:0100071 FMA:7199 GAID:295 In zebrafish, No stomach, small intestine, or large intestine can be distinguished. However, differences can be found in the morphology of the mucosa columnar epithelial cells and the number of goblet cells, suggesting functional differentiation. The intestine has numerous folds that become progressively shorter in a rostral-to-caudal direction. Proportionally, these folds are significantly larger than the finger-like intestinal villi of mammals and other amniotes (Wallace et al. 2005). Columnar-shaped absorptive enterocytes are the most numerous in the zebrafish intestinal epithelium. Goblet cells are the second most populous epithelial cell type. MA:0000328 MA:0001524 MESH:A03.492.411 MIAA:0000043 Portion of the alimentary canal bounded anteriorly by the pyloric sphincter and posteriorly by the cloacal sphincter.[AAO] Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. TAO:0001338 The tract of the alimentary canal. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] This class is probably too inclusive UBERON:0000160 UMLS:C0021853 VHOG:0000056 WBbt:0005772 XAO:0000129 ZFA:0001338 bowel galen:Intestine intestinal intestinal tract uberon orifice Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces (or a body space with the space surrounding the organism)[FMA,modified]. FMA:3724 UBERON:0000161 anatomical orifice anatomical ostium hilum in FMA, this is an anatomical conduit *space*, rather than anatomical conduit ostium uberon cloaca A cloaca is apparently a primitive vertebrate feature because it occurs in most primitive gnathostomes and persists in the embryos of almost all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] A common passage for fecal, urinary, and reproductive discharge in most lower vertebrates as well as the terminal end of the hindgut before division into rectum, bladder, and genital primordia in mammalian embryos. [TFD][VHOG] AAO:0000095 Anatomical structure which is the common receptacle for the alimentary canal, Wolffian ducts, oviducts, and the bladder.[AAO] Common chamber into which the intestines and excretory system opens. Arises during development in all vertebrates, but in many it becomes subdivided, lost or incorporated into other structures GAID:1206 Human beings only have an embryonic cloaca, which is split up into separate tracts during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs MESH:D002988 UBERON:0000162 UMLS:C0008987 VHOG:0001186 XAO:0000244 ZFA:0005781 adding df link to embryonic cloaca leads to a cycle in uberon-simple, as cloaca is a suberclass of embryonic cloaca cloacal cloacal chamber hindgut endoderm and proctodeal ectoderm. uberon vent embryonic cloaca EHDAA2:0000256 EHDAA:4895 EMAPA:27573 EMAPA:27638 UBERON:0000163 cloaca endoderm-lined chamber that develops as pouch-like dilation of the caudal end of the hindgut and receives the allantois ventrally and two mesonephric ducts laterally; caudally it ends blindly at the cloacal membrane formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm[MP]. this class represents the embryonic form of the cloaca, as found in both mammals and non-mammals. uberon primitive urogenital sinus EHDAA2:0004060 EHDAA:5029 EHDAA:5919 EMAPA:17211 EMAPA:17379 In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below.[well established][VHOG] The ventral part of the cloaca after its separation from the rectum, giving rise to the lower part of the bladder in both sexes, to the prostatic portion of the male urethra, and to the urethra and vestibule in the female. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0000164 UGS UMLS:C0231057 VHOG:0000414 fetal UGS sinus urogenitalis the term 'urogenital sinus' may refer to the primitive urogenital sinus present as a transient developmental structure in most mammals or it may refer to a condition in which an unseptated cloaca persists in animals longer than normal the ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females uberon urogenital sinus mouth AAO:0010355 BTO:0001090 BTO:0004698 CALOHA:TS-1315 Cavity in which food is initially ingested and generally contains teeth, tongue and glands.[AAO] EFO:0000825 EHDAA2:0001326 EHDAA:542 EMAPA:16262 FBbt:00003126 FMA:49184 GAID:75 MA:0000341 MA:0002474 MAT:0000038 MESH:D009055 MIAA:0000038 Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVidh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TADS:0000040 TAO:0000547 TAO:0000590 TGMA:0000131 The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks). UBERON:0000165 VHOG:0000280 VHOG:0000812 XAO:0003029 ZFA:0000547 ZFA:0000590 adult mouth cavital oralis cavitas oris cavum oris galen:Mouth in FMA, the tongue, palate etc are part of the mouth which is itself a subdivision of the face. ZFA includes a separate class 'oral region' which is part of the mouth, but excludes tongue and lips mouth cavity oral oral region oral vestibule regio oralis rima oris some AOs place this as developing from the stomodeum but we weaken this to developmental contribution, as the mouth includes non-ectodermal derivatives stoma stomatodaeum trophic apparatus uberon vestibule of mouth vestibulum oris oral opening (...) mouth development is very similar in protostomes and 'basal' deuterostomes, whereas the chordate mouth seems to develop at a new position. Recent data for echinoderms and hemichordates further suggest that this change in mouth position may result from change in the influence of a conserved ectodermal patterning system on mouth development. It has been suggested that the mouths of vertebrates and urochordates may constitute a 'new' mouth.[well established][VHOG] FMA:59806 The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterior of the body. UBERON:0000166 mouth oral fissure oral orifice oral part of face uberon oral cavity AAO:0000053 AAO:0000960 Anatomical cavity at the start of the digestive tract that that is enclosed by the mouth. The boundaries and contents vary depending on the species. In vertebrates, the boundaries are the oral opening, the cheeks, the palate and (if present) the palatoglossal arch - if this is not present then the mouth and pharynx form the oropharyngeal cavity. The buccal cavity contains the teeth, tongue and palate (when present) Anatomical cavity bounded anteriorly by the mouth and posteriorly by the derivatives of the branchial arches.[AAO] BSA:0000107 CALOHA:TS-1315 EFO:0001975 EHDAA2:0001324 EHDAA:6970 EMAPA:17411 EMAPA:18399 EV:0100057 Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates are called deuterostomes because the mouth arises not from the blastopore but from a second invagination at the anterior end of the larva that pushes in to connect with the archenteron.[well established][VHOG] FMA:20292 HAO:0000669 TAO:0001027 TGMA:0000102 The cavity of the mouth, bounded by the jaw bones and associated structures (muscles and mucosa). [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0000167 UMLS:C0226896 VHOG:0000188 WBbt:0005255 XAO:0000126 ZFA:0001027 bucca buccal cavity cavity of mouth uberon pair of lungs 1 1 1 1 FMA:68877 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The pair of anatomical structures comprised of a left lung and right lung. UBERON:0000170 lungs lungs pair pulmones set of lungs uberon respiration organ EMAPA:17607 Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. SPD:0000428 TGMA:0001247 UBERON:0000171 apparatus respiratorius organ breathing organ gas exchange organ organ of apparatus respiratorius organ of respiratory system respiratory organ respiratory system organ uberon excreta A portion of organism substance that is the product of an excretion process that will be eliminated from the body. An excretion process is elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity AEO:0000184 BTO:0000491 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003184 ENVO:02000022 FMA:9674 UBERON:0000174 UBERON:0000324 UBERON:0007550 excreted substance excretion galen:Excretion portion of excreted substance uberon waste substance blood A complex mixture of cells suspended in a liquid matrix that delivers nutrients to cells and removes wastes. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes. AAO:0000046 BTO:0000089 CALOHA:TS-0079 EFO:0000296 EHDAA2:0000176 EHDAA:418 EMAPA:16332 ENVO:02000027 EV:0100047 FMA:9670 GAID:965 Highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.[AAO] MA:0000059 MESH:D001769 MIAA:0000315 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjI8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast.[well established][VHOG] TAO:0000007 This class excludes blood analogues, such as the insect analog of blood. See UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid. UBERON:0000178 UMLS:C0005767 VHOG:0000224 XAO:0000124 ZFA:0000007 galen:Blood portion of blood relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] uberon vertebrate blood whole blood haemolymphatic fluid 2009-04-08T04:38:19Z CARO:0000081 Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs. UBERON:0000179 blood or blood analog circulating fluid cjm uberon blastula BILA:0000059 BTO:0000128 GAID:1294 MESH:A16.254.270.274 OGEM:000006 OpenCyc:Mx4rEetFnKP2EdqAAAACs4vPlg Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. TODO - check relationship with epiblast. Note in FMA this is not a subclass of embryo, but in uberon embryo is the whole organism from zygote onwards and thus includes the blastula UBERON:0000307 UBERON:0007011 blastosphere blastula embryo uberon breast BTO:0000149 CALOHA:TS-2083 EV:0100124 FMA:9601 GAID:33 MESH:D001940 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjV7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The breasts of a female primate's body contain the mammary glands, which secrete milk used to feed infants. Both men and women develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. However, at puberty female sex hormones, mainly estrogens, promote breast development, which does not happen with men. As a result women's breasts become more prominent than men's. The upper ventral region of an animal's torso. UBERON:0000310 UMLS:C0006141 galen:Breast mamma mammary part of chest mammary region uberon duodenal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000367 CALOHA:TS-0213 Doudenal mucosa Duodenal mucous membrane EMAPA:27235 FMA:14942 MA:0003207 UBERON:0000320 UBERON:0003348 duodenum mucosa mucosa of duodenum mucous membrane of duodenum uberon gastric gland BTO:0000503 EMAPA:27181 FMA:14919 The branched tubular glands found in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach which contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and zymogenic cells that produce pepsin. UBERON:0000325 uberon gut wall BTO:0000547 FMA:45653 The wall of the digestive tract. This encompasses all parts of the digestive tract with the exception of the lumen (cavity). UBERON:0000328 We model the digestive tract as consisting of two parts: the wall and the lumen. digestive tract wall uberon wall of alimentary tract wall of digestive tract wall of gut throat BTO:0000828 FMA:228738 In anatomy, the throat is the anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx. An important feature of the throat is the epiglottis, a flap which separates the esophagus from the trachea and prevents inhalation of food or drink. The throat contains various blood vessels, various pharyngeal muscles, the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus. The hyoid bone and the clavicle are the only bones located in the throat of mammals. It is sometimes considered a synonym for fauces. [WP,unvetted]. OpenCyc:Mx4rwQtO_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The hyoid bone and the clavicle are the only bones located in the throat of mammals. UBERON:0000341 UMLS:C0230069 gula gular uberon mucosa A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP] AEO:0000199 BTO:0000886 CALOHA:TS-2031 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003234 EV:0100382 FMA has mucosa vs region of mucosa; these are subtypes of Mucosa: Mucosa of gallbladder, tongue, .... The following are subtypes of Region of mucosa: Mucosa of zone of stomach, trachea, bronchus, dorsum of tongue.... Depends on whether the covered area is an organ or organ component. Uberon does not regard organ vs organ component as crucial distinction and thus collapses these into a single class deliberately FMA:85355 FMA:85358 GAID:297 MESH:D009092 OpenCyc:Mx4rvmKNOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000344 UMLS:C0026724 galen:Mucosa mucosa of organ mucosa of organ part mucosal mucosal region mucous membrane organ mucosa region of mucosa tunica mucosa uberon parenchyma EHDAA:3015 EHDAA:3905 EHDAA:3999 EHDAA:4005 EHDAA:6899 EHDAA:6903 EHDAA:6994 EHDAA:8086 EHDAA:9182 EHDAA:9190 EHDAA:9196 EHDAA:9202 Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers: ectoderm (external layer), endoderm (internal layer) and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm. The parenchyma of most organs is of ectodermal (brain, skin) or endodermal origin (lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas). The parenchyma of a few organs (spleen, kidneys, heart) is of mesodermal origin. The stroma of all organs is of mesodermal origin FMA:45732 UBERON:0000353 UMLS:C0933845 functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues. parenchymal the FMA definition is more restrictive, and limits this to solid organs. This would seem to cause problems for the lung parenchyma, except FMA classifies Lung as solid rather than cavitated uberon musculature of body AAO:0000307 Anatomical system that consists of the muscles of the body.[VSAO] BILA:0000088 BTO:0001369 BTO:0001485 EFO:0000801 EMAPA:35578 FBbt:00005069 FMA:72954 MA:0002888 MAT:0000025 MIAA:0000025 The subdivision of the musculoskeletal system that consists of all the muscles of the body[VSAO, modified]. UBERON:0000383 VSAO:0000033 XAO:0004042 consider whether this should be restricted to skeletal musculature. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/77 muscle system muscle system of body muscular system musculature system muskelsystem set of all muscles set of muscles of body uberon vertebrate muscular system we place the MA term musculature here, rather than under uberon:musculature, as this seems more appropriate given the structure of MA serous gland A gland in which the principal secretory cells are serous secreting cells. BTO:0001837 FMA:62889 UBERON:0000409 glands that secrete watery albuminous material that often contains enzymes[MP:0008052]. uberon mucous gland A gland in which the principal secretory cells are mucus secreting cells. AAO:0010601 BTO:0001979 FMA:62888 In frogs and salamanders, this is the smaller of the two types of gland, the other being the granular (poison) gland. In these species the mucous gland is a cluster of cells that release secretion into a common duct[Kardong] UBERON:0000414 glandula mucosa muciparous gland mucous secreting gland mucus gland mucus-secreting gland uberon bodily secretion A portion of organism substance that is produced by exocrine glands. AEO:0001005 BTO has two distunct classes, with exocrine glandular secretion a subtype of secretion - however, all examples in BTO directly under secretion appear to be exocrine gland secretions BTO:0002977 BTO:0002979 EMAPA:36535 FMA:9675 MA:0002504 MESH:D012634 UBERON:0000456 UBERON:0006540 UMLS:C1516992 exocrine gland fluid exocrine gland fluid or secretion exocrine gland fluid/secretion exocrine gland secretion external secretion galen:Secretion secreted substance secretion uberon organism substance AAO:0010839 AEO:0000004 BILA:0000004 CALOHA:TS-2101 CARO:0000004 EHDAA2:0003004 EMAPA:35178 FBbt:00007019 FMA:9669 HAO:0000004 MA:0002450 Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. SPD:0000008 TAO:0001487 TGMA:0001824 UBERON:0000463 VHOG:0001726 XAO:0004001 ZFA:0001487 body fluid or substance body substance galen:BodySubstance organism substance portion of body substance portion of organism substance uberon anatomical space AAO:0010110 AEO:0000005 BILA:0000005 CARO:0000005 EHDAA2:0003005 FBbt:00007017 FMA:5897 HAO:0000005 Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. TAO:0001668 TGMA:0001825 UBERON:0000464 UMLS:C0524461 VHOG:0001728 XAO:0003190 ZFA:0001643 anatomical spaces lumen lumen space space uberon material anatomical entity AAO:0010264 AEO:0000006 Anatomical entity that has mass. BILA:0000006 CARO:0000006 EHDAA2:0003006 FBbt:00007016 FMA:67165 HAO:0000006 TAO:0001836 TGMA:0001826 UBERON:0000465 VHOG:0001721 uberon immaterial anatomical entity AAO:0010265 AEO:0000007 Anatomical entity that has no mass. BILA:0000007 CARO:0000007 EHDAA2:0003007 FBbt:00007015 FMA:67112 HAO:0000007 TAO:0001835 TGMA:0001827 UBERON:0000466 VHOG:0001727 immaterial physical anatomical entity uberon anatomical system AAO:0000007 AEO:0000011 BILA:0000011 BSA:0000049 CALOHA:TS-2088 CARO:0000011 EHDAA2:0003011 EHDAA:392 EMAPA:16103 EV:0100000 FBbt:00004856 FMA:7149 HAO:0000011 MA:0000003 Multicellular, connected anatomical structure that has multiple organs as parts and whose parts work together to achieve some shared function. OpenCyc:Mx4rCWM0QCtDEdyAAADggVbxzQ TAO:0001439 TGMA:0001831 UBERON:0000467 UMLS:C0460002 VHOG:0001725 WBbt:0005746 WBbt:0005763 XAO:0003002 ZFA:0001439 anatomical systems body system connected anatomical system galen:AnatomicalSystem organ system system uberon multicellular organism AAO:0010026 AEO:0000191 Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell. BILA:0000012 BSA:0000038 BTO:0000042 CARO:0000012 EFO:0002906 EHDAA2:0003103 EHDAA2:0003191 EHDAA:1 EHDAA:9178 EMAPA:25765 EV:0100016 FBbt:00000001 FMA:256135 HAO:0000012 Koerper TADS:0000001 TAO:0001094 TGMA:0001832 TODO - split body and mc organism? body continues after death stage UBERON:0000468 VHOG:0000671 WBbt:0007833 XAO:0003004 ZFA:0001094 animal body galen:Organism multi-cellular organism ncithesaurus:Whole_Organism organism organismal uberon whole body whole organism compound organ component AAO:0010017 AEO:0000019 BILA:0000019 CARO:0000019 EHDAA2:0003019 HAO:0000019 Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ. TAO:0001489 TGMA:0001835 UBERON:0000471 XAO:0003039 ZFA:0001489 compound organ components this class was introduced for consistency with CARO, however, it has yet to be used in this or other ontologies. It may be retired in the future uberon female reproductive system BTO:0000083 By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] CALOHA:TS-1303 EFO:0000969 EHDAA2:0000506 EHDAA:8116 EMAPA:17959 EV:0100110 FBbt:00004864 FMA:45663 GAID:364 HAO:0000324 MA:0000381 MESH:D005836 MIAA:0000028 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVipTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TGMA:0000635 The organs and associated structures associated with bearing offspring in a female animal. UBERON:0000474 UMLS:C0700038 VHOG:0000726 WBbt:0006748 WikipediaCategory:Female_reproductive_system XAO:0000156 female genital system female genital tract female genitalia female genitals female organism genitalia female organism reproductive system female reproductive tract genitalia of female organism gynaecological tissue reproductive system of female organism systema genitale femininum uberon organism subdivision AAO:0010053 AEO:0000032 Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument. BILA:0000032 CALOHA:TS-2084 CARO:0000032 EFO:0000808 EHDAA2:0003032 EMAPA:36031 FBbt:00007009 FMA:7153 HAO:0000032 MA:0002433 MAT:0000293 MESH:D001829 MIAA:0000293 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViAHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Reflects CARO2. todo - check the inclusion of FMA 'cardinal body part here', and check child terms for consistency TAO:0001308 TGMA:0001840 UBERON:0000475 UMLS:C0229962 VHOG:0001758 XAO:0003013 ZFA:0001308 anatomic region body part body region cardinal body part galen:BodyPart uberon acellular anatomical structure AAO:0010268 AEO:0000040 Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. BILA:0000040 CARO:0000040 EHDAA2:0003040 FBbt:00007013 FMA:63863 HAO:0000040 TAO:0000382 TGMA:0001841 UBERON:0000476 XAO:0003162 ZFA:0000382 acellular anatomical structures uberon anatomical cluster AAO:0010009 AEO:0000041 Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. BILA:0000041 CARO:0000041 EHDAA2:0003041 FBbt:00007277 FMA:49443 HAO:0000041 TADS:0000605 TAO:0001478 TGMA:0001842 UBERON:0000477 VHOG:0001737 Will be obsoleted in CARO v2 [https://github.com/obophenotype/caro/issues/3] XAO:0003160 ZFA:0001478 uberon tissue AAO:0000607 AAO:0010054 AEO:0000043 BILA:0000043 CALOHA:TS-2090 CARO:0000043 EHDAA2:0003043 EMAPA:35868 FBbt:00007003 FMA:9637 HAO:0000043 MA:0003002 MESH:D014024 Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation. TAO:0001477 TGMA:0001844 UBERON:0000479 UMLS:C0040300 VHOG:0001757 WBbt:0005729 XAO:0003040 ZFA:0001477 changed label and definition to reflect CARO2 galen:Tissue portion of tissue simple tissue tissue portion uberon multi-tissue structure AAO:0010048 AEO:0000055 Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. BILA:0000055 CARO:0000055 EHDAA2:0003055 FBbt:00007010 HAO:0000055 TAO:0001488 TGMA:0001847 UBERON:0000481 VHOG:0001762 XAO:0003037 ZFA:0001488 multi-tissue structures uberon epithelium AAO:0000144 AAO:0010055 AEO:0000066 BILA:0000066 BTO:0000416 CALOHA:TS-0288 CARO:0000066 EHDAA2:0003066 EMAPA:32738 FBbt:00007005 FMA:9639 GAID:402 HAO:0000066 MA:0003060 MESH:D004848 Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]. TAO:0001486 The two basic types of metazoan tissue are epithelial and connective. The simplest metazoans, and developmental stages of many primitive invertebrates, consist solely of these two layers. Thus, epithelial and connective tissues may be the primary (original) tissues of metazoans, and both are important in the functional organization of animals.