A biomedical ontology in the domain of drug adverse events
Edison Ong
Hong Yu
Noemi Garg
ODAE is a biomedical ontology in the area of drug adverse events. It is developed by following OBO Foundry principles (e.g., openness, collaboration).
ODAE: Ontology of Drug Adverse Events
OWL-DL
Solomiya Nysak
Vision Release: 1.0.08
Yongqun "Oliver" He
BFO OWL specification label
Really of interest to developers only
Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification.
BFO CLIF specification label
Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2
editor preferred term~editor preferred label
editor preferred label
editor preferred term
PERSON:Daniel Schober
The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English)
example of usage
A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not
has curation status
PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON:Bill Bug
PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition
English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software.
The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
editor note
An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
term editor
20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=115.
Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
alternative term
An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent)
definition source
Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
curator note
An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user
imported from
For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported
expand expression to
expand assertion to
OBO foundry unique label
elucidation
has associated axiom(nl)
has associated axiom(fol)
A property created to allow the source NICHD to assign a parent to each concept with the intent of creating a hierarchy that includes only terms in which they are the contributing source.
In general, applying semantic types aids in allowing users (or computer programs) to draw conclusions about concepts by virtue of the categories to which they have been assigned. We use a set of semantic types developed for the UMLS Metathesaurus. There are currently 134 semantic types in the UMLS.
The semantic type describes the sort of thing or category to which a concept belongs in the context of the UMLS semantic network.
Provides an alternative Preferred Name for use in some NCI systems.
The word or phrase that NCI uses by preference to refer to the concept.
Concept Unique Identifiers, or CUIs, are concept numbers assigned by the National Library of Medicine (NLM). If a concept in any NCI-maintained knowledgebase exists in the NLM Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), NCI includes the NLM CUI among the information we provide about the concept.
This property is used to indicate when a non-EVS entity has contributed to, and has a stake in, a concept. This is used where such entities, within or outside NCI, have indicated the need to be able to track their own concepts. A single concept can have multiple instances of this property if multiple entities have such a defined stake.
A retired unique concept identifier created and stored as Concept Name by legacy EVS software. Use of these values was long discouraged, but continued as late as 2009 when creation of new values ceased and Concept Name was retired. Legacy values are intended solely to help resolve and update earlier coding.
Design notes are notations made by NCI vocabulary curators. They are intended to provide supplemental, unstructured information to the user or additional insight about the concept.
Chinese translation
a chinese translation represents a chinese translation of the existing term.
adverse event outcome
The AE 'cough AE' has the 'label of AE outcome' of 'cough'; 'infection AE' has the 'label of AE outcom' of 'infection'.
an annotation property that represents the label of an adverse event
has_meddra_id
temporal interpretation
An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context.
x never in taxon T if and only if T is a class, and x does not instantiate the class expression "in taxon some T". Note that this is a shortcut relation, and should be used as a hasValue restriction in OWL.
Chris Mungall
tooth SubClassOf 'never in taxon' value 'Aves'
taxonomic class assertion
An assertion that holds between an ontology class and an organism taxon class, which is intepreted to yield some relationship between instances of the ontology class and the taxon.
S dubious_for_taxon T if it is probably the case that no instances of S can be found in any instance of T.
this relation lacks a strong logical interpretation, but can be used in place of never_in_taxon where it is desirable to state that the definition of the class is too strict for the taxon under consideration, but placing a never_in_taxon link would result in a chain of inconsistencies that will take time to resolve. Example: metencephalon in teleost
S present_in_taxon T if some instance of T has some S. This does not means that all instances of T have an S - it may only be certain life stages or sexes that have S
logical macro assertion
An assertion that involves at least one OWL object that is intended to be expanded into one or more logical axioms. The logical expansion can yield axioms expressed using any formal logical system, including, but not limited to OWL2-DL.
logical macro assertion on a class
A logical macro assertion whose domain is an IRI for a class
The domain for this class can be considered to be owl:Class, but we cannot assert this in OWL2-DL
logical macro assertion on a property
A logical macro assertion whose domain is an IRI for a property
logical macro assertion on an object property
Used to annotate object properties to describe a logical meta-property or characteristic of the object property.
logical macro assertion on an annotation property
relation p is the direct form of relation q iff p is a subPropertyOf q, p does not have the Transitive characteristic, q does have the Transitive characteristic, and for all x, y: x q y -> exists z1, z2, ..., zn such that x p z1 ... z2n y
If we have the annotation P is-direct-form-of Q, and we have inverses P' and Q', then it follows that P' is-direct-form-of Q'
An alternate textual definition for a class taken unmodified from an external source. This definition may have been used to derive a generalized definition for the new class.
This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO
A textual description of an axiom loss in this ontology compared to an external ontology.
Notes on the homology status of this class.
An alternate comment for a class taken unmodified from an external source. Note that obo format only allows a single comment for a class, and does not provide a structured means of adding provenance info.
Used to connect a class to an adjectival form of its label. For example, a class with label 'intestine' may have a relational adjective 'intestinal'.
Notes on the how instances of this class vary across species.
Notes on the evolved function of instances of this class.
Notes on the structure, composition or histology of instances of this class.
Notes on the ontogenic development of instances of this class.
Notes on how similar or equivalent classes are represented in other ontologies.
Notes on how lexical conventions regarding this class, in particular any issues that may arise due to homonyny or synonymy.
A property used in conjunction with repeated_element_number to indicate an axis and directionality along that axis. If P preceding_element_is R, and P is_count_of S, and X P N, and X' P N+1, then it follows that every X R some X', and the class expression [S and R some X' and inv(R) some X] is empty (i.e. X is followed by X', with no intermediates)
gill arch N = PA N-2. the term branchial_arch is ambiguous.
x pharyngeal_arch_number N if and only if (i) x is a pharyngeal arch, and (ii) x is ancestrally pharyngeal arch number N in a series of pharyngeal arches repeated along a antero-posterior axis, with arch_number 1 being the mandibular arch.
Most land mammals including humans have a 2-3-3-3-3 formula in both the hands (or paws) and feet. Primitive reptiles typically had the formula 2-3-4-4-5, and this pattern, with some modification, remained in many later reptiles and in the mammal-like reptiles. The phalangeal formula in the flippers of cetaceans (marine mammals) is 2-12-8-1
x phalanx_number N if and only if (i) x is a phalanx, and (ii) x is phalanx number N in a series of phalanges repeated along an prixomo-distal axis, with phalanx_number 1 being the proximalmost phalanx. Note that in humans, the distalmost phalanx has phlanax_number 3, except in ray_number 1, where the distalmost has phalanx_number 2
FMA has terms like 'set of X'. In general we do not include set-of terms in uberon, but provide a mapping between the singular form and the FMA set term
A metadata relation between a class and its taxonomic rank (eg species, family)
Source
Fully qualified synonym, contains the string, term type, source, and an optional source code if appropriate. Each subfield is deliniated to facilitate interpretation by software.
Used to associate the concept defining a particular terminology subset with concepts that belong to this subset.
part of
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
part_of
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
has part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
has_part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
realized in
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
[copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
is realized by
realized_in
this disease is realized in this disease course
this fragility is realized in this shattering
this investigator role is realized in this investigation
realizes
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
this disease course realizes this disease
this investigation realizes this investigator role
this shattering realizes this fragility
to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
preceded by
X preceded_by Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)
An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other.
is preceded by
preceded_by
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
precedes
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
occurs in
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
occurs_in
unfolds in
unfolds_in
contains process
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
site of
x anterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail: bearer
x distal_to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal).
x dorsal_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
x posterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
x proximal_to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y.
x ventral_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
Further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines.
Near the outer surface of the organism. Thus, skin is superficial to the muscle layer.
X in_left_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the left portion.
X in_right_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the right portion.
X anterior_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part_of the anterior portion.
X proximal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the proximal portion.
X distal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the distal portion.
X in_lateral_side_of Y <=> if X is in_left_side_of Y or X is in_right_side_of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure
X proximalmost_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the proximal boundary of Y
X distalmost_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the distal boundary of Y
a preceded_by relation that indicates that one process (e.g., an adverse event) is causally preceded by (induced by) another process (e.g., a medical intervention) and there is a causal relation between these two processes. This relation indicates the existence of a causal chain, meaning many processes may occur in between these two processes.
is evidence of
This represents a relation between two adverse events AE1 and AE2. However, AE1 may be an evidence of another adverse event AE3, and a dfferent adverse event AE4 may also be an evidence of the same AE2.
AE1 is_evidence_of AE2 if and only if: given an adverse event instance ae1 that instantiates class AE1 (e.g., electrocardiogram qt prolonged AE) and another adverse event instance ae2 that instantiates class AE2 (e.g., arrhythmia AE), both ae1 and ae2 are adverse events that are clinically observed after a medical intervention (at time t0) on the same patient. The presence of ae1 is supported by priori knowledge of medicine to imply the presence of ae2 with some probability P (P is NOT always 1, thus transitivity does not apply to is_evidence_of relation. AE1 is_evidence_of AE2 and AE2 is_evidence_of AE3 DOES NOT imply AE1 is_evidence_of AE3). The instance ae1 and ae2 are observed or detected at time t1 and t2, respectively. The biological onset time for ae1 or ae2 may occur before t1 or t2. The t1 and t2 can be the same time point or different time points.
An electrocardiogram qt prolonged AE is_evidence_of arrhythmia AE; arrhythmia AE is_evidence_of cardiomyopathy AE; fever AE is_evidence_of inflammation AE; fever AE is_evidence_of viral infection AE; plural effusion AE is_evidence_of cardiac disorder AE.
has participant quality
an object property that represents a relation between a process and a quality, in which the process has a participant that has the quality.
An adverse event has a participant quality, such as a hyperkalemia AE has a participatn quality blood potassium increased.
This is a shortcut relation of the following full version: 'has participant' some (participant 'has quality' ) in: process 'has participant' some (participant 'has quality' some quality)
adverse event occurs in
a 'occurs in' relation that is applied at the adverse event setting and indicates where an adverse event occurs in.
drug associated with AE
An object property that represents a relation between a drug and its associated AE.
has disease
An object property that represents a relation between a human and a disease.
treated with drug
An object property that represents a relation between a patient and a drug that is used to treat the patient.
drug associated with AE in adult
An object property that represents a relation between a drug and its associated AE where the AE occurs in an adult patient.
drug associated with AE in senior
An object property that represents a relation between a drug and its associated AE where the AE occurs in a senior patient.
drug associated with AE in pediatric
An object property that represents a relation between a drug and its associated AE where the AE occurs in a pediatric patient.
drug associated with AE in newborn
An object property that represents a relation between a drug and its associated AE where the AE occurs in a newborn patient.
drug associated with AE in adolescent
An object property that represents a relation between a drug and its associated AE where the AE occurs in an adolescent patient.
used to treat disease
An object property that represents a relation between a material entity (e.g., drug) and a disease that is treated by the material entity.
occurs in adult having disease
A shortcut object property that represents an adverse event and a disease in an adult patient where the adult patient with the disease has an adverse event after a medical intervention.
occurs in patient having disease
A shortcut object property that represents an adverse event and a disease in a patient where the patient with the disease has an adverse event after a medical intervention.
occurs in patient treated with drug
A shortcut object property that represents a process (e.g., adverse event) and a drug where the process occurs in a patient treated with the drug.
drug AE occurs in
A shortcut object property that represents a drug and human where the drug associated adverse event (AE) occurs in the human patient.
inheres in
bearer of
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
bearer_of
is bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
has participant
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
has_participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
has role
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has_role
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
A relationship that applies between a continuant and its outer, bounding layer. Examples include the relationship between a multicellular organism and its integument, between an animal cell and its plasma membrane, and between a membrane bound organelle and its outer/bounding membrane.
before or simultaneous with
Primitive instance level timing relation between events
simultaneous with
Relation between occurrents, shares start and end boundaries.
t1 simultaneous_with t2 iff:= t1 before_or_simultaneous_with t2 and not (t1 before t2)
ends after
X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)
immediately preceded by
A non-transitive temporal relation in which one process immediately precedes another process, such that there is no interval of time between the two processes[SIO:000251].
X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately precedes
X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
starts during
X starts_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (start(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y))
happens during
X happens_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y))
ends during
X ends_during Y iff: ((start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)) AND end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y).
overlaps
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
Binary relationship: x connected_to y if and only if there exists some z such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship.
Binary relationship: z connects x if and only if there exists some y such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship.
this is currently used for both structural relationships (such as between a valve and the chamber it connects) and abstract relationships (anatomical lines and the entities they connect)
relation between an artery and the structure is supplies with blood.
x surrounded_by y iff: x is adjacent to y and for every region r adjacent to x, r overlaps y
x adjacent_to y iff: x and y share a boundary
temporally related to
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends.
A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations.
Relation between occurrents, shares a start boundary with.
starts with
x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
Every insulin receptor signaling pathway starts with the binding of a ligand to the insulin receptor
Relation between occurrents, shares an end boundary with.
ends with
x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
sources for developmentally_induced_by relationships in Uberon: Developmental Biology, Gilbert, 8th edition, figure 6.5(F)
t1 developmentally_induced_by t2 if there is a process of organ induction (GO:0001759) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor tissue type T to T', where T' develops_from T.
mereotopologically related to
A mereological relationship or a topological relationship
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships
has potential to developmentally contribute to
x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y
x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y
x composed_primarily_of y iff: more than half of the mass of x is made from parts of y
Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing during some s.
Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c comes into existence at the start of p.
Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist during some s, if it does not die prematurely.
Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c ceases to exist at the end of p.
A relation between a subdivision of an organism and the single subdivision of skeleton that provides structural support for that subdivision.
x anteriorly_connected_to y iff the anterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x posterior_to y.
x is a conduit for y iff y passes through the lumen of x.
x distally_connected_to y iff the distal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x proximal_to y.
X in_central_side Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions around some median divisor, all parts of X are closer to the median divisor than the outermost lateral sides.
x posteriorly_connected_to y iff the posterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x anterior_to y.
x proximally_connected_to y iff the proximal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x distal_to y.
placeholder relation. X = 'subdivision of A' and subdivision_of some B means that X is the mereological sum of A and B
has age in year
Chemical Ingredients [Chemical/Ingredient]
Diseases, Manifestations or Physiologic States [Disease/Finding]
Diseases, Manifestations or Physiologic States
Mental Disorders and Manifestations [Disease/Finding]
Small Ion Transport Pump Interactions [MoA]
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family Interactions
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family Interactions
Angiotensin 2 Receptor Antagonists [MoA]
Cholinergic Muscarinic Receptor Interactions [MoA]
Cholinergic Muscarinic Receptor Interactions
Neurotransmitter Transporter Interactions [MoA]
Neurotransmitter Transporter Interactions
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors [MoA]
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
Organic Anion Transporter Interactions [MoA]
G-Protein-linked Receptor Interactions [MoA]
G-Protein-linked Receptor-Effector Interactions
Serotonin Transporter Interactions [MoA]
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators [MoA]
Excitatory Amino Acid Receptor Interactions [MoA]
Excitatory Amino Acid Receptor Interactions
Cytokine Receptor Superfamily Interactions [MoA]
Cytokine Receptor Superfamily Interactions
Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors [MoA]
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Progestational Hormone Receptor Agonists [MoA]
Progestational Hormone Receptor Agonists
Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors [MoA]
Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitors [MoA]
Receptor Protein Kinase Interactions [MoA]
Cellular or Molecular Interactions [MoA]
Norepinephrine Transporter Interactions [MoA]
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors
Immunologic and Biological Factors [MoA]
Congenital Abnormalities [Disease/Finding]
Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.
Acinetobacter Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome [Disease/Finding]
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.
Immunologic Deficiency Syndrome, Acquired
Actinomycetales Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
Adenoviridae Infections [Disease/Finding]
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.
Adenovirus Infections, Human [Disease/Finding]
Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.
Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound.
Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).
Adrenal Gland Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction [Disease/Finding]
Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital [Disease/Finding]
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.
Affective Disorders, Psychotic [Disease/Finding]
Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)
Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.
A group of inherited kidney disorders characterized by the abnormally elevated levels of AMINO ACIDS in URINE. Genetic mutations of transport proteins result in the defective reabsorption of free amino acids at the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. Renal aminoaciduria are classified by the specific amino acid or acids involved.
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.
A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin.
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.
Angina Pectoris, Variant [Disease/Finding]
A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.
Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.
Irregular HEART RATE caused by abnormal function of the SINOATRIAL NODE. It is characterized by a greater than 10% change between the maximum and the minimum sinus cycle length or 120 milliseconds.
Arterial Occlusive Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.
Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid [Disease/Finding]
Rheumatoid arthritis of children occurring in three major subtypes defined by the symptoms present during the first six months following onset: systemic-onset (Still's Disease, Juvenile-Onset), polyarticular-onset, and pauciarticular-onset. Adult-onset cases of Still's disease (STILL'S DISEASE, ADULT-ONSET) are also known. Only one subtype of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.
Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity [Disease/Finding]
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-IV)
Attention Deficit Disorders with Hyperactivity
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-IV)
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.
Bacterial Infections and Mycoses [Disease/Finding]
Infections caused by bacteria and fungi, general, specified, or unspecified.
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.
Bacteroides Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.
A group of disorders caused by defective salt reabsorption in the ascending LOOP OF HENLE. It is characterized by severe salt-wasting, HYPOKALEMIA; HYPERCALCIURIA; metabolic ALKALOSIS, and hyper-reninemic HYPERALDOSTERONISM without HYPERTENSION. There are several subtypes including ones due to mutations in the renal specific SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.
Basal Ganglia Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.
Biliary Tract Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
Urinary Bladder Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Pathological processes of the URINARY BLADDER.
Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction [Disease/Finding]
Blocked urine flow through the bladder neck, the narrow internal urethral opening at the base of the URINARY BLADDER. Narrowing or strictures of the URETHRA can be congenital or acquired. It is often observed in males with enlarged PROSTATE glands.
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms [Disease/Finding]
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.
A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.
Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
Blood Coagulation Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.
Blood Platelet Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.
Blood Protein Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Body Temperature Changes [Disease/Finding]
Significant alterations in temperature of the human body, above or below 98.6 degrees F. or 37 degrees C. when taken orally.
A clinical manifestation consisting of alterations in an individual's weight from his or her norm.
Bone Diseases, Infectious [Disease/Finding]
Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.
Bone Diseases, Metabolic [Disease/Finding]
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.
Central Nervous System Disorders, Intracranial
Central Nervous System Intracranial Disorders
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
Intracranial Central Nervous System Disorders
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.
Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as "ox hunger".
A form of heart block in which the electrical stimulation of HEART VENTRICLES is interrupted at either one of the branches of BUNDLE OF HIS thus preventing the simultaneous depolarization of the two ventricles.
Inflammation or irritation of a bursa, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.
Calcium Metabolism Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.
Campylobacter Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the genus CAMPYLOBACTER.
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous [Disease/Finding]
A clinical syndrome characterized by development, usually in infancy or childhood, of a chronic, often widespread candidiasis of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. It may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy.
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal [Disease/Finding]
Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic [Disease/Finding]
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung [Disease/Finding]
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.
Cardiovascular Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.
Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).
Central Nervous System Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.
Central Nervous System Infections [Disease/Finding]
Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.
Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis [Disease/Finding]
Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures.
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.
Ischemic Attack, Transient [Disease/Finding]
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)
Cerebrovascular Disorders [Disease/Finding]
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES; or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Child Behavior Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive [Disease/Finding]
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.
Chlamydiaceae Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE.
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic [Disease/Finding]
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).
Scaly papule or warty growth, caused by five fungi, that spreads as a result of satellite lesions affecting the foot or leg. The extremity may become swollen and, at its distal portion, covered with various nodular, tumorous, verrucous lesions that resemble cauliflower. In rare instances, the disease may begin on the hand or wrist and involve the entire upper extremity. (Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p362)
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.
Clostridium Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM.
A primary headache disorder that is characterized by severe, strictly unilateral PAIN which is orbital, supraorbital, temporal or in any combination of these sites, lasting 15-180 min. occurring 1 to 8 times a day. The attacks are associated with one or more of the following, all of which are ipsilateral: conjunctival injection, lacrimation, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, facial SWEATING, eyelid EDEMA, and miosis. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.
Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of COCCIDIA.
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.
Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that "collagen" was equivalent to "connective tissue", but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term "collagen diseases" now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).
Colonic Diseases, Functional [Disease/Finding]
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.
A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation.
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial [Disease/Finding]
Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.
Connective Tissue Diseases [Disease/Finding]
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.
Consciousness Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Organic mental disorders in which there is impairment of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment and to respond to environmental stimuli. Dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres or brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION may result in this condition.
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.
Coronary Artery Disease [Disease/Finding]
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.
Cranial Nerve Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.
A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.
Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.
An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.
Cytomegalovirus Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.
Demyelinating Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.
Dermatitis, Exfoliative [Disease/Finding]
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Dermatitis Herpetiformis [Disease/Finding]
Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.
Adverse cutaneous reactions caused by ingestion, parenteral use, or local application of a drug. These may assume various morphologic patterns and produce various types of lesions.
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 [Disease/Finding]
Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus, Non Insulin Dependent
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.
Diabetic Nephropathies [Disease/Finding]
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.
Digestive System Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
Digestive System Neoplasms [Disease/Finding]
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.
Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available.
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent [Disease/Finding]
A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced [Disease/Finding]
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.
Clinical manifestation of excessive LEANNESS usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition (MALNUTRITION).
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.
Encephalitis, Arbovirus [Disease/Finding]
Infections of the brain caused by arthropod-borne viruses (i.e., arboviruses) primarily from the families TOGAVIRIDAE; FLAVIVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; and RHABDOVIRIDAE. Life cycles of these viruses are characterized by ZOONOSES, with birds and lower mammals serving as intermediate hosts. The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) or TICKS. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, alterations of mentation, focal neurologic deficits, and COMA. (From Clin Microbiol Rev 1994 Jan;7(1):89-116; Walton, Brain's Diseases of the Nervous System, 10th ed, p321)
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.
Endocarditis, Bacterial [Disease/Finding]
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.
Endocrine System Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.
Endocrine Gland Neoplasms [Disease/Finding]
Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.
Enterobacteriaceae Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.
Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous [Disease/Finding]
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.
Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.
Glioma derived from ependymocytes that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)
Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)
Recurrent conditions characterized by epileptic seizures which arise diffusely and simultaneously from both hemispheres of the brain. Classification is generally based upon motor manifestations of the seizure (e.g., convulsive, nonconvulsive, akinetic, atonic, etc.) or etiology (e.g., idiopathic, cryptogenic, and symptomatic). (From Mayo Clin Proc, 1996 Apr;71(4):405-14)
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic [Disease/Finding]
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe [Disease/Finding]
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321)
Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic [Disease/Finding]
Recurrent seizures causally related to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Seizure onset may be immediate but is typically delayed for several days after the injury and may not occur for up to two years. The majority of seizures have a focal onset that correlates clinically with the site of brain injury. Cerebral cortex injuries caused by a penetrating foreign object (CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, PENETRATING) are more likely than closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED) to be associated with epilepsy. Concussive convulsions are nonepileptic phenomena that occur immediately after head injury and are characterized by tonic and clonic movements. (From Rev Neurol 1998 Feb;26(150):256-261; Sports Med 1998 Feb;25(2):131-6)
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes.
A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.
Escherichia coli Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.
Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications [Disease/Finding]
Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications
Pathological processes of the female URINARY TRACT, the reproductive system (GENITALIA, FEMALE), and disorders related to PREGNANCY.
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.
Gastroesophageal Reflux [Disease/Finding]
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.
Gastrointestinal Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Diseases in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms [Disease/Finding]
Tumors or cancer of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, from the MOUTH to the ANAL CANAL.
Genital Diseases, Female [Disease/Finding]
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
Genital Diseases, Male [Disease/Finding]
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).
Genital Neoplasms, Female [Disease/Finding]
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
Genital Neoplasms, Male [Disease/Finding]
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA LAMBLIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.
Combined Multiple Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder
Multiple Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder, Combined
Combined Vocal and Multiple Motor Tic Disorder
Tic Disorder, Combined Vocal and Multiple Motor
A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental [Disease/Finding]
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).
Pathological processes of the OVARIES or the TESTES.
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.
Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi.
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.
Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.
Haemophilus Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.
Head and Neck Neoplasms [Disease/Finding]
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.
Impaired conduction of cardiac impulse that can occur anywhere along the conduction pathway, such as between the SINOATRIAL NODE and the right atrium (SA block) or between atria and ventricles (AV block). Heart blocks can be classified by the duration, frequency, or completeness of conduction block. Reversibility depends on the degree of structural or functional defects.
Heart Defects, Congenital [Disease/Finding]
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.
Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Hematologic diseases and diseases of the lymphatic system collectively. Hemic diseases include disorders involving the formed elements (e.g., ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION, INTRAVASCULAR) and chemical components (e.g., BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS); lymphatic diseases include disorders relating to lymph, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes.
A disorder due to the deposition of hemosiderin in the parenchymal cells, causing tissue damage and dysfunction of the liver, pancreas, heart, and pituitary. Full development of the disease in women is restricted by menstruation, pregnancy, and lower dietary intake of iron. Acquired hemochromatosis may be the result of blood transfusions, excessive dietary iron, or secondary to other disease. Idiopathic or genetic hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disorder of metabolism associated with a gene tightly linked to the A locus of the HLA complex on chromosome 6. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage [Disease/Finding]
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.
Hepatitis, Viral, Human [Disease/Finding]
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).
Parenterally-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular [Disease/Finding]
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Herpesviridae Infections [Disease/Finding]
Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE.
High Pressure Neurological Syndrome [Disease/Finding]
A syndrome related to increased atmospheric pressure and characterized by tremors, nausea, dizziness, decreased motor and mental performance, and SEIZURES. This condition may occur in those who dive deeply (c. 1000 ft) usually while breathing a mixture of oxygen and helium. The condition is associated with a neuroexcitatory effect of helium.
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell [Disease/Finding]
A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.
Infection resulting from inhalation or ingestion of spores of the fungus of the genus HISTOPLASMA, species H. capsulatum. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the midwestern United States. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.
Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.
Hypersensitivity, Immediate [Disease/Finding]
Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigen-antibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability.
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.
Hypertension, Malignant [Disease/Finding]
A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.
Neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, and other diseases of the hypothalamus. Clinical manifestations include appetite disorders; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SLEEP DISORDERS; behavioral symptoms related to dysfunction of the LIMBIC SYSTEM; and neuroendocrine disorders.
Hypothalamic Neoplasms [Disease/Finding]
Benign and malignant tumors of the HYPOTHALAMUS. Pilocytic astrocytomas and hamartomas are relatively frequent histologic types. Neoplasms of the hypothalamus frequently originate from adjacent structures, including the OPTIC CHIASM, optic nerve (see OPTIC NERVE NEOPLASMS), and pituitary gland (see PITUITARY NEOPLASMS). Relatively frequent clinical manifestations include visual loss, developmental delay, macrocephaly, and precocious puberty. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2051)
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.