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000483 UMLS:C0014609 VHOG:0000387 XAO:0003045 ZFA:0001486 epithelial epithelial tissue portion of epithelium uberon simple columnar epithelium AAO:0010063 AEO:0000068 BILA:0000068 CARO:0000068 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003068 FBbt:00007027 FMA:45567 HAO:0000068 TAO:0001496 UBERON:0000485 UMLS:C0836135 Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA] XAO:0004008 ZFA:0001496 columnar epithelium columnar epithlium epithelium simplex columnare simple columnar epithelia simple columnar epithelium uberon multilaminar epithelium AAO:0010059 AEO:0000069 BILA:0000069 BTO:0002074 CARO:0000069 EHDAA2:0003069 Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA] FMA:45562 HAO:0000069 TAO:0001494 UBERON:0000486 UMLS:C0682575 XAO:0004006 ZFA:0001494 laminated epithelium stratified epithelium uberon simple squamous epithelium AAO:0010066 AEO:0000070 BILA:0000070 BTO:0002073 CARO:0000070 EHDAA2:0003070 FMA:45565 HAO:0000070 TAO:0001498 UBERON:0000487 UMLS:C0836133 Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of squamous cells.[CARO] Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA] XAO:0004010 ZFA:0001498 epithelium simplex squamosum simple squamous epithelia uberon cavitated compound organ AAO:0010016 AEO:0000072 BILA:0000072 CARO:0000072 Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. EHDAA2:0003072 FMA:55671 HAO:0000072 TAO:0001490 TGMA:0001857 UBERON:0000489 VHOG:0001730 XAO:0003165 ZFA:0001490 cavitated compound organs cavitated organ this class was introduced for consistency with CARO, however, it has yet to be used in this or other ontologies. It may be retired in the future uberon unilaminar epithelium AAO:0010062 AEO:0000073 BILA:0000073 BTO:0002073 CARO:0000073 EHDAA2:0003073 Epithelium that consists of a single layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA] FMA:45561 HAO:0000073 TAO:0001495 UBERON:0000490 UMLS:C0682574 XAO:0004007 ZFA:0001495 consider adding disjointness axiom between unilaminar and multilaminar - but note that this will render EHDAA2:0003244 (chorionic trophoblast) unsatisfiable simple epithelium uberon unilaminar epithelia mucus CALOHA:TS-2144 ENVO:02000040 FMA:66938 GAID:1164 MESH:D009093 Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjHq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000912 UMLS:C0026727 galen:Mucus mucoid mucous uberon thoracic segment of trunk EMAPA:35862 FMA:259209 MA:0000022 Subdivision of trunk that lies between the head and the abdomen. UBERON:0000915 anterior subdivision of trunk note that we use the slightly verbose term 'thoracic segment of trunk' to avoid confusuon with insect thorax. todo - taxonomic constraints. Also, in FMA 'thorax' is a synonym for chest thorax uberon upper body upper trunk abdomen BTO:0000020 CALOHA:TS-0001 EFO:0000968 EMAPA:35102 EV:0100011 FMA:9577 GAID:16 MA:0000029 MAT:0000298 MESH:A01.047 MIAA:0000298 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjgyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The subdivision of the vertebrate body between the thorax and pelvis. The ventral part of the abdomen contains the abdominal cavity and visceral organs. The dorsal part includes the abdominal section of the vertebral column. UBERON:0000916 Vertebrate specific. In arthropods 'abdomen' is the most distal section of the body which lies behind the thorax or cephalothorax. If need be we can introduce some grouping class abdominal abdominopelvic region abdominopelvis adult abdomen belly celiac celiac region galen:Abdomen uberon embryo AAO:0011035 AEO:0000169 Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. BILA:0000056 BSA:0000039 BTO:0000379 CALOHA:TS-0229 EFO:0001367 EHDAA2:0000002 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003236 EHDAA:38 EMAPA:16039 FBbt:00000052 FMA:69068 GAID:963 MAT:0000226 MESH:D004622 MIAA:0000019 OGEM:000001 Obsoleted in ZFA. Note that embryo is not classified as an embryonic structure - an embryonic structure is only the parts of an embryo OpenCyc:Mx4rwP1ceZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000922 UMLS:C0013935 VHOG:0001766 XAO:0000113 ZFA:0000103 developing organism developmental tissue embryonic embryonic organism uberon germ layer A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. AAO:0000480 BILA:0000035 BTO:0000556 Classically the germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Alternatively: primary = ectoderm, endoderm; secondary=mesoderm; tertiary=dorsal mesoderm, NC[https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest] EMAPA:36033 FBbt:00000110 FMA:69069 GAID:1303 MESH:A16.254.425 TAO:0001122 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000923 UMLS:C0920502 UMLS:C1708239 VHOG:0001223 XAO:0003011 ZFA:0001122 embryonic germ layer embryonic germ layers embryonic tissue germinal layer primary germ layer uberon ectoderm AAO:0000137 BILA:0000036 BTO:0000315 CALOHA:TS-0216 EFO:0000414 EHDAA2:0000428 EMAPA:16069 EV:0100003 FBbt:00000111 FMA:69070 GAID:1304 MAT:0000155 MAT:0000173 MESH:A16.254.425.273 MIAA:0000173 Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryonic germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue.[AAO] TAO:0000016 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000924 UMLS:C0013574 VHOG:0000153 XAO:0000001 ZFA:0000016 ectodermal embryonic ectoderm uberon endoderm AAO:0000139 BILA:0000038 BTO:0000800 CALOHA:TS-0273 EFO:0002545 EHDAA2:0000436 EMAPA:16062 EV:0100005 FBbt:00000125 FMA:69071 GAID:1305 MAT:0000175 MESH:A16.254.425.407 MIAA:0000175 Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. TAO:0000017 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000925 UMLS:C0014144 VHOG:0000154 XAO:0000090 ZFA:0000017 endodermal entoderm uberon mesoderm AAO:0000304 BILA:0000037 BTO:0000839 CALOHA:TS-0623 EFO:0001981 EHDAA2:0001128 EHDAA:124 EHDAA:160 EHDAA:168 EHDAA:183 EMAPA:16083 EV:0100006 FBbt:00000126 FMA:69072 GAID:522 MAT:0000174 MESH:A16.254.425.660 MIAA:0000174 Primary germ layer that is the middle of the embryonic germ layers.[AAO] TAO:0000041 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm. UBERON:0000926 UBERON:0003263 UMLS:C0025485 VHOG:0000152 XAO:0000050 ZFA:0000041 embryonic mesoderm entire mesoderm mesodermal mesodermal mantle sponges do not seem to have a mesoderm and accordingly Amphimedon lacks transcription factors involved in mesoderm development (Fkh, Gsc, Twist, Snail)[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7307/full/nature09201.html]. Mesoderm may not be homologous across verteberates uberon stomodeum Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal formed as an invagination of the ectoderm; the future mouth.[TAO] Anterior part of the embryonic digestive tract that develops into a mouth. The stomodeum includes as parts an invagination of the ectoderm and the stomodeal cavity. BTO:0004224 EHDAA2:0001929 EMAPA:16263 FBbt:00000439 FMA:295846 TAO:0001290 TGMA:0000135 This class groups together disparate structures as all being the anterior part of the early metazoan digestive tract and precursor of the mouth. However, the developmental processes vary, so this class may be split in future. E.g. in mammals it is a rostral depression surrounded by prominences. Outgrowth of the prominences produces a stomodeal cavity. UBERON:0000930 UMLS:C1514977 XAO:0000269 ZFA:0001290 consider indicating location. e.g. anterior. Note some AOs place this as part of oral opening, but it's not clear when this structure comes into existence mouth pit mouth primordium oral ectoderm oral pit primitive oral cavity stomatodeum stomodaeum stomodeal stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium the primordial mouth region of the developing head, initially a midline ectodermal depression between the forebrain bulge (cranially) and the heart bulge (caudally) and between the maxillary and mandibular components of the first pharyngeal arch; the stomodeum is separated from the anterior end of the foregut by the buccopharyngeal membrane; the mouth is developed partly from the stomodeum, and partly from the floor of the anterior portion of the foregut; the lips, teeth, and gums are formed from the walls of the stomodeum, but the tongue is developed in the floor of the pharynx uberon proctodeum AAO:0011087 An inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[TAO] EHDAA2:0000121 EMAPA:25038 FBbt:00000123 Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into an ectodermal terminal part of the digestive tract. Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[AAO] TAO:0000066 UBERON:0000931 UMLS:C0231054 VHOG:0000139 XAO:0001019 ZFA:0000066 amnioproctodeal invagination anal pit anus porus embryonic proctodaeum proctodaeum proctodeal removed WBbt:0006795 'proctodeum' - junction between the alimentary and genital tracts in the male. uberon stomach AAO:0000579 ANISEED:1235297 An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium. BTO:0001307 CALOHA:TS-0980 EFO:0000837 EHDAA2:0001915 EHDAA:2993 EMAPA:17021 EV:0100070 FMA:7148 GAID:293 It appears that the stomach has an ancient origin. The stomach first appears in the fish lineage. The prevertebrate chordates do not have a true stomach, whereas the cartilaginous and bony fish do. Although most fish do have a true stomach, some fish species appear to have lost the stomach secondarily. The remaining vertebrate lineages do have a true stomach (at least in the adult animal), although there is great variation in the size and shape of the stomach.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000353 MAT:0000051 MESH:A03.492.766 MIAA:0000051 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Portion of alimentary canal with increased circular and longitudinal smooth muscle. Bounded posteriorly by the pyloric sphincter. Mucosal lining has increased folding.[AAO] TAO:0002121 UBERON:0000945 UMLS:C0038351 VHOG:0000408 Ventricular We restrict this to the vertebrate specific structure - see the grouping class 'food storage organ' for analogous structures in other species. Teleosts: Zebrafish is functionally stomach-less, but may retain ontogenic footprint. Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the oesophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the oesophagus opening directly into the intestine. The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands, and a posterior with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to mammals, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in man. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the oesophagus. Ruminants, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with oesophageal mucosa XAO:0000128 anterior intestine galen:Stomach gaster mesenteron stomach chamber uberon ventriculus heart A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ. AAO:0010210 As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[well established][VHOG] BILA:0000020 BTO:0000562 Blood pumping organ composed of four chambers: sinus venosus, atrium, cardiac ventricle and bulbus arteriosus.[TAO] CALOHA:TS-0445 EFO:0000815 EHDAA2:0000738 EHDAA:420 EMAPA:16105 EV:0100018 FMA:7088 GAID:174 Herz@de MA:0000072 MAT:0000036 MESH:D006321 MIAA:0000036 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the circulatory system responsible for pumping blood; composed of three chambers--two atria and one ventricle.[AAO] TAO:0000114 Taxon notes:" the ascidian tube-like heart lacks chambers....The ascidian heart is formed after metamorphosis as a simple tube-like structure with a single-layered myoepithelium that is continuous with a single-layered pericar- dial wall. It lacks chambers and endocardium.... The innovation of the chambered heart was a key event in vertebrate evolution, because the chambered heart generates one-way blood flow with high pressure, a critical requirement for the efficient blood supply of large-body vertebrates... all extant vertebrates have hearts with two or more chambers (Moorman and Christoffels 2003)" http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1485706 UBERON:0000948 UMLS:C0018787 VHOG:0000276 XAO:0000064 ZFA:0000114 branchial heart cardiac cardium chambered heart galen:Heart relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] uberon vertebrate heart endocrine system AAO:0010279 Anatomical system containing glands which regulates bodily functions though the secretion of hormones.[AAO] Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. CALOHA:TS-1301 EFO:0002969 EHDAA2:0002224 EMAPA:35306 EV:0100128 FBbt:00005068 FMA:9668 GAID:439 MA:0000012 MESH:D004703 Multicellular organisms have complex endocrine systems, allowing responses to environmental stimuli, regulation of development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a metazoan-specific family of ligand-activated transcription factors, play central roles in endocrine responses, as intermediates between signaling molecules and target genes. The NR family includes ligand-bound and orphan receptors, that is, receptors with no known ligand or for which there is no ligand Pocket. Understanding NR evolution has been further improved by comparison of several completed genomes, particularly those of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. In contrast, evolution of NR ligands is still much debated. One hypothesis proposes that several independent gains and losses of ligand-binding ability in NRs occurred in protostomes and deuterostomes. A second hypothesis, pertaining to the NR3 subfamily (vertebrate steroid hormone receptors and estrogen related receptor), proposes that before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, there was an ancestral steroid receptor (AncSR) that was ligand-activated and that orphan receptors secondarily lost the ability to bind a ligand. (...) Our analysis reveals that steroidogenesis has been independently elaborated in the 3 main bilaterian lineages (...).[well established][VHOG] TAO:0001158 UBERON:0000949 UMLS:C0014136 VHOG:0000098 XAO:0000158 ZFA:0001158 endocrine endocrine glandular system endocrine system systema endocrinum uberon brain (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010478 ABA:Brain BAMS:Br BAMS:Brain BILA:0000135 BTO:0000142 CALOHA:TS-0095 Cavitated compound organ which is comprised of gray and white matter and surrounds the cerebral ventricular system.[TAO] DHBA:10155 EFO:0000302 EHDAA2:0000183 EHDAA:2641 EHDAA:6485 EMAPA:16894 EV:0100164 FBbt:00005095 FMA:50801 GAID:571 HBA:4005 MA:0000168 MAT:0000098 MESH:D001921 MIAA:0000098 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjT65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA PBA:3999 Part of the central nervous system situated within the cranium and composed of both nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers.[AAO] TAO:0000008 The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and metencephalon. It is derived from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube (or the encephalon). Does not include retina. (CUMBO) UBERON:0000955 UMLS:C0006104 UMLS:C1269537 VHOG:0000157 XAO:0000010 ZFA:0000008 encephalon galen:Brain http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=21 requires review for applicability to invertebrate structures, e.g. synganglion suprasegmental levels of nervous system suprasegmental structures synganglion the brain uberon eye An organ that detects light. BILA:0000017 BTO:0000439 CALOHA:TS-0309 EFO:0000827 EV:0100336 FBbt:00005162 GAID:69 MAT:0000140 MESH:D005123 MIAA:0000140 Note that whilst this is classified as an organ, it is in fact more of a unit composed of different structures: in Drosophila, it includes the interommatidial bristle as a part; we consider here the vertebrate eye to include the eyeball/eye proper as a part, with the eye having as parts (when present): eyelids, conjuctiva, OpenCyc:Mx4rvViTvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class encompasses a variety of light-detecting structures from different phyla with no implication of homology, from the compound insect eye to the vertebrate camera-type eye (distinct classes are provided for each) UBERON:0000970 light-detecting organ ocular optic uberon visual apparatus neck AEO:0000108 An organism subdivision that extends from the head to the pectoral girdle, encompassing the cervical vertebral column. BTO:0000420 CALOHA:TS-2045 EFO:0000967 EHDAA2:0003108 EMAPA:35587 FMA:7155 GAID:86 MA:0000024 MAT:0000297 MESH:D009333 MIAA:0000297 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjLF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000974 UMLS:C0027530 cervical collum galen:Neck neck (volume) true necks are considered to be present when the pectoral girdle is separate from the skull - Tiktaalik is the earliest known fish to have a true neck. uberon leg BTO:0000721 CALOHA:TS-2206 EFO:0001411 EHDAA2:0000972 EHDAA:5151 EHDAA:6176 EHDAA:8289 EMAPA:17489 GAID:49 MA:0000047 MESH:D035002 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvViYzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The portion of the hindlimb that contains both the stylopod and zeugopod. The term leg can mean: [1] an appendage on which an animal walks [2] the entire hindlimb of a tetrapod [3] the segment of a human leg between knee and ankle (cf FMA) [4] the region of a hindlimb include the stylopod and zeugopod, but excluding the autopod. We define this class as [4], and thus 'leg' is compltely analagous to 'arm'. For [1], see the class 'locomotive weight-bearing appendage'. For [2] we use 'hindlimb'. For UBERON:0000978 VHOG:0000345 lower extremity tetrapod leg uberon we use the less open to misinterpretation 'hindlimb zeugopod'. Editor note: currently declared as overlapping foot, as AOs disagree over whether some ankle parts are in the leg or foot skeletal joint AEO:0000182 Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[VSAO] Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO]. Anatomical cluster which consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[TAO] BTO:0001686 CALOHA:TS-2023 EFO:0000948 EMAPA:35456 FMA:7490 GAID:102 MA:0000319 MAT:0000188 MESH:D007596 MIAA:0000188 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003182 TAO:0000367 UBERON:0000982 UMLS:C0022417 VHOG:0001276 VSAO:0000101 XAO:0000171 ZFA:0001596 articular joint articulation galen:Joint joint joints uberon reproductive system AAO:0010258 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. Anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues associated with sexual reproduction of the organism.[AAO] Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria.[well established][VHOG] BILA:0000103 BTO:0000081 CALOHA:TS-1318 EFO:0000809 EHDAA2:0001603 EHDAA:5923 EMAPA:17381 EV:0100100 FBbt:00004857 FMA:7160 GAID:363 Geschlechtsorgan HAO:0000374 HAO:0000895 MA:0000326 MIAA:0000305 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVja4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000632 UBERON:0000990 UMLS:C1261210 VHOG:0000182 WBbt:0005747 XAO:0000142 ZFA:0000632 animal reproductive system consider splitting genitalia from reproductive system genital system genital tract genitalia organa genitalia reproductive tissue reproductive tract systemata genitalia uberon gonad AAO:0000213 Anatomical structure which produces gametes as well as certain sex hormones controlled by the pituitary gonadotropins.[AAO] BILA:0000123 BSA:0000079 BTO:0000534 EMAPA:16857 EMAPA:17383 Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved.[uncertain][VHOG] FBbt:00004858 FMA xref is a 'general anatomical term' FMA:18250 GAID:368 HAO:0000379 MA:0002420 MESH:D006066 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQvdiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). TAO:0000413 The part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).[TAO] UBERON:0000991 UMLS:C0018067 VHOG:0000397 WBbt:0005175 XAO:0003146 ZFA:0000413 gonada gonadal gonads uberon female gonad (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] AAO:0000371 BILA:0000125 BSA:0000080 BTO:0000975 CALOHA:TS-0730 EFO:0000973 EHDAA2:0001360 EHDAA:8124 EMAPA:17962 EV:0100111 Either of paired female reproductive organs involved in production of ova and female sex hormones.[AAO] FBbt:00004865 FMA:7209 Female reproductive organ.[TAO] GAID:367 MA:0000384 MESH:D010053 MIAA:0000125 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi9QJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Ovaries of some kind are found in the female reproductive system of many animals that employ sexual reproduction, including invertebrates. However, they develop in a very different way in most invertebrates than they do in vertebrates, and are not truly homologous. Many of the features found in human ovaries are common to all vertebrates, including the presence of follicular cells, tunica albuginea, and so on. However, many species produce a far greater number of eggs during their lifetime than do humans, so that, in fish and amphibians, there may be hundreds, or even millions of fertile eggs present in the ovary at any given time. In these species, fresh eggs may be developing from the germinal epithelium throughout life. Corpora lutea are found only in mammals, and in some elasmobranch fish; in other species, the remnants of the follicle are quickly resorbed by the ovary. In birds, reptiles, and monotremes, the egg is relatively large, filling the follicle, and distorting the shape of the ovary at maturity. Amphibians and reptiles have no ovarian medulla; the central part of the ovary is a hollow, lymph-filled space. The ovary of teleosts is also often hollow, but in this case, the eggs are shed into the cavity, which opens into the oviduct. Although most normal female vertebrates have two ovaries, this is not the case in all species. In birds and platypuses, the right ovary never matures, so that only the left is functional. In some elasmobranchs, the reverse is true, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo TAO:0000403 UBERON:0000992 UMLS:C0029939 VHOG:0000251 XAO:0000258 ZFA:0000403 female organism genitalia gonad female organism genitalia gonada female organism reproductive system gonad female organism reproductive system gonada female reproductive system gonad female reproductive system gonada genitalia of female organism gonad genitalia of female organism gonada gonad of female organism genitalia gonad of female organism reproductive system gonad of female reproductive system gonad of genitalia of female organism gonad of reproductive system of female organism gonada of female organism genitalia gonada of female organism reproductive system gonada of female reproductive system gonada of genitalia of female organism gonada of reproductive system of female organism ovarian ovaries ovarium ovary ovum-producing ovary reproductive system of female organism gonad reproductive system of female organism gonada the gonad of a female organism which contains germ cells uberon oviduct A passage through which ova leave the maternal body or pass to an organ communicating with the exterior of the body. [TFD][VHOG] A tube or collection of tubes in an animal from the ovaries to the outside of the body. AAO:0010533 BSA:0000083 BTO:0000980 EFO:0000974 EMAPA:18984 GAID:366 In all remaining vertebrates (i.e., coelacanths, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals), the oviduct arises in ontogeny as a longitudinal, groovelike invagination of the coelomic epithelium on the lateral surface of the mesonephros.[well established][VHOG] MAT:0000126 MESH:D010057 MIAA:0000126 TAO:0000560 The only female vertebrates to lack oviducts are the jawless fishes. In these species, the single fused ovary releases eggs directly into the body cavity. The fish eventually extrudes the eggs through small genital pores towards the rear of the body[WP] UBERON:0000993 UMLS:C0029954 VHOG:0001136 XAO:0003052 ZFA:0000560 female reproductive tracts in birds divided into infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, and vagina ovarian duct ovarian tube oviducts sometimes oviduct is used interchangeably with follaopian tube. Here they are different - the oviduct connects the gonad to the outside in a variety of animals. The mammal-class fallopian tube is derived from the mullerian duct and connects the gonads/infubdibulum to the uterus tuba uterina tuba uterinae tubular parts of female reproductive system uberon uterine tube uterus An infundibulum, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina also differentiate along the oviducts of eutherian mammals.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001424 CALOHA:TS-1102 EFO:0000975 EMAPA:29915 EV:0100113 FMA:17558 GAID:172 MA:0000389 MAT:0000127 MESH:D014599 MIAA:0000127 Most animals that lay eggs, such as birds and reptiles, have an oviduct instead of a uterus. In monotremes, mammals which lay eggs and include the platypus, either the term uterus or oviduct is used to describe the same organ, but the egg does not develop a placenta within the mother and thus does not receive further nourishment after formation and fertilization. Marsupials have two uteruses, each of which connect to a lateral vagina and which both use a third, middle 'vagina' which functions as the birth canal. Marsupial embryos form a choriovitelline 'placenta' (which can be thought of as something between a monotreme egg and a 'true' placenta), in which the egg's yolk sac supplies a large part of the embryo's nutrition but also attaches to the uterine wall and takes nutrients from the mother's bloodstream. OpenCyc:Mx4rvViojJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The hollow muscular organ in female mammals in which the blastocyst normally becomes embedded and in which the developing embryo and fetus is nourished. Its cavity opens into the vagina below and into a uterine tube on either side. [TFD][VHOG] Two uteruses usually form initially in a female fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteruses, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, along with horses, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals the uteruses may not have completely fused [Wikipedia:Uterus] UBERON:0000995 UMLS:C0042149 VHOG:0001137 galen:Uterus the female muscular organ of gestation in which the developing embryo or fetus is nourished until birth uberon uterine vagina 'The distal end of the oviducts differentiates as a vagina in Metatheria and Eutheria.' Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective, Third Edition (2001) Orlando Fla.: Harcourt College Publishers, p.688 A fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles[WP]. BTO:0000243 CALOHA:TS-1103 EFO:0000976 EMAPA:18986 EV:0100117 FMA:19949 GAID:381 MA:0000394 MAT:0000128 MESH:D014621 MIAA:0000128 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj1B5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ with organ cavity which connects the cervical canal of uterus to the vestibule of vagina.[FMA] The distal end of the oviducts differentiates as a vagina in Metatheria and Eutheria.[well established][VHOG] The genital canal in the female, leading from the opening of the vulva to the cervix of the uterus. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0000996 UMLS:C0042232 VHOG:0001138 distal oviductal region distal portion of oviduct galen:Vagina uberon vaginae vaginal skin epidermis (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell.[well established][VHOG] A cellular, multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] AAO:0000143 BTO:0000404 CALOHA:TS-0283 EFO:0000954 EMAPA:17528 EV:0100153 FMA:70596 GAID:932 MA:0000153 MAT:0000154 MESH:D004817 MIAA:0000154 TAO:0000105 The outer epithelial layer of the external integument of the body that is derived from the embryonic epiblast.[AAO] The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis. UBERON:0001003 UMLS:C0014520 VHOG:0000077 XAO:0000028 ZFA:0000105 Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. In terrestrial vertebrates the epidermis often forms an outer keratinized or cornified layer, the stratum corneum. Interaction between the epideris and dermis gives rise to feathers (birds), hair and mammary glands (mammals), teeth and scales (placoid: chondrichthyans; cosmoids, ganoid, cycloid in bony fishes). epidermal epidermis relationship loss: subclass external integument structures (AAO:0000961)[AAO] skin uberon vertebrate epidermis respiratory system AAO:0000541 Atmungssystem BTO:0000203 CALOHA:TS-1319 EFO:0000804 EHDAA2:0001604 EHDAA:2203 EMAPA:16727 EV:0100036 FMA:7158 Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration. GAID:78 MA:0000327 MAT:0000030 MESH:D012137 MIAA:0000030 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000272 The anatomical system in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the organism and its environment.[AAO] There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001004 UMLS:C0035237 VHOG:0000202 XAO:0000117 ZFA:0000272 apparatus respiratorius apparatus respiratorius respiratory system systema respiratorium uberon respiratory airway An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms. FMA:265130 This class generically groups trachea and analagous structures throughout metazoa. Consider renaming, as the term could be taken to mean lumen of tracheal system (e.g. in SNOMED). As a grouping class this is quite vague, as it is not clear where the airway begins and ends UBERON:0001005 airway airways uberon digestive system AAO:0000129 An anatomical system consisting of the alimentary canal and digestive glands responsible for intake, absorption, digestion and excretion of food.[AAO] Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. BILA:0000082 BTO:0000058 CALOHA:TS-1293 EFO:0000793 EV:0100056 FBbt:00005055 FMA:7152 GAID:278 MA:0002431 MAT:0000018 MESH:D004064 MIAA:0000018 TADS:0000170 TAO:0000339 UBERON:0001007 WBbt:0005748 XAO:0000125 ZFA:0000339 alimentary system alimentary tract digestive galen:DigestiveSystem gastrointestinal system gut many anatomy ontologies consider gastrointestinal system synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class ncithesaurus:Digestive_System uberon renal system AAO:0010257 An anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues which produce, store, and excrete urine.[AAO] BILA:0000015 BTO:0001244 BTO:0003092 CALOHA:TS-1323 EFO:0000803 EHDAA2:0001601 EHDAA:5901 EMAPA:17366 EV:0100095 Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions.[well established][VHOG] FBbt:00005056 FMA:7159 GAID:391 In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels In various sources such as Encyclopedia Britannica, the excretory and urinary systems are indeed the same system (see wikipedia talk page); we merge two BTO classes here MA:0000325 MAT:0000027 MESH:D014551 MIAA:0000027 TADS:0000162 TAO:0000163 The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products.. This definition is inclusive of the organs of the vertebrate renal system, as well as the Malpighian tubules of insects, and allows for future incorporation of structures such as the antennal glands of crustaceans UBERON:0001008 UMLS:C1508753 VHOG:0000723 WBbt:0005736 XAO:0000143 ZFA:0000163 excretory system galen:UrinaryTract renal or urinary system renal system renal/urinary system systema urinaria systema urinarium uberon urinary system urinary tract circulatory system AAO:0000959 Anatomical system of ion binding, a pumping mechanism, and an efficient vascular system; consisting of the blood, heart, and blood and lymph vessels, respectively.[AAO] CALOHA:TS-2103 FBbt:00005057 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001009 VHOG:0001248 We should divest ourselves of the view that earlier vertebrate groups were 'on their way' to becoming mammals, as clearly they were not such visionaries. Neither were their systems 'imperfect' as earlier anatomists thought. Instead, their circulatory systems served them well to address the ecological demands arising from their lifestyles.[well established][VHOG] organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]. systema cardiovasculare the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system are parts of the circulatory system uberon adipose tissue AAO:0000001 AEO:000020 Adipose tissue is unique to vertebrates. It is found in mostmammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and a variety is found in some species of fish. Furthermore, in insects the fat body found in larvae as well as in adults shares some homology with adipose tissue.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001487 CALOHA:TS-0013 Connective tissue in which fat is stored.[TAO] EFO:0000790 EHDAA2:0003120 EMAPA:35112 EV:0100381 FMA:20110 GAID:920 In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow) and in breast tissue. Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. Adipose tissue contains several cell types, with the highest percentage of cells being adipocytes, which contain fat droplets. Other cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels.; Mice have eight major adipose depots, four of which are within the abdominal cavity. The paired gonadal depots are attached to the uterus and ovaries in females and the epididymis and testes in males; the paired retroperitoneal depots are found along the dorsal wall of the abdomen, surrounding the kidney, and, when massive, extend into the pelvis. The mesenteric depot forms a glue-like web that supports the intestines, and the omental depot, which originates near the stomach and spleen, and, when massive, extends into the ventral abdomen. MA:0000009 MAT:0000015 MESH:D000273 MIAA:0000015 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjc_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue TAO:0002134 Tissue that contains adipocytes, used for cushioning, thermal insulation, lubrication (primarily in the pericardium) and energy storage.[AAO] UBERON:0001013 UMLS:C0001527 VHOG:0001284 XAO:0003049 ZFA:0005345 adipose adipose bodyfat fat fat tissue fatty depot fatty tissue galen:FattyTissue in FMA this is dense irregular connective tissue relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO] uberon musculature A subdivision of the muscular system corresponding to a subdisivision of an organism. AAO:0011066 BTO:0000887 EFO:0001949 EMAPA:32715 EMAPA:35577 FMA:32558 In FMA this is classified as a set of organs. ZFA musculature system has subtypes, so it is classified here. WBbt muscular system has subtypes so it goes here. Note that we use the MA term set of skeletal muscles here as it seems most appropriate (*not* MA:musculature). AAO is generally confused here. MA:0000165 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjmr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000548 UBERON:0001015 UMLS:C0026845 VSAO:0005038 WBbt:0005737 ZFA:0000548 muscle group muscle system muscles muscles set musculature musculature system musculi set of muscles set of skeletal muscles uberon nervous system A regulatory system of the body that consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. The nervous system is divided into two parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] AAO:0000324 Anatomical system consisting of nerve bodies and nerve fibers which regulate the response of the body to external and internal stimuli.[AAO] BILA:0000079 BTO:0001484 CALOHA:TS-1313 EFO:0000802 EHDAA2:0001246 EHDAA:826 EMAPA:16469 EV:0100162 FBbt:00005093 FMA:7157 GAID:466 MA:0000016 MAT:0000026 MESH:D009420 MIAA:0000026 Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvViT_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000396 The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO]. UBERON:0001016 UMLS:C0027763 VHOG:0000402 WBbt:0005735 XAO:0000177 ZFA:0000396 nerve net nervous neural neurological system systema nervosum uberon central nervous system (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000090 BAMS:CNS BILA:0000080 BTO:0000227 CALOHA:TS-0150 CNS EFO:0000908 EHDAA2:0000225 EHDAA:828 EMAPA:16470 EMAPA:16754 EV:0100163 FBbt:00005094 FMA:55675 GAID:570 MA:0000167 MAT:0000457 MESH:D002490 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzYt3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord.[AAO] TAO:0000012 The brain and spinal cord. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerve cell layer of the retina (CUMBO). The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord. UBERON:0001017 UMLS:C0927232 VHOG:0000293 XAO:0000215 ZFA:0000012 cerebrospinal axis neuraxis systema nervosum centrale uberon nerve A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons.[TAO] AAO:0011070 AEO:0000137 An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures. BAMS:n BSA:0000098 BTO:0000925 BTO:0001027 CALOHA:TS-0772 EHDAA2:0003137 EHDAA:2851 EHDAA:3776 EHDAA:4657 EMAPA:32808 EMAPA:32815 EV:0100371 FBbt:00005105 FMA:65132 FMA:65239 GAID:747 GAID:758 MA:0000217 MA:0000228 MESH:D010525 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP3lkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0007009 UBERON:0001021 UMLS:C0027740 UMLS:C0031119 VHOG:0000901 XAO:0000204 XAO:0003047 ZFA:0007009 galen:Nerve nerves nervous neural subtree peripheral nerve uberon sensory system AAO:0000555 An early step in the evolution of neural crest, therefore, may have been the origin of a specific dorsal neural cell population contributing to sensory processing; this would predate the divergence of the amphioxus and vertebrate lineages.[well established][VHOG] Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. BAMS:SEN BILA:0000099 EFO:0000805 EHDAA2:0003094 EMAPA:16192 FBbt:00005827 FMA:75259 MA:0002442 MAT:0000031 MIAA:0000031 TAO:0000282 UBERON:0001032 VHOG:0001674 XAO:0003194 ZFA:0000282 note the distinct between entire sensory system and individual system. this reconciles is_a and part_of distinctions between ssAOs organa sensuum organa sensuum sense organ subsystem sense organs sense organs set sensory organ system sensory subsystem sensory systems set of sense organs uberon gustatory system AAO:0010577 BILA:0000143 EFO:0000830 FMA:7194 MA:0002446 MAT:0000275 MIAA:0000275 TAO:0001101 The sensory system for the sense of taste. The sensory system for the sense of taste[NIFSTD:nlx_anat_090803]. The sensory system used for the sense of taste.[AAO] UBERON:0001033 XAO:0003197 ZFA:0001101 gustatory gustatory organ system in ZFA and MA this is a subtype of sensory system. we should change sensory system to disambiguate parts and wholes taste system uberon foregut AAO:0011042 Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract. BILA:0000085 BTO:0000507 EHDAA2:0000557 EHDAA:520 EMAPA:16548 FBbt:00005379 FMA:45616 MA:0001526 Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future. In vertebrates the term may refer to a developmental structure TGMA:0001014 The anterior portion of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo that lies cephalic to the junction of the yolk stalk, consists of endodermal tissue, and gives rise to the the pharynx, lower respiratory system, esophagus, stomach, duodenum proximal to the biliary tract, liver, pancreas, biliary tract, and gall bladder. The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001041 UMLS:C0231051 VHOG:0000285 XAO:0000232 praeenteron proenteron uberon chordate pharynx (...) the earliest vertebrates possessed unjointed internal and external branchial arches, and musculature encircling the pharynx.[well established][VHOG] A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNYX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx)[MESH:A03.867]. A portion of the respiratory and digestive tracts; its distal limit is the superior part of the esophagus and it connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus and larynx; it contains the valleculae and the pyriform recesses; its upper limits are the nasal cavity and cranial base.[FEED]. AAO:0000967 Anatomical cavity bounded by the derivatives of the branchial arches.[AAO] BTO:0001049 CALOHA:TS-0785 Consider generalizing to deuterostome pharynx EFO:0000836 EHDAA2:0001458 EHDAA:2947 EMAPA:16706 EV:0100065 FMA:46688 GAID:155 MA/FMA pharynx not part of digestive/alimentary system, we are consistent with this scheme MA:0000432 MESH:A03.867 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViv7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills[ZFA:0000056, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576]. TAO:0000056 The portion of the alimentary canal between the mouth and the oesophagus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0001042 UMLS:C0031354 VHOG:0000462 XAO:0003227 ZFA:0000056 galen:Pharynx pharynx relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: develops_from respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO] relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: part_of respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO] uberon esophagus AAO:0000145 ANISEED:1235301 Anterior end of the alimentary canal lined with smooth muscle. Bounded anteriorly by a constriction in the pharynx. Bounded posteriorly by and increase in circular and/or longitudinal smooth muscle associated with the stomach.[AAO] BTO:0000959 CALOHA:TS-0700 EFO:0000835 EHDAA2:0001285 EHDAA:2937 EMAPA:16833 EV:0100069 FMA:7131 GAID:291 MA:0000352 MAT:0000048 MESH:A03.365 MIAA:0000048 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj9Q5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000204 The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx.[well established][VHOG] Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). UBERON:0001043 UMLS:C0014876 VHOG:0000450 XAO:0000127 ZFA:0000204 esophageal esophagus NOT part of gut in MA. part of gut in ZFA. part_of gut (via UGIT) in FMA. Consider splitting. Interspecies: The human oesophagus is 25 cm long and has a diameter of ca. 2 cm. Only little information was found on the oesophagus in rat, rabbit and pig. The oesophagus of rat (75 x 2 mm) and rabbit has no mucous glands and the cardia of the stomach has a well-developed sphincter, which prevents them from vomiting (Hebel and Stromberg, 1988; Manning et al., 1994). Morphologically the oesophagus is similar in man and pig; both are omnivores and have a non-keratinised epithelium, submucous glands and similar membrane enzymes. Like in humans, pigs can suffer from reflux oesophagitis and stress ulceration of the oesophagus. The pig oesophagus may therefore be a good model for investigation compared to the human oesophagus (Christie et al., 1995) galen:Esophagus gullet oesophagus uberon saliva-secreting gland A gland that produces the saliva. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-25, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] BTO:0001203 CALOHA:TS-0892 EFO:0000859 EHDAA2:0001775 EHDAA:7987 EMAPA:17751 EV:0100059 FBbt:00005382 FMA:9597 GAID:937 In air-feeding animals, the lack of water column to lubricate the food has been compensated for by the evolution of the salivary glands. These glands are present only in amniotes and are controlled by the parasympathetic system.