Tumors or cancer in the ILEUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes [Disease/Finding]
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.
Immune System Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.
Immunoproliferative Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Disorders characterized by abnormal proliferation of primary cells of the immune system or by excessive production of immunoglobulins.
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.
Infant, Newborn, Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.
Inability to reproduce after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Reproductive sterility is permanent infertility.
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.
DIMS (Disorders of Initiating and Maintaining Sleep)
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders of Initiating and Maintaining Sleep
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic [Disease/Finding]
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.
Intestinal Obstruction [Disease/Finding]
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.
Intestinal Perforation [Disease/Finding]
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.
Diseases, dysfunctions, or disorders of or located in the iris.
Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.
Kidney Failure, Chronic [Disease/Finding]
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEGIONELLA.
An acute, sometimes fatal, pneumonia-like bacterial infection characterized by high fever, malaise, muscle aches, respiratory disorders and headache. It is named for an outbreak at the 1976 Philadelphia convention of the American Legion.
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).
Leishmaniasis, Visceral [Disease/Finding]
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of "hairy" or "flagellated" cells in the blood and bone marrow.
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.
Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary [Disease/Finding]
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cirrhosis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and bile secretion. Secondary biliary cirrhosis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic [Disease/Finding]
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.
Pulmonary diseases caused by fungal infections, usually through hematogenous spread.
Lung Diseases, Obstructive [Disease/Finding]
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous [Disease/Finding]
A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid [Disease/Finding]
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic [Disease/Finding]
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.
Lymphoma, Atypical Diffuse Small Lymphoid
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.
Lymphoproliferative Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia [Disease/Finding]
A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)
Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.
An acute form of MEGACOLON, severe pathological dilatation of the COLON. It is associated with clinical conditions such as ULCERATIVE COLITIS; CROHN DISEASE; AMEBIC DYSENTERY; or CLOSTRIDIUM ENTEROCOLITIS.
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)
Menstruation Disturbances [Disease/Finding]
Variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease.
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual is mentally retarded. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline mentally retarded range. Scores below 67 are in the retarded range. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Metabolism, Inborn Errors [Disease/Finding]
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Errors [Disease/Finding]
Stomatognathic Diseases [Disease/Finding]
General or unspecified diseases of the stomatognathic system, comprising the mouth, teeth, jaws, and pharynx.
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)
Abnormal increase in skeletal or smooth muscle tone. Skeletal muscle hypertonicity may be associated with PYRAMIDAL TRACT lesions or BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a "free interval") followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Musculoskeletal Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles. Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors damage the motor endplate portion of the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, impairing the transmission of impulses to skeletal muscles. Clinical manifestations may include diplopia, ptosis, and weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles. THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1459)
Mycobacterium Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.
Mycobacterium Infections, Atypical [Disease/Finding]
Infections with so called atypical mycobacteria (tuberculoid bacilli): M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. scrofulaceum, M. flavescens, M. gordonae, M. obuense, M. gilvum, M. duvali, M. szulgai, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. xenopi (littorale), M. ulcerans, M. buruli, M. terrae, M. fortuitum (minetti, giae), M. chelonae.
Infections with species of the genus MYCOPLASMA.
Mycoplasmatales Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the order MYCOPLASMATALES.
A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.
Myeloproliferative Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).
A general term for a malignant neoplasm derived from muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.
Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.
A syndrome characterized by HYPERPIGMENTATION, enlarging pituitary mass, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum ACTH. It is caused by the expansion of an underlying ACTH-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA that grows in the absence of feedback inhibition by adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS, usually after ADRENALECTOMY.
Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities [Disease/Finding]
Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities
Diseases existing at birth and often before birth, or that develop during the first month of life (INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES), regardless of causation. Of these diseases, those characterized by structural deformities are termed CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
Neoplasms by Histologic Type [Disease/Finding]
A collective term for the various histological types of NEOPLASMS. It is more likely to be used by searchers than by indexers and catalogers.
A collective term for precoordinated organ/neoplasm headings locating neoplasms by organ, as BRAIN NEOPLASMS; DUODENAL NEOPLASMS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; etc.
Neoplasms, Connective Tissue [Disease/Finding]
Neoplasms composed of connective tissue, including elastic, mucous, reticular, osseous, and cartilaginous tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective tissue.
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal [Disease/Finding]
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.
Neoplasms, Experimental [Disease/Finding]
Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.
Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial [Disease/Finding]
Neoplasms composed of glandular tissue, an aggregation of epithelial cells that elaborate secretions, and of any type of epithelium itself. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the various glands or in epithelial tissue.
Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue [Disease/Finding]
Neoplasms composed of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, or smooth. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in muscles.
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue [Disease/Finding]
Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.
Neoplasms, Vascular Tissue [Disease/Finding]
Neoplasms composed of vascular tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in blood vessels.
Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes [Disease/Finding]
Syndromes resulting from inappropriate production of HORMONES or hormone-like materials by NEOPLASMS in non-endocrine tissues or not by the usual ENDOCRINE GLANDS. Such hormone outputs are called ectopic hormone (HORMONES, ECTOPIC) secretion.
The pathological mechanisms and forms taken by tissue during degeneration into a neoplasm and its subsequent activity.
Nephritis, Interstitial [Disease/Finding]
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.
Nervous System Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
Nervous System Neoplasms [Disease/Finding]
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms.
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)
Neurologic Manifestations [Disease/Finding]
Clinical signs and symptoms caused by nervous system injury or dysfunction.
Neuromuscular Diseases [Disease/Finding]
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.
A decrease in the number of neutrophilic leukocytes in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Disorders of the nose, general or unspecified.
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.
Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases [Disease/Finding]
A collective term for nutritional disorders resulting from poor absorption or nutritional imbalance, and metabolic disorders resulting from defects in biosynthesis (ANABOLISM) or breakdown (CATABOLISM) of endogenous substances.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder [Disease/Finding]
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.
Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.
Opportunistic Infections [Disease/Finding]
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).
Ossification, Heterotopic [Disease/Finding]
The development of bony substance in normally soft structures.
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.
A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Pathological processes of the ear, the nose, and the throat, also known as the ENT diseases.
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.
Paget Disease, Extramammary [Disease/Finding]
A rare cutaneous neoplasm that occurs in the elderly. It develops more frequently in women and predominantly involves apocrine gland-bearing areas, especially the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. The lesions develop as erythematous scaly patches that progress to crusted, pruritic, erythematous plaques. The clinical differential diagnosis includes squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial fungal infection. It is generally thought to be an adenocarcinoma of the epidermis, from which it extends into the contiguous epithelium of hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1478)
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
Paracoccidioidomycosis [Disease/Finding]
A mycosis affecting the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and internal organs. It is caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. It is also called paracoccidioidal granuloma. Superficial resemblance of P. brasiliensis to Blastomyces brasiliensis (BLASTOMYCES) may cause misdiagnosis.
Paranasal Sinus Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.
Paraneoplastic Syndromes [Disease/Finding]
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.
Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure.
A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for PARALYSIS (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis (see NEUROSYPHILIS). "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as PARAPARESIS.
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)
The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs.
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
Familial Mediterranean Fever [Disease/Finding]
A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease.
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.
PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PHARYNX.
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.
An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.
Pneumococcal Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal [Disease/Finding]
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis [Disease/Finding]
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.
A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection, inhalation of or exposure to a deleterious agent.
Polychondritis, Relapsing [Disease/Finding]
An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.
Postoperative Complications [Disease/Finding]
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Pre-Excitation Syndromes [Disease/Finding]
A group of conditions in which HEART VENTRICLE activation by the atrial impulse is faster than the normal impulse conduction from the SINOATRIAL NODE. In these pre-excitation syndromes, atrial impulses often bypass the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE delay and travel via ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAYS connecting the atrium directly to the BUNDLE OF HIS.
Pregnancy Complications [Disease/Finding]
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious [Disease/Finding]
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic [Disease/Finding]
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and NEOPLASMS. The neoplastic disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
A type of ectopic pregnancy in which the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN implants in the ABDOMINAL CAVITY instead of in the ENDOMETRIUM of the UTERUS.
A potentially life-threatening condition in which the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN implants outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (>96%) occur in the FALLOPIAN TUBES, known as TUBAL PREGNANCY. They can be in other locations, such as UTERINE CERVIX; OVARY; and abdominal cavity (PREGNANCY, ABDOMINAL).
INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.
Infections with bacteria of the genus PROTEUS.
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa.
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.
Intense chronic itching in the anal area.
Pseudomonas Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.
Abnormalities of motor function that are associated with organic and non-organic cognitive disorders.
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.
Purine-Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors [Disease/Finding]
Purine Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Purine-Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Inflammation of the KIDNEY PELVIS and KIDNEY CALICES where urine is collected before discharge, but does not involve the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS) where urine is processed.
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult [Disease/Finding]
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.
Respiratory Hypersensitivity [Disease/Finding]
A form of hypersensitivity affecting the respiratory tract. It includes ASTHMA and RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL.
Respiratory Insufficiency [Disease/Finding]
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Respiratory Tract Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Respiratory Tract Infections [Disease/Finding]
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms [Disease/Finding]
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).
Retroviridae Infections [Disease/Finding]
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)
A febrile disease occurring as a delayed sequela of infections with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES. It is characterized by multiple focal inflammatory lesions of the connective tissue structures, such as the heart, blood vessels, and joints (POLYARTHRITIS) and brain, and by the presence of ASCHOFF BODIES in the myocardium and skin.
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial [Disease/Finding]
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).
Salivary Gland Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. There are conspicuous foci of necrosis in association with irregular masses of small, regular, rounded or ovoid cells with very scanty cytoplasm. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."
Systemic disease associated with the presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood.
Disorders of Sex Development [Disease/Finding]
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.
A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative ERYTHRODERMA; PRURITUS; peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear (cerebriform) cells in the skin, LYMPH NODES, and peripheral blood (Sezary cells).
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include, but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.
A condition caused by dysfunctions related to the SINOATRIAL NODE including impulse generation (CARDIAC SINUS ARREST) and impulse conduction (SINOATRIAL EXIT BLOCK). It is characterized by persistent BRADYCARDIA, chronic ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and failure to resume sinus rhythm following CARDIOVERSION. This syndrome can be congenital or acquired, particularly after surgical correction for heart defects.
Pathological processes in the SIGMOID COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).
Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient.
Signs and Symptoms, Digestive [Disease/Finding]
Digestive system manifestations of diseases of the gastrointestinal system or of other organs.
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.
Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin.
Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous [Disease/Finding]
Skin diseases characterized by local or general distributions of blisters. They are classified according to the site and mode of blister formation. Lesions can appear spontaneously or be precipitated by infection, trauma, or sunlight. Etiologies include immunologic and genetic factors. (From Scientific American Medicine, 1990)
Skin Diseases, Genetic [Disease/Finding]
Diseases of the skin with a genetic component, usually the result of various inborn errors of metabolism.
Skin Diseases, Infectious [Disease/Finding]
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.
Skin Diseases, Metabolic [Disease/Finding]
Diseases of the skin associated with underlying metabolic disorders.
Skin Diseases, Parasitic [Disease/Finding]
Skin diseases caused by ARTHROPODS; HELMINTHS; or other parasites.
Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.
Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. Sleep disorders may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and sleep disorders secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
Diseases of viral origin, characterized by incubation periods of months to years, insidious onset of clinical manifestations, and protracted clinical course. Though the disease process is protracted, viral multiplication may not be unusually slow. Conventional viruses produce slow virus diseases such as SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL), and AIDS. Diseases produced by unconventional agents were originally considered part of this group. They are now called PRION DISEASES.
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.
An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)
Spirochaetales Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the order SPIROCHAETALES.
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.
The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound.
Staphylococcal Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.
A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)
Pathological processes involving the STOMACH.
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)
Streptococcal Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic [Disease/Finding]
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome [Disease/Finding]
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.
A pathologic process consisting in the formation of pus.
Surgical Wound Infection [Disease/Finding]
Infection occurring at the site of a surgical incision.
Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms [Disease/Finding]
Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms
Abnormal anatomical or physiological conditions and objective or subjective manifestations of disease, not classified as disease or syndrome.
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.
Tachycardia, Supraventricular [Disease/Finding]
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.
Thrombocythemia, Essential [Disease/Finding]
A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.
Increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.
A dangerous life-threatening hypermetabolic condition characterized by high FEVER and dysfunction of the cardiovascular, the nervous, and the gastrointestinal systems.
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.
Disorders characterized by recurrent TICS that may interfere with speech and other activities. Tics are sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations which may be exacerbated by stress and are generally attenuated during absorbing activities. Tic disorders are distinguished from conditions which feature other types of abnormal movements that may accompany general medical conditions. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
A general term describing various dermatophytoses. Specific types include TINEA CAPITIS (ringworm of the scalp), TINEA FAVOSA (of scalp and skin), TINEA PEDIS (athlete's foot), and tinea unguium (see ONYCHOMYCOSIS, ringworm of the nails). (Dorland, 27th ed)
A fungal infection of the nail plate, usually caused by a DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.
Infections with bacteria of the genus TREPONEMA.
Trichomonas Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.
Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)
Trophoblastic Neoplasms [Disease/Finding]
Trophoblastic growth, which may be gestational or nongestational in origin. Trophoblastic neoplasia resulting from pregnancy is often described as gestational trophoblastic disease to distinguish it from germ cell tumors which frequently show trophoblastic elements, and from the trophoblastic differentiation which sometimes occurs in a wide variety of epithelial cancers. Gestational trophoblastic growth has several forms, including HYDATIDIFORM MOLE and CHORIOCARCINOMA. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1691)
Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
Tuberculosis, Cutaneous [Disease/Finding]
Tuberculosis of the skin. It includes scrofuloderma and tuberculid, but not LUPUS VULGARIS.
Tuberculous infection of the eye, primarily the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary [Disease/Finding]
A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.
Tumor Virus Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.
Loss of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment combined with markedly reduced responsiveness to environmental stimuli. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp344-5)
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.
Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.
Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.
Urinary Tract Infections [Disease/Finding]
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.
Urogenital Abnormalities [Disease/Finding]
Congenital structural abnormalities of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.
Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.
Male Urogenital Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Pathological processes of the male URINARY TRACT and the reproductive system (GENITALIA, MALE).
Pathological processes of the URINARY TRACT in both males and females.
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY TRACT in either the male or the female.
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.
Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.
Ventricular Fibrillation [Disease/Finding]
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.
A general term for diseases produced by viruses.
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.
Inflammation of the VULVA. It is characterized by PRURITUS and painful urination.
Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.
Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance [Disease/Finding]
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome [Disease/Finding]
Auriculoventricular Accessory Pathway Syndrome
A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.
Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome
Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms.
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.
Infections with bacteria of the genus YERSINIA.
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome [Disease/Finding]
A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.
Esophageal Motility Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Disorders affecting the motor function of the UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; the ESOPHAGUS body, or a combination of these parts. The failure of the sphincters to maintain a tonic pressure may result in gastric reflux of food and acid into the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX). Other disorders include hypermotility (spastic disorders) and markedly increased amplitude in contraction (nutcracker esophagus).
Supratentorial Neoplasms [Disease/Finding]
Primary and metastatic (secondary) tumors of the brain located above the tentorium cerebelli, a fold of dura mater separating the CEREBELLUM and BRAIN STEM from the cerebral hemispheres and DIENCEPHALON (i.e., THALAMUS and HYPOTHALAMUS and related structures). In adults, primary neoplasms tend to arise in the supratentorial compartment, whereas in children they occur more frequently in the infratentorial space. Clinical manifestations vary with the location of the lesion, but SEIZURES; APHASIA; HEMIANOPSIA; hemiparesis; and sensory deficits are relatively common features. Metastatic supratentorial neoplasms are frequently multiple at the time of presentation.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.
Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular.
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral [Disease/Finding]
Viral diseases which are transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial [Disease/Finding]
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial
Bacterial diseases transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.
A chronic communicable infection which is a principal or polar form of LEPROSY. This disorder is caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE and produces diffuse granulomatous skin lesions in the form of nodules, macules, or papules. The peripheral nerves are involved symmetrically and neural sequelae occur in the advanced stage.
A malignant disease of the B-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow and/or blood.
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell [Disease/Finding]
Lymphoma, Lymphocytic, Well Differentiated
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.
Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Diffuse, Well Differentiated
Lymphoma, Lymphocytic, Well-Differentiated
Lymphoma, Small Lymphocytic, Plasmacytoid
Diffuse Well-Differentiated Lymphocytic Lymphoma
Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Diffuse, Well-Differentiated
Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Well Differentiated
Lymphoma, Lymphocytic, Diffuse, Well Differentiated
Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Well-Differentiated
Lymphoma, Lymphocytic, Diffuse, Well-Differentiated
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive [Disease/Finding]
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Leukemia, Myeloid, Philadelphia Positive
Leukemia, Myeloid, Philadelphia-Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute [Disease/Finding]
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.
Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors [Disease/Finding]
Genetic defects in the selective or non-selective transport functions of the KIDNEY TUBULES.
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.
General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III Infections, Human
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic [Disease/Finding]
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)
Infectious Mononucleosis-Like Syndrome, Chronic
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region; generally associated with functional disorders, tissue injuries, or diseases.
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure [Disease/Finding]
A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.
Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.
Eye Infections, Bacterial [Disease/Finding]
Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.
Eye Infections, Fungal [Disease/Finding]
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.
Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.
Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.
Virus diseases caused by the Lentivirus genus. They are multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection.
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous [Disease/Finding]
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.
Helicobacter Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
Peripheral Vascular Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.
Bronchial Hyperreactivity [Disease/Finding]
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.
Central Nervous System Neoplasms [Disease/Finding]
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.
Embolism and Thrombosis [Disease/Finding]
A collective term for pathological conditions which are caused by the formation of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in a blood vessel, or by blocking of a blood vessel with an EMBOLUS, undissolved materials in the blood stream.
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.
A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)
Bacillaceae Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the family BACILLACEAE.
Bacteroidaceae Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.
Infections with bacteria of the genus SERRATIA.
Neisseriaceae Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the family NEISSERIACEAE.
Pasteurellaceae Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the family PASTEURELLACEAE.
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.
Meningitis, Cryptococcal [Disease/Finding]
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)
Meningitis caused by fungal agents which may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections [Disease/Finding]
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
Inflammation of the COLON due to colonic ISCHEMIA resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.
Tachycardia, Ventricular [Disease/Finding]
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).
Skin Diseases, Bacterial [Disease/Finding]
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).
Gastric Outlet Obstruction [Disease/Finding]
The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.
Bacterial, viral, or parasitic diseases transmitted to humans and animals by the bite of infected ticks. The families Ixodidae and Argasidae contain many bloodsucking species that are important pests of man and domestic birds and mammals and probably exceed all other arthropods in the number and variety of disease agents they transmit. Many of the tick-borne diseases are zoonotic.
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular [Disease/Finding]
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases [Disease/Finding]
A collective term for diseases of the skin and its appendages and of connective tissue.
Skin Diseases, Eczematous [Disease/Finding]
Any of a variety of eruptive skin disorders characterized by erythema, oozing, vesiculation, and scaling. Etiology is varied.
Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous [Disease/Finding]
A group of dermatoses with distinct morphologic features. The primary lesion is most commonly a papule, usually erythematous, with a variable degree of scaling on the surface. Plaques form through the coalescing of primary lesions.
Skin Diseases, Vascular [Disease/Finding]
Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.
Lung Diseases, Interstitial [Disease/Finding]
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.
Neuroectodermal Tumors [Disease/Finding]
Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells.
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome [Disease/Finding]
A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs. It is often referred to as idiopathic.
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin and of organic or psychogenic etiology. Frequent causes of pain are distension or contraction of hollow viscera, rapid stretching of the capsule of a solid organ, chemical irritation, tissue ischemia, and neuritis secondary to inflammatory, neoplastic, or fibrotic processes in adjacent organs. (Kase, Weingold & Gershenson: Principles and Practice of Clinical Gynecology, 2d ed, pp479-508)
Community-Acquired Infections [Disease/Finding]
Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (CROSS INFECTION). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility.
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis [Disease/Finding]
Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.
Infections with viruses of the genus FLAVIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.
Flaviviridae Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with viruses of the family FLAVIVIRIDAE.
Paramyxoviridae Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.
Pneumovirus Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with viruses of the genus PNEUMOVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS, an important cause of respiratory disease in humans.
Neoplasms, Connective and Soft Tissue [Disease/Finding]
Neoplasms developing from some structure of the connective and subcutaneous tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective or soft tissue.
Neoplasms, Bone Tissue [Disease/Finding]
Neoplasms composed of bony tissue, whether normal or of a soft tissue which has become ossified. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in bones.
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral [Disease/Finding]
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral
Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors
Neuroectodermal Neoplasm, Peripheral Primitive
Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Neuroectodermal Tumor, Peripheral Primitive
A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with Ewing's Sarcoma (SARCOMA, EWING'S). They may arise from the chest wall, skin, orbit, kidney, and other structures and tend to be locally invasive or metastasize, although relatively benign forms may occur. Characteristic histologic features include a tendency to form Homer-Wright rosettes and to stain positively with neuron-specific enolase and vimentin. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2113; J Clin Oncol 1998 Mar;16(3):1150-7)
Extracranial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
(pPNET) Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor, Extracranial
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive [Disease/Finding]
A group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. Use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS, PRIMITIVE, PERIPHERAL). This term is also occasionally used as a synonym for MEDULLOBLASTOMA. In general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2059)
A peritoneal mesothelioma affecting mainly young females and producing cysts of variable size and number lined by a single layer of benign mesothelial cells. The disease follows a benign course and is compatible with a normal life expectancy, requiring occasionally partial excision or decompression for relief of pain or other symptoms. Malignant potential is exceptional. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1345)
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)
Neoplasms composed of cells from the deepest layer of the epidermis. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the stratum basale.
Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary [Disease/Finding]
Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary
Neoplasms, usually carcinoma, located within the center of an organ or within small lobes, and in the case of the breast, intraductally. The emphasis of the name is on the location of the neoplastic tissue rather than on its histological type. Most cancers of this type are located in the breast.
Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary Neoplasms
Neoplasms, Mesothelial [Disease/Finding]
Neoplasms composed of tissue of the mesothelium, the layer of flat cells, derived from the mesoderm, which lines the body cavity of the embryo. In the adult it forms the simple squamous epithelium which covers all true serous membranes (peritoneum, pericardium, pleura). The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in these organs. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial [Disease/Finding]
Neoplasms composed of neuroepithelial cells, which have the capacity to differentiate into NEURONS, oligodendrocytes, and ASTROCYTES. The majority of craniospinal tumors are of neuroepithelial origin. (From Dev Biol 1998 Aug 1;200(1):1-5)
A collective term for the various types of nevi and melanomas.
An unpigmented malignant melanoma. It is an anaplastic melanoma consisting of cells derived from melanoblasts but not forming melanin. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections [Disease/Finding]
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.
Cardiovascular Abnormalities [Disease/Finding]
Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.
Soft Tissue Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left [Disease/Finding]
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.
Mononegavirales Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with viruses of the order MONONEGAVIRALES. The concept includes FILOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome [Disease/Finding]
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever >38 degrees C or HYPOTHERMIA <36 degrees C; (2) TACHYCARDIA >90 beat/minute; (3) tachypnea >24 breaths/minute; (4) LEUKOCYTOSIS >12,000 cells/cubic mm or 10% immature forms. While usually related to infection, SIRS can also be associated with noninfectious insults such as TRAUMA; BURNS; or PANCREATITIS. If infection is involved, a patient with SIRS is said to have SEPSIS.
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
Ventricular Dysfunction [Disease/Finding]
A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.
Impotence, Vasculogenic [Disease/Finding]
Inability to achieve and maintain an erection (ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION) due to defects in the arterial blood flow to the PENIS, defect in venous occlusive function allowing blood drainage (leakage) from the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis), or both.
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.
Iron Metabolism Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)
Neurodegenerative Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood [Disease/Finding]
Those psychiatric disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence. These disorders can also be first diagnosed during other life stages.
Disorders Usually Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence
Neurobehavioral Manifestations [Disease/Finding]
Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information.
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Excretory-related psychiatric disorders usually diagnosed in infancy or childhood.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders
Cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders. These may be the result of substance use, trauma, or other causes.
Substance-Related Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Disorders related to substance abuse, the side effects of a medication, or toxin exposure.
Schizophrenia and Disorders with Psychotic Features [Disease/Finding]
Schizophrenia and Disorders with Psychotic Features
Marked disorders of thought (delusions, hallucinations, or other thought disorder accompanied by disordered affect or behavior), and deterioration from a previous level of functioning.
Sexual and Gender Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Mental disorders related to sexual dysfunction, paraphilias, and gender identity disorders.
Alcohol-Related Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or mis-use of alcohol.
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological [Disease/Finding]
Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)
Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.
Pathological processes involving the integrity of blood circulation. Hemostasis depends on the integrity of BLOOD VESSELS, blood fluidity, and BLOOD COAGULATION. Majority of the hemostatic disorders are caused by disruption of the normal interaction between the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM, the plasma proteins (including BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS), and PLATELETS.
Trauma, Nervous System [Disease/Finding]
Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting [Disease/Finding]
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.
Neurotoxicity Syndromes [Disease/Finding]
Neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method. This includes conditions caused by biologic, chemical, and pharmaceutical agents.
Heavy Metal Poisoning, Nervous System [Disease/Finding]
Conditions associated with damage or dysfunction of the nervous system caused by exposure to heavy metals, which may cause a variety of central, peripheral, or autonomic nervous system injuries.
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System [Disease/Finding]
Injury to the nervous system secondary to exposure to lead compounds. Two distinct clinical patterns occur in children (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, CHILDHOOD) and adults (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, ADULT). In children, lead poisoning typically produces an encephalopathy. In adults, exposure to toxic levels of lead is associated with a peripheral neuropathy.
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood [Disease/Finding]
Lead-Induced Nervous System Disease, Childhood
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood
Neurologic disorders occurring in children following lead exposure. The most frequent manifestation of childhood lead toxicity is an encephalopathy associated with chronic ingestion of lead that usually presents between the ages of 1 and 3 years. Clinical manifestations include behavioral changes followed by lethargy; CONVULSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; DELIRIUM; ATAXIA; and vomiting. Elevated intracranial pressure (HYPERTENSION, INTRACRANIAL) and CEREBRAL EDEMA may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1210-2)
Poisoning, Lead, Nervous System, Childhood
Nervous System Disease, Lead-Induced, Childhood
Nervous System Poisoning, Lead, Childhood
Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System [Disease/Finding]
Nervous System Diseases, Degenerative, Hereditary
Nervous System Degenerative Hereditary Diseases
Inherited disorders characterized by progressive atrophy and dysfunction of anatomically or physiologically related neurologic systems.