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000346 MAT:0000079 MESH:D012469 MIAA:0000079 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjl5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands, glands with ducts, that produce saliva. They also secrete amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose. In other organisms such as insects, salivary glands are often used to produce biologically important proteins like silk or glues, and fly salivary glands contain polytene chromosomes that have been useful in genetic research. The salivary glands of some species are modified to produce enzymes; salivary amylase is found in many, but by no means all, bird and mammal species (including humans, as noted above). Furthermore, the venom glands of poisonous snakes, Gila monsters, and some shrews, are modified salivary glands UBERON:0001044 UMLS:C0036098 VHOG:0000376 currently we define saliva and salivary glands very generally in functional terms but it may be more appropriate to split this class. From WP: In most vertebrates, saliva does not contain any enzymes, consisting of mucus and water only, and its primary function is to moisten food while eating. As a result, true salivary glands are rarely found in fish or aquatic tetrapods, although there are often individual mucus-secreting cells. Amphibians have a single salivary gland, the intermaxillary gland, located in the forward part of the palate. Reptiles and birds normally have only very small glands on the lips, palate, and base of the mouth, although there are some birds with large glands, which produce a sticky saliva that helps in nest-building. The distinct parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are only developed in mammals. galen:SalivaryGland glandulae salivariae saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity[GO] salivary gland uberon midgut BILA:0000086 BTO:0000863 EFO:0001950 EHDAA2:0001185 EHDAA:983 EMAPA:16255 FBbt:00005383 FMA:45617 In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon MA:0001564 Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future. We may explicitly make this a developmental class TGMA:0001036 The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001045 UMLS:C0231052 VHOG:0000290 XAO:0000103 in FMA this represents an embryonic region. mesenteron uberon hindgut AAO:0011052 BILA:0000087 BTO:0000510 EHDAA2:0000779 EHDAA:975 EMAPA:16715 FBbt:00005384 FMA:45618 MA:0001527 Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future (vertebrates have some contribution from NC - https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest). We may explicitly make this a developmental class TGMA:0001020 The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] The caudalmost subdivision of a digestive tract. UBERON:0001046 UMLS:C0231053 VHOG:0000459 XAO:0000104 in FMA this class has no children. In MA it has a single child hindgut epithelium metenteron the caudal portion of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo uberon primordium AEO:0000171 BTO:0001886 EFO:0001652 EHDAA2:0003171 FBbt:00005495 FMA:86589 MAT:0000482 Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt, Hartenstein, V. (2004)]. UBERON:0001048 UMLS:C0678727 XAO:0003043 bud future organ placode primordia rudiment uberon neural tube (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010617 BTO:0001057 CALOHA:TS-2371 DHBA:10154 EHDAA2:0001254 EHDAA:2869 EHDAA:908 EMAPA:16164 EMAPA:16530 EMAPA:16757 FMA:293882 Hollow epithelial tube on dorsal side of the embryo that develops into the central nervous system.[AAO] In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted]. MAT:0000069 MIAA:0000069 TAO:0001135 The dorsal tubular structure in the vertebrate embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium UBERON:0001049 UMLS:C0231024 VHOG:0000307 XAO:0003204 ZFA:0001135 neural primordium presumptive central nervous system tubus neuralis uberon anatomical entity AAO:0010841 AEO:0000000 BILA:0000000 Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. CARO:0000000 EHDAA2:0002229 FBbt:10000000 FBbt_root:00000000 FMA:62955 HAO:0000000 MA:0000001 TAO:0100000 TGMA:0001822 UBERON:0001062 UMLS:C1515976 XAO:0000000 ZFA:0100000 uberon ventral pancreatic duct A duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. BTO:0002362 EHDAA2:0001396 EHDAA:6905 EMAPA:17510 FMA:16003 GAID:337 MA:0000126 MESH:D010183 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002177 These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0001064 UBERON:0005627 UMLS:C0030288 Upon reaching its final destination, the ventral pancreatic bud fuses with the much larger dorsal pancreatic bud. At this point of fusion, the main ducts of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse, forming the duct of Wirsung, the main pancreatic duct. VHOG:0000256 canal of Wirsung chief pancreatic duct duct of Wirsung ductus pancreatis ventralis hepaticopancreatic duct in EHDAA2 this is an epithelium, in FMA the wall consists of epithelium and connective tissue main pancreatic duct pancreatic duct uberon urine BTO:0001419 CALOHA:TS-1092 EFO:0001939 EMAPA:36554 ENVO:00002047 Excretion that is the output of a kidney FMA:12274 GAID:1189 MA:0002545 MAT:0000058 MESH:D014556 MIAA:0000058 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjGppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001088 UMLS:C0042036 galen:Urine kidney excreta from some taxa (e.g. in aves) may not be liquid uberon synovial fluid BTO:0001339 CALOHA:TS-0996 ENVO:02000039 FMA:12277 GAID:265 MA:0002544 MESH:D013582 Portion of organism substance that is a clear fluid that occupies the space in synovial joints.[TAO] TAO:0005154 Transudate contained in the synovial cavity of joints, and in the cavity of tendon sheaths and bursae. UBERON:0001090 UMLS:C0039097 ZFA:0005154 galen:SynovialFluid joint fluid uberon lobe of liver EMAPA:18306 FMA:13361 MA:0000360 Traditional gross anatomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features. The falciform ligament is visible on the front (anterior side) of the liver. This divides the liver into a left anatomical lobe, and a right anatomical lobe. UBERON:0001113 UMLS:C0447541 hepatic lobe liver lobe lobus hepatis some work needs to be done to ensure the child terms of this class have correct isa/partof placement. in MA they are subclasses, in FMA they are parts uberon right lobe of liver 2nd lobe EHDAA2:0001008 EHDAA:4001 EMAPA:18311 FMA:13362 MA:0000363 Portion of the liver which develops on the fish's right side adjacent to the gall bladder.[TAO] TAO:0005173 The right lobe is much larger than the left; the proportion between them being as six to one. It occupies the right hypochondrium, and is separated from the left lobe on its upper surface by the falciform ligament; on its under and posterior surfaces by the left sagittal fossa; and in front by the umbilical notch. It is of a somewhat quadrilateral form, its under and posterior surfaces being marked by three fossæ: the porta and the fossæ for the gall-bladder and inferior vena cava, which separate its left part into two smaller lobes; the quadrate and caudate lobes. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001114 UMLS:C0227481 VHOG:0001424 ZFA:0005173 gall bladder lobe liver right lobe lobus hepaticus dexter lobus hepatis dexter right hepatic lobe right liver lobe second lobe uberon left lobe of liver EHDAA2:0001000 EHDAA:3995 EMAPA:18307 FMA:13363 MA:0000361 Portion of the liver which develops on the fish's left side.[TAO] TAO:0005172 The left lobe is smaller and more flattened than the right. It is situated in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions. Its upper surface is slightly convex and is moulded on to the diaphragm; its under surface presents the gastric impression and omental tuberosity. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001115 UMLS:C0227486 VHOG:0001423 ZFA:0005172 left hepatic lobe left liver lobe liver left lobe lobus hepaticus sinister lobus hepatis sinister uberon cardiac muscle tissue AAO:0010245 AEO:0000142 BILA:0000134 BTO:0000199 CALOHA:TS-0440 EHDAA2:0003142 EMAPA:32688 FMA:14068 Muscle tissue composed of cardiac muscle cells, forming the muscles of the heart[ZFA,modified]. TAO:0005280 UBERON:0001133 UBERON:0007096 ZFA:0005280 cardiac muscle cardiac muscle muscle tissue cardiac muscle textus muscularis cardiac musculature check relationship with myocardium. part_of in MA - but we also have a more specific class 'cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium'. Check ncit galen:CardiacMuscle galen:CardiacMuscleTissue heart muscle muscle tissue heart muscle textus muscularis heart myocardium muscle tissue heart myocardium textus muscularis muscle of heart muscle tissue muscle of heart textus muscularis muscle tissue of cardiac muscle muscle tissue of heart muscle muscle tissue of heart myocardium muscle tissue of muscle of heart muscle tissue of myocardium myocardium muscle tissue myocardium textus muscularis ncithesaurus:Heart_Muscle textus muscularis of cardiac muscle textus muscularis of heart muscle textus muscularis of heart myocardium textus muscularis of muscle of heart textus muscularis of myocardium uberon skeletal muscle tissue EMAPA:32716 FMA:14069 MA:0002439 Muscle tissue that consists primarily of skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle, composed of long cylindrical, multinucleated cells that attaches to the skeleton via tendons.[TAO] TODO - add skeletal muscle organ? See GO:0060538 skeletal muscle organ development. Todo - group FBbt:00005073 - somatic muscle. This result implies the following views in terms of evolutionary differentiation: (1) Arthropod striated muscle and vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles share a common ancestor. In other words, they did not evolve independently (...) (5) The divergence of vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles/vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle is at least before that of vertebrates/arthropods. In other words, emergence of skeletal and cardiac musle type tissues preceded the vertebrate/arthropod divergence (ca. 700 MYA).[well established][VHOG] Tissue which consists of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps, Skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm[FMA] UBERON:0001134 UMLS:C0242692 skeletal muscle skeletal muscle system somatic muscle uberon mesothelium AEO:0000111 BTO:0002422 CALOHA:TS-1183 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003111 EHDAA:2331 EHDAA:2349 EHDAA:295 EHDAA:6073 EHDAA:640 EHDAA:646 EMAPA:32856 FMA:14074 MA:0000565 Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). UBERON:0001136 UMLS:C0086610 uberon dorsum A major subdivision of an organism that is the entire part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. In vertebrares this includes the vertebral column.. BTO:0001713 CALOHA:TS-2223 EFO:0001405 FMA:14181 GAID:30 In humans, called the back, a large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the surface opposite to the chest, its height being defined by the vertebral column (commonly referred to as the spine or backbone) and its breadth being supported by the ribcage and shoulders. The spinal canal runs through the spine and provides nerves to the rest of the body MESH:A01.176 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkEU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001137 UMLS:C0004600 back back of body proper dorsal dorsal part of organism galen:Back uberon cystic duct Duct that connects the gall bladder and the common bile duct.[TAO] EHDAA2:0000333 EHDAA:3045 EMAPA:16841 FMA:14539 GAID:290 MA:0000355 MESH:A03.159.183.419 OpenCyc:Mx4rveBeC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0005166 The duct of the gallbladder which joins the common hepatic duct, thus forming the common biliary duct. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0001152 UMLS:C0010672 VHOG:0000213 ZFA:0005166 ductus cysticus galen:CysticDuct the tubular structure that conducts gall bladder contents from the gall bladder to the common bile duct uberon body of stomach BTO:0000505 EMAPA:35810 FMA:14560 MA:0002559 The body of stomach is the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined[GO]. UBERON:0001161 UMLS:C0227230 corpus gastricum corpus gastricum (ventriculare) corpus ventriculare corpus ventriculi galen:GastricCorpus gastric body gastric corpus stomach body uberon we include this as zone of stomach even though it is not distinguished by gland type pyloric antrum BTO:0001732 EFO:0002555 EMAPA:17891 FMA:14579 GAID:332 MA:0001624 MESH:A03.492.766.716 UBERON:0001165 UMLS:C0034193 antrum antrum of Willis antrum of stomach antrum pylori antrum pyloricum galen:PyloricAntrum gastric antrum stomach antrum stomach pyloric antrum the area at the bottom of the stomach on the caudal side of the pyloric canal that contains gastrin-producing G cells, which stimulate acid production, and the luminal pH-sensitive population of somatostatin-producing D cells uberon pylorus Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] BTO:0001146 EHDAA2:0001580 EHDAA:4860 EMAPA:17631 FMA:14581 GAID:333 MA:0002560 MESH:A03.492.766.799 The orifice which allows the passage from the stomach into the intestine. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0001166 UMLS:C0034196 VHOG:0000420 We follow Kardong in defining stomach regions by glands galen:Pylorus pars pylorica pars pylorica gastricae pyloric pyloric part of stomach pyloric region stomach pyloric region the stomach tissue region surrounding and controlling the distal outlet of the stomach, which opens into the duodenum uberon valvula pylori wall of stomach EMAPA:35826 FMA:14582 MA:0002692 UBERON:0001167 anatomical wall of stomach anatomical wall of ventriculus galen:WallOfStomach gastric wall stomach anatomical wall stomach wall the layered structure that makes up the stomach, typiclly consists of a serous coat, a muscular coat, a mucous membrane, and other tissue layers in between uberon ventriculus anatomical wall ventriculus wall wall of ventriculus wall of small intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35785 FMA:14615 MA:0002696 UBERON:0001168 UMLS:C1519375 anatomical wall of small bowel anatomical wall of small intestine small bowel anatomical wall small bowel wall small intestinal wall small intestine anatomical wall small intestine wall uberon wall of small bowel portal lobule FMA:14653 MA:0002498 The triangular region on the periphery of the liver lobules that contain a bile duct and a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel. UBERON:0001171 UMLS:C0682620 uberon hepatic acinus EMAPA:35497 FMA:14654 MA:0002496 The functional unit of the liver, consisting of a mass of hepatocytes from adjacent liver lobules aligned around the hepatic arterioles and portal venules just as they anastomose into sinusoids. UBERON:0001172 UMLS:C0227519 liver acinus portal acinus uberon biliary tree A complex network of conduits that begins with the canals of Hering (intralobar bile duct) and progressively merges into a system of interlobular, septal, and major ducts which then coalesce to form the extrahepatic bile ducts, which finally deliver bile to the intestine, and in some species to the gallbladder. AAO:0011020 EMAPA:35172 FMA:14665 Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consist of the bile ducts.[AAO] The path in many species is as follows: Bile canaliculi -> Canals of Hering (intralobar bile duct) -> interlobular bile ducts -> intrahepatic bile ducts -> left and right hepatic ducts merge to form -> common hepatic duct *exits liver* and joins -> cystic duct (from gall bladder) forming -> common bile duct -> joins with pancreatic duct -> forming ampulla of Vater -> enters duodenum [WP] UBERON:0001173 UMLS:C0005423 XAO:0000455 biliary tract uberon common bile duct Digestive system duct that collects bile from the hepatic bile duct and the cystic duct.[TAO] EHDAA2:0000303 EHDAA:3981 EMAPA:17201 FMA:14667 GAID:282 MA:0001631 MESH:D003135 TAO:0005165 The duct formed by the union of the common hepatic and cystic ducts. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] UBERON:0001174 UMLS:C0009437 VHOG:0000214 ZFA:0005165 ductus choledochus ductus choledochus (biliaris) galen:CommonBileDuct the part of the biliary tree formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct uberon common hepatic duct EMAPA:19101 FMA:14668 GAID:286 MA:0002660 MESH:D006500 Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct[GAID]. The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct[WP]. TODO - MA distinguishes between bile duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct and common hepatic duct. in FMA hepatic duct and common hepatic duct are the same. Common is part of extra-hepatic part The duct which conveys the bile from the liver and unites with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0001175 UMLS:C0019149 VHOG:0000220 ductus hepaticus communis hepatic duct uberon right hepatic duct EHDAA2:0001727 EHDAA:3992 EMAPA:32797 FMA:14669 MA:0001639 The duct that drains bile from the right half of the liver and joins the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. The duct which drains bile from the right half of the liver and unites with the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. [adapted_from_http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26032][VHOG] UBERON:0001176 UMLS:C0227557 VHOG:0000217 ductus hepaticus dexter uberon left hepatic duct EHDAA2:0000941 EHDAA:3990 EMAPA:32795 FMA:14670 MA:0001638 The duct that drains bile from the left half of the liver and joins the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. The duct which drains bile from the left half of the liver and unites with the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. [adapted_from_http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26032][VHOG] UBERON:0001177 UMLS:C0227560 VHOG:0000218 ductus hepaticus sinister uberon hepatic artery An artery that supplies the liver. Artery that supplies blood to the liver.[TAO] BTO:0004307 EMAPA:17859 FMA:14769 GAID:496 MA:0001963 MESH:D006499 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzKtFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0005161 UBERON:0001193 UMLS:C0019145 ZFA:0005161 arteria hepatica arteria hepatica propria currently defined in a generic fashion. galen:HepaticArtery uberon mucosa of stomach BTO:0001308 CALOHA:TS-0404 EMAPA:35817 FMA:14907 GAID:321 MA:0002683 MESH:A03.492.766.440 Magenschleimhaut OpenCyc:Mx8NhB4rvcD6KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvmKNOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjlqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In men it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae. In its fresh state, it is of a pinkish tinge at the pyloric end and of a red or reddish-brown color over the rest of its surface. In infancy it is of a brighter hue, the vascular redness being more marked. It is thin at the cardiac extremity, but thicker toward the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended. When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands, and at the bottom of each may be seen one or more minute orifices, the openings of the gland tubes. Gastric glands are simple or branched tubular glands that emerge on the deeper part of the gastric foveola, inside the gastric areas and outlined by the folds of the mucosa. There are three types of glands: cardiac glands (in the proximal part of the stomach), oxyntic glands (the dominating type of gland), and pyloric glands. The cardiac glands mainly contain mucus producing cells. The bottom part of the oxyntic glands is dominated by zymogen (chief) cells that produce pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of the pepsin enzyme). Parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid are scattered in the glands, with most of them in the middle part. The upper part of the glands consist of mucous neck cells; in this part the dividing cells are seen. The pyloric glands contain mucus-secreting cells. Several types of endocrine cells are found in all regions of the gastric mucosa. In the pyloric glands contain gastrin producing cells (G cells); this hormone stimulates acid production from the parietal cells. ECL (enterochromaffine-like) cells, found in the oxyntic glands release histamine, which also is a powerful stimulant of the acid secretion. The A cells produce glucagon, which mobilizes the hepatic glycogen, and the enterochromaffin cells that produce serotonin, which stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscles. The surface of the mucous membrane is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium . This epithelium commences very abruptly at the cardiac orifice, where there is a sudden transition from the stratified epithelium of the esophagus. The epithelial lining of the gland ducts is of the same character and is continuous with the general lining of the stomach. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa]. The mucosal layer that lines the stomach. UBERON:0001199 UMLS:C0017136 galen:GastricMucosa gastric mucosa gastric mucous membrane mucosa of organ of stomach mucosa of organ of ventriculus mucosa of ventriculus mucous membrane of stomach mucous membrane of ventriculus organ mucosa of stomach organ mucosa of ventriculus stomach mucosa stomach mucosa of organ stomach mucous membrane stomach organ mucosa tunica mucosa (gaster) tunica mucosa gastricae tunica mucosa gastris uberon ventriculus mucosa ventriculus mucosa of organ ventriculus mucous membrane ventriculus organ mucosa pyloric sphincter (...) the adult Xenopus stomach exhibits both glandular and aglandular regions and a distinct pyloric sphincter similar to that of the amniotic vertebrates (...).