Degenerative Disease, Nervous System, Hereditary
Degenerative Hereditary Disorders, Nervous System
Nervous System Hereditary Degenerative Diseases
Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System
Hereditary-Degenerative Disorders, Nervous System
Degenerative Hereditary Diseases, Nervous System
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System [Disease/Finding]
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System
Autoimmune Disorders of the Nervous System
Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).
Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS [Disease/Finding]
Conditions characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin (see MYELIN SHEATH) in the brain, spinal cord, or optic nerves secondary to autoimmune mediated processes. This may take the form of a humoral or cellular immune response directed toward myelin or OLIGODENDROGLIA associated autoantigens.
Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, Central Nervous System
Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases, Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System Fungal Infections [Disease/Finding]
Central Nervous System Fungal Infections
Fungal Infections, Central Nervous System
Infections, Fungal, Central Nervous System
MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).
Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.
Mild or moderate loss of motor function accompanied by spasticity in the lower extremities. This condition is a manifestation of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES that cause injury to the motor cortex or descending motor pathways.
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing [Disease/Finding]
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.
Trigeminal Nerve Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Diseases of the trigeminal nerve or its nuclei, which are located in the pons and medulla. The nerve is composed of three divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, which provide sensory innervation to structures of the face, sinuses, and portions of the cranial vault. The mandibular nerve also innervates muscles of mastication. Clinical features include loss of facial and intra-oral sensation and weakness of jaw closure. Common conditions affecting the nerve include brain stem ischemia, INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS, and TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA.
Neuromuscular Junction Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE activity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions.
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)
Parkinsonian Disorders [Disease/Finding]
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.
Alcohol-Induced Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol.
Pathological Conditions, Anatomical [Disease/Finding]
An abnormal structural condition of the human body, usually macroscopic, that is common to a variety of different diseases.
Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
Central Nervous System Viral Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Viral Infections, Central Nervous System
Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.
Abnormal involuntary movements which primarily affect the extremities, trunk, or jaw that occur as a manifestation of an underlying disease process. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of dyskinesia as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as dyskinesia syndromes (see MOVEMENT DISORDERS). Dyskinesias are also a relatively common manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.
Neuromuscular Manifestations [Disease/Finding]
Signs and symptoms associated with diseases of the muscle, neuromuscular junction, or peripheral nerves.
Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic [Disease/Finding]
Dyssomnias (i.e., insomnias or hypersomnias) associated with dysfunction of internal sleep mechanisms or secondary to a sleep-related medical disorder (e.g., sleep apnea, post-traumatic sleep disorders, etc.). (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
A broad category of sleep disorders characterized by either hypersomnolence or insomnia. The three major subcategories include intrinsic (i.e., arising from within the body) (SLEEP DISORDERS, INTRINSIC), extrinsic (secondary to environmental conditions or various pathologic conditions), and disturbances of circadian rhythm. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal [Disease/Finding]
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.
tetrahydro-3-furyl N-(3-(4-amino-N-isobutylbenzenesulfonamido)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxypropyl)carbamate
Pyrrolidinium, 1-((7-(((2-amino-4-thiazolyl)(methoxyimino)acetyl)amino)-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-en-3-yl)methyl)-1-methyl-, hydroxide, inner salt, (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-
3-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-
1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
1-cyclopropyl--7-(2,8-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-8-yl)-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
Carbamic acid, ethylmethyl-, 3-(1-(dimethylamino)ethyl)phenyl ester, (S)-, (R-(R*,R*))-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate (1:1)
Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.
Benzenecarboximidamide, 4,4'-(1,5-pentanediylbis(oxy))bis-
1-Propanamine, 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N-methyl-
A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.
Methylprednisolone [Chemical/Ingredient]
Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 11,17,21-trihydroxy-6-methyl-, (6alpha,11beta)-
A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.
The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.
Benzenepropanoic acid, beta-(((1,1-dimethylethoxy)carbonyl)amino)-alpha-hydroxy-, 12b-(acetyloxy)-12-(benzoyloxy)-2a,3,4,4a,5,6,9,10,11,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-4,6,11-trihydroxy-4a,8,13,13-tetramethyl-5-oxo-7,11-methano-1H-cyclodeca(3,4)benz(1,2-b)oxet-9-y
An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.
9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis((2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethyl)amino)-
A quinazoline-sulfonamide that is considered a thiazide-like diuretic which is long-acting so useful in chronic RENAL FAILURE. It also tends to lower BLOOD PRESSURE and increase POTASSIUM loss.
6-Quinazolinesulfonamide, 7-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-
Aminosalicylic Acids [Chemical/Ingredient]
A group of 2-hydroxybenzoic acids that can be substituted by amino groups at any of the 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-positions.
Methanone, (2-butyl-3-benzofuranyl)(4-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl)-
An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.
Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.
1-Propanamine, 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N,N-dimethyl-
An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)
S-(Fluoromethyl) 6a,9-difluoro-11b,17-dihydroxy-16a-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene-17b-carbothioate
2-Butyl-4-chloro-1-((2'-(1H-etrazol-5-yl) (1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)methyl)-1H-imidazole-5-methanol
An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.
A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).
1H-Imidazole-1-ethanol, 2-methyl-5-nitro-
A highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE) in the proton pump of GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
1H-Benzimidazole, 5-methoxy-2-(((4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl)sulfinyl)-
A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.
A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV infection and AIDS.
6H-Dipyrido(3,2-b:2',3'-e)(1,4)diazepin-6-one, 11-cyclopropyl-5,11-dihydro-4-methyl-
An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.
D-Streptamine, O-3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-(2,6-diamino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1-4))-2-deoxy-
An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.
D-Streptamine, O-2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5-deoxy-3-C-formyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-
A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.
1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-carboxamide, 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-
Salts and esters of BENZOIC ACID that possess antibacterial and antifungal properties. They are used as preservatives in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and foods.
A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.
Ergoline, 8-((methylthio)methyl)-6-propyl-, (8beta)-
Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.
5H-Dibenzo(a,d)cycloheptene-5-propanamine, N-methyl-
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.
1H-Pyrrole-2-acetic acid, 1-methyl-5-(4-methylbenzoyl)-
Ergotaman-3',6',18-trione, 9,10-dihydro-12'-hydroxy-2'-methyl-5'-(phenylmethyl)-, (5'alpha,10alpha)-
A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.
An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.
2H-1,3,2-Oxazaphosphorin-2-amine, N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-, 2-oxide
Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.
A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739)
Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 9-fluoro-11,16,17,21-tetrahydroxy-, (11beta,16alpha)-
A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.
Piperidine, 4-(5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-1-methyl-
A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.
A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.
4H-(1,2,4)Triazolo(4,3-a)(1,4)benzodiazepine, 8-chloro-6-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-
A thioglucose derivative used as an antirheumatic and experimentally to produce obesity in animals.
Gold Sodium Thiomalate [Chemical/Ingredient]
A variable mixture of the mono- and disodium salts of gold thiomalic acid used mainly for its anti-inflammatory action in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is most effective in active progressive rheumatoid arthritis and of little or no value in the presence of extensive deformities or in the treatment of other forms of arthritis.
Mercaptobutanedioic Acid Monogold(1+) Sodium Salt
Butanedioic acid, mercapto-, monogold(1+) sodium salt
An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs.
Rifamycin, 3-(((4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)imino)methyl)-
A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)
1-Butanone, 4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-
A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in MENTAL RETARDATION and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)
Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-5-((4-((2-pyridinylamino)sulfonyl)phenyl)azo)-
A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907)
9H-purin-6-amine, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoro-
2(1H)-Pyrimidinone, 4-amino-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-
A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472)
Benzeneethanamine, N,alpha-dimethyl-N-2-propynyl-, (R)-
A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase. It is used in newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease. It may slow progression of the clinical disease and delay the requirement for levodopa therapy. It also may be given with levodopa upon onset of disability. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p385) The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.
A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.
A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.
A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403)
2H-Benzimidazol-2-one, 1-(1-(4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl)-4-piperidinyl)-1,3-dihydro-
Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 9-fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methyl-, (11beta,16alpha)-
An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.
4-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)benzenebutanoic Acid
Benzenebutanoic acid, 4-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-
N,N-Di-(2-chloroethyl)-p-aminophenylbutyric Acid
A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed)
A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.
Demethyl Epipodophyllotoxin Thenylidine Glucoside
Furo(3',4':6,7)naphtho(2,3-d)-1,3-dioxol-6(5aH)-one, 5,8,8a,9-tetrahydro-5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-9-((4,6-O-(2-thienylmethylene)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-, (5R-(5alpha,5abeta,8aalpha,9beta(R*)))-
A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.
A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
L-Proline, 1-(N-(1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl)-L-alanyl)-, (S)-
One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS that is used to treat hypertension.
5H-Dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-propanamine, 10,11-dihydro-N,N,beta-trimethyl-
10,11 Dihydro-N,N,beta-trimethyl-5H-dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-propanamine
Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.
2,3-4,5-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate
A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.
3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 2-((2-aminoethoxy)methyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-, 3-ethyl 5-methyl ester
1-ethyl-6,8-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
3-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 1-ethyl-6,8-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-, monohydrochloride
Interferon Alfa-2a [Chemical/Ingredient]
A recombinant alfa interferon consisting of 165 amino acids with lysine at position 23 and histidine at position 34. It is used extensively as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent.
Interferon Alfa-2b [Chemical/Ingredient]
Inteferon alpha 2b (human leukocyte clone Hif-SN 206 protein moiety reduced).
A recombinant alfa interferon consisting of 165 amino acid residues with arginine in position 23 and histidine in position 34. It is used extensively as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent.
An antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases including hairy-cell leukemia.
Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS.
1H-1,2,4-Triazole-1-ethanol, alpha-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-alpha-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-
Ergotaman-3',6',18-trione, 12'-hydroxy-2'-methyl-5'-(phenylmethyl)-, (5'alpha)-
A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.
4-(1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethenyl)benzoic acid
1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, 2-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-
A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.
An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.
An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.
2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-
A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment.
1-Propanone, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)-
Piperidine, 3-((1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-, (3S-trans)-
A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.
One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.
L-Proline, 1-(N2-(1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl)-L-lysyl)-, dihydrate, (S)-
4-Isoxazolecarboxamide, 5-methyl-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-
The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.
Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 11,17,21-trihydroxy-, (11beta)-
1-Pyrrolidineethanamine, beta-((2-methylpropoxy)methyl)-N-phenyl-N-(phenylmethyl)-
A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.
A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.
4-Quinolinemethanol, alpha-2-piperidinyl-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)-, (R*,S*)-(+-)-
Ticlopidine is an effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The drug has been found to significantly reduce infarction size in acute myocardial infarcts and is an effective antithrombotic agent in arteriovenous fistulas, aorto-coronary bypass grafts, ischemic heart disease, venous thrombosis, and arteriosclerosis.
Thieno(3,2-c)pyridine, 5-((2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-
An ACYCLOVIR analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections.
6H-Purin-6-one, 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-((2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy)methyl)-
An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.
1H-Imidazol-2-amine, N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-
Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)
2-Propanol, 1-(4-(2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl)phenoxy)-3-((1-methylethyl)amino)-
A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity.
Furo(3',4':6,7)naphtho(2,3-d)-1,3-dioxol-6(5aH)-one, 5,8,8a,9-tetrahydro-9-hydroxy-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-, (5R-(5alpha,5abeta,8aalpha,9alpha))-
A lignan (LIGNANS) found in PODOPHYLLIN resin from the roots of PODOPHYLLUM plants. It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives.
A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.
A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.
A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
Benzamide, 4-amino-5-chloro-N-(1-(3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl)-3-methoxy -4-piperidinyl)-2-methoxy-, cis-
A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.
4H-(1,2,4)Triazolo(4,3-a)(1,4)benzodiazepine, 8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-
A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238)
Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE.
A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289)
Imidodicarbonimidic diamide, N,N-dimethyl-
2,4-Imidazolidinedione, 1-(((5-nitro-2-furanyl)methylene)amino)-
A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.
Methanesulfonamide, N-(4-(1-hydroxy-2-((1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)phenyl)-
An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.
Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 11,17,21-trihydroxy-, (11beta)-
A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.
An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake.
A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.
1,5-Benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one, 3-(acetyloxy)-5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, (2S-cis)-
Urea, N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitroso-
A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.
Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dimercapto-, (R*,S*)-
1-Propanone, 1-(2-(2-hydroxy-3-(propylamino)propoxy)phenyl)-3-phenyl-
An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity. The drug is generally well tolerated.
The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.
4H-Imidazo(1,5-a)(1,4)benzodiazepine, 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-
A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone [Chemical/Ingredient]
5-oxoPro-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2 (human or pig)
A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.
Polyethylene Glycols [Chemical/Ingredient]
Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.
Acetamide, N-(5,6,7,9-tetrahydro-1,2,3,10-tetramethoxy-9-oxobenzo(a)heptalen-7-yl)-, (S)-
A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE).
3H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-one, 4-(4-(4-(4-((2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-1-piperazinyl)phenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2-(1-methylpropyl)-
A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.
A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
4(1H)-Pyrimidinone, 2,3-dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-
A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534)
5,12-Naphthacenedione, 10-((3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-8-(hydroxyacetyl)-1-methoxy-, (8S-cis)-
Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.
Furo(3',4':6,7)naphtho(2,3-d)-1,3-dioxol-6(5aH)-one, 9-((4,6-O-ethylidene-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-5,8,8a,9-tetrahydro-5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-, (5R-(5alpha,5abeta,8aalpha,9beta(R*)))-
Demethyl Epipodophyllotoxin Ethylidine Glucoside
A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.
3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.
Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.
2-133-Interleukin 2 (human reduced), 125-L-serine-
An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.
Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. Its mechanism of action is probably similar to that of the SULFONAMIDES which involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. It is also used with PYRIMETHAMINE in the treatment of malaria. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p157-8)
5,12-Naphthacenedione, 8-acetyl-10-((3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-1-methoxy-, (8S-cis)-
A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.
A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.
A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias and tachycardias. Paradoxically, however, in myocardial infarct patients with either symptomatic or asymptomatic arrhythmia, flecainide exacerbates the arrhythmia and is not recommended for use in these patients.
Benzamide, N-(2-piperidinylmethyl)-2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-
1H-Indole-3-acetic acid, 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.
A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.
A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.
(+/-)-9-Fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-7- -oxo-7H-pyrido(1,2,3-de)- -1,4-benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid
C'-Norvincaleukoblastine, 3',4'-didehydro-4'-deoxy-
Propanamide, N-phenyl-N-(1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl)-
A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)
Pentanoic acid, 5-(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethyl-
A lipid-regulating agent that lowers elevated serum lipids primarily by decreasing serum triglycerides with a variable reduction in total cholesterol. These decreases occur primarily in the VLDL fraction and less frequently in the LDL fraction. Gemfibrozil increases HDL subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 as well as apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. Its mechanism of action has not been definitely established.
Ethanamine, 2-(4-(1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethyl-, (Z)-
One of the SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the ENDOMETRIUM.
2H-1,3,2-Oxazaphosphorin-2-amine, N,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-, 2-oxide
Positional isomer of CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE which is active as an alkylating agent and an immunosuppressive agent.
A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.
3-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-
Acetamide, N-(3-(3-cyanopyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-7-yl)phenyl)-N-ethyl-
An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).
1-Naphthaleneheptanoic acid, 1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-beta,delta,6-trihydroxy-2-methyl-8-(2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)-, (1S-(1alpha(betaS*,deltaS*),2alpha,6alpha,8beta(R*),8aalpha))-
An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
Butanediamide, N'-(5-((4-((5-(acetylhydroxyamino)pentyl)amino)-1,4-dioxobutyl)hydroxyamino)pentyl)-N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxy-
Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.
A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding.
A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.
Benzenepropanamine, N-methyl-gamma-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)-, (+-)-
The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.
2,1,3-Benzothiadiazol-4-amine, 5-chloro-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-
Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-(2-(tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethyl)-1-naphthalenyl ester, (1S-(1alpha(R*),3alpha,7beta,8beta(2S*,4S*),8abeta))-
A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.
A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.
A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.
Benzenepropanoic acid, beta-(benzoylamino)-alpha-hydroxy-, 6,12b-bis(acetyloxy)-12-(benzoyloxy)-2a,3,4,4a,5,6,9,10,11,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-4,11-dihydroxy-4a,8,13,13-tetramethyl-5-oxo-7,11-methano-1H-cyclodeca(3,4)benz(1,2-b)oxet-9-yl ester, (2aR-(2aalph
A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS BREVIFOLIA. It stabilizes MICROTUBULES in their polymerized form leading to cell death.
Platinum, diammine(1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato(2-))-, (SP-4-2)-
An organoplatinum compound that possesses antineoplastic activity.
cis-Diammine(cyclobutanedicarboxylato)platinum II
Phosphinecarboxylic acid, dihydroxy-, oxide
An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.
A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.
5H-Dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-propanamine, 3-chloro-10,11-dihydro-N,N-dimethyl-
A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus. It has some antineoplastic properties and has broad spectrum activity against DNA viruses in cell cultures and significant antiviral activity against infections caused by a variety of viruses such as the herpes viruses, the VACCINIA VIRUS and varicella zoster virus.
9H-Purin-6-amine, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-
D-Streptamine, O-3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4))-2-deoxy-
Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.
A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.
5H-Dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-propanamine, 10,11-dihydro-N-methyl-
A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.
Cyclopenta(b)pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(2-((1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl)amino)-1-oxopropyl)octahydro-, (2S-(1(R*(R*)),2alpha,3abeta,6abeta))-
Antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)
A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.
An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.
1,3-Benzenedicarboxamide, 5-(acetyl(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amino)-N,N'-bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-2,4,6-triiodo-
1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine, N,N,N',N',N'',N''-hexamethyl-
A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.
1,3-Benzenedicarboxamide, N,N'-bis(2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl)-5-((2-hydroxy-1-oxopropyl)amino)-2,4,6-triiodo-
A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.
6H-Purin-6-one, 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-((2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl)-
A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.
A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.
1H-Indole-5-methanesulfonamide, 3-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-N-methyl-
Propanamide, N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-((4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-, (+-)-
methyl 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno(3,2-c)pyridin-5-yl)acetate
An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.
1,8-Naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid, 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-7-methyl-4-oxo-
A synthetic 1,8-naphthyridine antimicrobial agent with a limited bacteriocidal spectrum. It is an inhibitor of the A subunit of bacterial DNA GYRASE.
A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.
1-Butanol, 2,2'-(1,2-ethanediyldiimino)bis-, (S-(R*,R*))-
An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863)
A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.
Adenine Nucleotides [Chemical/Ingredient]
Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients.
Piperazine, 1-acetyl-4-(4-((2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-, cis-
A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.
Luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (pig), 6-D-leucine-9-(N-ethyl-L-prolinamide)-10-deglycinamide-
A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.
2H-Imidazole-2-thione, 1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-
A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).
N,N,6-trimethyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)imidazo(1,2a)pyridine-3-acetamide hemitartrate
A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.
A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.
Piperazine, 1-(3-((1-methylethyl)amino)-2-pyridinyl)-4-((5-((methylsulfonyl)amino)-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl)-
Salts or esters of acetic acid in which the terminal hydrogen atom is replaced by a metal, for instance copper acetate Cu(CH3COO)2, or where substitution is by a radical, for instance ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H5. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)
An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.
L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl)methylamino)benzoyl)-
An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases.
A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.
2(1H)-Pyrimidinone, 4-amino-1-(2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl)-, (2R-cis)-
A long-acting, non-sedative antihistaminic used in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria. The drug is well tolerated and has no anticholinergic side effects.
1H-Benzimidazol-2-amine, 1-((4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-N-(1-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-4-piperidinyl)-
1-Piperidinebutanol, alpha-(4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)-4-(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)-
A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.
1H-Benzimidazole, 5-(difluoromethoxy)-2-(((3,4-dimethoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl)sulfinyl)-
A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.
Prost-13-en-1-oic acid, 11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxo-, methyl ester, (11alpha,13E)-
Gold, (1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose 2,3,4,6-tetraacetato-S)(triethylphosphine)-
An oral chrysotherapeutic agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Its exact mechanism of action is unknown, but it is believed to act via immunological mechanisms and alteration of lysosomal enzyme activity. Its efficacy is slightly less than that of injected gold salts, but it is better tolerated, and side effects which occur are potentially less serious.
An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV.
6-Nonenamide, N-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-8-methyl-, (E)-
An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.
A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
1,3-Benzenediacetonitrile, alpha,alpha,alpha',alpha'-tetramethyl-5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-
A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.
3-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-
A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
Ergoline-8-carboxamide, 9,10-didehydro-N-(1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl)-6-methyl-, (8beta(S))-
A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV-positive patients.
Rifamycin XIV, 1',4-didehydro-1-deoxy-1,4-dihydro-5'-(2-methylpropyl)-1-oxo-
A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.
4-Thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-((phenylacetyl)amino)- (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-
Penicillin G Benzathine [Chemical/Ingredient]
4-Thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-((phenylacetyl)amino)- (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-, compd. with N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (2:1)
Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining the sodium salt of penicillin G with N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine.
An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of PHENYTOIN; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar.
Amino Acids, Essential [Chemical/Ingredient]
Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.
8-Azaspiro(4.5)decane-7,9-dione, 8-(4-(4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl)butyl)-
An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.
A group of pyrido-indole compounds. Included are any points of fusion of pyridine with the five-membered ring of indole and any derivatives of these compounds. These are similar to CARBAZOLES which are benzo-indoles.
Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.
Amidines substituted with a benzene group. Benzamidine and its derivatives are known as peptidase inhibitors.
Compounds with BENZENE fused to AZEPINES.
Benzene Derivatives [Chemical/Ingredient]
A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta- aminoethylbenzene which is structurally and pharmacologically related to amphetamine. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Organic salts and esters of benzenesulfonic acid.
Benzhydryl Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Compounds which contain the methyl radical substituted with two benzene rings. Permitted are any substituents, but ring fusion to any of the benzene rings is not allowed.
A group of macrocyclic compounds formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and cyclized into a large (typically 12, 14, 16) membered lactone. They are often glycosylated. Many of them are ANTIBIOTICS.
Organic compounds that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.
A group of compounds consisting in part of two rings sharing one carbon atom in common.
Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES.
Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.
A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.
Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.
Ethers that are linked to a benzene ring structure.
Compounds with a core of fused benzo-pyran rings.
Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.
Heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms, commonly in 1,2,4 or 1,3,5 or 2,4,6 formats. Some are used as HERBICIDES.
Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.
Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.
A group of compounds with three aromatic rings joined in linear arrangement.
Derivatives and salts of SALICYLIC ACID.
Compounds based on ANTHRACENES which contains two KETONES in any position. Substitutions can be in any position except on the ketone groups.
Biogenic Monoamines [Chemical/Ingredient]
Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids.
A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.
Azoles of one NITROGEN and two double bonds that have aromatic chemical properties.
Triiodobenzoic Acids [Chemical/Ingredient]
Triiodo-substituted derivatives of BENZOIC ACID.
A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.
Interferon Type I, Recombinant [Chemical/Ingredient]
A type I interferon with antiviral and antineoplastic activity produced by recombinant DNA technology. It can be a mixture of alpha and beta interferons.
Interferon secreted by leukocytes, fibroblasts, or lymphoblasts in response to viruses or interferon inducers other than mitogens, antigens, or allo-antigens. They include alpha- and beta-interferons (INTERFERON-ALPHA and INTERFERON-BETA).
A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.
Ergoline-8-carboxamide, 9,10-didehydro-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-6-methyl-, (8beta(S))-
An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.
Alkaloids originally isolated from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea (Hypocreaceae). They include compounds that are structurally related to ergoline (ERGOLINES) and ergotamine (ERGOTAMINES). Many of the ergot alkaloids act as alpha-adrenergic antagonists.
A series of structurally-related alkaloids containing the ergotaman backbone structure.
Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Carboxylic acids that have open-chain molecular structures as opposed to ring-shaped structures.
Acids, Carbocyclic [Chemical/Ingredient]
Carboxylic acids that have a homocyclic ring structure in which all the ring atoms are carbon.
Acids, Noncarboxylic [Chemical/Ingredient]
Inorganic acids with a non metal, other than carbon, attached to hydrogen, or an acid radical containing no carbon.
2-Chloroadenosine. A metabolically stable analog of adenosine which acts as an adenosine receptor agonist. The compound has a potent effect on the peripheral and central nervous system.
Cyclic AMIDES formed from aminocarboxylic acids by the elimination of water. Lactims are the enol forms of lactams.
Cyclic esters of hydroxy carboxylic acids, containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure. Large cyclic lactones of over a dozen atoms are MACROLIDES.
Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.
Nitrogen Mustard Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
A group of alkylating agents derived from mustard gas, with the sulfur replaced by nitrogen. They were formerly used as toxicants and vesicants, but now function as antineoplastic agents. These compounds are also powerful mutagens, teratogens, immunosuppressants, and carcinogens.
AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the propanolamine (NH2CH2CHOHCH2) group and its derivatives.
A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form.
Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Organometallic Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Organophosphorus Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.
Organoplatinum Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Organic compounds which contain platinum as an integral part of the molecule.
Acids, salts, and derivatives of BENZOIC ACID.
Inorganic acids that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule.
Peptides composed of two amino acid units.
Amino Acids, Cyclic [Chemical/Ingredient]
A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.
A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes.
Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents.
Prostaglandins E, Synthetic [Chemical/Ingredient]
Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandins E that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGE.
Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated [Chemical/Ingredient]
Fatty acids which are unsaturated in only one position.
A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.
A group of 1,2-benzenediols that contain the general formula R-C6H5O2.
Fatty Acids, Unsaturated [Chemical/Ingredient]
FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
Usually high-molecular-weight, straight-chain primary alcohols, but can also range from as few as 4 carbons, derived from natural fats and oils, including lauryl, stearyl, oleyl, and linoleyl alcohols. They are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, detergents, plastics, and lube oils and in textile manufacture. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
Phosphonoacetic Acid [Chemical/Ingredient]
A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.
Steroids, Fluorinated [Chemical/Ingredient]
Steroids which are substituted with one or more fluorine atoms in any position.
A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology.
An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.
Phosphoramide Mustards [Chemical/Ingredient]
A group of nitrogen mustard compounds which are substituted with a phosphoramide group or its derivatives. They are usually cytotoxic and used as antineoplastic agents.
Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.
Adenosine molecules which can be substituted in any position, but are lacking one hydroxyl group in the ribose part of the molecule.
Deoxyribonucleosides [Chemical/Ingredient]
A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to DEOXYRIBOSE.
Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).
Compounds with a 5-membered ring of four carbons and an oxygen. They are aromatic heterocycles. The reduced form is tetrahydrofuran.
A group of indole-indoline dimers which are ALKALOIDS obtained from the VINCA genus of plants. They inhibit polymerization of TUBULIN into MICROTUBULES thus blocking spindle formation and arresting cells in METAPHASE. They are some of the most useful ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid [Chemical/Ingredient]
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Chlorine Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Inorganic compounds that contain chlorine as an integral part of the molecule.
Pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione, 17-hydroxy-6-methyl-
17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.
Solanaceous Alkaloids [Chemical/Ingredient]
Alkaloids, mainly tropanes, elaborated by plants of the family Solanaceae, including Atropa, Hyoscyamus, Mandragora, Nicotiana, Solanum, etc. Some act as cholinergic antagonists; most are very toxic; many are used medicinally.
AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the ETHANOLAMINE; (-NH2CH2CHOH) group and its derivatives.
Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics.
Nitrosourea Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic [Chemical/Ingredient]
A class of saturated compounds consisting of two rings only, having two or more atoms in common, containing at least one hetero atom, and that take the name of an open chain hydrocarbon containing the same total number of atoms. (From Riguady et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979, p31)
Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).
Six-membered heterocycles containing an oxygen and a nitrogen.
Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic [Chemical/Ingredient]
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient]
Amino acids and chains of amino acids connected by peptide linkages.
Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.
Amino Acids, Sulfur [Chemical/Ingredient]
Compounds possessing both a hydroxyl (-OH) and an amino group (-NH2).
Platinum Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Inorganic compounds which contain platinum as the central atom.
Nitrogen Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule.
Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.
L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-
A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).
A class of dicarboxylic acids with the general structure of butanedioic acid (succinic acid). They are used in perfumery and as a chemical intermediate in medicine.
Biphenyl Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.
Nucleosides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Alicyclic hydrocarbons in which three or more of the carbon atoms in each molecule are united in a ring structure and each of the ring carbon atoms is joined to two hydrogen atoms or alkyl groups. The simplest members are cyclopropane (C3H6), cyclobutane (C4H8), cyclohexane (C6H12), and derivatives of these such as methylcyclohexane (C6H11CH3). (From Sax, et al., Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)
Nucleotides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the fungi Trichoderma polysporum and Cylindocarpon lucidum. They have some antineoplastic and antifungal action and significant immunosuppressive effects. Cyclosporins have been proposed as adjuvants in tissue and organ transplantation to suppress graft rejection.
4-Hydroxycoumarins [Chemical/Ingredient]
Substances found in many plants, containing the 4-hydroxycoumarin radical. They interfere with vitamin K and the blood clotting mechanism, are tightly protein-bound, inhibit mitochondrial and microsomal enzymes, and are used as oral anticoagulants.
A group of ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS characterized by a chromophoric naphthohydroquinone group spanned by an aliphatic bridge not previously found in other known ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS. They have been isolated from fermentation broths of Streptomyces mediterranei.
Substances that comprise all matter. Each element is made up of atoms that are identical in number of electrons and protons and in nuclear charge, but may differ in mass or number of neutrons.
A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base CYTOSINE linked to the five-carbon sugar D-RIBOSE.
Dihydroxyphenylalanine [Chemical/Ingredient]
A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.
Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.
Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.
A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.
A class of compounds composed of repeating 5-carbon units of HEMITERPENES.
Aryl CYCLOPENTANES that are a reduced (protonated) form of INDENES.
A family of fused-ring hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar that act as intermediates in various chemical reactions and are used in the production of coumarone-indene resins.
Tetrahydronaphthalenes [Chemical/Ingredient]
Partially saturated 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene compounds.
Recombinant Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient]
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
A complex of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius.
A group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine. The ring structure is characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids such as papaverine. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Compounds with two BENZENE rings fused to AZEPINES.
Dibenzocycloheptenes [Chemical/Ingredient]
A family of tricyclic hydrocarbons whose members include many of the commonly used tricyclic antidepressants (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC).
Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.
Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.
Dicarboxylic Acids [Chemical/Ingredient]
Hydrocarbons, Halogenated [Chemical/Ingredient]
A class of weak acids with the general formula R-CONHOH.
Organic compounds containing both the hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals.
Hydroxybenzoic Acids [Chemical/Ingredient]
Benzoic acid substituted by one or more hydroxy groups in any position on the benzene ring.
Arabinonucleosides [Chemical/Ingredient]
Nucleosides containing arabinose as their sugar moiety.
1H-Pyrano(3',4':6,7)indolizino(1,2-b)quinoline-3,14(4H,12H)-dione, 4-ethyl-4-hydroxy-, (S)-
An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity.
Pregnane derivatives containing two double bonds anywhere within the ring structures.
Doubly unsaturated pregnane derivatives substituted with three hydroxy groups anywhere within the ring structure or side chains.
Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.
An ethylene compound with two hydroxy groups (-OH) located on adjacent carbons. They are viscous and colorless liquids. Some are used as anesthetics or hypnotics. However, the class is best known for their use as a coolant or antifreeze.
A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used as HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES, as ANESTHETICS, or as ANTICONVULSANTS.
Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.
Unsaturated pregnane derivatives containing two keto groups on side chains or ring structures.
Polyhydric alcohols having no more than one hydroxy group attached to each carbon atom. They are formed by the reduction of the carbonyl group of a sugar to a hydroxyl group.(From Dorland, 28th ed)
Compounds based on pyrazino[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is a pyrimidine fused to a pyrazine, containing four NITROGEN atoms.
Compounds based on 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine.
A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties.
Sulfhydryl Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Dideoxynucleosides [Chemical/Ingredient]
Nucleosides that have two hydroxy groups removed from the sugar moiety. The majority of these compounds have broad-spectrum antiretroviral activity due to their action as antimetabolites. The nucleosides are phosphorylated intracellularly to their 5'-triphosphates and act as chain-terminating inhibitors of viral reverse transcription.
A group of compounds that contain the structure SO2NH2. Members of this group, also known as sulfa drugs, are derivatives of sulfanilamide, which competitively inhibit folic acid synthesis in microorganisms, and are bacteriostatic. They have been largely supplanted by more effective and less toxic antibiotics. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.
Organic compounds that have the general formula R-SO-R. They are obtained by oxidation of mercaptans (analogous to the ketones). (From Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 4th ed)
Cinchona Alkaloids [Chemical/Ingredient]
Alkaloids extracted from various species of Cinchona.
Purine Nucleosides [Chemical/Ingredient]
Purines with a RIBOSE attached that can be phosphorylated to PURINE NUCLEOTIDES.
Purine Nucleotides [Chemical/Ingredient]
Purines attached to a RIBOSE and a phosphate that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA.
A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.
7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.
A purine nucleoside that has hypoxanthine linked by the N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid and in pathways of purine salvage. It also occurs in the anticodon of certain transfer RNA molecules. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Heterocyclic Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Ring compounds having atoms other than carbon in their nuclei. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring [Chemical/Ingredient]
A class of organic compounds containing three ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic
Metals with high specific gravity, typically larger than 5. They have complex spectra, form colored salts and double salts, have a low electrode potential, are mainly amphoteric, yield weak bases and weak acids, and are oxidizing or reducing agents (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
4(1H)-Pyrimidinone, 2,3-dihydro-2-thioxo-
Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.
Isomeric forms and derivatives of PROPANOL (C3H7OH).
Derivatives of acetamide that are used as solvents, as mild irritants, and in organic synthesis.
Acetic acid and its derivatives which may be formed by substitution reactions. Mono- and di-substituted, as well as halogenated compounds have been synthesized.
Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.
Salts or esters of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH, or of N-substituted carbamic acids: R2NC(=O)OR', (R' = hydrocarbyl or a cation). The esters are often called URETHANE or urethan, a usage that is strictly correct only for the ethyl esters. (From IUPAC [Internet]. International Union Of Pure And Applied Chemistry; c1995 [updated 2004 Jan 9; cited 2004 May 3]. Available from http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/class/oneN.html#35/).
Organic sulfonic acid esters or salts which contain an aromatic hydrocarbon radical.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408)
Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.
Benzocycloheptenes [Chemical/Ingredient]
Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the delta-lactone of coumarinic acid. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as ANTICOAGULANTS, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.
Benzylidene Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Pyrimidine Nucleosides [Chemical/Ingredient]
Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE attached that can be phosphorylated to PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES.
Cyclic hydrocarbons that contain multiple rings and share one or more atoms.
Strong alkylating and immunosuppressive agents whose biological activity is based on the presence of bis(2-chloroethyl)- groups. Although otherwise structurally diverse, the compounds have in common the capacity to contribute alkyl groups to DNA. They are generally highly toxic but include among their number many widely used and effective antineoplastic agents.
Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions.
Phosphorus Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Inorganic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule.
Compounds having the nitro group, -NO2, attached to carbon. When attached to nitrogen they are nitramines and attached to oxygen they are NITRATES.
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic [Chemical/Ingredient]
A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96)
Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Prostaglandins, Synthetic [Chemical/Ingredient]
Compounds obtained by chemical synthesis that are analogs or derivatives of naturally occurring prostaglandins and that have similar activity.
Fatty Acids, Essential [Chemical/Ingredient]
Long chain organic acid molecules that must be obtained from the diet. Examples are LINOLEIC ACIDS and LINOLENIC ACIDS.
Fatty Acids, Volatile [Chemical/Ingredient]
Short-chain fatty acids of up to six carbon atoms in length. They are the major end products of microbial fermentation in the ruminant digestive tract and have also been implicated in the causation of neurological diseases in humans.
Inorganic or organic derivatives of phosphonic acid with the general formula ROP(OH)2 or RP(=O)(OH)2. The tautomeric form of this compound (P(OH)3) is PHOSPHOROUS ACIDS. Nucleoside phosphonates have a phosphate-carbon bond that is more resistant to enzymatic cleavage than the normal phosphate-oxygen bond.
Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.
Biomedical and Dental Materials [Chemical/Ingredient]
Substances used in biomedicine or dentistry predominantly for their physical, as opposed to chemical, properties.
Purine bases related to hypoxanthine, an intermediate product of uric acid synthesis and a breakdown product of adenine catabolism.
A group of compounds that has the general structure of a dicarboxylic acid-substituted benzene ring. The ortho-isomer is used in dye manufacture. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Benzoic acid esters or salts substituted with one or more iodine atoms.
An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.
Polyacenes with four ortho-fused benzene rings in a straight linear arrangement. This group is best known for the subclass called TETRACYCLINES.
Aminobutyric Acids [Chemical/Ingredient]
Aliphatic four carbon acids substituted in any position(s) with amino group(s). They are found in most living things. The best known is GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID.
4-carbon acids, salts, and derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID.
Twenty-carbon compounds derived from MEVALONIC ACID or deoxyxylulose phosphate.
Five membered rings containing a NITROGEN atom.
A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights.
Blood proteins whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.
Organic chemicals which have two amino groups in an aliphatic chain.
Hydrocarbons, Acyclic [Chemical/Ingredient]
Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen where no carbon atoms join to form a ring structure.
Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic [Chemical/Ingredient]
Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen. Three or more carbon atoms are arranged in a cyclic structure and they possess aliphatic properties.
Hydrocarbons, Aromatic [Chemical/Ingredient]
Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in the form of an unsaturated, usually hexagonal ring structure. The compounds can be single ring, or double, triple, or multiple fused rings.
Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Organic compounds that contain the (-NH2OH) radical.
The family of steroids from which the androgens are derived.
Saturated derivatives of the steroid pregnane. The 5-beta series includes PROGESTERONE and related hormones; the 5-alpha series includes forms generally excreted in the urine.
All blood proteins except albumin ( = SERUM ALBUMIN, which is not a globulin) and FIBRINOGEN (which is not in the serum). The serum globulins are subdivided into ALPHA-GLOBULINS; BETA-GLOBULINS; and GAMMA-GLOBULINS on the basis of their electrophoretic mobilities. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Inorganic or organic oxy acids of sulfur which contain the RSO2(OH) radical.
Inorganic or organic acids that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule.
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule.
Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain boron as an integral part of the molecule.
Inorganic Chemicals [Chemical/Ingredient]
A broad class of substances encompassing all those that do not include carbon and its derivatives as their principal elements. However, carbides, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, and carbon disulfide are included in this class.
Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring [Chemical/Ingredient]
A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms.
Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring [Chemical/Ingredient]
A class of organic compounds containing a ring structure made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The ring structure can be aromatic or nonaromatic.
Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring [Chemical/Ingredient]
A class of organic compounds containing two ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic.
Heterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More Rings [Chemical/Ingredient]
A class of organic compounds containing four or more ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic.
Heterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More Rings
Nerve Tissue Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient]
Isomeric forms and derivatives of hexanol (C6H11OH).
A class of compounds named after and generally derived from C20 fatty acids (EICOSANOIC ACIDS) that includes PROSTAGLANDINS; LEUKOTRIENES; THROMBOXANES, and HYDROXYEICOSATETRAENOIC ACIDS. They have hormone-like effects mediated by specialized receptors (RECEPTORS, EICOSANOID).
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Hydrocarbons, Cyclic [Chemical/Ingredient]
Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen forming a closed ring that may be either alicyclic or aromatic.
Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides [Chemical/Ingredient]
Complex compounds of high molecular weight occurring in living cells. These are basically of two types, ribonucleic (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA) acids, both of which consist of nucleotides (nucleoside phosphates linked together by phosphate bridges).
Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides
Arylsulfonic Acids [Chemical/Ingredient]
Organic sulfonic acid derivatives which contain an aromatic hydrocarbon radical.
Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.
Adrenal Cortical Activity Alteration [PE]
Blood & Lymphatic Fluid Function Alteration [PE]
Blood & Lymphatic Fluid Function Alteration
Bronchial Smooth Muscle Tone Alteration [PE]
Cellular Degradation/Digestion Alteration [PE]
Cellular Degradation/Digestion Alteration
Cellular Synthetic Activity Alteration [PE]
Cellular Synthetic Phase Alteration [PE]
Coagulation Factor Activity Alteration [PE]
Decreased Brain Stem Organized Electrical Activity [PE]
Decreased Brain Stem Organized Electrical Activity
Decreased Brain Stem Substance P Activity [PE]
Decreased Brain Stem Substance P Activity
Decreased Cell Membrane Synthesis & Repair [PE]
Decreased Cell Membrane Synthesis & Repair
Decreased Cell Wall Synthesis & Repair [PE]
Decreased Central Nervous System Disorganized Electrical Activity [PE]
Decreased Central Nervous System Disorganized Electrical Activity
Decreased Central Nervous System Glutamate Activity [PE]
Decreased Central Nervous System Glutamate Activity
Decreased Central Nervous System Organized Electrical Activity [PE]
Decreased Central Nervous System Organized Electrical Activity
Decreased Central Nervous System Substance P Activity [PE]
Decreased Central Nervous System Substance P Activity
Decreased Disorganized Electrical Activity [PE]
Decreased Disorganized Electrical Activity
Decreased Enteric Nervous System Serotonin Activity [PE]
Decreased Enteric Nervous System Serotonin Activity
Decreased Immunologically Active Biogenic Amine Activity [PE]
Decreased Immunologically Active Biogenic Amine Activity
Decreased Immunologically Active Biogenic Amine Degradation [PE]
Decreased Immunologically Active Biogenic Amine Degradation
Decreased Immunologically Active Molecule Activity [PE]
Decreased Immunologically Active Molecule Activity
Decreased Immunologically Active Molecule Degradation [PE]
Decreased Immunologically Active Molecule Degradation
Decreased Immunologically Active Molecule Production [PE]
Decreased Immunologically Active Molecule Production
Decreased Lipid Derived Immunologically Active Molecule Activity [PE]
Decreased Lipid Derived Immunologically Active Molecule Activity
Decreased Lipid Derived Immunologically Active Molecule Production [PE]
Decreased Lipid Derived Immunologically Active Molecule Production
Decreased Lymphocyte Cell Production [PE]
Decreased Mineralocorticoid Secretion [PE]
Decreased Organized Electrical Activity [PE]
Decreased Ovarian Estrogen Secretion [PE]
Decreased Peripheral Nervous System Organized Electrical Activity [PE]
Decreased Peripheral Nervous System Organized Electrical Activity
Decreased Peripheral Nervous System Serotonin Activity [PE]
Decreased Peripheral Nervous System Serotonin Activity
Decreased Reverse Transcription to DNA [PE]
Decreased Sensory-Somatic Nervous System Organized Electrical Activity [PE]
Decreased Sensory-Somatic Nervous System Organized Electrical Activity
Decreased Striated Muscle Contraction [PE]
Decreased Thyroid Hormone Iodination [PE]
Digestive/GI System Activity Alteration [PE]
Disorganized Electrical Activity Alteration [PE]
Disorganized Electrical Activity Alteration
Female Reproductive System Activity Alteration [PE]
Female Reproductive System Activity Alteration
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) Activity Alteration [PE]
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) Activity Alteration
Hematological Cell Destruction Alteration [PE]
Hematological Cell Destruction Alteration
Hematological Cell Quantity Alteration [PE]
Hemic/Lymphatic Activity Alteration [PE]
Hypothalamic Endocrine Activity Alteration [PE]
Hypothalamic Endocrine Activity Alteration
Immunologically Active Molecule Activity Alteration [PE]
Immunologically Active Molecule Activity Alteration
Immunologically Active Molecule Degradation Alteration [PE]
Immunologically Active Molecule Degradation Alteration
Immunologically Active Molecule Production Alteration [PE]
Immunologically Active Molecule Production Alteration
Increased Adhesion Factor Production [PE]
Increased Brain Stem Serotonin Activity [PE]
Increased Central Nervous System Acetylcholine Activity [PE]
Increased Central Nervous System Acetylcholine Activity
Increased Central Nervous System Dopamine Activity [PE]
Increased Central Nervous System Dopamine Activity
Increased Central Nervous System Norepinephrine Activity [PE]
Increased Central Nervous System Norepinephrine Activity
Increased Central Nervous System Serotonin Activity [PE]
Increased Central Nervous System Serotonin Activity
Increased Coagulation Factor Activity [PE]
Increased Distal Tubule H+ Excretion [PE]
Increased Distal Tubule K+ Excretion [PE]
Increased Distal Tubule Na+ Excretion [PE]
Increased Glucose Transport into Cells [PE]
Increased Hematological Cell Destruction [PE]
Increased Hematological Cell Destruction
Increased Immunologically Active Biogenic Amine Activity [PE]
Increased Immunologically Active Biogenic Amine Activity
Increased Immunologically Active Molecule Activity [PE]
Increased Immunologically Active Molecule Activity
Increased Immunologically Active Molecule Production [PE]
Increased Immunologically Active Molecule Production
Increased Lipid Derived Immunologically Active Molecule Activity [PE]
Increased Lipid Derived Immunologically Active Molecule Activity
Increased Lymphocyte Cell Destruction [PE]
Musculoskeletal Activity Alteration [PE]
Neurotransmitter & Neuromuscular Transmitter Activity Alteration [PE]
Neurotransmitter & Neuromuscular Transmitter Activity Alteration
Nucleic Acid Replication Alteration [PE]
Nucleic Acid Transcription Alteration [PE]
Organized Electrical Activity Alteration [PE]
Organized Electrical Activity Alteration
Ovarian Endocrine Activity Alteration [PE]
Pituitary Gland Activity Alteration [PE]
Post Translation Protein Modification Alteration [PE]
Post Translation Protein Modification Alteration
Renal/Urological Activity Alteration [PE]
Reproductive System Activity Alteration [PE]
Respiratory Smooth Muscle Tone Alteration [PE]
Respiratory Smooth Muscle Tone Alteration
Respiratory/Pulmonary Activity Alteration [PE]
Respiratory/Pulmonary Activity Alteration
Reverse Transcription to DNA Alteration [PE]
Special Sensory Systems Activity Alteration [PE]
Special Sensory Systems Activity Alteration
Striated Muscle Metabolic Alteration [PE]
Striated Muscle Anabolism Alteration [PE]
Striated Muscle Catabolism Alteration [PE]
Striated Muscle Contraction Alteration [PE]
Testicular Endocrine Activity Alteration [PE]
Testicular Endocrine Activity Alteration
Thyroid Hormone Iodination Alteration [PE]
Unknown Cellular or Molecular Interaction [MoA]
Unknown Cellular or Molecular Interaction
Decreased Luteinizing Hormone Secretion [PE]
Vitamin Uptake and Modification Alteration [PE]
Vitamin Uptake and Modification Alteration
Decreased Vitamin Uptake and Modification [PE]
Decreased Vitamin Uptake and Modification
Intraocular Fluid Pressure Alteration [PE]
Decreased Intraocular Fluid Pressure [PE]
Decreased Intraocular Aqueous Secretion [PE]
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors [MoA]
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Interactions [MoA]
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Interactions
Respiratory Mucosal Edema Alteration [PE]
Decreased Respiratory Mucosal Edema [PE]
Decreased Tracheo-Bronchial Mucosal Edema [PE]
Decreased Tracheo-Bronchial Mucosal Edema
7-(3-aminomethyl-4-methoxyimino-pyrrolidine-1-yl)-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-(1,8)-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
platinum(II)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine oxalate
oxalato-(1,2-cyclohexanediamine)platinum II
Irritable Bowel Syndrome [Disease/Finding]
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.
Pregnancy Second Trimester [Disease/Finding]
Pregnancy Third Trimester [Disease/Finding]
Decreased Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Migration [PE]
Decreased Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Migration
Cellular Structure Molecule Interactions [MoA]
Cellular Structure Molecule Interactions
Neurokinin 1 Receptor Interactions [MoA]
Interleukin 2 Receptor Interactions [MoA]
Interleukin 2 Receptor Antagonists [MoA]
3,12-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-8-hydroxy-4,11-dioxo-9-(phenylmethyl)-6-((4-(2-pyridinyl)phenyl)methyl)-2,5,6,10,13-pentaazatetradecanedioic acid dimethyl ester
A cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA.
AMANTADINE derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. It has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent.
Tricyclo(3.3.1.13,7)decan-1-amine, 3,5-dimethyl-
6-D-Tryptophan-Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Factor (Pig)
A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.
N-(4-(2-(2-amino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7H-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimdin-5-yl)ethyl)benzoyl)glutamic acid
L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(2-(2-amino-4,7-dihydro-4-oxo-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl)benzoyl)-
1H-Imidazole, 1-(2-(ethylsulfonyl)ethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-
A nitroimidazole antitrichomonal agent effective against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia infections.
Drug Products by Generic Ingredient Combinations
Heterogeneous group of arthritic diseases sharing clinical and radiologic features. They are associated with the HLA-B27 ANTIGEN and some with a triggering infection. Most involve the axial joints in the SPINE, particularly the SACROILIAC JOINT, but can also involve asymmetric peripheral joints. Subsets include ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; REACTIVE ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; and others.
Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.
Adrenogenital Syndrome [Disease/Finding]
Abnormal SEX DIFFERENTIATION or congenital DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT caused by abnormal levels of steroid hormones expressed by the GONADS or the ADRENAL GLANDS, such as in CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA and ADRENAL CORTEX NEOPLASMS. Due to abnormal steroid biosynthesis, clinical features include VIRILISM in females; FEMINIZATION in males; or precocious sexual development in children.
Papillomavirus Infections [Disease/Finding]
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.
Moraxellaceae Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with bacteria of the family MORAXELLACEAE.
Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms [Disease/Finding]
A group of interrelated trophoblastic diseases arising from pregnancy. They are commonly associated with hyperplasia of trophoblasts (TROPHOBLAST) and markedly elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. They include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, invasive mole (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, INVASIVE), placental-site trophoblastic tumor (TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR, PLACENTAL SITE), and CHORIOCARCINOMA. These neoplasms have varying propensities for invasion and spread.
Inflammation of the joints of the SPINE, the intervertebral articulations.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.
Steroid Metabolism, Inborn Errors [Disease/Finding]
Errors in metabolic processing of STEROIDS resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.
An imbalanced nutritional status resulted from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.
Genetic Diseases, Inborn [Disease/Finding]
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.
Glucose Metabolism Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Pathological conditions in which the BLOOD GLUCOSE cannot be maintained within the normal range, such as in HYPOGLYCEMIA and HYPERGLYCEMIA. Etiology of these disorders varies. Plasma glucose concentration is critical to survival for it is the predominant fuel for the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Diabetes Complications [Disease/Finding]
Conditions or pathological processes associated with the disease of diabetes mellitus. Due to the impaired control of BLOOD GLUCOSE level in diabetic patients, pathological processes develop in numerous tissues and organs including the EYE, the KIDNEY, the BLOOD VESSELS, and the NERVE TISSUE.
Pneumocystis Infections [Disease/Finding]
Infections with species in the genus PNEUMOCYSTIS, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS) and other infections in humans and other MAMMALS. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.
Stress Disorders, Traumatic [Disease/Finding]
Anxiety disorders manifested by the development of characteristic symptoms following a psychologically traumatic event that is outside the normal range of usual human experience. Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, increased arousal, and numbing of responsiveness to or reduced involvement with the external world. Traumatic stress disorders can be further classified by the time of onset and the duration of these symptoms.
A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus ACREMONIUM. They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.
Four-membered cyclic AMIDES, best known for the PENICILLINS based on a bicyclo-thiazolidine, as well as the CEPHALOSPORINS based on a bicyclo-thiazine, and including monocyclic MONOBACTAMS. The BETA-LACTAMASES hydrolyze the beta lactam ring, accounting for BETA-LACTAM RESISTANCE of infective bacteria.
Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.
Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists [Chemical/Ingredient]
Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists
A collective grouping for both naturally occurring and synthetic hormones, substitutes, and antagonists.
Antibodies, Monoclonal [Chemical/Ingredient]
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).
Recombinant Fusion Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient]
Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.
Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids [Chemical/Ingredient]
Compounds formed by condensation of secologanin with tryptamine resulting in a tetrahydro-beta-carboline which is processed further to a number of bioactive compounds. These are especially found in plants of the APOCYNACEAE; LOGANIACEAE; and RUBIACEAE families.
Group of alkaloids containing a benzylpyrrole group (derived from TRYPTOPHAN)
A group of QUINOLONES with at least one fluorine atom and a piperazinyl group.
Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.
Vidarabine Phosphate [Chemical/Ingredient]
An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.
9H-Purin-6-amine, 9-(5-O-phosphono-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-
Arabinonucleotides [Chemical/Ingredient]
Nucleotides containing arabinose as their sugar moiety.
Amino Acids, Aromatic [Chemical/Ingredient]
Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.
Transition Elements [Chemical/Ingredient]
Elements with partially filled d orbitals. They constitute groups 3-12 of the periodic table of elements.
Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones [Chemical/Ingredient]
Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of PITUITARY HORMONES. They were first isolated from the extracts of the HYPOTHALAMUS; MEDIAN EMINENCE; PITUITARY STALK; and NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. In addition, some hypophysiotropic hormones control pituitary cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone synthesis. Some can act on more than one pituitary hormone.
Hypothalamic Hormones [Chemical/Ingredient]
Hypothalamic Pituitary-Regulating Hormones
Hypothalamic Pituitary-Regulating Peptides
Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.
Phenyl esters of carbamic acid or of N-substituted carbamic acids. Structures are similar to PHENYLUREA COMPOUNDS with a carbamate in place of the urea.