[uncertain][VHOG] A strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion[WP]. AAO:0011093 EMAPA:19251 FMA:14916 MA:0002952 OpenCyc:Mx4rvly2ZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001202 UMLS:C0227238 VHOG:0001466 XAO:0000457 pyloric valve uberon mucosa of small intestine A mucosa that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001259 CALOHA:TS-0941 EMAPA:35780 FMA:14933 MA:0002686 UBERON:0001204 UMLS:C0227261 mucosa of organ of small bowel mucosa of organ of small intestine mucosa of small bowel mucous membrane of small bowel mucous membrane of small intestine organ mucosa of small bowel organ mucosa of small intestine small bowel mucosa small bowel mucosa of organ small bowel mucous membrane small bowel organ mucosa small intestinal mucosa small intestine mucosa small intestine mucosa of organ small intestine mucous membrane small intestine organ mucosa tunica mucosa (intestinum tenue) tunica mucosa intestini tenuis uberon renal pelvis A funnel shaped proximal portion of the ureter that is formed by convergence of the major calices [MP]. CALOHA:TS-2230 EMAPA:17948 FMA:15575 GAID:426 In this ontology, the renal pelvis is represented as the area of part-overlap between the kidney and the ureter MA:0000374 MESH:D007682 UBERON:0001224 UMLS:C0227666 galen:RenalPelvis kidney pelvis p. renallis pelvis of ureter pyelum uberon intestinal mucosa BTO:0000642 EMAPA:35440 FMA:15695 GAID:296 MA:0001537 MESH:A03.492.411.369 The innermost membrane of the four coats of the intestinal wall, the other three being the submucosa, muscular layers, and serosa. (Berk et al., Gastroenterology, 4th ed, v.3, p1479) UBERON:0001242 UMLS:C0021839 bowel mucosa bowel mucosa of organ bowel mucous membrane bowel organ mucosa intestine mucosa intestine mucosa of organ intestine mucous membrane intestine organ mucosa mucosa of bowel mucosa of intestine mucosa of organ of bowel mucosa of organ of intestine mucous membrane of bowel mucous membrane of intestine organ mucosa of bowel organ mucosa of intestine tunica mucosa intestini uberon anus BTO:0001680 CALOHA:TS-2005 EV:0100082 FBbt:00003148 FMA:15711 GAID:312 In the lungfish, sharks and rays the rectum opens into the cloaca which also receives wastes (urine) from the kidneys and material from the reproductive organs. In bony fish the rectum reaches the outside environment through the anus, which is normally situated just in front the urinary and reproductive openings. However in some fish the digestive tract may be curled back on itself, and in the Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus) the anus is situated in the fish's throat. -- http://www.earthlife.net/fish/digestion.html MA:0000331 MESH:A03.492.411.495.767.288 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjaEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Orifice at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts. TADS:0000066 TGMA:0001279 UBERON:0001245 UMLS:C0003461 WBbt:0005364 anal anal opening anal orifice galen:Anus opening of terminal part of digestive tract proctodeum uberon interlobular bile duct FMA:15767 MA:0002668 The canals that carry bile in the liver between the intralobular ducts and the biliary ductules; interlobular bile ducts are part of the interlobular portal triad. UBERON:0001246 UMLS:C0227515 interlobular ductule uberon urinary bladder A saccular organ in which urine accumulates before discharge from the body. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] AAO:0000623 Anatomical structure which consists of a membranous sac used to temporarily store urine until it is excreted from the body.[AAO] BTO:0001418 CALOHA:TS-1090 EFO:0000290 EHDAA2:0000174 EHDAA:9328 EMAPA:18321 EV:0100098 FMA:15900 GAID:0000004 In tetrapods, the urinary bladder arises as an outpocketing of the cloaca. (...) The tetrapod urinary bladder appears first among amphibians and is present in Sphenodon, turtles, most lizards, ostriches among birds, and all mammals.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000380 MAT:0000122 MESH:A05.810.161 MIAA:0000122 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjMmZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The urinary bladder evolved in tetrapods. Birds to not possess a true urinary bladder, although Palaeognathae have an undifferentiated cloacal outpocketing that serves a similar function[https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/454] UBERON:0001255 UMLS:C0005682 VHOG:0000740 XAO:0000154 bladder distensible musculomembranous organ situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion[MP]. galen:UrinaryBladder uberon urocyst vesica vesica urinaria vesical wall of intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000647 EMAPA:35181 EMAPA:35444 FMA:15949 MA:0001525 MA:0002693 UBERON:0001262 UMLS:C1708548 anatomical wall of bowel anatomical wall of intestine bowel anatomical wall bowel wall bowel wall intestinal wall intestine anatomical wall intestine wall uberon wall of bowel we place two MA classes here due to the official ncit2ma mapping to intestinal wall tissue; not clear how bowel and intestine are different pancreatic acinus EMAPA:35651 FMA:16011 MA:0002417 The secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct. UBERON:0001263 UMLS:C0227578 acinus pancreaticus pancreas acinus pancreatic acinar pancreatic acini uberon pancreas AAO:0010112 An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes[GO]. As a secretory organ serving exocrine and endocrine functions, the pancreas is specific to the vertebrates[PMID:16417468] Hagfishes and lampreys are unique in the complete separation of their endocrine pancreas (islet or- gan) and their exocrine pancreas (50). The endocrine and exocrine pancreas are coassociated in crown gnathostomes (50). In Branchiostoma and Ciona, there is no diverticulum as there is in hagfishes, lampreys, and gnathostomes, only dispersed insulin-secreting cells in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract (51, 52) BTO:0000988 CALOHA:TS-0736 EFO:0000855 EHDAA2:0001367 EHDAA:6893 EMAPA:17503 EV:0100092 FMA:7198 GAID:334 In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000120 MAT:0000075 MESH:D010179 MIAA:0000075 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVimZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ which secretes a fluid containing enzymes that aid in the digestion of food.[AAO] TAO:0000140 The mature pancreas of higher vertebrates and mammals comprises two major functional units: the exocrine pancreas, which is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes to be secreted into the gut lumen, and the endocrine pancreas, which has its role in the synthesis of several hormones with key regulatory functions in food uptake and metabolism. The exocrine portion constitutes the majority of the mass of the pancreas, and contains only two different cell types, the secretory acinar cells and the ductular cells. The endocrine portion, which comprises only 1-2% of the total mass, contains five different cell types, which are organized into mixed functional assemblies referred to as the islets of Langerhans The zebrafish does not have a discrete pancreas. Exocrine pancreatic tissue can be found scattered along the intestinal tract. The acinar structure of the exocrine pancreas is very similar to that of mammals and comprises cells with a very dark, basophilic cytoplasm UBERON:0001264 UMLS:C0030274 VHOG:0000050 XAO:0000136 ZFA:0000140 galen:Pancreas pancreatic uberon pelvic girdle region FMA:16581 Subdivision of lower limb or fin which links the limb/fin to the body[FMA,modified]. There is only one instance of the pelvic girdle region per organism.[VSAO] The organism subdivision that includes the pelvic girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions. UBERON:0001271 UMLS:C0684083 VSAO:0000304 girdle - pelvic pelvic girdle this class describes the subdivision of the limb/fin, NOT the skeleton within. See also: skeleton of pectoral girdle (UBERON:0007831). See also comments on obo-anatomy mail list. Note that even though the class includes soft tissue it is more restrictive than 'pelvis' which also includes structures in cavities etc. TODO this needs to be better documented uberon epithelium of stomach BTO:0000500 CALOHA:TS-2068 EHDAA2:0001918 EMAPA:17023 FMA:17091 MA:0001610 The epithelial layer of the stomach . UBERON:0001276 VHOG:0001433 epithelial tissue of stomach epithelial tissue of ventriculus epithelium of ventriculus gastric epithelium in FMA this is classified as simple columnar, MA divides this into squamous and glandular stomach epithelial tissue stomach epithelium uberon ventriculus epithelial tissue ventriculus epithelium portal triad A multi-organ-part structure that consists of three vessels of the portal lobule including the bile duct, a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel FMA:17523 MA:0002499 The misnomer 'portal triad' traditionally has included only the first three structures, and was named before lymphatic vessels were discovered in the structure. It can refer both to the largest branch of each of these vessels running inside the hepatoduodenal ligament, and to the smaller branches of these vessels inside the liver. UBERON:0001279 UMLS:C0227514 trias hepatica trias hepatica uberon liver parenchyma AAO:0010405 EHDAA2:0001004 EHDAA:2201 EMAPA:17203 FMA:17540 MA:0000366 The functional units of the liver including the lobules. UBERON:0001280 UBERON:0003223 VHOG:0000539 XAO:0000454 hepatic parenchyma hepatic parenchyme liver parenchyme parenchyma of liver the (liver) tubular structure (dual layered parenchyma) appears to be conserved among all embryonic vertebrates (...) it is not unlikely that all vertebrate livers share the same fundamental functional unit.[well established][VHOG] uberon intralobular bile duct FMA:17545 MA:0002669 Note that this is part of the intrahepatic bile duct in MA, as this class is more alike the tree in FMA. Note also that SCT has canal of Hering and Entire IBduct as the only sibling terms under 'Structure of intralobular bile duct' (i.e. the CoH is the only part of the entire IBduct) UBERON:0001282 UMLS:C0227517 canal of Hering canal of Herring canals of Hering cholangiole duct of Herring ductus interlobularis bilifer intrahepatic bile ductule the tubules located between the bile canaliculi and interlobular bile ducts near the outer edge of a classic liver lobule uberon anal region Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] EFO:0000847 EHDAA2:0000122 EHDAA:2931 EMAPA:16831 MA:0000329 MAT:0000042 MIAA:0000042 The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present UBERON:0001353 UMLS:C0230120 VHOG:0000395 WBbt:0006919 posterior posterior end of organism uberon skeletal system AAO:0000566 Anatomical system consisting of multiple elements and tissues that provides physical support.[TAO] Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system. Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system.[VSAO] BTO:0001486 By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level.[debated][VHOG] CALOHA:TS-1320 EFO:0000806 EHDAA2:0003168 EMAPA:35773 FMA:23881 GO defines skeletal system very generically: The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) GO:0001501; however, all annotations are to vertebrates MA:0000018 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi1rpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Skelettsystem System that provides physical support to the organism.[AAO] TAO:0000434 UBERON:0001434 UMLS:C0037253 VHOG:0001254 VSAO:0000027 XAO:0003060 ZFA:0000434 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-skeletal-system set of all bones and joints skeletal skeleton system uberon hindlimb skeleton AAO:0000217 EHDAA2:0002226 EMAPA:32633 FMA:24144 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvZcKkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Skeletal structure of the paired, posterior appendages.[AAO] Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb region. TOOD - find a home for: FMA:24140 UBERON:0001441 VHOG:0001255 VSAO:0000152 XAO:0003062 bones of lower limb free lower limb skeleton hind limb skeleton hind-limb skeleton hindlimb skeleton lower limb skeleton ossa membri inferioris relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] set of bones of lower limb skeleton of free lower limb skeleton of lower limb uberon chest BTO:0001368 CALOHA:TS-1039 EFO:0000965 EV:0100010 FMA:24216 present in FMA1, but gone in subsequent versions FMA:9576 GAID:91 MA:0000031 MAT:0000295 MESH:A01.911 MIAA:0000295 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVikFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Subdivision of trunk proper, which is demarcated from the neck by the plane of the superior thoracic aperture and from the abdomen internally by the inferior surface of the diaphragm and externally by the costal margin and associated with the thoracic vertebral column and ribcage and from the back of the thorax by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines; together with the abdomen and the perineum, it constitutes the trunk proper[FMA]. UBERON:0001443 UMLS:C0817096 UMLS:C1527391 anterolateral part of thorax front of thorax galen:Chest galen:Thorax pectoral pectus thoracic thoracic body wall thorax uberon ventral part of thoracic region subdivision of head FMA:24218 UBERON:0001444 XAO:0000040 head region head subdivision region of head uberon skeleton of pes EHDAA2:0002228 FMA:24222 Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a pes, which is the distal section of the posterior hindlimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the ankle, sole, and toes)[Phenoscape]. UBERON:0001445 VSAO:0005021 foot region skeleton foot skeleton here 'pes' includes both the ankle region, metatarsals and acropodial region https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Skeleton-partonomy-Design-Pattern pedal skeleton pes pes skeleton posterior autopodium posterior autopodium skeleton set of bones of foot skeleton of foot uberon face A subdivision of the head that has as parts the layers deep to the surface of the anterior surface, including the mouth, eyes, and nose (when present). In vertebrates, this includes the facial skeleton and structures superficial to the facial skeleton (cheeks, mouth, eyeballs, skin of face, etc). BTO:0003369 CALOHA:TS-2216 EMAPA:32763 FMA:24728 GAID:64 HAO:0000316 MA:0002473 MESH:D005145 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi5GZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Subdivision of head which consists of the viscerocranium and all layers superficial to it. Examples: There is only one face. The area that extends from the median ocellus to the oral foramen[HAO]. The face develops from outward growth of tissue located rostral to the cranium & pharynx. The lower jaw and most of the upper jaw are formed by growth of the first pharyngeal (branchial) arch. The upper incisor region and the nose and forehead (frontal region) are formed from tissue located rostral to the neural tube (frontonasal prominence) UBERON:0001456 UMLS:C0015450 facia/facies facial galen:Face uberon visage hip BTO:0001457 CALOHA:TS-2226 EFO:0001929 EHDAA2:0000783 EHDAA:5153 EHDAA:6178 EMAPA:17490 FMA:24964 GAID:47 MA:0000045 MESH:D006615 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjhy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA See notes for shoulder. in BTO this is part of the abdomen - this creates an inconsistency if limb and abdomen are spatially disjoint The hip region is located lateral to the gluteal region (i.e. the buttock), inferior to the iliac crest, and overlying the greater trochanter of the thigh bone. In adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have fused into the hip bone which forms part of the hip region. The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. [WP,modified]. The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001464 UMLS:C0019552 VHOG:0000346 coxa coxal galen:Hip hip region regio coxae uberon bone element AAO:0000047 AEO:0000082 Also called osseous tissue, (Latin: os). Is a type of hard endoskeletal connective tissue found in many vertebrate animals. Bone is the main tissue of body organs that support body structures, protect internal organs, (in conjunction with muscles) facilitate movement; and are involved with cell formation, calcium metabolism, and mineral storage.[AAO] BTO:0000140 CALOHA:TS-0088 EFO:0000298 EHDAA2:0003082 EMAPA:32782 ENVO:00002039 EV:0100140 FMA:30317 FMA:5018 GAID:92 MA:0001459 MAT:0000299 MIAA:0000299 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViDlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkCG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Portion of tissue which is calcified connective tissue making up the structural elements of the skeletal system.[TAO] Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue. Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.[VSAO] TAO:0001514 The 'new animal phylogeny' reveals that many of the groups known to biomineralize sit among close relatives that do not, and it favours an interpretation of convergent or parallel evolution for biomineralization in animals. (...) Whether this 'biomineralization toolkit'of genes reflects a parallel co-option of a common suite of genes or the inheritance of a skeletogenic gene regulatory network from a biomineralizing common ancestor remains an open debate.[debated][VHOG] UBERON:0001474 UMLS:C0262950 VHOG:0001190 VSAO:0000057 XAO:0000169 ZFA:0001514 bone bone element bone organ bones galen:Bone relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] uberon articular capsule An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:34836 GAID:263 MA:0001519 MESH:D017746 UBERON:0001484 UMLS:C0206207 capsula articularis capsulae articulares check ncita fibrous capsule of joint galen:JointCapsule joint capsule joint fibrous capsule uberon digestive tract A tube extending from the mouth to the anus. AAO:0010023 BILA:0000083 BTO:0000511 BTO:0000545 EHDAA2:0000726 EHDAA:518 EMAPA:16247 FBbt:00003125 FMA also has a term 'gastrointestinal tract', but this includes the liver. FMA:45615 MA:0000917 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi0GpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000112 TGMA:0001819 The alimentary or digestive tract, and associated organs.[TAO] The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001555 UMLS:C0017189 VHOG:0000309 WBbt:0005743 ZFA:0000112 alimentary canal alimentary tract digestive canal digestive tube enteric tract galen:AlimentaryTract gut gut tube uberon we following Kardong in naming the entire tube from mouth to anus the alimentary canal. Kardong calls the portion of this tract that excludes buccal cavity and pharynx the 'alimentary canal', consider adding an extra class for this we place the MA and EMAPA class here, although the intent is probably a smaller region. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/509 lower urinary tract FMA:45659 MA:0002636 Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the urinary bladder and the urethra. UBERON:0001556 galen:LowerUrinaryTract uberon upper respiratory tract EHDAA2:0002136 EMAPA:17669 FMA:45661 MA:0000442 OpenCyc:Mx4rtT2HwgJMEdyAAADggVbxzQ Some specify that the glottis (vocal cords) is the defining line between the upper and lower respiratory tracts;[2] yet even others make the line at the cricoid cartilage. The FMA includes nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx[WP] The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the nose and ends distally with the cricoid cartilage, before continuing to the trachea. UBERON:0001557 VHOG:0000406 uberon lower respiratory tract EHDAA2:0001036 EMAPA:16738 FMA:45662 MA:0000435 OpenCyc:Mx4rQRqjUgAKEdyHxgDggVfs8g The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the trachea and includes all distal structures including the lungs[WP,modified] UBERON:0001558 VHOG:0000382 uberon coronary artery An artery that supplies the myocardium. BTO:0000290 CALOHA:TS-0176 EFO:0002551 EMAPA:19160 EMAPA:25968 EV:0100383 FMA:49893 MA:0002453 OpenCyc:Mx4rvoL56ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001621 UMLS:C0205042 VHOG:0001557 ZFA:0005812 coronary arterial tree coronary vessel galen:CoronaryArtery uberon muscle organ AAO:0011066 EMAPA:32715 EV:0100146 FMA:5022 GAID:131 It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000015 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2kf-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO]. Portion of tissue composed of contractile fibers.[TAO] TAO:0005145 UBERON:0001630 VHOG:0001245 XAO:0000172 ZFA:0005145 galen:Muscle muscle muscular uberon artery AAO:0010211 AEO:0000208 An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition]. BTO:0000573 CALOHA:TS-0054 EFO:0000814 EHDAA2:0000143 EHDAA2:0003253 EMAPA:35147 EV:0100026 FMA:50720 GAID:468 MA:0000064 MAT:0000034 MESH:D001158 MIAA:0000034 Note that in FMA an artery is a tree, whereas AEO/JB defines it as a tube; FMA includes a separate class for what it calls the trunk. Classification in this ontology may currently (Jan 2012) represent a mix of both schemes, although we are gradually revising in the direction of the AEO scheme. OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjknZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.