A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)
Biological Factors [Chemical/Ingredient]
Endogenously-synthesized compounds that may influence biological phenomena or represent quantifiable biomarkers. Biological factors are a variety of extracellular substances that are not otherwise classified under ENZYMES; HORMONES or HORMONE ANTAGONISTS
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
Compounds based on reduced IMIDAZOLES containing a single double bond.
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids [Chemical/Ingredient]
A group of hydroxycorticosteroids bearing a hydroxy group at the 17-position. Urinary excretion of these compounds is used as an index of adrenal function. They are used systemically in the free alcohol form, but with esterification of the hydroxy groups, topical effectiveness is increased.
Hydroxycorticosteroids [Chemical/Ingredient]
A group of corticosteroids carrying hydroxy groups, usually in the 11- or 17-positions. They comprise the bulk of the corticosteroids used systemically. As they are relatively insoluble in water, salts of various esterified forms are often used for injections or solutions.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones [Chemical/Ingredient]
Compounds based on reduced IMIDAZOLINES which contain no double bonds in the ring.
A group of diterpenoid CYCLODECANES named for the taxanes that were discovered in the TAXUS tree. The action on MICROTUBULES has made some of them useful as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.
Macrocyclic Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Cyclic compounds with a ring size of approximately 1-4 dozen atoms.
Polycyclic Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Compounds consisting of two or more fused ring structures.
Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity.
Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Excitatory Amino Acids [Chemical/Ingredient]
Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.
Amino Acids, Acidic [Chemical/Ingredient]
Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH.
11-Hydroxycorticosteroids [Chemical/Ingredient]
A group of corticosteroids bearing a hydroxy group at the 11-position.
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient]
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.
QUINOLONES containing a 4-oxo (a carbonyl in the para position to the nitrogen). They inhibit the A subunit of DNA GYRASE and are used as antimicrobials. Second generation 4-quinolones are also substituted with a 1-piperazinyl group at the 7-position and a fluorine at the 6-position.
Lactams, Macrocyclic [Chemical/Ingredient]
LACTAMS forming compounds with a ring size of approximately 1-3 dozen atoms.
Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli.
A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.
HIV Envelope Protein gp41 [Chemical/Ingredient]
Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 41,000 and is glycosylated. The N-terminal part of gp41 is thought to be involved in CELL FUSION with the CD4 ANTIGENS of T4 LYMPHOCYTES, leading to syncytial formation. Gp41 is one of the most common HIV antigens detected by IMMUNOBLOTTING.
Gene Products, env [Chemical/Ingredient]
Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease.
Proteins which are synthesized as a single polymer and then cleaved into several distinct proteins.
Retroviridae Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient]
Proteins from the family Retroviridae. The most frequently encountered member of this family is the Rous sarcoma virus protein.
Viral Envelope Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient]
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.
Viral Structural Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient]
Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).
T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III Antigens, Human
T Lymphotropic Virus Type III Antigens, Human
Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.
Viral Fusion Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient]
Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells.
Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain the basic structure RB(OH)2.
Decarboxylated monoamine derivatives of TRYPTOPHAN.
Hypothalamic Hormone Receptor Agonists [MoA]
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors [MoA]
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family Antagonists
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family Inhibitors
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family Inhibitors
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family Antagonists
Bcr-Abl Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors [MoA]
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antagonists
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonists [MoA]
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonists
N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Antagonists
Glucosylceramide Synthase Inhibitors [MoA]
Glycosphingolipid Synthesis Alteration [PE]
Glycosphingolipid Synthesis Decrease [PE]
Polysaccharide Metabolism Alteration [PE]
L-Calcium Channel Receptor Antagonists [MoA]
Hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond in the linear portion, of the general formula Cn-H2n-2.
Phenoxypropanolamines [Chemical/Ingredient]
Compounds based on a propanolamine attached via an OXYGEN atom to a phenoxy ring. The side chain is one carbon longer than PHENYLETHYLAMINES.
Organogold Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Organic compounds that contain GOLD as an integral part of the molecule. Some are used as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS. The term chrysotherapy derives from an ancient Greek term for gold.
1-Deoxynojirimycin [Chemical/Ingredient]
An alpha-glucosidase inhibitor with antiviral action. Derivatives of deoxynojirimycin may have anti-HIV activity.
3,4,5-Piperidinetriol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-, (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,5beta))-
A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).
Macromolecular Substances [Chemical/Ingredient]
Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.
Sugars in which the OXYGEN is replaced by a NITROGEN atom. This substitution prevents normal METABOLISM resulting in inhibition of GLYCOSIDASES and GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES.
Six-carbon pyranose sugars in which the OXYGEN is replaced by a NITROGEN atom.
Membrane Fusion Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient]
An analogue of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is an irreversible inhibitor of 4-AMINOBUTYRATE TRANSAMINASE, the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
Inflammation Mediators [Chemical/Ingredient]
The endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (AUTACOIDS) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC).
A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities.
Pigments, Biological [Chemical/Ingredient]
Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.
Headache Disorders, Primary [Disease/Finding]
Conditions in which the primary symptom is HEADACHE and the headache cannot be attributed to any known causes.
Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias [Disease/Finding]
Primary headache disorders that show symptoms caused by the activation of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. These autonomic features include redness and tearing of the EYE, nasal congestion or discharge, facial SWEATING and other symptoms. Most subgroups show unilateral cranial PAIN.
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic [Disease/Finding]
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological [Disease/Finding]
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.
ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma [Disease/Finding]
Pituitary Corticotropin-Secreting Adenoma
A pituitary adenoma which secretes ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN, leading to CUSHING DISEASE.
Platinum-containing Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Chemical Classes for Pharmacologic Classification [Chemical/Ingredient]
Chemical Classes for Pharmacologic Classification
Polyunsaturated Alkamides [Chemical/Ingredient]
Amides composed of unsaturated aliphatic FATTY ACIDS linked with AMINES by an amide bond. They are most prominent in ASTERACEAE; PIPERACEAE; and RUTACEAE; and also found in ARISTOLOCHIACEAE; BRASSICACEAE; CONVOLVULACEAE; EUPHORBIACEAE; MENISPERMACEAE; POACEAE; and SOLANACEAE. They are recognized by their pungent taste and for causing numbing and salivation.
2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles [Chemical/Ingredient]
Compounds that contain benzimidazole joined to a 2-methylpyridine via a sulfoxide linkage. Several of the compounds in this class are ANTI-ULCER AGENTS that act by inhibiting the POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE found in the PROTON PUMP of GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
Chemicals with two conjoined aromatic rings incorporating two nitrogen atoms and one of the carbons oxidized with a keto oxygen.
2,6-Piperidinedione, 3-(4-amino-1,3-dihydro-1-oxo-2H- isoindol-2-yl)-
4-(4-(3-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)ureido)phenoxy)pyridine-2-carboxyllic acid methyamide-4-methylbenzenesulfonate
Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha Receptor Blocking Activity [MoA]
Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha Receptor Blocking Activity
Corticosteroid Hormone Receptor Agonists [MoA]
Corticosteroid Hormone Receptor Agonists
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Blocking Activity [MoA]
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Blocking Activity
Compounds consisting of a short peptide chain conjugated with an acyl chain.
Autonomic Nervous System Activity Alteration [PE]
Autonomic Nervous System Activity Alteration
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Compounds
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Compounds
Non-steroidal Antiinflammatory Compounds
Peripheral Nervous System Activity Alteration [PE]
Peripheral Nervous System Activity Alteration
peginterferon alfa-2b [Chemical/Ingredient]
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived [Chemical/Ingredient]
Antibodies obtained from a single clone of cells grown in mice or rats.
Azabicyclo Compounds [Chemical/Ingredient]
Bicyclic bridged compounds that contain a nitrogen which has three bonds. The nomenclature indicates the number of atoms in each path around the rings, such as [2.2.2] for three equal length paths. Some members are TROPANES and BETA LACTAMS.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient]
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Gene Products
Proteins synthesized by HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES such as the HIV-1 and HIV-2.
env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus [Chemical/Ingredient]
env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
env Proteins, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Proteins encoded by the ENV GENE of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
envelope Proteins, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number two carbon, in contrast to INDOLES which have the nitrogen adjacent to the six-membered ring.
fludarabine monophosphate [Chemical/Ingredient]
9 beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine monophosphate
Sumatriptan Succinate [Chemical/Ingredient]
Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient]
methylprednisolone acetate [Chemical/Ingredient]
Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride [Chemical/Ingredient]
Losartan Potassium [Chemical/Ingredient]
Leuprolide Acetate [Chemical/Ingredient]
Lipid Metabolism Disorders [Disease/Finding]
Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.
Any of various diseases affecting the white matter of the central nervous system.
Cardiovascular Infections [Disease/Finding]
Pathological conditions of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM caused by infections.
Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Hereditary inflammation conditions, characterized by recurrent episodes of systemic inflammation. Common symptoms include recurrent fever, rash, arthritis, fatigue, and secondary AMYLOIDOSIS. Hereditary autoinflammatory diseases are associated with mutations in genes involved in regulation of normal inflammatory process and are not caused by AUTOANTIBODIES, or antigen specific T-LYMPHOCYTES.
Leprosy, Multibacillary [Disease/Finding]
A form of LEPROSY classified by the World Health Organization for the purpose of treatment, based on clinical manifestations and skin smear results. Patients with multibacillary leprosy have six or more lesions with or without positive skin smear results for the causative agent MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. Multibacillary leprosy encompasses borderline lepromatous, midborderline, and lepromatous leprosy.
Female Urogenital Diseases [Disease/Finding]
Pathological processes of the female URINARY TRACT and the reproductive system (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
Neoplasms, Plasma Cell [Disease/Finding]
Neoplasms associated with a proliferation of a single clone of PLASMA CELLS and characterized by the secretion of PARAPROTEINS.
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma [Disease/Finding]
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
Infections with the protozoa of the phylum EUGLENOZOA.
Proteostasis Deficiencies [Disease/Finding]
Disorders caused by imbalances in the protein homeostasis network - synthesis, folding, and transport of proteins; post-translational modifications; and degradation or clearance of misfolded proteins.
Methyl-2-Phenoxypropanoic Acid Derivatives
2-Phenoxy-2-Methylpropionic Acid Derivatives
Compounds that either share the structure of fibric acid in their molecular arrangement or are considered variants of the fibric acid structure.
Aliphatic acids that contain four carbons in a branched-chain configuration.
Heterocyclic compounds that contain 4H,5H,6H,7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyridine as part of their structure.
entity
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
continuant
(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
occurrent
(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
(forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
independent continuant
(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
a heart
a chair
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
process
(iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
a process of meiosis
a process of sleeping
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
the course of a disease
the flight of a bird
the life of an organism
your process of aging.
disposition
(forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
(forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
realizable entity
(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
the disposition of your blood to coagulate
the function of your reproductive organs
the role of being a doctor
the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
quality
(forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
(forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
the ambient temperature of this portion of air
the color of a tomato
the length of the circumference of your waist
the mass of this piece of gold.
the shape of your nose
the shape of your nostril
specifically dependent continuant
(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
the disposition of this fish to decay
the function of this heart: to pump blood
the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
the shape of this hole.
the smell of this portion of mozzarella
role
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
(forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
the priest role
the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
the role of a building in serving as a military target
the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
the role of subject in a clinical trial
the student role
site
(forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002]
Manhattan Canyon)
a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese
a rabbit hole
an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport
b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])
the Grand Canyon
the Piazza San Marco
the cockpit of an aircraft
the hold of a ship
the interior of a kangaroo pouch
the interior of the trunk of your car
the interior of your bedroom
the interior of your office
the interior of your refrigerator
the lumen of your gut
your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity)
object
BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting.
BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below).
BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47
BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity
BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74
atom
b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001])
cell
cells and organisms
engineered artifacts
grain of sand
molecule
organelle
organism
planet
solid portions of matter
star
generically dependent continuant
(iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
material entity
(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
a flame
a forest fire
a human being
a hurricane
a photon
a puff of smoke
a sea wave
a tornado
an aggregate of human beings.
an energy wave
an epidemic
every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
the undetached arm of a human being
immaterial entity
BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10
A disease that involving errors in metabolic processes of building or degradation of molecules.
An acquired metabolic disease that is characterized by abnormal carbohydrate metabolism.
An aspergillosis that is a serious fungal infection of the lung with pneumonia caused by Aspergillus, which spreads to other parts of the body through bloodstream in patients with acute leukemia and recipients of tissue transplants. Clinical symptoms include pulmonary nodules and hemorrhage.
A disease that is the consequence of the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including pathogenic viruses, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions.
A paranasal sinus disease involving inflammation of the paranasal sinuses resulting from bacterial, fungal, viral infection, allergic or autoimmune issues. Symptoms can include fever, weakness, fatigue, cough and congestion. There may also be mucus drainage in the back of the throat, called postnasal drip.
A fungal infectious disease that results_in infection of internal organs and tissues located_in human body, has_material_basis_in Fungi, which enter the body via the respiratory tract, through the gut, paranasal sinuses or skin and spread through the bloodstream to multiple organs.
A nervous system disease which is located in a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information that consists of sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision, hearing, somatic sensation (touch), taste and olfaction (smell).
A respiratory system disease which involves the lower respiratory tract.
A genetic disease that is the result of one or more abnormal alleles and may be dominant (a single copy of the abnormal allele is sufficient to give rise to the disease), semi-dominant, or recessive (requiring both copies of the gene to have an abnormal allele).
A bacterial infectious disease that results_in infection by bacteria as a result of their presence or activity within the normal, healthy host, and their intrinsic virulence is, in part, a necessary consequence of their need to reproduce and spread.
A bacterial infectious disease that results_in infection by bacteria which are part of the normal human flora when one or more of the defense mechanisms designed to restrict them from the usually sterile internal tissues are breached by accident, by intent (surgery), or by an underlying metabolic or an infectious disorder.
An intestinal disease characterized by inflammation located_in all parts of digestive tract.
Xref MGI. OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN].
An organ system cancer located_in the respiratory system that is characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation in the respiratory tract.
A cancer that is classified based on the organ it starts in.
A cancer that is classified by the type of cell from which it is derived.
An autosomal genetic disease that is characterized by the presence of two mutated copies of the gene, both of which must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop.
A monogenic disease that is has material basis in a mutation in a single gene on one of the non-sex chromosomes.
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that has_material_basis_in mature T lymphocytes and natural killer cells.
mature T-cell and natural killer cell lymphoma
secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
A multiple sclerosis that is characterised by a worsening of disability, rather than by relapses followed by recovery, which progressively worsens until a steady progression of disability replaces the cycles of attacks.
A heart disease that is located_in the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart.
A vascular disease that is located_in an artery.
A neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of aggregates of alpha-synuclein protein in neurons, nerve fibres or glial cells.
A large intestine cancer that has_material_basis_in epithelial cells of glandular origin.
A hypersensitivity reaction type II disease that is the abnormal functioning of the immune system resulting in production of antibodies or T cells against cells and/or tissues in the endocrine system.
A disease of mental health that occur during a child's developmental period between birth and age 18 resulting in retarding of the child's psychological or physical development.
A developmental disorder of mental health that categorizes specific learning disabilities and developmental disorders affecting coordination.
A disease of mental health that involves the impairment in normal sexual functioning.
An immune system disease that has material basis in abnormal immune responses.
A hematologic cancer that affects lymphocytes that reside in the lymphatic system and in blood-forming organs.
A lymphoma that is characterized as any kind of lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphoma.
A disease of cellular proliferation that results in abnormal growths in the body, which do not invade or destroy the surrounding tissue but, given enough time, will transform into a cancer.
A disease of cellular proliferation that results in abnormal growths in the body which lack the ability to metastasize.
estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer
An organ system cancer located_in the immune system that is characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation in organs of the immune system.
A benign neoplasm that is classified by the type of cell or tissue from which it is derived.
A benign neoplasm that is classified by the organ system from which it is arising from.
An organ system benign neoplam that is located_in the thoracic cavity.
An organ system cancer located_in the muscular and skeletal organs and characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation of the musculoskeletal organs.
A disease of anatomical entity that is located_in the thoracic cavity.
An agnosia that is a loss of the ability to perceive and process pain.
A disease of metabolism that has _material_basis_in enzyme deficiency or accumulation of enzymes or toxins which interfere with normal function due to an endocrine organ disease, organ malfunction, inadequate intake, dietary deficiency, or malabsorption.
A somatoform disorder that involves chronic pain in one or more areas, and is thought to be caused by psychological stress.
An inflammatory bowel disease that involves inflammation located_in colon.
EAST syndrome
A syndrome characterize by seizures, sensorineural deafness, ataxia, mental retardation, and electrolyte imbalance. It has material basis in homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the KCNJ10 gene on chromosome 1q23.
epilepsy, ataxia, sensorineural deafness and tubulopathy
seizures, sensorineural deafness, ataxia, mental retardation and electrolyte imbalance
A bone marrow cancer that is formed of any one of the bone marrow cells belonging to the granulocytic (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil), monocytic/macrophage, erythroid, megakaryocytic and mast cell lineages.
A connective tissue disease that affects the structure or development of bone or causes an impairment of normal bone function.
Cytomegalovirus retinitis
A retinitis that has_material_basis_in Cytomegalovirus.
A small intestine cancer that is located_in the beginning section of the small intestine.
An intestinal cancer that is located_in the small intestine.
A gastrointestinal system cancer that is located_in the intestine.
A cardiovascular system disease that involves the heart's electrical conduction system.
A male reproductive organ cancer that is located_in the prostate.
A prostate cancer that has_material_basis_in abnormally proliferating cells derives_from epithelial cells.
A endocardium disease characterized by inflammation of the endocardium of the heart chambers and valves.
A leukemia that has_material_basis_in lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells).
A disease by infectious agent that results_in infection, has_material_basis_in Bacteria.
A lymphoblastic leukemia characterized by over production of B-cells and their accumulation in bone marrow and blood.
An artery disease characterized by chronic elevated blood pressure in the arteries.
High blood pressure (& [essential hypertension])
acute gastric ulcer with haemorrhage and perforation
acute gastric ulcer with hemorrhage AND obstruction (disorder)
acute gastric ulcer with hemorrhage AND perforation
acute gastric ulcer with hemorrhage AND perforation (disorder)
acute gastric ulcer with hemorrhage AND perforation [dup] (disorder)
acute gastric ulcer with hemorrhage AND with perforation but without obstruction
acute gastric ulcer with hemorrhage AND with perforation but without obstruction (disorder)
acute gastric ulcer with hemorrhage and obstruction
acute gastric ulcer with hemorrhage and perforation, with obstruction
acute gastric ulcer with hemorrhage and perforation, without mention of obstruction
acute gastric ulcer with hemorrhage, with obstruction
acute gastric ulcer with hemorrhage, with perforation AND with obstruction (disorder)
acute gastric ulcer with perforation AND obstruction
acute gastric ulcer with perforation AND obstruction (disorder)
acute gastric ulcer with perforation, with obstruction
acute gastric ulcer without hemorrhage and without perforation
acute gastric ulcer without hemorrhage, without perforation AND without obstruction
acute gastric ulcer without hemorrhage, without perforation AND without obstruction (disorder)
acute gastric ulcer without mention of hemorrhage or perforation, without mention of obstruction
chronic gastric ulcer without hemorrhage AND without perforation
chronic gastric ulcer without hemorrhage AND without perforation but with obstruction
chronic gastric ulcer without hemorrhage AND without perforation but with obstruction (disorder)
chronic gastric ulcer without mention of hemorrhage or perforation, with obstruction
Hemoglobin S disease without crisis (disorder)
An anxiety disorder that involves unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations (obsessions), or behaviors that make them feel driven to do something (compulsions).
A cell type cancer that has_material_basis_in abnormally proliferating cells derives_from embryonic mesoderm.
An opportunistic mycosis that is located_in lungs, but can also occur in eyes, ears, skin, thyroid, pituitary, palate, parathyroid, esophagus, pleura, heart, liver, spleen, small intestine, adrenals, kidneys, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, has_material_basis_in Pneumocystis jirovecii that effects interstitial and alveolar tissues and has_symptom nonproductive cough, has_symptom shortness of breath, and has_symptom fever.
A cardiovascular system disease that involves the heart.
A lower respiratory tract disease that affects the airways leading into the lungs, which is caused due to inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles, infection, or blockage.
A reproductive organ cancer that is manifested in the female genitals. This includes organs such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva.
malignant neoplasm of female genital organ
An immune system disease that is an exaggerated immune response to allergens, such as insect venom, dust mites, pollen, pet dander, drugs or some foods.
hypersensitivity reaction type I disease
An opportunistic mycosis that results_in fungal infection and has_material_basis_in Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii.
An eating disorder characterized by the restraining of food intake for a period of time followed by an over intake or binging period that results in feelings of guilt and low self-esteem.
An autoimmune disease that is located_in lung, located_in kidney, located_in skin resulting from an autoimmune attack by antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies against small and medium-size blood vessels.
A viral infectious disease that results_in infection located_in brain, or located_in meninges, or located_in brain and meninges, has_material_basis_in Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, which is transmitted_by common house mouse, Mus musculus. The infection has_symptom fever, has_symptom lack of appetite, has_symptom headache, has_symptom muscle aches, has_symptom malaise, has_symptom nausea, and has_symptom vomiting.
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus encephalomyelitis (disorder)
Lymphocytic meningoencephalitis (disorder)
An autoimmune disease of endocrine system that involves production of excessive amount of thyroid hormones, located_in thyroid gland.
A parasitic protozoa infectious disease characterized as a vector-borne infectious disease caused by the presence of protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium in the red blood cells, transmitted from an infected to an uninfected individual by the bite of anopheline mosquitoes, and characterized by periodic attacks of chills and fever that coincide with mass destruction of blood cells and the release of toxic substances by the parasite at the end of each reproductive cycle.
A cancer that affects the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal proliferation of blood cells.
A cell type benign neoplasm that is a benign tumor of smooth muscle cells.
leiomyomatous neoplasm (morphologic abnormality)
A disease of anatomical entity which occurs in the blood, heart, blood vessels or the lymphatic system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells or lymph to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.
disease of subdivision of hemolymphoid system
A central nervous system disease that results_in the progressive deterioration of function or structure of neurons.
A hypersensitivity reaction type II disease that involves attack of immune cells which destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva.
A cognitive disorder resulting from a loss of brain function affecting memory, thinking, language, judgement and behavior.
A cystitis characterized by a sudden onset or severe symptoms.
An arthritis that has_material_basis_in uric acid crystal deposits located_in joint.
A central nervous system cancer that is characterized by the growth of abnormal cells in the tissues of the brain.
neoplasm of unspecified nature of brain (disorder)
primary malignant neoplasm of brain (disorder)
A respiratory system cancer that is located_in the lung.
A gastrointestinal system disease described as the condition of having frequent loose or liquid bowel movements. Acute diarrhea is a common cause of death in developing countries and the second most common cause of infant deaths worldwide. The loss of fluids through diarrhea can cause severe dehydration which is one cause of death in diarrhea sufferers. Along with water, sufferers also lose dangerous amounts of important salts, electrolytes, and other nutrients. There are at least four types of diarrhea: secretory diarrhea, osmotic diarrhea, motility-related diarrhea, and inflammatory diarrhea.
An opportunistic mycosis that involves a spectrum of diseases of humans and animals caused by members of the genus Aspergillus infecting lungs, brain, kidney,heart, bone, eyes, sinuses, skin and gastrointestinal tract. It is a serious illnesses in people with a weakened immune system.
A disease by infectious agent that is carried out by a parasite which by definition is a pathogen that simultaneously injures and derives sustenance from its host.
A large intestine cancer that is located_in the anus.
An anxiety disorder that is characterized by long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any one object or situation.
A synucleinopathy that has_material_basis_in degeneration of the central nervous system that often impairs motor skills, speech, and other functions.
A disease that is characterized by abnormally rapid cell division.
An endogenous depression that is characterized by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and by loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.
An autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by the buildup of thick, sticky mucus that can damage many organs.
A sensory system disease that is located_in the eye or the adnexa of the eye.
A disease of anatomical entity that is located_in reproductive system organs.
A disease that involves a psychological or behavioral pattern generally associated with subjective distress or disability that occurs in an individual, and which are not a part of normal development or culture.
An opportunistic mycosis that involves fungal infection of the mouth, throat, skin, scalp, vagina, fingers, nails, bronchi, lungs, heart and brain by Candida species, of which Candida albicans is the most common. Systemic Candida infections are usually confined to severely immunocompromised persons.
A disease of mental health that affects cognitive functions including memory processing, perception and problem solving.
A disease by infectious agent that results_in infection, has_material_basis_in Fungi, which pass the resistance barriers of the human or animal body.
A hypersensitivity reaction type II disease that involves inflammation or pain in the muscles, joints, or fibrous tissue.
A disease of anatomical entity that located_in the respiratory system which extends from the nasal sinuses to the diaphragm.
A disease of anatomical entity that is located_in the integumentary system comprising the skin and its appendages.
A thoracic cancer that originates in the mammary gland.
A disease of cellular proliferation that is malignant and primary, characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation, local cell invasion and metastasis.
A disease of anatomical entity that occurs in the muscular and/or skeletal system.
An organ system cancer located_in endocrine system that is characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation of the hormone producing glands of the endocrine system.
Adding UMLS CUI for Curling Ulcer C0013295.
A cardiovascular system disease that primarily affects the blood vessels which includes the arteries, veins and capillaries that carry blood to and from the heart.
An endocrine gland cancer located_in the pancreas.
A disease of anatomical entity that is located_in kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra.
A brain disease that is characterized by the occurrance of at least two unprovoked seizures resulting from a persistent epileptogenic abnormality of the brain that is able to spontaneously generate paroxysmal activity and typically manifested by sudden brief episodes of altered or diminished consciousness, involuntary movements, or convulsions.
A connective tissue cancer that is located_in bone and is characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation that destroys normal bone tissue.
A viral infectious disease that results_in inflammation located_in liver, has_material_basis_in Hepatitis C virus, which is transmitted_by blood from an infected person enters the body of an uninfected person. The infection has_symptom fever, has_symptom fatigue, has_symptom loss of appetite, has_symptom nausea, has_symptom vomiting, has_symptom abdominal pain, has_symptom clay-colored bowel movements, has_symptom joint pain, and has_symptom jaundice.
A cell type cancer that has_material_basis_in abnormally proliferating cells derives_from melanocytes which are found in skin, the bowel and the eye.
A sphingolipidosis characterized by deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase which results in the accumulation of harmful quantities of the glycolipid glucocerebroside throughout the body, especially within the bone marrow, spleen and liver.
glucosylceramide beta-glucosidase deficiency
An organ system cancer that is manifested in the reproductive organs.
A parasitic protozoa infectious disease that is caused by singled-celled protozoan parasites Trichomonas vaginalis or Trichomonas tenax, which infect the urogenital tract and mouth respectively.
A musculoskeletal system cancer that is located_in connective tissue.
A cognitive disorder that involves an excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations.
A specific developmental disorder that involves specific developmental disorders of speech and language.
A viral infectious disease that results_in inflammation located_in liver, has_material_basis_in Hepatitis B virus, which is transmitted_by sexual contact, transmitted_by blood transfusions, and transmitted_by fomites like needles or syringes. The infection has_symptom fever, has_symptom fatigue, has_symptom loss of appetite, has_symptom nausea, has_symptom vomiting, has_symptom abdominal pain, has_symptom clay-colored bowel movements, has_symptom joint pain, and has_symptom jaundice.
An anxiety disorder which results from a traumatic experience that results in psychological trauma.
A large intestine cancer that is located_in the colon.
A disease characterized by a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular abnormality.
A candidiasis that involves fungal infection of the vaginal mucous membranes in women caused by Candida albicans. The symptoms include intense vulval pruritus, burning, erythema and dyspareunia associated with a creamy white, curd-like discharge.
Candidal: [vulvovaginitis NOS] or [cervix]
An endocrine system disease that is located_in the gonads.
A reproductive system disease that impairs the ability to reproduce and is located in the uterus, vagina, cervix, ovaries or fallopian tubes.
Arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease, NOS
Cardiovascular arteriosclerosis unspecified (disorder)
An artery disease that is characterized by a thickening and hardening of arterial walls in the arteries.
Arteriosclerosis (morphologic abnormality)
Arteriosclerotic vascular disease (disorder)
A demyelinating disease that involves damage to the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord resulting in demyelination and scarring.
Generalized multiple sclerosis (disorder)
A female reproductive organ cancer that is located_in the ovary.
A cognitive disorder that involves abnormal thinking and perceptions resulting in a disconnection with reality.
A systemic mycosis that results_in fungal infection located_in human body of immunocompromised individuals, has_material_basis_in Fungi. The organisms invade via the respiratory tract, alimentary tract, or intravascular devices.
An immune system cancer located_in the hematological system that is characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation in blood, bone marrow and lymph nodes.
hematopoietic neoplasm (morphologic abnormality)
malignant hematopoietic neoplasm (morphologic abnormality)
An endocrine system disease that is located_in the pancreas.
A urinary system cancer that is located_in the kidney.
malignant neoplasm of kidney except pelvis
A parasitic infectious disease that is caused by parasitic protozoa which are microorganisms classified as unicellular eukaryotes.
A disease of anatomical entity that is located_in endocrine glands which secretes a type of hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body.
A bronchial disease that is characterized by chronic inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which is caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. The disease has_symptom recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound while breathing), has_symptom chest tightness, has_symptom shortness of breath, has_symptom mucus production and has_symptom coughing. The symptoms appear due to a variety of triggers such as allergens, irritants, respiratory infections, weather changes, exercise, stress, reflux disease, medications, foods and emotional anxiety.
chronic obstructive asthma with acute exacerbation
chronic obstructive asthma with status asthmaticus
A chronic lymphocytic leukemia that is characterized by over production of B cells (lymphocytes) by the bone marrow where the B cells appear hairy under a microscope.
A female reproductive system disease characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine body.
A disease of anatomical entity that is located_in the immune system.
A tuberculosis that is a contagious disease located_in lungs. The infection has_symptom fever, has_symptom cough, has_symptom difficulty in breathing, has_symptom inflammatory infiltrations, has_symptom formation of tubercles, has_symptom caseation, has_symptom pleural effusion, and has_symptom fibrosis.
A carcinoma that has_material_basis_in abnormally proliferating cells, derives_from epithelial cells, which originate in glandular tissue.
A cell type cancer that has_material_basis_in abnormally proliferating cells derives_from germ cells.
A male reproductive system cancer that is located_in the testicles.
A cell type cancer that has_material_basis_in abnormally proliferating cells derives_from epithelial cells.
An organ system cancer located_in the nervous system that affects the central or peripheral nervous system.
A gastrointestinal system disease that is located_in the liver and/or biliary tract.
An organ system cancer located_in gastrointestinal tract that is manifested in organs of the gastrointestinal system.
An inherited metabolic disorder that involve an abnormal accumulation of substances inside the lysosome resulting from defects in lysosomal function.
A nervous system disease that affects either the spinal cord (myelopathy) or brain (encephalopathy) of the central nervous system.
A mood disorder that involves alternating periods of mania and depression.
A bone disease that results_in inflammation of the located_in bone.
A bone cancer that is located_in bone that has_material_basis_in cells of mesenchymal origin.
A connective tissue cancer that has_material_basis_in fibrous connective tissue and characterized by the presence of immature proliferating fibroblasts or undifferentiated anaplastic spindle cells in a storiform pattern.
A vaginitis that is characterized by a grayish vaginal discharge usually of foul odor and the presence of Gardnerella vaginalis.
An artery disease that is characterized by plaque building up along the inner walls of the arteries of the heart resulting in a narrowing of the arteries and a reduced blood supply to the cardiac muscles.
An anal carcinoma that originating in the cortex of the adrenal gland and derives_from epithelial cells of glandular origin.
A breast carcinoma that originates in the milk ducts and/or lobules (glandular tissue) of the breast.
A breast cancer that has_material_basis_in abnormally proliferating cells derives_from epithelial cells.
A thoracic disease that is located_in the breast.
A fibrosarcoma that is located_in the dermis laryer of the skin and that begins as a hard nodule and grows slowly.
MESH:C538219 added from NeuroDevNet [WAK].
A gastrointestinal system cancer that is located_in the liver.
malignant neoplasm of liver unspecified (disorder)
malignant neoplasm of liver, not specified as primary or secondary
non-resectable primary hepatic malignant neoplasm
primary malignant neoplasm of liver (disorder)
primary malignant neoplasm of liver NOS (disorder)
resectable malignant neoplasm of the liver
A nervous system cancer that is located_in the central nervous system.
malignant neoplasm of central nervous system, NOS
neoplasm of central nervous system (disorder)
A urinary system disease that is located_in the bladder.
An integumentary system disease that is located_in skin.
A reproductive organ cancer that is manifested in the male genital system. This includes organs such as the penis and scrotum.
malignant neoplasm of male genital organ or tract
malignant neoplasm of male genital organ, NOS
malignant neoplasm of male genital organ, site unspecified
malignant neoplasm of male genital organ, unspecified (disorder)
malignant neoplasm of male genital organs (disorder)
malignant tumor of male Reproductive system
malignant tumor of male genital organ (disorder)
A lung cancer that has_material_basis_in abnormally proliferating cells derives_from epithelial cells and is located_in the lungs and has_symptom cough and has_symptom chest discomfort or pain and has_symptom weight loss and has_symptom hemoptysis.
A lung carcinoma that is characterized as any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung carcinoma.
A primary bacterial infectious disease that is located_in lungs, located_in lymph nodes, located_in pericardium, located_in brain, located_in pleura or located_in gastrointestinal tract, has_material_basis_in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is transmitted_by droplets released into the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
An organ system cancer that is located_in the kidneys, ureteres, bladder or urethra.
A disease is a disposition (i) to undergo pathological processes that (ii) exists in an organism because of one or more disorders in that organism.
A communication disorder that is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss.
hypersensitivity reaction type II disease
An immune system disease that is an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body resulting from an abnormal functioning of the immune system that results in the production of antibodies or T cell directed against the host tissues.
disorder of glucose metabolism (disorder)
A female reproductive organ cancer that is located_in the cervix.
A renal carcinoma that has_material_basis_in the lining of the proximal convoluted renal tubule of the kidney.
A kidney cancer that derives_from the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule (the very small tubes in the kidney that filter the blood and remove waste products).
A disease of mental health that involves physical symptoms suggesting a physical illness where the biological or medical cause of the symptoms is indeterminate.
physiological malfunction arising from mental factor
Aggressive systemic mastocytosis (morphologic abnormality)
Lymphadenopathic mastocytosis with eosinophilia
A reproductive system disease that affects male reproductive organs.
A anus cancer that has_material_basis_in abnormally proliferating cells derives_from epithelial cells and is located_in the anus.
A hematopoietic cancer that derives_from the blood-forming stem cells of the bone marrow.
myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm
A myeloid neoplasm that results_in the overproduction of white blood cells.
Myeloproliferative/Myelodysplastic syndromes
myelodysplastic myeloproliferative disease
myelodysplastic myeloproliferative cancer
An endocrine system disease that is located_in the thyroid.
An organ system cancer located_in the thoracic cavity that develops in the different types of cells within the lungs, as well as less common cancers of the esophagus, the trachea, or the chest wall.
human immunodeficiency virus infectious disease
A viral infectious disease that results_in destruction of immune system, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers, has_material_basis_in Human immunodeficiency virus 1 or has_material_basis_in Human immunodeficiency virus 2, which are transmitted_by sexual contact, transmitted_by transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk, transmitted_by congenital method, and transmitted_by contaminated needles. The virus infects helper T cells (CD4+ T cells) which are directly or indirectly destroyed, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The infection has_symptom diarrhea, has_symptom fatigue, has_symptom fever, has_symptom vaginal yeast infection, has_symptom headache, has_symptom mouth sores, has_symptom muscle aches, has_symptom sore throat, and has_symptom swollen lymph glands.
A gastrointestinal system disease that is located_in the intestine.
A disease of mental health that involves disruption of sleep patterns.
A psychotic disorder that is characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness.
A lung disease that involves lung parenchyma or alveolar inflammation and abnormal alveolar filling with fluid (consolidation and exudation). It results from a variety of causes including infection with bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites, and chemical or physical injury to the lungs. It is accompanied by fever, chills, cough, and difficulty in breathing.
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (disorder)
An eye and adnexa disease that is located_in the eye.
An intestinal cancer that effects the long, tube-like organ that is connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other.
An eye disease that is located_in the retina.
A nervous system disease that affects the peripheral nervous system.
A coronary artery disease characterized by myocardial cell death (myocardial necrosis) due to prolonged ischaemia.
An anxiety disorder that is characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms that may include chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, or abdominal distress.
A heart disease that is characterized by any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to fill with or pump a sufficient amount of blood throughout the body.
A gastrointestinal system disease that is located_in the esophagus.
A bronchial disease that is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. It is caused by bacteria and viruses. The disease has_symptom cough with mucus, has_symptom shortness of breath, has_symptom low fever and has_symptom chest tightness.
A conjunctival disease characterized by an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the outermost layer of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids.
A disease that has_material_basis_in genetic variations in the human genome.
A brain disease that is characterized by moderate to severe headaches, nausea, extreme sensitivity to light and sound and intense unilaterial throbbing or pulsing.
A hypertension characterized by an increase of blood pressure in the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein or pulmonary capillaries.
A musculoskeletal system disease that affects tissues such as skin, tendons, and cartilage.
A sebaceous gland disease characterized by areas of blackheads, whiteheads, pimples, greasy skin, and possibly scarring.
A disease of metabolism that is characterized by enzyme deficiency or accumulation of enzymes or toxins which interfere with normal function due to inherited enzyme abnormality.
An artery disease that is characterized by dysfunction of the blood vessels supplying the brain.
A rheumatoid arthritis that involves an autoimmune disease onset in children under 16 which attacks the healthy cells and tissue of located_in joint.
Pauciarticular onset juvenile chronic arthritis
monarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
A liver carcinoma that has_material_basis_in undifferentiated hepatocytes.
A liver cancer that has_material_basis_in epithelial cells.
Liver and Intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma
A disease that manifests in a defined anatomical structure.
A bone inflammation disease that results_in inflammation in the joints of the spine and pelvis. The disease has_symptom pain, has_symptom stiffness in the spine, has_symptom stiffness in the neck, has_symptom stiffness in the hips, has_symptom stiffness in the jaw and has_symptom stiffness in the rib cage.
An arthritis that is an autoimmune disease which attacks healthy cells and tissue located_in joint.
An immune system disease that has_material_basis_in hematopoietic cells.
DISEASE OF THE BLOOD AND BLOOD-FORMING ORGANS
acute peptic ulcer with hemorrhage and perforation
acute peptic ulcer without hemorrhage AND without perforation (disorder)
acute peptic ulcer without hemorrhage and without perforation
A primary bacterial infectious disease that is a sexually transmitted infection, located_in uterus, located_in fallopian tube, located_in urethra, located_in mouth, located_in throat, located_in eye or located_in anus, has_material_basis_in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is transmitted_by contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus or transmitted_by congenitally from mother to baby during delivery. The infection has_symptom burning sensation during urination, has_symptom discharge from the penis, has_symptom increased vaginal discharge, or has_symptom vaginal bleeding between periods.
chronic gonococcal infectious disease of lower genitourinary tract
chronic gonococcal infectious disease of upper genitourinary tract
A disease of anatomical entity that is located_in the gastrointestinal tract.
A thyroid gland disease that involves an over production of thyroid hormone.
An arthritis that has_material_basis_in worn out cartilage located_in joint.
A viral infectious disease that results_in infection, located_in respiratory tract, has_material_basis_in Influenzavirus A, has_material_basis_in Influenzavirus B, or has_material_basis_in Influenzavirus C, which are transmitted_by droplet spread of oronasal secretions during coughing, sneezing, or talking from an infected person. It is a highly contagious disease that affects birds and mammals and has_symptom chills, has_symptom fever, has_symptom sore throat, has_symptom runny nose, has_symptom muscle pains, has_symptom severe headache, has_symptom cough, and has_symptom weakness.
Influenza with non-respiratory manifestation (disorder)
Influenza with other manifestations (disorder)
Influenza with other manifestations NOS (disorder)
influenza with non-respiratory manifestation
A bone inflammation disease that involves a response to irritation or injury, characterized by joint pain, swelling, stiffness located_in joint and/or redness located_in skin over the joint.
A lower respiratory tract disease in which the function of the lungs is adversely affected by narrowing or blockage of the airways resulting in poor air flow, a loss of elasticity in the lungs that produces a decrease in the total volume of air that the lungs are able to hold, and clotting, scarring, or inflammation of the blood vessels that affect the ability of the lungs to take up oxygen and to release carbon dioxide.
Updating out dated CUI and removing lung abscess as a synonym.
A myeloid leukemia that is characterized by over production of white blood cells.
A colitis that is predominantly confined to the mucosa located_in colon and includes characteristic ulcers, or open sores.
A disease of anatomical entity that is located_in the central nervous system or located_in the peripheral nervous system.
A connective tissue cancer that derives_from lymphatic endothelium, and derives_from spindle cells, results_in_formation_of vascular channels that fill with blood cells, has_material_basis_in Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8).
African lymphadenopathic Kaposi's sarcoma
Kaposi's sarcoma of central nervous system
Kaposi's sarcoma of conjunctiva (disorder)
Kaposi's sarcoma of gastrointestinal sites
Kaposi's sarcoma of lymph nodes (disorder)
Kaposi's sarcoma of soft tissue (disorder)
Kaposi's sarcoma of soft tissues (disorder)
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)
A specific developmental disorder that is characterized by abnormal eating habits that may involve either insufficient or excessive food intake to the detriment of an individual's physical and emotional health.
An eating disorder characterized by refusal to maintain a healthy body weight, and an obsessive fear of gaining weight due to a distorted self image.
A leukemia that is located_in myeloid tissue.
A pneumonia involving inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria.
Pneumonia due to other gram-negative bacteria
An intestinal disease that involves inflammation located_in intestine.
MESH:C536215 added from NeuroDevNet [WAK].
(Angina: [crescendo] or [unstable] or [at rest]) or (preinfarction syndrome) or (impending infarction)
Xref MGI. Update outdated UMLS CUI from C00295134 to C0033860.
An inherited metabolic disorder that involves metabolic disturbances in the processing or distribution of dietary minerals.
A syndrome that occurs in humans with psoriasis who also experience symptoms similar to arthritis.
A commensal bacterial infectious disease that is characterized by widespread erythema, peeling, and necrosis of the skin, that is caused by a toxin produced by a bacterium of the genus Staphylococcus (S. aureus). The infection has_symptoms redness of skin, has_symptom fluid-filled blister formation, has_symptom fever and has_symptom irritability.
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (disorder)
Toxic epidermal necrolysis, subcorneal type (disorder)
A skin disease that is located_in the sebaceous gland.
A myeloid leukemia that is characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells.
A parasitic protozoa infectious disease that involves infection caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. Amebic invasion of the intestinal lining causes dysentery, colitis or diarrhea. The infection can also spread through the blood to the liver and, rarely, to the lungs, brain or other organs.
A large intestine cancer that is located_in the colon and/or located_in the rectum.
A disease by infectious agent that results_in infection, has_material_basis_in Viruses.
A glucose metabolism disease characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
A diabetes mellitus that involves high blood glucose resulting from cells fail to use insulin properly.
A central nervous system disease that is located_in the brain.
A lysosomal storage disease that involves the accumulation of harmful amounts of lipids (fats) in some of the body's cells and tissues.
A myeloid neoplasm that is located_in the plasma cells in bone marrow.
A respiratory system disease which involves the upper respiratory tract.
A syndrome that is a functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits in the absence of any detectable organic cause.
A lymphoblastic leukemia that is characterized by over production of lymphoblasts.
information content entity
2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ).
A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs.
PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
An age group comprised by people 65 years of age and older.
A person who is not yet an adult. The specific cut-off age will vary by purpose.
An infant during the first month after birth.
A human who has reached reproductive age.
A juvenile between the onset of puberty and maturity; in the state of development between puberty and maturity.
Melanie Courtot and YH: More work is needed on how to restrict the scope of a term to be an 'adverse event', notably regarding temporal association. When is an appropirate time interval between a medical intervention and an adverse event observed? One week, one month, one year, or a lifetime? For some well-studied medical interventions (e.g., administration of many vaccines or drugs), we probably have a general idea. For many new interventions, we don't know much. In OAE, this issue is associated with defining the 'adverse event incubation time'.
YH: The current term 'adverse event' is different from the term definition shown in our paper: He Y, Xiang Z, Sarntivijai S, Toldo L, Ceusters W. OAE: a realism-based biomedical ontology for the representation of adverse events. Adverse Event Representation Workshop, International Conference on Biomedical Ontologies (ICBO), University at Buffalo, NY, July 26-30, 2011. Full lenghth conference proceeding paper. We made the name changing in order to make OAE cover the broader sense of the 'adverse event' which does not assume definite causal effect between an adverse event and a medical intervention. In current definition, the adverse event emphasizes the time association and assumes a likelihood of such a causal association. This term 'adverse event' is stil under the OGMS:pathological bodily process. The 'adverse event' defined in the above paper has now been changed to a new term: 'causal adverse event'. See more information in the new publication: Yongqun He Y, Sirarat Sarntivijai, Yu Lin, Zuoshuang Xiang, Abra Guo, Shelley Zhang, Desikan Jagannathan, Luca Toldo, Cui Tao and Barry Smith. OAE: The Ontology of Adverse Events. Journal of Biomedical Semantics. 2014, 5:29 doi:10.1186/2041-1480-5-29. PMID: 25093068.PMCID: PMC4120740.
YH: In development of OAE, we initially use vaccine adverse event as our use case. A vaccine adverse event is associated with a vaccination (i.e. a medical intervention), regardless of whether it is considered vaccine-related, and includes any side effect, injury, toxicity, or sensitivity reaction or significant failure of immunization (i.e., a pharmacologic action). Ref: Baylor NW and Midthum K. Regulation and testing of vaccines. In: Vaccines (Editors: Plotkin S, Orenstein W, and Offit P). 2008. p1623.
YH: There has been discussion regarding whether the term 'side effect' is an alternative term for 'adverse event'. In AERO, the term 'AERO:adverse event' represents a subset of those adverse events for which causality has been established. In OAE, an adverse event for which causality has been established is called 'causal adverse event'.
a pathological bodily process that occurs after a medical intervention. An adverse event is likely caused by the medical intervention; however, such a causal association is not required to be an adverse event.
YH: The main scope of OAE includes: (1) represent terms and relations in the area of adverse events, (2) assess possible associations between an adverse event and a medical intervention, particularly, identify any causal effect of a medical intervention to an adverse event; and (2) understand the mechanism (including molecular mechanisms) of causal adverse events.
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25093068
The OAE official website is: http://www.oae-ontology.org/.
WEB: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/HowToReport/ucm053087.htm
YH: An adverse event is a process that has specified output of some adverse medical outcome (e.g., symptom, sign or accident) after a medical intervention (or process) (e.g., administration of drug or vaccine). The medical intervention can be an administration of a drug, a vaccine (i.e., vaccination), or a special nutritional product (for example, dietary supplement, infant formula, medical food), surgery, or usage of a medical device.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_event
YH: An adverse event is possibly induced by the medical intervention. It can be caused by the medical intervention, or may not be caused by the medical intervention. One ultimate goal (or the goal in clinics) of study adverse events is to assess if the adverse event outcome is due to the medical intervention.
medical intervention is a planned process that has the goal of diagnosing, preventing or relieving illness or injury.
The act of intervening, interfering or interceding with the intent of modifying the outcome. In medicine, an intervention is usually undertaken to help treat or cure a condition. For example, "Acupuncture as a therapeutic intervention is widely practiced in the United States," Reference: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=34214 . Some interventions can be used for diagnosis.
WEB: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_medical_intervention
an adverse event that occurs after a drug administration
a medical intervention where a patient is administered with a drug
a skin discoloration AE which has an outcome of flushing, a sudden reddening of the face, neck, or upper chest
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003241.htm
a pain AE where the pain reachs an extreme level.
an adverse event that has an outcome of abnormal sign in a musculoskeletal or connective tissue.
WEB: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/msd/
musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorder AE
A musculoskeletal disorder is an injury or disorder of the muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, cartilage, or supporting structures of the upper or lower limbs, neck, or lower back that are caused, precipitated, or exacerbated by sudden exertion or prolonged exposure to physical factors such as repetition, force, vibration, or awkward posture
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_%28medical%29
a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of fatigue, which is a state of awareness describing a range of afflictions, usually associated with physical and/or mental weakness, though varying from a general state of lethargy to a specific work-induced burning sensation within one's muscles. Physical fatigue is the inability to continue functioning at the level of one's normal abilities.
CTCAE: E11098 (fatigue); CTCAE: E12709 (lethargy)
lethargy is sometimes reported as an extreme fatigue: http://the-difference-between.com/lethargy/fatigue they are sometimes regarded as synonyms: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm
a cardiac disorder AE that is characterized by a necrosis of the myocardium caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68009203
an injury and procedural complication AE which has an outcome of injury
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystagmus
Nystagmus AE is an eye AE that is a condition of involuntary eye movement, acquired in infancy or later in life, that may result in reduced or limited vision. Due to the involuntary movement of the eye, it is often called "dancing eyes".
a skin adverse event that is characterized by an uncomfortable and temporary sensation of intense body warmth, flushing, sometimes accompanied by sweating upon cooling.
an adverse event that results in the outcome of a tumor.
a respiratory system AE which has an outcome of wheezing, a high-pitched whistling sound made while breathing.
WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/wheezing/basics/definition/sym-20050764
an adverse event that occurs systematically throughout the systemic circulation. This is different from local adverse event that is limited or a certain location.
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction
metabolism, endocrine or exocrine system AE
metabolism, endocrine, and exocrine system AE
an adverse event which occurs in a metabolism process (including anabolism and catabolism), endocrine system, or exocrine system.
a sensory capability AE that resuls in an uncomfortable feeling.
a reproductive system AE that occurs on the female side.
a reproductive system AE that occurs on the male side.
a cardiovascular disorder AE that has a cardiac disorder outcome.
WEB: Primary Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/heart+disease Secondary Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23091623
a cardiovascular disorder AE that has a vascular disorder outcome
a skin adverse event that results in an inflammation of skin
a drug adverse event that is induced by aspirin.
WEB: http://www.consumerreports.org/health/prescription-drugs/aspirin/while-taking.htm
an aspirin-induced adverse event that is induced by the aspirin drug Aspidrox.
an aspirin-induced adverse event that has an outcome of nausea
an aspirin-induced adverse event that has an outcome of vomiting
an aspirin-induced adverse event that has an outcome of stomach pain
an aspirin-induced adverse event that has an outcome of heartburn
an aspirin-induced adverse event that has an outcome of rash symptom.
a drug adverse event that is caused by a drug adiministration. Here a causal effect is established between the drug administration and the adverse event.
a pathogen infection adverse event that has an outcome of a fungal infection.
a peripheral neuropathy AE which has an outcome of sensory neuropathy that involves damage to nerves of the peripheral nervous system.
a neuropathy AE that is induced by a drug administration
Tremor AE is a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of an involuntary trembling or quivering, and muscle contraction and relaxation.
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tremor.html
causal adverse drug event due to drug-drug interaction
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/drug+interaction
a causal adverse drug event that is induced by a drug-drug interaction.
causal adverse drug event due to food-drug interaction
a causal adverse drug event that is induced by a food-drug interaction.
causal adverse drug event due to genetic predisposition
a causal adverse drug event that is induced bygenetic predisposition.
a causal adverse drug event due to genetic predisposition that is specifically induced by SNP.
an adverse event that occurs in hair, skin, or nail.
a hair, skin, and nail AE that occurs in hair.
a hair, skin, and nail AE that occurs in nail.
a metabolism, endocrine, and exocrine system AE that occurs in endocrine system.
a liver, biliary, and pancreatic AE that has an outcome of hepatitis.
bradycardia AE
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradycardia
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bradycardia
a decreased heart rate AE that results in a resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minutes (BPM).
a bupropion-induced adverse event that is induced by aplenzin administration
medical intervention site AE
an adverse event that occurs in the site of a medical intervention (e.g., vaccination injection site).
medical intervention site
a site that is used for a medical intervention
a vascular disorder AE that affects the artery
a sensory capability AE that results in a sensation of elevated abdominal pressure and volume
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0003609/
a behavioral and neurological AE that results in odd dreams
a skin AE that is characterized by pimples generally on the face, chest and back, caused by clogging of the pores
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/acne
a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of acute leukopenia, or lowered white blood cell count, most commonly of neutrophils causing neutropenia in circulating blood
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001295.htm
alanine aminotransferase level abnormal AE
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139615
a liver related investigation result abnormal AE that has an outcome of an abnormal blood level of alanine aminotransferase
alanine aminotransferase level increased AE
an alanine aminotransferase level abnormal AE that has an outcome of elevated levels of alanine transaminase, an enzyme most commonly found in the liver
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942684
Aplastic anaemia AE is an anemia AE that occurs when the bone marrow, and the blood stem cells that reside there are damaged. This causes a deficiency of all three blood cell types (pancytopenia): red blood cells (anemia), white blood cells (leukopenia), and platelets (thrombocytopenia).