[AAO] TAO:0000005 The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001637 UMLS:C0003842 VHOG:0001251 XAO:0000114 ZFA:0000005 arterial arterial subtree arterial system arterial tree organ part arterial vessel arteries galen:Artery uberon vein AAO:0010212 AEO:0000209 Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. BTO:0000234 CALOHA:TS-1108 EFO:0000816 EHDAA2:0003254 EMAPA:35906 EV:0100031 FMA:50723 GAID:492 MA:0000067 MAT:0000037 MESH:D014680 MIAA:0000037 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjkWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry blood from other organs, tissues, and cells to the heart.[AAO] TAO:0000082 TODO - check with MA - vein vs venous blood vessel The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001638 UMLS:C0042449 VHOG:0001743 XAO:0000115 ZFA:0000082 galen:Vein uberon vascular element vena venae venous subtree venous tree organ part venous vessel ear AAO:0011014 BTO:0000368 Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ.[well established][VHOG] CALOHA:TS-1165 EFO:0000826 EHDAA2:0000423 EHDAA:502 EMAPA:16193 EV:0100353 FMA:52780 GAID:62 MA:0000236 MAT:0000138 MESH:D004423 MIAA:0000138 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViXS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjL05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. The organ of hearing and of equilibrium. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0001690 UMLS:C0013443 UMLS:C0521421 VHOG:0000330 XAO:0000189 auditory apparatus auricular auris galen:Ear uberon nail A horn-like keratin structure covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes[WP]. A primate's nail consists of the unguis alone; the subunguis has disappeared BTO:0001719 CALOHA:TS-2034 EFO:0000956 EMAPA:35580 EV:0100159 FMA:54326 GAID:1320 MA:0002703 MAT:0000158 MESH:D009262 MIAA:0000158 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjJv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The nails of humans and the claws are moth are highly similar. Both species have a proximal nail fold, cuticle, nail matrix, nail bed, nail plate, and hyponychium. Distinguishing features are the shape of the nail and the presence of an extended hyponychium in the mouse [PMC3579226] UBERON:0001705 UMLS:C0027342 Use this class for both the nails of primates and the homologous claws of mammals such as mouse. VHOG:0001361 XAO:0003103 claw galen:Nail nail/claw talon uberon jaw skeleton AAO:0000988 BTO:0001749 EMAPA:35455 FMA:54396 GAID:214 MA:0001905 MESH:D007568 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Skeletal and cartilage elements of the first pharyngeal arch.[TAO] Subdivision of skeleton which includes upper and lower jaw skeletons. TAO:0001227 TODO - move ZFA:0001227 (it is the entire jaw skeleton). There are cellular contributions from all three embryonic germ layers: pharyngeal mesoderm, endoderm and neural crest that migrates out of the ectoderm (Noden, 1983). UBERON:0001708 UMLS:C0022359 ZFA:0001227 anterior splanchnocranium galen:Jaw in FMA, the jaw is an organism subdivision cluster, and includes mucosal tissue such as the gingiva as parts. It appears to be skeletal in MA (and has teeth as parts). It is reasonable to assume that ZFA and XAO consider the upper and lower jaws to be skeletal elements or clusters. EHDAA2 also considers these clusters. TODO - follow EHDAA2 model. These arbitrary differences in terminology and classification have to be reconciled with the genuine well-known biological differences in the skeletal elements across vertebrates jaw jaw cartilage jaws mandibular arch mandibular arch skeleton oral jaw skeleton pharyngeal arch 1 skeleton uberon visceral arch 1 lower jaw region AAO:0000272 EFO:0003660 EHDAA2:0001018 EHDAA:7995 EMAPA:17906 FMA:59398 Inferior mandibular arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull.[AAO] MESH:D008334 Note isa/partof difference MA/FMA See notes for jaw w.r.t skeletal element vs subdivision of head Subdivision of head that consists of the lower jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm]. Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001710 VHOG:0000453 lower part of mouth mandibular part of mouth mandibular series ncithesaurus:Lower_Jaw uberon cranial ganglion BTO:0000106 EFO:0000902 EMAPA:16659 FMA:54502 Ganglion which is located in the head.[TAO] MA:0000213 MA:0000214 MAT:0000200 MIAA:0000200 TAO:0000013 UBERON:0001714 UBERON:0003213 UBERON:0026601 VHOG:0000076 XAO:0000027 ZFA:0000013 cranial ganglia cranial ganglion cranial ganglion part of peripheral nervous system cranial ganglion/nerve cranial nerve ganglion cranial neural ganglion cranial neural tree organ ganglion ganglion of cranial nerve ganglion of cranial neural tree organ head ganglion presumptive cranial ganglia the groups of nerve cell bodies associated with the twelve cranial nerves uberon tongue A mobile mass of muscular tissue that is covered with mucous membrane, occupies much of the cavity of the mouth, forms part of its floor, bears the organ of taste, and assists in chewing and swallowing. [TFD][VHOG] A muscular organ in the floor of the mouth. AAO:0010360 BTO:0001385 CALOHA:TS-1050 EFO:0000833 EHDAA2:0002062 EHDAA:9144 EMAPA:17185 EV:0100058 FMA:54640 GAID:816 MA:0000347 MAT:0000040 MESH:D014059 MIAA:0000040 Many species of fish have small folds at the base of their mouths that might informally be called tongues, but they lack a muscular structure like the true tongues found in most tetrapods Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] Muscular organ in the floor of the mouth.[FEED] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjmJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA_53KXLq9EdqAAAACs6hnmQ TAO:0005333 The tongue has contributions from all pharyngeal arches which changes with time. The tongue initially begins as swelling rostral to foramen cecum, the median tongue bud.. tongue muscles derive from the somites - http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Tongue_Development#Pharyngeal_Arch_Contributions The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech[GO][GO:0043586]. UBERON:0001723 UMLS:C0040408 VHOG:0000419 XAO:0000446 ZFA:0005333 glossal glossus in MA the tongue is part of the oral region, which in uberon is treated as the oral opening. consider revising oral opening - oral region equivalence. lingual uberon larynx (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] A continuation of the pharynx that is involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. AAO:0000268 An anatomical cluster consisting of the epiglottus, the arytenoid cartilages, the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage and the muscles, membranes, and ligaments connecting them, and also of the mucosal covering these structures.[FEED] Anatomical structure consisting of a narrowly triangular chamber supported by a series of semicircular cartilages in which part of the sound-production system is located.[AAO] BTO:0001208 CALOHA:TS-0532 EFO:0000838 EHDAA2:0004063 EMAPA:18333 EV:0100039 FMA:55097 GAID:108 Kehlkopf@ge MA:0000414 MAT:0000187 MESH:D007830 MIAA:0000187 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViOnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001737 UMLS:C0023078 VHOG:0001279 XAO:0003081 galen:Larynx laryngeal uberon vagus nerve 10n AAO:0010475 BAMS:10n BAMS:Xn BTO:0003472 CN-X Cranial nerve that branches into the lateral (to body sense organs) and the intestino-accessorial (to the skin, muscles of shoulder, hyoid, larynx, gut, lungs, and heart). EFO:0002549 FMA:5731 GAID:721 HBA:9337 MA:0001106 MBA:917 MESH:D014630 Nerve consisting of branchiomotor and visceral efferent fibers which branch and innervate the smooth muscles and glands of the heart, lungs, esophagus, and stomach as well as some throat muscles. Sensory fibers supply mucosa of the mouth and pharynx.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rviHk2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000453 UBERON:0001759 UMLS:C0042276 UMLS:C1305910 VHOG:0000737 Vagus nerve [X] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0003097 ZFA:0000453 cranial nerve X galen:VagusNerve http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=702 nerve X nervus vagus nervus vagus [x] pneuomgastric nerve tenth cranial nerve uberon vagal nerve vagus vagus X nerve vagus nerve or its root vagus nerve tree spinal nerve AAO:0011101 Any of the paired nerves emerging from the spinal cord, each attached to the cord by two roots: ventral and dorsal, and passing out between the vertebrae. [TFD][VHOG] BAMS:spin BTO:0000870 EHDAA2:0001898 EMAPA:16989 FMA:5858 GAID:841 MA:0000233 MESH:D013127 OpenCyc:Mx4rwK_iFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001780 UMLS:C0037941 VHOG:0000824 XAO:0003101 backbone nerve nerve of backbone nerve of spinal column nerve of spine nerve of vertebral column nervi spinales spinal column nerve spinal nerve tree spinal nerves spine nerve the any of the paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment[MP,modified] uberon vertebral column nerve cranial nerve AAO:0000108 BAMS:cran BTO:0001104 Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. EHDAA2:0000323 EMAPA:17264 FMA:5865 GAID:802 HBA:9299 MA:0000215 MBA:967 MESH:D003391 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWvJVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA See https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/6 TAO:0000641 Twelve pairs of cranial nerves exit/enter the cranium through openings in the skull. The nerves contain efferent axons with motor and glandular functions, as well as afferent axons from cranial ganglia with sensory functions. The nerves are numbered in a rostral to caudal sequence, with the exception of the lateral line nerves.[TAO] UBERON:0001785 UMLS:C0010268 UMLS:C1269897 VHOG:0000279 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000429 XAO:0003089 ZFA:0000641 classified as neural tree organ, not nerve in FMA. CN II poses a challenge here as it is not strictly a nerve, yet is expected to be classified under CN. cranial nerves cranial neural tree organ nervus cranialis uberon lip BTO:0001647 CALOHA:TS-0558 EMAPA:32839 FMA:59816 GAID:76 MA:0000343 MESH:D008046 One of the two fleshy folds which surround the opening of the mouth. OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi4U5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Surface structure that is one of the two fleshy folds surrounding the opening of the mouth.[TAO] TAO:0007006 UBERON:0001833 UMLS:C0023759 VHOG:0000677 ZFA:0007006 galen:Lip labia oris labial lips uberon saliva A fluid produced in the oral cavity by salivary glands, typically used in predigestion, but also in other functions. BTO:0001202 CALOHA:TS-0891 EMAPA:36536 ENVO:02000036 FMA:59862 GAID:1167 MA:0002507 MAT:0000444 MESH:D012463 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjJ95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001836 UMLS:C0036087 We classify a wide variety of not necessarily homologous fluids here. In humans, the saliva is a turbid and slightly viscous fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. In man and many animals, saliva is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin galen:Saliva sailva normalis saliva atomaris saliva molecularis salivary salivary gland secretion uberon forebrain AAO:0010147 BAMS:FB BAMS:Forebrain BTO:0000478 CALOHA:TS-0380 DHBA:10156 DMBA:15566 EFO:0000909 EHDAA2:0000556 EHDAA:3470 EMAPA:16895 FB FMA:61992 In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000170 MAT:0000105 MESH:D016548 MIAA:0000105 Most anterior of the three regions of the brain consisting of the telencephalon and diencephalon.[AAO] TAO:0000109 The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] UBERON:0001890 UMLS:C0085140 VHOG:0000383 XAO:0000011 ZFA:0000109 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=27 prosencephalic prosencephalon relationship loss: develops_from forebrain neural tube (TAO:0007041)[TAO] uberon midbrain AAO:0010149 BAMS:MES BM:MB BTO:0000138 CALOHA:TS-0630 DHBA:10648 DMBA:16649 EFO:0000919 EHDAA2:0001162 EHDAA:3694 EMAPA:16974 EV:0100242 FMA:61993 Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] HBA:9001 MA:0000207 MAT:0000106 MB MBA:313 MESH:D008636 MIAA:0000106 Middle part of the brain composed of the optic tectum and penducular region.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rvsBUqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001104 TAO:0000128 The brain region between the forebrain anteriorly and the hindbrain posteriorly, including the tectum dorsally and the midbrain tegmentum ventrally. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO]. UBERON:0001891 UMLS:C0025462 VHOG:0000069 XAO:0000014 ZFA:0000128 developmental relationships need revised http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=462 mesencephalic mesencephalon part of brainstem in ABA - we reject this in favor of ISBN10:0471888893 which has an implicit overlaps relationships uberon telencephalon AAO:0010479 BAMS:CB BAMS:CH BAMS:IV BAMS:Tel BM:Tel BTO:0000239 CALOHA:TS-1018 DHBA:10158 EFO:0000912 EHDAA2:0001982 EMAPA:16652 EMAPA:16910 EV:0100165 FMA:62000 From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG] GAID:621 HBA:4007 In mammals the cortex covers almost the whole of the cerebral hemispheres. In ray-finned fishes the inner surfaces of the lateral and ventral regions of the cerebrum bulge up into the ventricles. In the amniotes, the cerebrum becomes increasingly large and complex. In reptiles, the paleopallium is much larger than in amphibians, and its growth has pushed the basal nuclei into the central regions of the cerebrum. In the most primitive living vertebrates, the hagfishes and lampreys, the cerebrum is a relatively simple structure receiving nerve impulses from the olfactory bulb. MA:0000183 MAT:0000421 MBA:567 MESH:D013687 MIAA:0000421 Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, basal ganglia, septum and fornix, as well as subcortical gray and white matter structures[FMA:62000]. PBA:128011350 Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres. Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres.[AAO] TAO:0000079 The anterior and dorsal forebrain neuromere, includes the olfactory bulb. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The cerebrum of birds has evolved along different lines to that of mammals, although they are similarly enlarged, by comparison with reptiles. However, this enlargement is largely due to the basal ganglia, with the other areas remaining relatively primitive in structure. UBERON:0001893 UMLS:C0039452 VHOG:0000283 XAO:0000012 ZFA:0000079 cerebral cerebrum dolphins are the only species (other than humans) to have cerebra accounting for as much as 2 percent of their body weight. endbrain http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=31 relationship loss: develops_from presumptive telencephalon (TAO:0000571)[TAO] supratentorial region telenencephalic uberon metencephalon Anterior part of the hindbrain ventral to the cerebellum[NIFSTD:birnlex_965]. BAMS:Met BTO:0000673 CALOHA:TS-2029 DHBA:10655 EHDAA2:0001149 EHDAA:5498 EMAPA:17071 FMA:62003 GAID:594 HBA:4833 MA:0000197 MESH:D020540 Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum[WP,modified]. The anterior of two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo. It gives rise to cerebellum and pons. [TFD][VHOG] The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001895 UMLS:C0376353 UMLS:C1516904 VHOG:0000741 epencephalon epencephalon-2 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=543 the terms metencephalon and myelencephalon are only meaningful in mammals and birds[Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain]. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata and thus these are not distinguished in ZFA[ZFA]. uberon medulla oblongata AAO:0010486 BAMS:MY BAMS:Md BM:Me BTO:0000041 CALOHA:TS-0607 Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] DMBA:17352 EFO:0000924 EHDAA2:0001088 EHDAA:7588 EMAPA:17550 EV:0100275 FMA:62004 GAID:590 MA:0000206 MAT:0000111 MAT:0000367 MBA:354 MESH:D008526 MIAA:0000111 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjxSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rwCqnXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO]. Posterior portion of the hindbrain which controls respiration, heartbeat, digestion, and swallowing as well as some locomotor responses.[AAO] TAO:0000545 The posterior region of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-17, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] UBERON:0001896 UMLS:C0025148 UMLS:C1269575 VHOG:0000181 XAO:0003100 ZFA:0000545 bulb bulbus http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=698 medulla medulla oblonzata metepencephalon uberon midbrain tegmentum 'tegmentum' is used generically for the ventral part of the brainstem (ISBN10:0471888893). We use the label 'midbrain tegmentum' to denote the midbrain structure. In NIFSTD tegmentum is a composite structure and there is a separate class for midbrain tegmentum and pontine tegmentum BAMS:MTg BTO:0003388 DHBA:12195 EFO:0000921 EHDAA2:0004475 EMAPA:18215 FMA:62393 HBA:9002 MA:0000212 MAT:0000452 MTg TAO:0000160 Together, our results reveal a shared basic organization in the tegmental domains of the diencephalon and midbrain of developing lamprey, indicating early appearance of the domain in vertebrate phylogeny.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001943 UMLS:C0039441 VHOG:0001367 Ventral part of the midbrain, separated from the hindbrain by the isthmus[ISBN10:0471888893]. Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle[FMA] The part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct[WP]. XAO:0004271 ZFA:0000160 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=491 mesencephalic tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum mesencephali tegmentum mesencephalicum tegmentum of midbrain uberon blood plasma BTO:0000131 CALOHA:TS-0800 EFO:0001905 EMAPA:35690 FMA:62970 GAID:1178 MA:0002501 MAT:0000052 MESH:D010949 MIAA:0000052 OpenCyc:Mx4rEg4ZYrIbEduAAAAOpmP6tw The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended. UBERON:0001969 UMLS:C0032105 blood plasm plasma portion of blood plasma portion of plasma uberon bile BTO:0000121 CALOHA:TS-1172 ENVO:02000023 FMA:62971 GAID:1157 In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum. MA:0002513 MESH:D001646 UBERON:0001970 UMLS:C0005388 aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine bile salts function to emulsify dietary fats and facilitate their intestinal absorption elimination of cholesterol fel galen:Bile gall major excretory route for potentially harmful exogenous lipophilic substances many hormones and pheromones are excreted in bile, and contribute to growth and development of the intestine in some species and provide attractants for the weaning of non-human vertebrates protects the organism from enteric infections by excreting immune globulin A (IgA), inflammatory cytokines, and stimulating the innate immune system in the intestine uberon vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by hepatocytes and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium. venule BTO:0002626 EMAPA:35917 FMA:63130 MA:0000071 MESH:A07.231.432.952 Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature formed by the anastomosis of capillaries. Venules carry blood toward the heart.[TAO] One of the minute vessels that collect deoxygenated blood from the capillary plexuses returns it to the veins TAO:0005315 UBERON:0001979 UMLS:C0042520 VHOG:0001765 ZFA:0005315 uberon venula arteriole AAO:0010253 BTO:0001997 EMAPA:35146 FMA:63182 MA:0000063 MESH:D001160 Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature, feeds into capillaries. Arterioles carry blood away from the heart.[TAO] Small, terminal branch of an artery which generally connects to capillaries.[AAO] TAO:0002138 The smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO]. UBERON:0001980 UMLS:C0003847 VHOG:0001763 ZFA:0005255 arteriola uberon blood vessel A vessel through which blood circulates in the body. AAO:0011004 AEO:0000207 Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body. [XAO:0001011_][VHOG] Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body.[AAO] BTO:0001102 CALOHA:TS-0080 EFO:0000817 EHDAA2:0003252 EHDAA:240 EMAPA:32743 EMAPA:35993 FMA:50722 FMA:63183 FMA:63183 Blood vessel is categorized as 'general anatomical term'. Suggestion to map to region of vascular tree from Terry H at JAX GAID:169 MA:0000060 MAT:0000393 MESH:D001808 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjxlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0002137 The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001981 UMLS:C0005847 VHOG:0001250 XAO:0001011 ZFA:0005314 annelids have blood vessels, but this class is not applicable to annelids. consider adopting the EMAPA superclass 'vascular element', which includes microvasculature (e.g. capillaries), vascular plexus region of vascular tree organ uberon vas sanguineum vascular element vascular tree organ region capillary AAO:0010252 Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. Any of the tiny blood vessels connecting the arterioles to the venules.[AAO] BTO:0002045 CALOHA:TS-2006 EFO:0001906 EMAPA:35198 EV:0100035 FMA:63194 MA:0000065 MESH:A07.231.432.410 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWEU-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0005250 The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001982 UMLS:C0935624 VHOG:0001253 XAO:0000116 ZFA:0005250 blood capillary capillaries lack tunica media and tunica adventitia; only the endothelial wall of the tunica intima belongs capillary vessel not all sources agree capillary is a blood vessel - consider adopting EMAPA superclass of vascular element uberon portal vein A vein that conducts blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver[BTO]. BTO:0001792 CALOHA:TS-0814 EHDAA2:0001485 EHDAA:6510 EMAPA:17349 FMA:66645 GAID:540 MA:0002198 MESH:D011169 OpenCyc:Mx4rv_bem5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0002017 UMLS:C0032718 VHOG:0000656 XAO:0000392 galen:PortalVein portal venous tree organ part uberon gray matter A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons. AEO:0001012 EHDAA2:0003136 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0004658 FMA:67242 HBA:4006 MA:0001112 Multi-tissue comprised of neurons, dendrites, axon terminals, glial cells, and capillaries.[TAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rwDdKMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0002197 UBERON:0002020 UMLS:C0018220 VHOG:0001768 ZFA:0001681 gray mater gray matter gray matter of neuraxis grey matter grey matter of neuraxis grey substance grisea neuronal grey matter substantia grisea uberon hindbrain AAO:0010150 BAMS:HB BTO:0000672 CALOHA:TS-0457 DHBA:10653 DMBA:16808 EFO:0000923 EHDAA2:0000746 EHDAA:3514 EHDAA:6487 EMAPA:16916 FMA:67687 Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000195 MAT:0000107 MBA:1065 MESH:D012249 MIAA:0000107 Posterior part of the brain consisting of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.[AAO] TAO:0000029 The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain, forming the rhombencephalon and all or most of the metencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA]. UBERON:0002028 UMLS:C0035507 UMLS:C1522180 VHOG:0000070 XAO:0000015 ZFA:0000029 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=540 in MA, brainstem and hindbrain and part-of siblings under brain, consistent with FMA and NIF. See also notes for cerebellum. We weaken the relation in ABA to overlaps relationship loss: develops_from hindbrain neural tube (TAO:0007043)[TAO] rhombencephalic rhombencephalon uberon striated muscle tissue AAO:0010762 AEO:0000140 CALOHA:TS-2047 EHDAA2:0003140 EMAPA:36390 FMA:67905 MA:0002438 Muscle tissue that contains fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations. OpenCyc:Mx4rwAoze5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0002036 UMLS:C1331262 Voluntary muscle tissue arranged in bundles of fibers.[AAO] WBbt:0005779 galen:StriatedMuscle striated muscle uberon cerebellum AAO:0010485 BAMS:CB BAMS:Cb BM:CB BTO:0000232 CALOHA:TS-0125 DHBA:10656 Dorsal part of the hindbrain that coordinates muscle movement, posture, and balance.[AAO] EFO:0000327 EHDAA2:0000232 EMAPA:17787 EV:0100293 FMA:67944 GAID:595 HBA:4696 However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000198 MAT:0000110 MBA:512 MESH:D002531 MIAA:0000110 OpenCyc:Mx4rvl1eipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA]. Specialized brain region derived from the dorsal metencephalon (anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain) and becoming distinctive late in the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000100 The absence of a cerebellum in hagfishes and lampreys appears to be the only exception [to the rule that vertebrates possess the same number of brain divisions]. Both hagfishes and lampreys do possess a thin band of cells located medial to the lateral line centers of the medulla (Ronan and Northcutt, 1998), which has been interpreted as a primitive cerebellum (Larsell, 1967), but more recent experimental studies (Kishida et al., 1987; Weigle and Northcutt, 1998) fail to support Larsell's claim[http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/4/743.full] UBERON:0002037 UMLS:C0007765 UMLS:C1268981 VHOG:0000024 XAO:0003098 ZFA:0000100 almost all AOs agree that the cerebellum is part of the hindbrain (sometimes specifically part of the metencephalon, which, when present, is part of the hindbrain). However, ABA has cerebellum and brain stem as partof siblings, with the hindbrain part of the brainstem cerebellar corpus cerebelli epencephalon-1 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=643 infratentorial region parencephalon uberon thyroid gland (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...).[well established][VHOG] A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in humans, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin[BTO]. AAO:0010544 BTO:0001379 CALOHA:TS-1047 EFO:0000861 EHDAA2:0002028 EHDAA:2148 EHDAA:2975 EMAPA:17068 EV:0100133 Either of paired structures located in the throat which develop from the ventral wall of the pharynx and excretes hormones involved in the morphological and functional changes during metamorphosis as well as influencing other tissues.[AAO] FMA:9603 GAID:465 In fish, it is usually located below the gills and is not always divided into distinct lobes. However, in some teleosts, patches of thyroid tissue are found elsewhere in the body, associated with the kidneys, spleen, heart, or eyes In larval lampreys, the thyroid originates as an exocrine gland, secreting its hormones into the gut, and associated with the larva's filter-feeding apparatus. In the adult lamprey, the gland separates from the gut, and becomes endocrine, but this path of development may reflect the evolutionary origin of the thyroid. For instance, the closest living relatives of vertebrates, the tunicates and Amphioxus, have a structure very similar to that of larval lampreys, and this also secretes iodine-containing compounds (albeit not thyroxine) In tetrapods, the thyroid is always found somewhere in the neck region. In most tetrapod species, there are two paired thyroid glands - that is, the right and left lobes are not joined together. However, there is only ever a single thyroid gland in most mammals, and the shape found in humans is common to many other species MA:0000129 MAT:0000081 MESH:D013961 MIAA:0000081 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjLT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0002046 UMLS:C0040132 VHOG:0000418 XAO:0000162 galen:ThyroidGland glandula thyroidea thyroid uberon lung AAO:0000275 AAO:0010567 BTO:0000763 CALOHA:TS-0568 EFO:0000934 EHDAA2:0001042 EHDAA:1554 EHDAA:2205 EMAPA:16728 EV:0100042 Either of two organs which allow gas exchange absorbing oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide with exhaled air.[AAO] FMA:7195 GAID:345 Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] MA:0000415 MAT:0000135 MESH:D008168 MIAA:0000135 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Respiration organ that develops as an oupocketing of the esophagus. Snakes and limbless lizards typically possess only the right lung as a major respiratory organ; the left lung is greatly reduced, or even absent. Amphisbaenians, however, have the opposite arrangement, with a major left lung, and a reduced or absent right lung [WP] UBERON:0002048 UMLS:C0024109 VHOG:0000310 XAO:0000119 galen:Lung pulmo pulmonary respiration organ in all air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart. Their principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere. This exchange of gases is accomplished in the mosaic of specialized cells that form millions of tiny, exceptionally thin-walled air sacs called alveoli. // Avian lungs do not have alveoli as mammalian lungs do, they have Faveolar lungs. They contain millions of tiny passages known as para-bronchi, connected at both ends by the dorsobronchi uberon vasculature An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face. BTO:0003718 FMA:69050 TAO:0005249 UBERON:0002049 ZFA:0005249 see also: vascular system. Consider merging? uberon vascular vascular network embryonic structure AAO:0000138 Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo. Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[AAO] Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[TAO] Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[VSAO] BILA:0000034 BTO:0000174 CALOHA:TS-2110 EFO:0000461 FBbt:00004208 FMA:69067 GAID:407 MESH:D004628 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003169 TAO:0001105 UBERON:0002050 UMLS:C0013948 VSAO:0000178 XAO:0003042 ZFA:0001105 developing embryonic structure developing structure embryonale Struktur embryonic anatomical structure embryonic structures in FMA embryo is_a embryonic structure uberon dermis A collagenous layer of the skin subjacent to the epidermis and covering the hypodermis. It contains various types of cells (e.g. fibroblasts, pigment cells, nerve, blood vessels and scales. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] AAO:0000128 BTO:0000294 CALOHA:TS-2076 Consider adding a layer-of-skin grouping class for all skin layers EFO:0000953 EMAPA:17527 EV:0100154 FMA:70323 GAID:1321 MA:0000152 MAT:0000153 MESH:D020405 MIAA:0000153 TAO:0001119 The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP]. UBERON:0002067 UMLS:C0011646 VHOG:0000108 When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous.[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000217 ZFA:0001119 corium cutis dermal uberon vertebrate dermis hypodermis A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells[FMA:70544]. BTO has 'subcutis', as part of dermis. We follow FMA in having distinct classes for hypodermis and superficial fascia, and including these as part of the non-skin intgeument. BTO:0001314 CALOHA:TS-2366 FMA:70544 Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP]. TAO:0001136 UBERON:0002072 UMLS:C0278403 ZFA:0001136 hypoderm hypodermal sub-tegumental tissue subcutaneous subcutaneous tissue subcutaneus subcutis subtegumental tissue superficial fascia tela subcutanea uberon vertebrate hypodermis viscus AAO:0010386 An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper.[AAO] An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen. BTO:0001491 EHDAA:512 EMAPA:16245 FMA:7085 MA:0000019 MESH:D014781 Organsystem@ge RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002201 UBERON:0002075 UMLS:C0042779 XAO:0003034 general anatomical term in FMA. Note that we place the MA class here temporarily, although properly systems should be distinguished from organs. splanchnic tissue uberon viscera visceral organ visceral organ system visceral tissue postcranial axial skeleton AAO:0000034 EFO:0000942 EHDAA2:0000161 EHDAA:5049 EMAPA:17214 FMA:71221 MA:0002986 MAT:0000148 MIAA:0000148 Skeletal subdivision of the central body axis including vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum.[VSAO] TAO:0000317 The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, a metameric, semi-flexible, arched bar located in the dorsal part of the trunk, and is formed by a series of cartilaginous or bony vertebrae. It provides suspension for the appendicular skeleton and protection for the spinal nerve cord.[AAO] The post-cranial structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; usually consists of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins.[TAO] The post-cranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA]. UBERON:0002090 VHOG:0000317 VSAO:0000093 XAO:0003073 ZFA:0000317 axial skeleton http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/The-axial-skeleton post-cranial axial skeleton previous some AOs had used the term 'axial skeleton' to include the skull. This is being resolved (see tracker items above). Status: MA - fixed. uberon appendicular skeleton AAO:0000747 EFO:0000951 EMAPA:32729 FMA:71222 MA:0000290 MAT:0000278 MIAA:0000278 Skeletal subdivision consisting of all the skeletal elements in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes.[VSAO] Skeletal system that consists of the paired fins (pectoral or pelvic fins).[TAO] Subdivision of skeleton which which consists of all the skeletal elements in in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes[cjm]. The pectoral and pelvic girdles, which articulate with the axial skeleton, together with their associated limbs, the forelimbs and hind limbs, form the appendicular skeleton.[AAO] UBERON:0002091 UMLS:C0222646 VHOG:0001666 VSAO:0000076 XAO:0003166 appendicular skeleton entire appendicular skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Appendages-and-the-appendicular-skeleton ontologies differ in whether they treat the term appendicular skeleton as being the entire set of bones in the limbs, or whether the fore and hind limbs/fins are treated as seperate appendicular skeletons. Here we follow FMA, and treat the appendicular skeleton as the sum total of skeletal elements in the organism (this is evidenced by the fact that in FMA, skeleton of left/right upper/lower limb is part_of a appendicular skeleton, and subtypes of 'subdivision of appendicular skeleton'). We have separate classes such as 'skeleton of limb', and 'skeleton of hindlimb' for the 4 parts of the appendicular skeleton. In future the ZFA/TAO classes may be moved. paired fin skeleton skeleton appendiculare uberon skin of body BTO:0001253 CALOHA:TS-0934 EFO:0000962 EHDAA2:0001844 EMAPA:17525 FMA:7163 MA uses the term skin to refer to what is called here: zone of skin MESH:D012867 MFMO:0000099 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjX3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis. UBERON:0002097 UMLS:C1123023 XAO:0000023 consider 'integumentary system' for invertebrates entire integument entire skin galen:Skin integument integumental organ pelt skin skin organ uberon trunk AAO:0010339 BILA:0000116 BTO:0001493 CALOHA:TS-1071 EFO:0000966 EMAPA:31857 FMA:7181 MA:0000004 MAT:0000296 MIAA:0000296 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkJjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organism subdivision that is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[AAO] Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the cervical region (or head, when cervical region not present) and anterior to the caudal region. Includes the sacrum when present. Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[TAO] Rumpf TAO:0001115 UBERON:0002100 UMLS:C0460005 XAO:0000054 XAO:0003025 ZFA:0001115 galen:Trunk thoracolumbar region torso trunk region uberon limb A paired appendage that is evolved from a paired fin. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the girdle and its parts. AAO:0010336 AEO:0000172 CALOHA:TS-0552 EFO:0000876 EHDAA2:0003172 EHDAA:1697 EHDAA:8273 EMAPA:16405 FMA:24875 GAID:36 MA:0000007 MAT:0000090 MIAA:0000090 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvn1uSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organism subdivision that has as its parts the jointed appendages used for locomotion and manipulation.[AAO] UBERON:0002101 UMLS:C0015385 VHOG:0000336 VSAO:0000121 XAO:0003027 extremities extremity flipper free limb galen:Extremity limb sensu vertebrata pentadactyl limb tetrapod limb uberon hindlimb A (free) limb that is connected to a pelvic girdle region. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its parts. AAO:0000219 BTO:0002345 CALOHA:TS-2215 EFO:0000883 EHDAA2:0001033 EHDAA:6094 EMAPA:17458 EV:0100015 FMA:24879 GAID:1221 GAID:38 Lower limb, which connects the pes with the pelvic girdle.[AAO] MA:0000026 MAT:0000395 MESH:D006614 MIAA:0000395 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002103 UMLS:C0023216 UMLS:C1522391 VHOG:0000337 VSAO:0000150 XAO:0003031 crural free lower limb free part of lower limb galen:LowerExtremity hind limb hind-limb hindlimb inferior member lower extremity lower limb membrum inferius membrum inferius note that this corresponds to FMA:'free lower limb' (a limb segment), NOT 'lower limb'. Both MA and FMA consider shoulder (and shoulder bones) part of upper limb. Note that AAO class probably refers to skeleton pelvic appendage uberon visual system AAO:0000632 BILA:0000140 EMAPA:36003 FMA:7191 MA:0002444 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0001127 The sensory system subserving the sense of vision. The sensory system used for sight.[AAO] UBERON:0002104 UBERON:0007036 UMLS:C0587900 XAO:0003198 ZFA:0001127 photosensory system uberon visual organ system vestibulo-auditory system AAO:0000631 EMAPA:36002 FMA:78500 Sensory system responsible for the perception of spatial orientation and auditory stimuli. TAO:0001138 The sensory system used for balance and hearing.[AAO] UBERON:0002105 XAO:0003195 ZFA:0001138 auditory organ system auditory system auditory/vestibular system uberon vestibuloauditory system vestibuloauditory system liver AAO:0010111 All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO]. An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate Amphioxus. However, this is an enzyme secreting gland, not a metabolic organ, and it is unclear how truly homologous it is to the vertebrate liver. The zebrafish liver differs from the mammalian liver in that the hepatocytes are not clearly organized in cords or lobules and the typical portal triads are not apparent. In addition, the zebrafish liver does not have Kuppfer cells. Furthermore, a clear distinction can be made between the male and female liver in the adult zebrafish. The female hepatocytes are very basophilic (Figure 15c) as a result of the production of vitellogenin (Van der Ven et al. 2003). BTO:0000759 CALOHA:TS-0564 EFO:0000887 EHDAA2:0000997 EHDAA:2197 EMAPA:16846 EV:0100089 FMA:7197 GAID:288 MA:0000358 MAT:0000097 MESH:D008099 MIAA:0000097 Only ZFA considers this part_of immune system - we weaken this to an overlaps relation, as in general it's only a subset of cells that have clear immune function. OpenCyc:Mx4rvVimppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ which secretes bile and participates in formation of certain blood proteins.[AAO] TAO:0000123 The liver is found in all vertebrates, and is typically the largest visceral organ. Its form varies considerably in different species, and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs. Nonetheless, in most species it is divided into right and left lobes; exceptions to this general rule include snakes, where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar-like form. The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates. UBERON:0002107 UMLS:C0023884 VHOG:0000257 XAO:0000133 ZFA:0000123 galen:Liver hepatic iecur jecur relationship type change: differentiates_from endoderm (AAO:0000139) CHANGED TO: develops_from endoderm (UBERON:0000925)[AAO] secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO]. uberon small intestine AAO:0010397 BTO:0000651 CALOHA:TS-0942 EFO:0000841 EMAPA:32834 EV:0100072 FMA:7200 GAID:313 Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000337 MAT:0000047 MESH:A03.492.411.620 MIAA:0000047 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlIJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Subdivision of digestive tract that connects the stomach to the large intestine and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place (with the exception of ruminants). The mammalian small intestine is long and coiled and can be differentiated histologically into: duodenum, jejunem, ileum[WP,cjm,Kardong]. TAO:0001323 The terminal region of the mid intestine is comprised of specialized enterocytes that appear to play a role in mucosal immunity. Wallace et al, 2005.[TAO] UBERON:0002108 UMLS:C0021852 VHOG:0000055 XAO:0000130 ZFA:0001323 anterior intestine galen:SmallIntestine intestinum tenue mid intestine small bowel small intestine uberon gall bladder AAO:0010114 An organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver[WP]. BTO:0000493 CALOHA:TS-0394 EFO:0000853 EHDAA2:0000699 EHDAA:8062 EMAPA:17202 EV:0100090 FMA:7202 MA:0000356 MAT:0000072 MESH:D005704 MIAA:0000072 Membranous muscular sac in which the bile from the liver remains stored until it is required. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkGr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ attached to the liver which stores bile and empties into the duodenum via the bile duct as needed for digestion.[AAO] Rats do not have a gallbladder, but produce bile. The bile flows directly from the liver through the (hepatic) bile duct into the small intestine (Hebel and Stromberg, 1988) TAO:0000208 The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002110 UMLS:C0016976 VHOG:0000221 XAO:0000135 ZFA:0000208 galen:Gallbladder gall bladder gallbladder relationship type change: differentiates_from endoderm (AAO:0000139) CHANGED TO: develops_from endoderm (UBERON:0000925)[AAO] uberon vesica biliaris vesica fellea kidney A paired organ of the urinary tract which has the production of urine as its primary function. AAO:0000250 BTO:0000671 CALOHA:TS-0510 EFO:0000929 EMAPA:17373 EV:0100096 FMA:7203 GAID:423 MA:0000368 MAT:0000119 MESH:D007668 MIAA:0000119 One of either of a pair of structures lying on either side of the dorsal aorta in which fluid balance is regulated and waste is excreted out in the form of urine.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0002113 UMLS:C0022646 XAO:0003267 galen:Kidney renal reniculate kidney uberon duodenum AAO:0010402 BTO:0000365 CALOHA:TS-0214 EFO:0000851 EMAPA:18852 EV:0100073 FMA:7206 GAID:284 In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear, and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum. In humans, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 10-15 inches (25-38 centimetres) long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. It begins with the duodenal bulb and ends at the ligament of Treitz. MA:0000338 MAT:0000044 MESH:A03.492.411.620.270 MIAA:0000044 OpenCyc:Mx4rv4LJDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one). The fixed portion of the small intestine deeply lodged in the posterior wall of the abdomen and extending from the pylorus to the beginning of the jejunum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0002114 UMLS:C0013303 VHOG:0000052 XAO:0000236 duodenal galen:Duodenum proximal intestine uberon upper intestine pronephros A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the anterior region of the nephric ridge; forms only as a transient embryonic structure. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.748][VHOG] AAO:0011089 BTO:0001541 EFO:0000927 EHDAA2:0001570 EHDAA:1017 EMAPA:16579 FMA:72170 In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros.[well established][VHOG] In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO]. MAT:0000117 MIAA:0000117 Once the more complex mesonephros forms the pronephros undergoes apoptosis in amphibians. In fishes the nephron degenerates but the organ remains and becomes a component of the immune system[Wikipedia:Pronephros]. // TODO - check developmental relationships. Note that we previously include the ZFA/XAO terms under the more specific 'pronephric kidney', but these are now merged. TODO GCI: relationship: capable_of GO:0030104 Organ that serves as a transient kidney, providing osmoregulation during early developmental stages and then degenerating during metamorphosis.[AAO] TAO:0000151 The embryonic kidney, present at the level of the third somite, is composed of two glomeruli fused at the midline, two pronephric tubules, and paired bilateral pronephric ducts that modify the composition of the blood filtrate before delivering it to the cloaca for excretion.Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] UBERON:0002120 UBERON:0005794 UMLS:C0231048 VHOG:0000037 XAO:0002000 ZFA:0000151 archinephron embryonic kidney pronephric pronephric kidney pronephron uberon right lung EHDAA2:0001730 EHDAA:4969 EMAPA:17661 FMA:7309 Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA] Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000426 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0002167 UMLS:C0225706 VHOG:0000301 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern uberon left lung EHDAA2:0000943 EHDAA:4947 EMAPA:17653 FMA:7310 Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA] Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000425 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0002168 UMLS:C0225730 VHOG:0000618 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern uberon bronchus BTO:0001340 CALOHA:TS-1229 EFO:0000932 EMAPA:32689 EV:0100041 Each of the two primary divisions of the trachea leading respectively into the right and the left lung. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] FMA:7409 GAID:346 In humans, the main bronchus is histologically identical to trachea; 2ary and 3ary bronchi are not; epithelium becomes simple columnar, goblet cell number decreases, elastic fibers in lamina propria increases, distribution more uniform. Muscular layer between mucosa and submucosa appears. cartilage rings become discontinuous plates connected by fibrous connective tissue MA:0000436 MAT:0000133 MESH:D001980 MIAA:0000133 UBERON:0002185 UMLS:C0006255 VHOG:0000262 XAO:0000121 bronchi bronchial bronchial tissue bronchial trunk the upper conducting airways of the lung; these airways arise from the terminus of the trachea uberon hemolymphoid system Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs. CALOHA:TS-2018 EHDAA2:0004615 EMAPA:18765 FMA:74562 MA:0000013 UBERON:0002193 haemolymphoid system hematolymphoid system lymphomyeloid complex uberon integument AAO:0000239 Anatomical system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages.[AAO] BTO:0000634 FMA:74657 Hautsystem@de Surface structure that is the outer protective covering of the body.[VSAO] TAO:0000368 The dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. The outer protective barrier that separates the animal from its aquatic environment. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] UBERON:0002199 VSAO:0000029 ZFA:0000368 dermal system dermis plus epidermis plus hypodermis dermoid system galen:Integument in FMA intergument = skin+superficial fascia(hypodermis), skin=dermis+epidermis+hair_nail. Note that the definition provided here excludes the more general sense of the term 'integument' used in invertebrates; consider 'integumental system'. Note that the VSAO class appears to include adnexa by its definition. integumental integumentary integumentum commune skin skin and subcutaneous tissue skin plus hypodermis tegument the integument uberon vertebrate integument vasculature of trunk A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:74712 TAO:0005024 UBERON:0002201 ZFA:0005024 torso vascular network torso vasculature trunk vascular network trunk vasculature uberon vascular network of torso vascular network of trunk vasculature of torso musculoskeletal system AAO:0010546 Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems. Anatomical system that provides locomotion and physical support to the organism.[AAO] CALOHA:TS-1311 EMAPA:32714 EV:0100139 FMA:7482 GAID:98 MA:0002418 MESH:D009141 OpenCyc:Mx4rQRpVNgAKEdyHxgDggVfs8g There are more than 50,000 extant vertebrate species, representing over 500 million years of evolution. During that time, the vertebrate musculoskeletal systems have adapted to aquatic, terrestrial, fossorial, and arboreal lifestyles, while simultaneously retaining functionally integrated axial and appendicular skeletal systems.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002204 UMLS:C0026860 VHOG:0001275 VSAO:0000031 XAO:0000168 musculo-skeletal system musculoskeletal uberon synovial joint AEO:0000183 CALOHA:TS-2138 EHDAA2:0003183 FMA:7501 Is a joint that is located at the point of contact of articulating bones allowing movement. The joint has a capsule containing synovial fluid surrounding the articulating bone surfaces.[TAO] Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA] MA:0000322 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2bBV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0005153 UBERON:0002217 ZFA:0005153 articulatio synoviale diarthrodial joints diarthroses diarthrosis diarthrosis joint galen:SynovialJoint uberon thoracic cavity EMAPA:36497 FMA:7565 GAID:93 In many species, the diaphragm separates thoracic and abdominal cavities MA:0000032 MESH:A01.911.800 OpenCyc:Mx4rmvyleLfEEduAAAACs6hRXg OpenCyc:Mx4rvhU_TpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The part of the coelemic cavity lumen that is enclosed by the walls of the thorax. UBERON:0002224 UMLS:C0230139 cavitas thoracis cavity of chest cavity of thorax chest cavity pectoral cavity space of thoracic compartment thoracic lumen uberon spinal cord (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010151 BAMS:SP BAMS:Spinal BM:SpC BTO:0001279 CALOHA:TS-0953 DHBA:12890 DMBA:17651 EFO:0000110 EHDAA2:0001255 EHDAA:2863 EMAPA:17577 EV:0100316 FMA:7647 GAID:695 MA:0000216 MAT:0000183 MESH:D013116 MIAA:0000183 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral canal continuous with and caudal to the brain; demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum. It is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate, and surrounds the central canal. (CUMBO) Part of the central nervous system which descends from the hindbrain within the vertebral column.[AAO] SpC TAO:0000075 TODO - add superclass to unify with VNC? UBERON:0002240 UMLS:C0037925 VHOG:0000601 XAO:0000020 ZFA:0000075 cerebro-cerebellar fissure cerebrocerebellar fissure fissura cerebro-cerebellaris fissura cerebrocerebellaris http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=22 medulla spinalis spinal cord structure spinal medulla uberon olfactory organ AAO:0010180 An olfactory organ overlaps with the olfactory system, because some parts of the nose (e.g. nasal skeleton) are parts of the skeletal system, which is spatially disjoint An organ that houses olfactory neurons and is responsible for the sense of smell. Examples include the vertebrate nose and the Drosophila dorsal organ. BTO:0001772 FBbt:00005158 FMA:77659 UBERON:0002268 VHOG:0000287 XAO:0000273 fma general anatomical term. xao has no subtypes (but Johnstons organ develops from this). An olfactory organ overlaps with the olfactory system, because some parts of the nose (e.g. nasal skeleton) are parts of the skeletal system, which is spatially disjoint main olfactory organ olfactory neuroepithelium olfactory organ olfactory sense organ olfactory sensory organ organ olfactus organum olfactorium primary olfactory organ uberon biliary system FMA:79646 GAID:279 MA:0001273 MESH:D001659 Organ system subdivision that consists of the organs and ducts that are involved in the production and transportation of bile. In most species this is the gallbladder and the bile ducts (biliary tree). UBERON:0002294 biliary apparatus biliary tract uberon brainstem 'brainstem' is a loose term that sometimes refers to the ventral parts o the brain except for any part of the telencephalon - sometimes it includes the diencephalon or subpallial telencephalon structures (ISBN10:0471888893). Here we use it in a more restriced sense, to include only the medulla oblongata, pons (when present) and the midbrain tegmentum (following the ZFA definitions). BAMS:BS BTO:0000146 CALOHA:TS-0093 EFO:0001962 EMAPA:32678 EV:0100241 FMA:79876 MA:0000169 MBA:343 MESH:D001933 Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain.[TAO] Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,adopted][ZFA:0001707]. Stalk-like part of the brain that includes amongst its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,MP,generalized]. TAO:0002156 UBERON:0002298 UMLS:C0006121 VHOG:0001457 ZFA:0001707 accessory medullary lamina of pallidum brain stem http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=236 lamella pallidi incompleta lamina medullaris accessoria lamina medullaris incompleta pallidi lamina pallidi incompleta the stalk-like part of the brain that comprises the midbrain (aka mesencephalon), the pons (aka pons Varolii), and the medulla oblongata, and connects the cerebral hemispheres with the cervical spinal cord[MP] truncus encephali truncus encephalicus uberon nucleus of brain A neural nucleus that is part of the brain. EMAPA:35185 FMA:83840 MA:0000811 UBERON:0002308 UMLS:C1706993 ZFA:0005575 brain nuclei brain nucleus uberon coelemic cavity lumen AEO:0000186 Anatomical space, part of the trunk that contains the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities[ZFA]. BTO:0001707 EHDAA2:0000267 FBbt:00005060 FMA:85006 In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003186 TAO:0001438 The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities[BTO]. UBERON:0000169 UBERON:0002323 UMLS:C0333343 ZFA:0001438 body cavity celom check the FMA placement here; ncit placement of body cavity here probably not correct coelom coelome coelomic cavity coelomic cavity lumen galen:BodyCavity hemocoel main body cavity space of body compartment uberon ventral body cavity notochord (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (3) a stiff, longitudinal rod of turgid cells along the dorsal part of the body that is called a notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] A flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, while in most vertebrates it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. The notochord is found ventral to the neural tube. AAO:0000327 Avascular multi-tissue structure composed of large vacuolated epithelial cells (chordablasts) and perichordal fibrous tissue.[VSAO] BTO:0001768 CALOHA:TS-0690 EHDAA2:0001277 EHDAA:1241 EHDAA:6021 EMAPA:16191 EV:0100002 FMA:85521 GAID:1311 In between vertebra the notochord becomes the nucleus pulposus, under it degenerates, and at anterior end in some species its tissue merges with some of the cranial bones.. Some organisms retain a post-embryonic notochord. MAT:0000281 MESH:A16.254.610 Rod-like principal supportive element of the embryo and larva, present in the midline just ventral to the neural tube, and differentiating during the segmentation period to form large vacuolated epithelial cells and a surrounding a sheath of fibrous and elastic layers. Layering of the sheath may differ in structure, thickness and development among groups; in cypriniforms there are actually three very thin layers to the sheath. A functional, well developed notochord is present throughout life in certain basal fish groups but not in cypriniforms. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Slender rod of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a core of fluid-filled cells of mesodermal origin; it lies above the gut and directly beneath the spinal cord. The notochord is present during early development and in a few cases it is retained through life; however, usually the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column.[AAO] TAO:0000135 The notochord appears early in embryogeny and plays an important role in promoting or organizing the embryonic development of nearby structures. In most adult chordates the notochord disappears or becomes highly modified. In some non-vertebrate chordates and fishes the notochord persists as a laterally flexible but incompressible skeletal rod that prevents telescopic collapse of the body during swimming[TOLWEB] UBERON:0002328 UMLS:C0028439 VHOG:0000199 VSAO:0000032 XAO:0000055 ZFA:0000135 embryonic notocord notochorda notochordal notocord relationship type change: differentiates_from mesoderm (AAO:0000304) CHANGED TO: develops_from mesoderm (UBERON:0000926)[AAO] uberon somite (...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010569 AEO:0001015 BTO:0001558 EHDAA2:0003436 EHDAA:366 EHDAA:699 EMAPA:31169 FMA:85522 GAID:1306 MAT:0000068 MESH:A16.254.425.660.750 MIAA:0000068 Post-cranial axial segments which form sclerotome and dermomyotome.[AAO] Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm. TAO:0000155 UBERON:0002329 UMLS:C0376449 Undifferentiated mesodermal components of early trunk or tail segments or metameres, derived from paraxial mesoderm; forms myotomes, sclerotomes and perhaps dermatomes. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] VHOG:0000191 When the somite becomes segmented from the segmental plate, it is composed of an epithelial sac enclosing mesenchymal somitocoel cells. Thereafter the somite differentiates into two parts, the ventro-medial mesenchymal sclerotome and the dorso-lateral epithelial dermomyotome. This change in the epithelial somite depends on surrounding tissue [PMID:15906248] XAO:0000058 ZFA:0000155 currently classified as an epithelial vesicle, consistent with EHDAA2 and https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest. Consider making 'somitic mesoderm' a separate term and correlate with regionalization processes. Consider moving ZFA term to 'trunk somite' as it is part of the trunk epimere epimere mesoderm epithelial somite mesodermal cluster relationship loss: develops_from paraxial mesenchyme (TAO:0000942)[TAO] relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of trunk (TAO:0001115) CHANGED TO: develops_from trunk (UBERON:0002100)[TAO] relationship type change: part_of paraxial mesoderm (AAO:0010568) CHANGED TO: develops_from paraxial mesoderm (UBERON:0003077)[AAO] somites somitic somitic mesoderm somitus uberon exocrine system Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia]. CALOHA:TS-2057 EHDAA2:0002225 EMAPA:35329 FMA:85539 MA:0002411 UBERON:0002330 UMLS:C1516995 WikipediaCategory:Exocrine_system exocrine glandular system uberon neural crest A cell population arising from the dorsolateral aspect of the central nervous system primordium during the segmentation period, and later migrating along stereotyped pathways to give rise to a diverse and well-defined set of cell types including pigment cells, peripheral neurons and glia, and head cartilage. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] A specialized region of ectoderm found between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm and composed of highly migratory pluripotent cells that delaminate in early embryonic development from the dorsal neural tube and give rise to an astounding variety of differentiated cell types[MP]. A well developed neural crest population is present in lampreys (Horigome et al. 1999 ; Tomsa & Langeland, 1999) and gnathostomes. chordate fossils from the early Cambrian (Yunnanozoan and Haikouella) with apparent neural-crest derived structures (pharyngeal denticles and pharyngeal skeletons resembling the striped mucocartilage of the branchial bars in lamprey ammocoete larvae), suggests that neural crest arose very early in vertebrate evolution (Chen et al. 1999; Holland & Chen, 2001). The invertebrate chordates apparently lack defini- tive neural crest. One marker of migrating neural crest in some vertebrates, the antibody HNK1, does not recognize any cells in amphioxus embryos (Holland, unpublished). Even so, in both amphioxus and tunicates, cells at the edges of the neural plate and adjacent nonneural ectoderm share some properties of neural crest[PMID:11523831] AAO:0010578 BTO:0001764 CALOHA:TS-0676 EHDAA2:0004419 EMAPA:32737 FMA:86666 GAID:1310 Gene notes: Many factors and genes, such as Pax3 (Tremblay et al., 1995), slug (Nieto et al., 1994), AP-2 (Zhang et al., 1996; Schorle et al., 1996), and Wnt-1/3a (Ikeya et al., 1997) are expressed in the dorsal most region of the neural tube, and have been shown to be involved in the generation of neural crest cells. MAT:0000066 MESH:A16.254.600 MIAA:0000066 Migratory cell population which delaminates from neural tube, borders surface ectoderm and neural ectoderm, and gives rise to many different tissue types.[AAO] NC TAO:0000045 UBERON:0002342 UMLS:C0027789 VHOG:0000057 We conclude that the neural crest is a vertebrate novelty, but that neural crest cells and their derivatives evolved and diversified in a step-wise fashion - first by elaboration of neural plate border cells, then by the innovation or co-option of new or ancient metazoan cell fates.[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000048 ZFA:0000045 consider including subclasses for pre- and post- migratory (e.g. sheets/paths/streams). crista neuralis neural crest material uberon neurectoderm (...) the ability of ectoderm to produce neuronal cells is a general metazoan feature.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011074 BILA:0000039 CALOHA:TS-1212 EHDAA2:0001248 EHDAA:1498 EHDAA:255 EMAPA:16073 EV:0100004 Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. FBbt:00001061 FMA:87657 MAT:0000176 MIAA:0000176 TAO:0001120 UBERON:0002346 UMLS:C1518271 VHOG:0000150 XAO:0000042 ZFA:0001120 epithelium tubi neuralis; neuroectoderma neuaral ectoderm neural ectoderm neurectodermal neuroectoderm presumptive central nervous system uberon ventral neurogenic region we prefer neurectoderm to neural ectoderm since placodal ectoderm is not classified here myocardium AAO:0010410 BSA:0000089 BTO:0000901 CALOHA:TS-0440 EFO:0000819 EHDAA2:0004150 EMAPA:32688 EV:0100022 FMA:9462 GAID:173 MA:0000164 MAT:0000453 MESH:D009206 OpenCyc:Mx4ro36AFrCvEduAAAAOpmP6tw RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001220 Robust muscular tunic of the heart which forms the basic part of its walls. Its external surface is covered by the pericardium and its internal one by the endocardium. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] TAO:0001319 TODO - check 'Myocardum proper' in FMA. We superclass the more generic class for now. FMA has is_a muscle layer - should we add this? ZFA and BTO both have is_a 'cardiac muscle' (tissue?). But in U we also follow FMA and have cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium (there is also Fibrocollagenous connective tissue of myocardium), which would be identical (see issue-10). Note that GO also treats left/right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue synonymous with ventricular myocardium The middle layer of the heart, consisting of cardiac muscle.[AAO] UBERON:0002349 UMLS:C0027061 VHOG:0000083 XAO:0000065 ZFA:0001319 cardiac muscle galen:Myocardium heart muscle heart myocardium muscle of heart myocardial the middle layer of the heart, comprised mainly of striated cardiac muscle fibers uberon conducting system of heart EFO:0003909 EHDAA2 divides the system from the tissue EHDAA2:0004185 EMAPA:35428 EV:0100025 FMA:9476 MA:0000094 MESH:D006329 TAO:0005063 The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat[GO] The fish heart displays clear polarity of contraction in a posterior-to-anterior direction. The contraction waves originate in the sinus venosus and terminate in the conus arteriosus. The nodal phenotype persists in the inflow region of the heart, varying from the venosinus to the sinoatrial junctional areas in different species . Similar to the mammalian situation, pacemaker tissue with a lower intrinsic rhythmicity is also found at the atrioventricular junction.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0002350 VHOG:0001271 ZFA:0005063 cardiac conducting system cardiac conduction system cardiac impulse conducting system cardionector central conduction system complexus stimulans cordis heart conduction system impulse conducting system systema conducente cordis uberon sinoatrial node BTO:0004358 EHDAA2:0004184 EMAPA:35772 FMA:9477 GAID:561 Koch's node MA:0000097 MESH:D012849 OpenCyc:Mx4rOhejDGMcEd2AAABQjYGu0g SA nodal muscle tissue SA node TAO:0005069 The part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node[GO]. Subdivision of conducting system of heart at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, around the sinoatrial nodal branch of right coronary artery and is continuous with the internodal tract[FMA]. UBERON:0002351 UMLS:C0037189