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23292240
a psychiatric disorder AE that has an outcome of a psychological and physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. These components combine to create an unpleasant feeling that is typically associated with uneasiness, fear, or worry.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety
a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of a disturbance that causes an individual to feel unsteady, giddy, woozy, or have a sensation of movement, spinning, or floating.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_disorder
convulsion AE is a muscle adverse event that results in a medical condition where body muscles contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly, resulting in an uncontrolled shaking of the body
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsion
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysgeusia
a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of distortion of the sense of taste
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskinesia
a movement disorder AE that has an outcome of dyskinesia
dyskinesia is a movement disorder which consists of effects including diminished voluntary movements and the presence of involuntary movements
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnoea
MedDRA: 10013968 is for "dyspnoea"; MedDRA: 10013963 is for "dyspnea".
dyspnoea AE is an abnormal respiration AE debilitating symptom that is the experience of unpleasant or uncomfortable respiratory sensations, shortness of breath, air hunger
WEB: http://www.freemd.com/eye-irritation/
eye irritation AE is an eye disorder AE that results in mild eye redness, itching, or tearing
a cardiac disorder AE of the electrical conduction system that controls the heart rate, generates and conducts electrical impulses throughout the muscle of the heart, stimulating the heart to contract and pump blood.
WEB: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8407
a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of hypoaesthesia, meaning that skin loses some of its sensitivity to pain or touch
a viral infection AE that demonstrates an influenza viral infection. Influenza is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses), that affects birds and mammals
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Coronary+Arteriosclerosis
a coronary artery disease AE with the outcome hardening of the coronary artery due to a build up of waxy plaque on the inside of blood vessels
WEB: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6199
a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of an increase in production, secretion, and shedding of tears
a muscle AE that has an outcome of muscular weakness AE (i.e., lack of muscle strength).
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_weakness
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_congestion
nasal congestion AE is a respiratory system AE that results in a blockage of the nasal passages usually due to membranes lining the nose becoming swollen from inflamed blood vessels
a respiratory system inflammation AE which has an outcome of nasopharyngitis, a respiratory system inflammation that results in common cold, a contagious, viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngitis
WEB: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/peripheralneuropathy/detail_peripheralneuropathy.htm
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy
an neuropathy AE that results in a damage to the peripheral nervous system (PNS, outside the brain and spinal cord), the vast communication network that transmits information from the brain and the spinal cord (the central nervous system) to every other part of the body.
a pain AE that has an outcome of oropharyngeal pain
oropharyngeal pain is a pain in oral airway
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropharyngeal_airway
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_media
an ear disorder AE which has an outcome of otitis media that results in inflammation of the middle ear, or middle ear infection
pharyngitis AE is a digestive system AE that results in an inflammation of the throat or pharynx
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngitis
WEB: http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/1631/
a pain AE that shows a pain in sinus and throat
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/rhinitis
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinitis
rhinitis AE is a respiratory system inflammation characterized by runny nose,irritation and inflammation of some internal areas of the nose
rhinorrhoea AE is a respiratory system AE that results in runny nose, an unusually significant amount of nasal fluid
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinorrhoea
sneezing AE is a respiratory system adverse event that results in sternutation, a semi-autonomous, convulsive expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth, usually caused by foreign particles irritating the nasal mucosa
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneezing
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia
an increased heart rate AE where the heart rate exceeds the normal range for a resting heartrate (heartrate in an inactive or sleeping individual)
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection
an infection AE is a respiratory system AE that results in illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx
a paresthesia AE that occurs in oral area.
paraesthesia oral is a paresthesia that results in a numbness or tingling that occurs in the mucosa or tissues of the oral cavity.
Fever is a frequent medical sign that describes an increase in internal body temperature to levels above normal. Fever is characterized as a temporary elevation in the body's thermoregulatory set-point, usually by about 1-2 °F).
Axelrod YK1, Diringer MN. Temperature management in acute neurologic disorders. Neurol Clin. 2008 May;26(2):585-603, xi. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2008.02.005. PMID: 18514828.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrexia
an abnormal body temperature AE which has an outcome of fever
Wick JY. Drug-induced rash: nuisance or threat? Consult Pharm. 2013 Mar;28(3):160-6. PMID: 23462025.
Drug-induced rash is the most commonly reported drug reaction.
URL: http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/common-rashes
a skin AE that shows the symptom of rash, i.e., an abnormal change in skin color, appearance, or texture. A rash may cause the skin to change color, itch, become warm, bumpy, dry, cracked or blistered, swell and may be painful.
an adverse event that has an outcome of a pathogen infection, i.e., an infection caused by a pathogen such as a virus, bacterium, or parasite.
change of name from 'infection adverse event' to 'infectious adverse event' on 09/23/13 for a better clinical relevance, move 'infection adverse event' as an alternative term - SS
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/infection
An AE that has an outcome of syndrome. Syndrome is the association of several clinically recognizable features, signs (observed by a physician), symptoms (reported by the patient), phenomena or characteristics that often occur together, so that the presence of one feature alerts the physician to the presence of the others.
a psychiatric disorder AE that has an outcome of emotional state of excitement or restlessness
injection-site AE is an AE that occurs in an injection site (e.g., during vaccination).
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=mesh&cmd=DetailsSearch&term=pruritus+generalised&log$=activity
Pruritus is an itch (Latin: pruritus), i.e., an unpleasant sensation that evokes the desire or reflex to scratch.
a skin adverse event that has an outcome of pruritus
a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of pain in a patient
a pain AE that has outcome of myalgia. Myalgia means "muscle pain" and is a symptom of many diseases and disorders.
Urticaria AE is a rash AE notable for dark red, raised, itchy bumps.
a pain AE that has an outcome of headache
I created this term and make it to be an umbrella term for different disorder terms related to respiratory system. --Oliver He
an AE that occurs in respiratory system.
a cardiovascular disorder AE that has an outcome of abnormal blood pressure, representing altered tension of the blood within the systemic arteries
a muscle adverse event which has an outcome of asthenia, which is a medical term denoting symptoms of physical weakness and loss of strength.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maculopapular_rash
The term "maculopapular" is a compound: macules are small, flat discolored spots on the surface of the skin; and papules are small, raised bumps.
A rash AE that shows a flat, red area on the skin overed with small confluent bumps.
An joint disorder AE that has an outcome of arthralgia. Arthralgia means joint pain. It is a symptom of injury, infection, illnesses (in particular arthritis) or an allergic reaction to medication. According to MeSH, the term "arthralgia" should only be used when the condition is non-inflammatory, and the term "arthritis" should be used when the condition is inflammatory.
a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of dizziness
Dizziness describes a number of subjective symptoms, which the patient may describe as feelings of lightheadedness, floating, wooziness, giddiness, confusion, disorientation or loss of balance. Medical terms include vertigo, disequilibrium, pre-syncope or syncoptic episode. Causes may stem from a variety of failures of equilibrioception, hypotension, cerebral hypoxia or a reaction to environmental chemicals or drugs.
peripheral edema AE is an edema AE that results in swelling of tissues, usually in the lower limbs, due to the accumulation of fluids
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_edema
Malaise is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an "out of sorts" feeling. Malaise is often the first indication of an infection or other disease. Vaccination may induce malaise.
a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of malaise
Somnolence (or "drowsiness") is a state of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods (c.f. hypersomnia).
a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of somnolence
Paresthesia is more generally known as the feeling of "pins and needles" or of a limb being "asleep" (although this is not directly related to the phenomenon of sleep). The manifestation of paresthesia may be transient or chronic.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraesthesia
a sensory neuropathy AE that shows a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of a person's skin with no apparent long-term physical effect.
a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of abnormal crying in a patient
a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of chills
Chills refers to feeling cold after an exposure to a cold environment. The word can also refer to an episode of shivering, accompanied by paleness and feeling cold.
WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia/basics/definition/con-20033002
a gustatory system AE which demonstrates a decreased sensation of appetite.
厌食症
face edema AE is an edema AE that results in facial swelling, the build-up of fluid in the tissues of the face. Swelling may also affect the neck and upper arms
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cough
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cough.html
an abnormal respiration AE that shows a sudden and often repetitively occurring reflex to keep the throat and airways clear
a syndrome AE that has an outcome of a flu syndrome AE and occurs after a medical intervention.
a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of loss of consciousness, fainting
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousness
Syncope is the medical term for fainting, a sudden, usually temporary, loss of consciousness.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_%28medicine%29
a skin adverse event that has an outcome of sweating
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'sweating' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 2,301 VAERS reports (1.8%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'abdominal pain' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 2,254 VAERS reports (1.8%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a pain AE that is observed in abdominal cavity
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_pain
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722707
an abnormal blood pressure AE that has an outcome of sustained high blood pressure at a level that is likely to result in cardiovascular disease and/or other pathological states
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'chest pain' was mentioned in 1,752 VAERS reports (1.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a movement disorder AE that has an outcome of twitching, an involuntary sudden movement of part of the body.
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'twitching' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,511 VAERS reports (1.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
Asthma is a common chronic lung disease. It has been defined by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute as a common chronic disorder of the airways that is complex and characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (bronchospasm), and an underlying inflammation.
a respiratory system AE which has an outcome of asthma
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'neck pain' was mentioned in 1,323 VAERS reports (1.0%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a pain AE that has an outcome of neck pain
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'back pain' was mentioned in 1,277 VAERS reports (1.0%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a pain AE that has an outcome of back pain
a hair AE that has an outcome of alopecia and occurs after a medical intervention.
alopecia means the absence of hair or loss of hair. It is not usually in reference to primary genetic hairlessness but may be due to dietary, stress, secondary to immune condition.
a nervous system AE that shows a damage to or disease affecting the nerves.
WEB: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/147963.php
WEB: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/neuropathy/article_em.htm#types_of_neuropathy
WEB: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/neuropathy/article_em.htm
Neuropathy is often classified according to the types or location of nerves that are affected. Neuropathy can also be classified according to the disease causing it. (For example, neuropathy from the effects of diabetes is called diabetic neuropathy. Ref: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/neuropathy/article_em.htm#types_of_neuropathy.
a muscle adverse event which has an outcome of hypokinesia, refering to slow or diminished movement of body musculature.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciculation
Muscle twitch AE is a twitching AE that is a small, local, involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation which may be visible under the skin.
skin discoloration AE is a skin adverse event that results in change in color of skin or mucus membranes
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'skin discoloration' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 909 VAERS reports (0.7%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of disorder in speech
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hemorrhage
a cardiovascular disorder AE that has an outcome of hemorrhage
loss of blood from the vascular compartment to the exterior or into nonvascular body space as a result of rupture or severance of the blood vessels
a musculoskeletal system AE that occurs in muscle.
an adverse event that occurs in liver, biliary, and pancreatic areas.
WEB: http://www.uchospitals.edu/online-library/content=P00670
liver, biliary, and pancreatic disorder AE
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mental+confusion
a psychiatric disorder AE that has an outcome of confusion, which is a mild form of delirium.
a musculoskeletal system AE which has an outcome of joint disorder
red blood cell sedimentation rate increased AE
Sedimentation rate is a diagnostic test for inflammation. The test measures the rate at which red blood cells fall to the bottom of a tube over time. An increased sedimentation rate corresponds to increased non-specific inflammation in the body. It is often called "sedrate" for short.
red blood cell sedimentation rate increased AE is an AE: sedimentation rate increased that has an increase in rate at which red blood cells precipitate in a period of 1 hour.
This term should be inferred to lab test abnormal.
a hematopoietic system AE which has an outcome of sedimentation rate increased
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'sedimentation rate increased' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 530 VAERS reports (0.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'dyspepsia' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 454 VAERS reports (0.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
Dyspepsia is popularly known as indigestion, meaning hard or difficult digestion. It is a medical condition characterized by chronic or recurrent pain in the upper abdomen, upper abdominal fullness and feeling full earlier than expected when eating.
an abnormal digestion AE which has an outcome of dyspepsia
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'anaphylactoid reaction' was mentioned in 452 VAERS reports (0.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22293078
an allergy AE which has an outcome of anaphylactoid reaction AE is an acute systemic (multi-system) and very severe Type I Hypersensitivity allergic reaction in humans and other mammals. Minute amounts of allergens may cause a life-threatening anaphylactic reaction.
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'gastrointestinal disorder' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 449 VAERS reports (0.3%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a digestive system AE which has an outcome of a gastrointestinal disorder
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23296107
an edema AE that has an outcome of accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'vertigo' was mentioned in 412 VAERS reports (0.3%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
Vertigo is a specific type of dizziness, a major symptom of a balance disorder. It is the sensation of spinning or swaying while the body is actually stationary with respect to the surroundings. The effects of vertigo may be slight. It can cause nausea and vomiting and, in severe cases, it may give rise to difficulties with standing and walking.
a dizziness AE that has an outcome of vertigo
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cardiac+arrest
a cardiac disorder AE that has an outcome of heartarrest, the abrupt cessation of normal circulation of the blood due to failure of the heart to contract effectively during systole.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction
a respiratory system inflammation AE which has an outcome of bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the air passages within the lungs. It occurs when the trachea (windpipe) and the large and small bronchi (airways) within the lungs become inflamed because of infection or other causes.
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hepatic+function
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'liver function tests abnormal' was mentioned in 717 VAERS reports (0.6%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a liver related investigation result abnormal AE which shows an abnormal test result in a liver function test, indicating aberrant function of liver.
an infection AE that results in detrimental colonization of a host organism by virus
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_infection
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'jaundice' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 317 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a liver/biliary system AE which has an outcome of jaundice, which is the clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, with deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'eye pain' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 316 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a pain AE that has an outcome of eye pain
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpitations
a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of palpitation
A palpitation is an abnormal awareness of the beating of the heart, whether it is too slow, too fast, irregular, or at its normal frequency.
WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hives-and-angioedema/basics/definition/con-20014815
an edema AE which has an outcome of angioedema
Angioedema is the rapid swelling (edema) of the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, mucosa and submucosal tissues often around the eyes and lips. It is very similar to urticaria, but urticaria, commonly known as hives, occurs in the upper dermis.
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'immune system disorder' was mentioned in 292 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'migraine'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 267 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a headache AE that has an outcome of migraine
A migraine is a very painful type of headache. People who get migraines often describe the pain as pulsing or throbbing in one area of the head. During migraines, people are very sensitive to light and sound. They may also become nauseated and vomit.
a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of amnesia in a patient
Amnesia is a short term memory condition in which memory is disturbed. In simple terms it is the loss of memory.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_infection
an infection AE that results in detrimental colonization of a host organism by bacteria
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'skin striae'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 247 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a skin adverse event that has an outcome of skin striae that displays irregular areas of skin that look like bands, stripes, or lines. Striae are seen when a person grows or gains weight rapidly or has certain diseases or conditions.
a syndrome AE that has an outcome of an acute brain syndrome AE and occurs after a medical intervention.
a muscle adverse event which has an outcome of hyperkinesia, an abnormal increase in muscular activity.
an AE that occurs in cardiovascular system.
a nervous system AE which has an outcome of encephalopathy, which is disorder or disease of the brain.
a urinary system AE that has an outcome of urine abnormality AE
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'gastroenteritis' was mentioned in 218 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gastroenteritis
a gastrointestinal disorder AE which has an outcome of gastroenteritis, an inflammation occuring in the gastrointestinal tract that involves both the stomach and the small intestine, often results in diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain and cramping
a urinary system AE that has an outcome of urnary tract infection AE
WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/basics/definition/con-20032977
a psychiatric disorder AE that has an outcome of depression. Depression causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest.
a glucose homeostasis AE which has an outcome of diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus, often referred to simply as diabetes, is a syndrome of disordered metabolism, usually due to a combination of hereditary and environmental causes, resulting in abnormally high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia).
a muscle spasm AE which has an outcome of generalized spasm, which is an involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL) or smooth muscle (MUSCLE, SMOOTH).
a digestive system AE which has an outcome of dry mouth, which is dryness of the mouth resulting from reduced salivary secretion
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'dry mouth'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 171 VAERS reports (0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
Epistaxis is the relatively common occurrence of hemorrhage from the nose, usually noticed when the blood drains out through the nostrils.
a hemorrhage AE that has an outcome of epistaxis
WEB: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/lupus/
a syndrome AE that displays a lupus syndrome. Lupus is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks normal, healthy tissue. This results in symptoms such as inflammation, swelling, and damage to joints, skin, kidneys, blood, the heart, and lungs.
A hallucination, in the broadest sense, is a perception in the absence of a stimulus. In a stricter sense, hallucinations are defined as perceptions in a conscious and awake state in the absence of external stimuli which have qualities of real perception, in that they are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space.
a psychiatric disorder AE that has an outcome of hallucination
a pain AE that has an outcome of neuralgia
Neuralgia or neuropathic pain can be defined most simply as non-nociceptive pain. Neuralgia is pain produced by a change in neurological structure or function. Unlike nociceptive pain, Neuralgia exists with no continuous nociceptive input. Neuralgia falls into two categories: central Neuralgia and peripheral Neuralgia.
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'neuralgia'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 155 VAERS reports (0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a musculoskeletal system AE that occurs in the bone
a muscle adverse event which has an outcome of muscle spasm, which is an involuntary and often painful muscle contraction or cramps having a number of causes ranging from nutritional deficiency to serious nervous system conditions
a connective tissue disorder AE that occurs at the location of tendon
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'tendon disorder'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 137 VAERS reports (0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension.
Tendon disorder is a medical condition that results in a tendon not functioning normally.
a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of hostility
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment
an eye disorder AE which has an outcome of visual field defect
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'abnormal stools' was mentioned in 111 VAERS reports (<0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a digestive system AE which has an outcome of abnormal stool
a pain AE that has an outcome of bone pain
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'bone pain' was mentioned in 109 VAERS reports (<0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
Flatulence is the production of a mixture of gases in the digestive tract of mammals or other animals that are byproducts of the digestion process. Such a mixture of gases is known as flatus, and is expelled from the rectum in a process colloquially referred to as "passing gas" or "farting".
a movement disorder AE that has an outcome of flatulence
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'flatulence' was mentioned in 102 VAERS reports (<0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a physical examination result abnormal AE that has an outcome of weight loss, which is the progressive reduction of body weight below normal average for age
a movement disorder AE that has an outcome of ataxia, inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'ataxia' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 555 VAERS reports (0.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
WEB: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/skin+disorder
a hair, skin, and nail AE that occurs in skin.
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224774
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'abnormal gait' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 998 VAERS reports (0.8%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a movement disorder AE that has an outcome of unusual or distinctive way of walking
an abnormal fluid regulation AE which has an outcome of dehydration, which is an excessive water loss from the body or from an organ or bodily part
a homeostasis AE which has an outcome of abnormal fluid regulation, which is any anomaly in the control of intracellular and/or extracellular fluid
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperglycemia
a glucose homeostasis AE which has an outcome of hyperglycemia, which is an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood; generally refers to a pathological state
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001586/
a hematopoietic system AE which has an outcome of anemia, which is less than normal levels of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin within red blood cells, or volume of packed red blood cells in the bloodstream, resulting in insufficient oxygenation of tissues and organs
an abnormal blood pressure AE that has an outcome of sustained low blood pressure at a level that is likely to result in cardiovascular disease and/or other pathological states
blood pressure decreased, low blood pressure
electrolyte blood test abnormal AE
an electrolyte lab test abnormal AE that shows an abnormal level of an electrolyte in the blood
a digestive system AE which has an outcome of abnormal digestion, which is an altered ability of the mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic processes of the body to convert ingested food into material suitable for assimilation for synthesis of tissues or liberation of energy
an AE that occurs in the homeostasis system.
anomaly in the processes involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of various functions and chemical or protein composition of the fluids and tissues
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedema
an abnormal fluid regulation AE which has an outcome of edema, which is an accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells or intercellular tissues
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swelling_(medical)
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation
an immune system disorder AE that results in complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli as well as initiate the healing process for the tissue greater than expected response to injury, infection, or insult.
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'encephalitis' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 480 VAERS reports (0.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
an inflammation AE which has an outcome of brain inflammation, which is local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the brain
an eye disorder AE which has an outcome of eye inflammation, which is local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the eye
an eye inflammation AE which has an outcome of conjunctivitis, which is inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the front of the eyeball
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'hepatitis' was mentioned in 387 VAERS reports (0.3%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
an inflammation AE that shows a local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the liver
an inflammation AE which occurs in the respiratory system, which is reflected with the local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the respiratory system
an inflammation AE that has an outcome of vasculitis, which is an inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'sinusitis'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 298 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusitis
a respiratory system inflammation AE which has an outcome of sinus inflammation, an inflammation of paranasal sinuses, which may be due to infection, allergy, or autoimmune issues.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy
a hypersensitivity AE which results in an allergic response showing a marked increase in reactivity to an antigen upon subsequent exposure.
URL: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/nervous_system_disorders/overview_of_nervous_system_disorders_85,P00799/
Not sure if it is same as respiratory system disorder or abnormal respiration. --Oliver He
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'respiratory disorder' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 556 VAERS reports (0.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a respiratory system AE which has an outcome of abnormal respiration, an anomaly in the movement of gases into and out of the lung
MedDRA: 10002974 is for "apnoea"; MedDRA: 10002972 is for "apnea".
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'apnea' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,618 VAERS reports (1.3%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/apnea
an abnormal respiration AE which has an outcome of apnea, temporary cessation of breathing; sometimes episodic
an adverse event that occurs in a gustatory system
an abnormal vision AE which has an outcome of blindness, which is loss of the sense of sight
an eye disorder AE which has an outcome of abnormal vision, which is an inability or decreased ability to see
WEB: http://www.healthline.com/symptom/seizures
a behavior and neurological AE that shows a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain.
WEB: http://www.psychguides.com/guides/behavioral-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-effects/
an adverse event that has an outcome of an abnormal behavior and neurological phenotype.
any anomaly in the actions, reactions, or performance of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli compared to controls
a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of altered ability to coordinate voluntary movement or repetitive, compulsive movements
a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of inability or altered ability to respond to a sensory stimulus
a homeostasis AE which has an outcome of glucose homeostasis, which is an anomaly in the processes involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose in the fluids and tissues
Hypersensitivity AE is a immune system AE that is a set of undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. These reactions may be damaging, uncomfortable, or occasionally fatal.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitivity
an adverse event which occurs in a hematopoietic system, which is any structural or developmental anomaly of the blood cells or the organs associated with the development and formation of blood cells
an arrhythmia AE that has an outcome of greater than average resting heart beats per minute, usually measured by the number of times the heart ventricles contract per unit of time, usually per minute
An joint disorder AE that has an outcome of joint inflammation, which is local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the joints
increased circulating alkaline phosphatase level AE
an abnormal enzyme level AE which has an outcome of increased circulating alkaline phophatase level, which is an elevated activity of this enzyme, which hydrolyzes orthophosphoric monoesters, found in the blood
A joint inflammation AE that has an outcome of arthritis, marked by changes in the synovial membranes and thickening of articular structures, widespread degeneration of the collagen fibers in connective tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures
a hematopoietic system AE which has an outcome of decreased platelet count, which is fewer than the normal numbers of the non-nucleated cells found in the blood and involved in blood coagulation
an abnormal digestion AE which has an outcome of nausea, a gastric discomfort associated with the inclination to vomit
an abnormal digestion AE which has an outcome of vomiting, the retrograde expulsion of gastric contents through the oral cavity
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'constipation'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 242 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
an abnormal defecation AE that has an outcome of constipation, which is incomplete, infrequent or difficult evacuation of fecal matter
a digestive system AE that has an outcome of abnormal defecation, an anomaly in the production and excretion of feces
an hearing disorder AE that shows a persistent sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, or other noises in the ear
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stomatitis
a digestive system AE which has an outcome of stomatitis, which is an inflammation of the mucous lining of the mouth
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'mouth ulceration' was mentioned in 246 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
a digestive system AE which has an outcome of mouth mucosal ulceration, which is lesions through the mucous membrane of the mouth, usually associated with loss of tissue
a muscle adverse event AE that has an outcome of abnormal muscle tone, which is an anomaly in the resting tautness or laxity of a muscle, normally somewhere in the middle of the range between total contraction and total relaxation
an abnormal muscle tone AE which has an outcome of hypertonia, which is increased muscle tension resulting in stiffness of the muscles in the resting state
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diarrhea
an abnormal defecation AE that has an outcome of diarrhea, which is abnormally frequent discharge of semi-solid or fluid fecal matter from the bowel
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hypoxia
a homeostasis AE which has an outcome of hypoxia, which is a reduced concentration of O2 in the blood, alveoli or other tissues resulting in the decreased pressure of this component of body gases
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'sepsis' was mentioned in 416 VAERS reports (0.3%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543).
an infectious adverse event which has an outcome of the presence of various pathogenic organisms, or their toxins, in the blood or tissues that results in the infections in blood stream.
WEB: http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/hematuria/
a urinary system AE that results in the presence of blood in the urine
UMLS CUI: C0018965 (hematuria AND haematuria); UMLS CUI: C0947999 (blood urine presence)
Hematuria AE can be caused by menstruation, vigorous exercise, sexual activity, viral illness, trauma, or infection, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI), along with more serious disorders such as cancer, disease, and clotting.
a homeostasis AE which has an outcome of abnormal enzyme level, which is an altered level of any enzyme or their cofactors, that act as catalysts to induce chemical changes in other substances
an arrhythmia AE that has an outcome of fewer than average resting heart beats per minute, usually measured by the number of times the heart ventricles contract per unit of time, usually per minute
an adverse event that has an outcome of urinary system AE is a functional anomaly of any of the organs involved in the production or excretion of urine
a homeostasis AE whic has an outcome of abnomal body temperature, which is a deviation in the level of heat natural to a living being
a peripheral neuropathy AE which has an outcome of neuritis, the local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the brain and/or spinal cord
investigation result abnormal AE
This term is used to replace 'lab test abnormal AE'. The reason for this is that some test, like X-ray test, is not considered by many physicians as a lab test. Therefore, we have used this new term to cover a broader scope. All terms asserted under this term represent the investigation results without defined conclusion of disease.
an adverse event that is indicated by an abnormal result of an investigation that uses some laboratory equipment, device, or medical technology.
Musculoskeletal pain is pain that affects the muscles, ligaments and tendons, along with the bones.
WEB: http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/guide/musculoskeletal-pain
a pain AE that has an outcome of musculoskeletal pain
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/erythema
injection-site erythema AE is an erythema AE that results in redness of skin, caused by hyperermia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin at the physical area of injection
Erythema AE is a skin adverse event that showns redness of the skin caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin.
an inflammation AE that occurs in the lung. It is often characterized as including inflammation of the parenchyma of the lung (that is, the alveoli) and abnormal alveolar filling with fluid (consolidation and exudation).
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia
an cardiovascular adverse event that is a collection of blood outside the blood vessels, generally the result of hemorrhage, or more specifically, internal bleeding. It is commonly called a bruise.
YH: MedDRA ID: 10018852 is for "haematoma"; MedDRA ID: 10019428 is for "hematoma".
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematoma
CTCAE: E13775 (hematoma); CTCAE: E11666 (brruising)
NCIt: C37921 (Bruising); NCIt: C50579 (Hematoma)
reproductive system AE is an AE that occurs in the reproductive system.
WEB: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/
a cardiac disorder AE which has an outcome of abnormal heart rhythm
periorbial edema AE is an edema AE that has an outcome of swelling around the eye.
Periorbital puffiness, also known as "puffy eyes" or swelling around the eyes, refers to the appearance of swelling in the tissues around the eyes, called the orbits.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periorbital_puffiness
MedDRA: 10034545 is for "periorbital edema"; MedDRA: 10054541 is for "periorbital oedema"
a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of a sensation feeling of foreign body
a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of a sensation feeling of heaviness
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcer_%28dermatology%29
a skin AE that shows a result of skin ulcer, i.e., a sore on the skin or a mucous membrane, accompanied by the disintegration of tissue. Ulcers can result in complete loss of the epidermis and often portions of the dermis and even subcutaneous fat.
a cardiovascular disorder AE which has an outcome of vasodilatation, which refers to the widening of blood vessels resulting from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, particularly in the large arteries, smaller arterioles and large veins.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation
blood alkaline phosphatase level abnormal AE
a liver related investigation result abnormal AE that has an outcome of an abnormal level of alkaline phosphatase in the blood
a blood alkaline phosphatase abnormal AE that has an outcome of elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups. a liver/biliary system AE that has an outcome of an increased amount of ALP, an isoenzyme that removes phosphate groups commonly found in the bile ducts but also found in the bone
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/alkaline+phosphatase
a liver related investigation result abnormal AE that has an outcome of an abnormal amount of bilirubin in the blood
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bilirubin
a blood bilirubin level abnormal AE with an outcome of a increased amount of bilirubin, or a yellow breakdown product (broken down hemoglobin) of normal heme catabolism, in the blood
WEB: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4243
A physical quality that has an decreased level of magnesium, a mineral involved in nerve signaling and bone health. Deficiency can cause spasms, and muscular cramps.
a physical quality where the blood potassium level is decreased.
WEB: http://www.drugs.com/condition/bone-marrow-depression-low-blood-counts.html
WEB: http://en.diagnosispro.com/differential_diagnosis-for/bx-bone-marrow-biopsy-hypocellular/29777-154.html
Bone marrow produces three types of blood cells; red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Bone marrow depression is characterized by an inability or reduced ability of the bone marrow to produce these cells. A low blood count can involve just one or all three types of blood cells.
a bone marrow disorder AE that has an outcome of an abnormal condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce normal amounts of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of disease in the bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside of some bones that contain stem cells that can develop into red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonemarrowdiseases.html
an edema AE that has an outcome of edema or swelling of the extravascular compartment from uptake of water in the gray and white matter
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cerebral+edema
a pain AE that results in pain in the breast
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21979747
a reproductive system AE that has an outcome of pain or discomfort in the breast, may be caused by small benign tumors
a sensory capability AE that results in a feeling of burning
a cardiovascular disorder AE that results in the inability of the heart to provide sufficient pump action to distribute blood flow to meet the needs of the body
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cardiac+failure
WEB: Primary Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/congestive+heart+failure Secondary Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676684
a cardiovascular disorder AE that results in an inability of the heart to provide sufficient pump action to distribute blood flow to meet the needs of the body
WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiomyopathy
a cardiovascular disorder AE that has an outcome of deterioration of the function of the myocardium, usually leads to heart failure
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cardiomyopathy
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cataract
a eye disorder AE that results in cloudiness that develops in the eye
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chest+pain
a discomfort AE that has an outcome of pain in the chest
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002112/
an inflammation AE that occurs at the large intestine
an adverse event that has an outcome of disease in the biological tissue that supports, binds together and protects organs
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/connective+tissue+disease
a behavior and neurological AE that results in a loss of coordination
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cytomegalovirusinfections.html
a viral infection AE that is caused by cytomegalovirus
an adverse event that has an outcome of a decreased amount of the drug excreted by the body
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/drug+clearance
an adverse drug event that results in the development of a dependence on the drug
a skin AE that has an outcome of a range of adverse drugs reactions of the skin, most commonly rashes resembling measles
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/drug+eruption
a drug AE that has an outcome of lower threshold to the normal pharmacologic action of a drug
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/drug+intolerance
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/withdrawal
an adverse event that results in symptoms that occur after the discontinuation of the use of a certain drug
a skin AE that is characterized by epidermis that lacks moisture, has an outcome of fine lines, scaling and itching
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dry+skin
a duodenum AE that has an outcome of a peptic ulcer, or a defect in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, located in the duodenum
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001255/
a speech disorder AE that results in disorders of voice
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dysphonia
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dysuria
Dysuria AE is an urinary system AE that results in painful urination
WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/eosinophilia/MY00399
a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of higher than normal levels of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction
a male reproductive system AE that results in the inability to develop/maintain an erection of penis
a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of patient falling
a neutropenia AE, generally a complication of chemotherapy, that has an outcome of an abnormally low neutrophil granulocyte count, accompanied by fever
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23303687
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001826/
a skin AE with the outcome disease involving of one more more hair follicles, commonly displays rash, itching and pustules near the hair follicles
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/forced+expiratory+volume
a respiratory system AE that has an outcome of a decreased volume of air expired from the lungs
a bone disorder AE that has an outcome of complete or incomplete break in a bone resulting from the application of excessive force
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Fractures
an adverse event induced by administration of a bupropion drug
a gastrointestinal disorder AE that has an outcome of poison affecting the stomach and/or intestinal tracts, often accompanied by abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting
WEB: http://www.theodora.com/drugs/valcyte_tablets_roche_laboratories.html
a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of a marked decrease in number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell filled with microscopic granules that are little sacs containing enzymes that digest microorganisms
WEB: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8817
a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of toxins that destroy red blood cells, disrupt blood clotting, and/or cause organ degeneration and generalized tissue damage
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Hair+growth
a hair AE that has an outcome of abnormal growth of facial or body hair
a blood potassium abnormal AE that has a lab test outcome of an abnormally increased concentration of potassium in blood
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperkalemia
a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of high blood levels of triglycerides, abundant fatty molecules
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hypertriglyceridemia
an arthritis AE that has an outcome of uric acid building up in blood and causes joint inflammation
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001459/
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hypoglycemia
a glucose homeostasis AE that results in a abnormally diminished content of glucose in the blood
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Hypomagnesaemia
a blood magnesium abnormal AE that has an outcome of an abnormal concentration of magnesium in the blood plasma, and may cause nausea, weakness and tremors.
a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of abnormally low phosphate levels, can present with muscle dysfunction, white cell dysfunction, pulp chambers and mental status changes
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hypophosphatemia
an endocrine system AE with the outcome of the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001393/
immunosuppressant drug level decreased AE
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Immunosuppresant
a drug adverse event that has an outcome of decreased levels of immunosuppressant drugs in the patient's body
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/wound+healing
an injury AE that has an outcome of impairment to the process of restoring a state of soundness to any interupption in the continuity of external surfaces of the body
a pain AE that has an outcome of pain at the site of an implant
an adverse drug event that results in the intentional use of a drug in the wrong way (recreationally etc)
Behavior and Neurological AE that results in the patient being easily annoyed/irritated
a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of a lower than normal number of leukocytes, or nucleated cells of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages, found in blood or other tissue
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2154209/
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695750/
a psychiatric disorder AE that results in a disorder in the patient's desire for sexual interaction
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/liverdiseases.html
Liver/biliary system AE that results in the disease of the liver
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8142/
an infection AE that has an outcome of infection in the lower respiratory tract, includes pneumonea as well as lung abscess and acute bronchitis
a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of reduction in the number of lymphocytes in the blood
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lymphopenia
an arterial disorder AE that resuts in arteries that supply blood to heart muscle become hardened and narrowed.
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronaryarterydisease.html
Behavior and Neurological AE that results in the loss of memory
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/impaired+memory
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aseptic+meningitis
a brain inflammation AE that results in the layers lining the brain becoming inflamed, not due to pygonenic bacteria
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0014910/
Female Reproductive System AE that results in abnormally heavy and prolonged menstrual period
Urinary System AE that is characterized by uterine bleeding at irregular intervals
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/metrorrhagia
a digestive system AE that has an outcome of sores or open lesions in the mouth
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001448.htm
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/musclecramps.html
a muscle contraction AE that has an outcome of painful sensations, associated with muscle fatigue and low sodium/potassium
a muscle enzyme level abnormal AE that results in an increased level of muscle enzyme
WEB: http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/nail-disorders-000116.htm
a bone disorder AE, most commonly fungal infection, that is characterized by discoloration, painful swelling, pits, lesions and brown bands
a neutropenia AE that compromises the immune system where the number of neutrophil granulocytes, a type of white blood cell, is abnormally low. A neutropenia makes body vulnerable to bacterial and fungal infections.
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/neutropenia
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16422468
a nail disorder AE that results in the nail separating from the nail bed starting at distal or lateral attachment
WEB: http://www.medicinenet.com/thrush/article.htm
a digestive system AE that has an outcome of a fungal infection located in the mouth caused by the candida fungus
palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome AE
YH: MedDRA: 10033553 is for "palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome"; MedDRA: 10054524 is for "palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome".
WEB: http://news.cancerconnect.com/hand-foot-syndrome-palmar-plantar-erythrodysesthesia/
palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome AE
a skin AE generally caused by chemotherapy that is characterized by the palms and soles becoming red, swollen, numb and the skin peeling.
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pancytopenia
Hematopoietic System AE that results in a reduction in the amount of red and white blood cells and platelets in blood
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110902/
a cardiac disorder AE that has an outcome of abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity
a hemorrhage AE that has an outcome of tiny pinpoint red dots that form due to broken blood vessels under the skin
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003235.htm
a skin AE that shows a cutaneous disease as a result of sun allergy and may be induced by different triggers such as a chemical.
WEB: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049648-overview
MedDRA: 10034972 and UMLS CUI: C0162830 are for "photosensitivity reaction"; MedDRA: 10034966 and UMLS CUI: C0349506 are for "photosensitivity".
WEB: http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/sunlight-and-skin-damage/photosensitivity-reactions
atrioventricular block AE
WEB: http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=10751
a conduction system disorder AE that refers to partial or complete block of electrical impulses originating in the atrium or sinus node, preventing them from reaching the AV node and ventricles
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/prinzmetal+angina
a coronary artery disorder AE that results in cardiac pain at rest that occurs in cycles
a prothrombin level abnormal AE that is characterized by a decrease in level of prothrombin in body
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/prothrombin
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/crackles
a respiratory system AE that has an outcome of clicking, rattling or crackling noises made by one or both lungs during inhalation
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003644.htm
a red blood cell count abnormal AE that has an outcome of a decrease in red blood cells
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/renal+failure
a kidney disorder AE that results in kidneys failing to adequately filter toxins and waste from the blood
a skin AE that has an outcome of darkening in an area of skin or nails caused by increased melanin
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperpigmentation
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/skin+infection
a skin AE that has an outcome of infection. Can be bacterial, fungal, parasitic or viral
a skin AE that has an outcome of exposure of skin to nonspecific irritants or from the action of specific allergens
WEB: http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Skin+Reactions
a behavior and neurological AE that results in irregular sleep patterns
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sleep+disorder
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003276.htm
an immune system disorder AE that has an outcome of a larger-than-normal spleen, affects blood filtration
a tachycardia AE that has an outcome of rapid heart rhythm originating at or above the atrioventricular node
WEB: Primary Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001235/ Secondary Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23233691
a hematopoietic system AE that has an outcome of decrease in platelets in the blood
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000586.htm
an abnormal vision AE that results in unclear vision
WEB: Primary Source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm Secondary Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23111613
a physical examination result abnormal AE that shows an increase (gain) in weight of a patient
WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/osteoporosis/DS00128
A bone disorder AE that has an outcome of the weakening or brittle bone
joint pain AE
nasal discomfort AE is a respiratory system AE that shows a discomfort from the nose
electrolyte lab test abnormal AE
an investigation result abnormal AE that involves an abnormal electrolyte value
blood phosphorus abnormal AE
an electrolyte lab test abnormal AE that shows an abnormal blood phosphorus level
blood potassium abnormal AE
an electrolyte lab test abnormal AE that results in an abnormal level of potassium in the blood
blood potassium increased
a physical quality where the blood potassium level is increased.
blood magnesium abnormal AE
an electrolyte lab test abnormal AE that results in an abnormal level of magnesium in the blood
lipid analysis result abnormal AE
an investigation result abnormal AE that involves an abnormal result of a lipid analyses
blood cholesterol abnormal AE
a lipid analysis result abnormal AE that results in an abnormal blood cholesterol level
physical examination result abnormal AE
an investigation result abnormal AE resulting from an abnormal physical examination finding
enzyme investigation result abnormal AE
an investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal result of an enzyme investigation
hematology investigation result abnormal AE
an investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal result of a hematology investigation
red blood cell profile abnormal AE
a hematology investigation result abnormal AE that results in an abnormal red blood cell profile
muscle enzyme level abnormal AE
an enzyme investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal muscle enzyme level
liver related investigation result abnormal AE
an investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal liver related investigation result
aspartate aminotransferase level abnormal AE
a liver related investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal aspartate aminotransferase level
prothrombin level abnormal AE
a hematology investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal prothrombin level
red blood cell count abnormal AE
a red blood cell profile abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal red blood cell count
platelet count abnormal AE
a hematology investigation result abnormal AE that is characterized by an abnormal platelet count
an embolism disorder AE that is a result of an obstruction in a cardiac vessel due to a blood clot or other foreign matters
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Heart+embolism
WEB: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/embolism
a vascular disorder AE that is characterized by an obstruction in a blood vessel due to a blood clot or other foreign matter that gets stuck while traveling through the bloodstream.
severity of adverse event
a process quality that represents the level of severity of an adverse event.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder
a behavior and neurological AE that has an outcome of a mental illness or psychiatiric disorder. The mental illness is a mental or behavioral pattern or anomaly that causes either suffering or an impaired ability to function in ordinary life (disability), and which is not developmentally or socially normative.
mental disorder AE
AE severity G1
a severity of AE that shows asymptomatic, or involves mild or minor symptoms, or is of marginal clinical relevance, or consists of clinical or diagnostic observations alone, or where intervention is not indicated, or where only non-prescription intervention is indicated.
Note the AE severity Grade 1 equals to CTCAE G1 AE severity.
Web: http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/ctcae.owl#Grade_1_Adverse_Event
AE severity G2
a severity of AE for which only minimal, local, or noninvasive intervention (e.g. packing, cautery) is indicated, or that limits instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs, e.g., shopping, laundry, transportation, or ability to conduct finances).
Note the AE severity Grade 2 equals to CTCAE G2 AE severity.
Web: http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/ctcae.owl#Grade_2_Adverse_Event
AE severity G3
Web: http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/ctcae.owl#Grade_3_Adverse_Event
Note the AE severity Grade 3 equals to CTCAE G3 AE severity.
a severity of AE that shows an outcome which is medically significant but not life-threatening; or for which inpatient care or prolongation of hospitalization are indicated; or that is an important medical event that does not result in hospitalization, but may jeopardize the patient or may require intervention either to prevent hospitalization, to prevent the AE from becoming life-threatening or causing death; or that is disabling; or that results in persistent or significant disability, incapacity, or limitation of self care activities of daily living (ADLs, getting in and out of bed, dressing, eating, getting around inside, bathing, or using the toilet).
AE severity G4
Web: http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/ctcae.owl#Grade_4_Adverse_Event
a severity of AE that has life-threatening consequences, for which urgent intervention is indicated, that puts the patient is at risk of death at the time of the event if immediate intervention is not undertaken, or that causes blindness or deafness (need to decide if unilateral or bilateral).
Note the AE severity Grade 4 equals to CTCAE G4 AE severity.
AE severity G5
Note the AE severity Grade 5 equals to CTCAE G5 AE severity.
Web: http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/ctcae.owl#Grade_5_Adverse_Event
gastric disorder AE
a gastrointestinal disorder AE that shows a problem with the stomach, ranging from indigestion and heartburn to peptic ulcers and GERD.
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stomachdisorders.html
numbness AE
WEB: http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/numbness/basics/definition/sym-20050938
a sensory capability AE that has an outcome of numbness, a loss of sensation of feeling in a part of the body.
Urgent urination AE is a urinary system AE that has an outcome of a sudden, compelling urge to urinate, along with discomfort in the bladder.
WEB: http://sideeffects.embl.de/se/C0085606/
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003140.htm
This term appears to be a synonym to the 'renal failure AE'.
Renal dysfunction AE is a kidney AE that has an outcome of reduced capacity to excrete metabolic products which accumulate systemically and are detectable clinicopathologically by renal function tests. The early stage of uremia.
pelvic pain AE
Pelvic pain AE is a pain AE that occurs in the lower abdomen area. The pain might be steady, or it might come and go. If the pain is severe, it might get in the way of people's daily activities.
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pelvicpain.html
Heartburn AE is a gastric disorder AE that also known as pyrosis, cardialgia, or acid indigestion. It's a burning sensation in the chest, just behind the breastbone or in the epigastrium, the upper central abdomen. The pain often rises in the chest and may radiate to the neck, throat, or angle of the jaw.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartburn
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturia
Nocturia AE is a urine abnormality AE that is defined by the International Continence Society as “the complaint that the individual has to wake at night one or more times for voiding”.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_sweats
Night sweat is a sweating AE that is the occurrence of excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis and focal hyperhidrosis) during sleep. The sufferer may or may not also suffer from excessive perspiration while awake.
Increased appetite AE is a gustatory system AE that is when people want to eat much more often or in larger quantities than their body requires.
WEB: http://www.healthline.com/symptom/increased-appetite
Loose stools AE is a abnormal stool AE that is usually a form of diarrhea and many conditions causing loose stool will be listed under diarrhea. It may also be related to watery stool (also within the spectrum of diarrhea).
WEB: http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/sym/loose_stool.htm
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throat_irritation
Throat irritation AE is a discomfort AE that refers to a dry cough, a scratchy feeling at the back of the throat, or a sensation of a lumpy feeling or something stuck at the back of the throat.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia AE is a tachycardia AE that is a type of tachycardia, or a rapid heart beat that arises from improper electrical activity of the heart presenting as a rapid heart rhythm, that starts in the bottom chambers of the heart, called the ventricles.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akathisia
Akathisia AE is a behavior and neurological AE that is a movement disorder characterized by a feeling of inner restlessness and a compelling need to be in constant motion, as well as by actions such as rocking while standing or sitting, lifting the feet as if marching on the spot, and crossing and uncrossing the legs while sitting. People with akathisia are unable to sit or keep still, complain of restlessness, fidget, rock from foot to foot, and pace.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_on_probing
Gingival bleeding AE is a hemorrhage AE that is a term used by dentists and dental hygienists when referring to bleeding that is induced by gentle manipulation of the tissue at the depth of the gingival sulcus, or interface between the gingiva and a tooth. Bleeding on probing, often abbreviated BOP, is a sign of inflammation and indicates some sort of destruction and erosion to the lining of the sulcus or the ulceration of sulcular epithelium. The blood comes from lamina propria after the ulceration of the lining.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex
a herpes viral infection AE tha is caused by both Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2).
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia
Hypercholesteremia AE is a blood cholesterol abnormal AE that is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingival_enlargement
Gum hypertrophy AE is a digestive system AE that is an increase in the size of the gingiva (gums). It is a common feature of gingival disease. Gingival enlargement can be caused by a number of factors, including inflammatory conditions and the side effects of certain medications.
Extrapyramidal syndrome AE is a nervous system AE that is drug induced movement disorders which include acute and tardive symptoms.
vertebral body outside the beam syndrome AE
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapyramidal_symptoms
WEB: https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100823074826AAcg7WV
an electrolyte lab test abnormal AE that is when the kidneys hold on to more sodium and do not excrete it with the kidneys. This tends to expand the blood volume, which can elevate the blood pressure.
Nervousness AE is a behavior and neurological AE that shows an uneasy psychological state which including anxiety, neurosis, neuroticism, and worry, etc.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervousness
Irritation is a behavior and neurological AE that is a state of inflammation or painful reaction to allergy or cell-lining damage.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritation
limb discomfort AE
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension AE is a hypotension AE that is a form of hypotension in which a person's blood pressure falls when suddenly standing up or stretching. In medical terms, it is defined as a fall in systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mm Hg when a person assumes a standing position.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis
an allergy AE that shows a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death. It typically causes a number of symptoms including an itchy rash, throat swelling, and low blood pressure. Common causes include insect bites and stings, foods, and medications.
angina AE
a chest pain that is caused when your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood.
WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23016723
Hearing disorder AE is an ear disorder that shows impairment of the sense of hearing.
Muscle function disorder AE is a muscle AE that shows muscle function disorder.
Accidental injury AE is an injury AE that shows accidedntal injury.
Abnormal ejaculation AE is a male reproductive system AE that shows abnormal ejaculation.
Gastrointestinal cramp AE is a muscle spasm AE that shows abnormal contractions of the gastrointestinal muscles.
Bitter taste of mouth AE is a digestive system AE that is not from a bitter substance is a distorted sense of taste. A persistent bad taste in the mouth, whether bitter, metallic or foul, is called dysgeusia.
WEB: http://www.healthgrades.com/symptoms/bitter-taste-in-mouth
Dreaminess AE is a sleep disorder AE that shows dreaminess in the sleeping.
lower extremity edema caused by blood vessels AE
Lower extremity edema caused by blood vessels AE is an edema AE that shows excess fluid accumalated in the leg dut to blood vessels.
Leg cramp AE is a muscle cramp AE that shows tightening, or spasms, of the muscles in the legs.
a sleep disorder AE in which there is an inability to fall asleep or to stay asleep as long as desired.
WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia
Insomnia is a symptom of a sleeping disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity. Insomnia is a symptom, not a stand-alone diagnosis or a disease.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsades_de_pointes
Torsades de pointes AE is a ventricular tachycardia AE that is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that exhibits distinct characteristics on the electrocardiogram.
anesthetic complication AE
WEB: https://www.dha.gov.ae/EN/Facilities/Hospitals/RashidHospital/SpecializedMedicalService/ClinicalServices/Anesthesiologyandinterventionalpain/pages/sideeffects.aspx
an adverse drug event that results in unexpected and unwanted events due to anesthetic drug treatment
pseudobulbar affect AE
a crying abnormal AE that refers to a neurologic disorder characterized by involuntary crying or uncontrollable episodes of crying and/or laughing, or other emotional displays
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudobulbar_affect
arachnoiditis AE
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnoiditis
a brain disorder AE that causes inflammation of the arachnoid, one of the membranes known as meninges that surround and protect the nerves of the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.
blood creatine increased AE
a hematology investigation result abnormal AE that results in high blood creatine levels
blood creatine increased AE may indicate that the kidneys are not fucntioning properly
URL: http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/creatinine/basics/definition/prc-20014534
WEB: http://www.healthgrades.com/symptoms/genital-itching
Pruritus genital AE is a pruritus AE that also called genital itching, Itching in the genital region can result from irritation, allergy, inflammation, infection or cancer. Irritation can occur as a result of exposure to chemicals in soaps, feminine hygiene products, perfumes, lubricants, douches, and creams.
Menstrual disorder AE is an abnormal condition in a woman's menstrual cycle.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_disorder
WEB: http://www.healthgrades.com/symptoms/fluid-retention
Fluid retention AE is an abnormal fluid regulation AE that is excess fluid that collects in the tissues in your body. Most commonly, fluid retention is marked by swelling of your feet and lower legs, but swelling could also occur in your arms, hands, face, or other areas of the body.
a psychiatric disorder AE that is a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect learning, memory, perception, and problem solving, and include amnesia, dementia, and delirium.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_disorder
Mucous membrane disorder AE is a systematic AE that the diseases occur in mucous membrane, which is a lining of mostly endodermal origin.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membrane
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease
Autoimmune disorder AE is an immune system AE that arises from an abnormal immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body (autoimmunity).
Menstruation irregular AE is a endocrine system AE that is an abnormal variation in length of menstrual cycles in a female.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_menstruation
osteitis AE
WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001252.htm
an inflammation AE that occurs in a bone.
palpitations AE
An arrhythmia AE that has an outcome of palpitations, an abnormality of heartbeat characterized by simultaneous awareness of one’s pulse and discomfort.
penis disorder AE
A male reproductive system AE that has an disorder in a penis, including priapism, Peyronie's disease, balanitis, phimosis, paraphimosis, and penile cancer.
WEB: http://www.medicinenet.com/penis_disorders/article.htm
skin atrophy AE
WEB: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-skin-atrophy.htm
A skin AE that results in the degeneration and thinning of the epidermis and dermis.
skin hypopigmentation AE
Vitiligo, albinism, and leukoderma are among the disorders that are associated with skin hypopigmentation.
A skin discoloration AE that shows abnormal lightening of skin due to decreased melanin production or deposition.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypopigmentation
optic neuropathy AE
WEB: http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/optic-neuritis.htm
a cranial neuropathy AE which shows an damage or abnormality to the nerves in the eyes.
hypokalaemia AE
a blood potassium abnormal AE that has a lab test outcome of abnormally lower than normal amount of potassium in the blood
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokalemia
WEB: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/low_potassium/article_em.htm
blood phosphate abnormal AE
a blood phosphorus abnormal AE that shows an abnormal blood phosphate level
blood glucose decreased
A physical quality that has an decreased level of glucose in the blood
blood glucose increased
A physical quality that has an increased level of glucose in the blood
cranial neuropathy AE
an neuropathy AE that occurs when any of the twelve cranial nerves (nerves that exit from the brain directly) are damaged.
cognitive disturbance AE
a cognitive disorder AE that shows conspicuous changes in cognitive functions.
local AE
an adverse event that occurs locally in a certain location. This is different from the systematci adverse event that occurs throughout the systemtic circulation.
injury or procedural complication AE
an adverse event that shows a result of injury or procedural complication.
a male reproductive system AE that has involvement of the testis.
an urinary system AE that has urination at short intervals.
a reproduction system inflammation AE that has inflammation involving the vagina. Symptoms may include redness, edema, marked discomfort and an increase in vaginal discharge.
a menstrual disorder AE that has abnormally painful abdominal cramps during menses.
a male reproductive system AE that has a decrease in the number of spermatozoa in the semen.
a gastrointestinal disorder AE that has repeated gulp sounds that result from an involuntary opening and closing of the glottis. This is attributed to a spasm of the diaphragm.
an urine abnormality AE that has laboratory test results that indicate the presence of excessive protein in the urine. It is predominantly albumin, but also globulin.
afemale reproductive system AE that has vaginal secretions. Mucus produced by the cervical glands is discharged from the vagina naturally, especially during the childbearing years.
a male reproductive system AE that has problems related to ejaculation. This category includes premature, delayed, retrograde and painful ejaculation.
a muscular weakness AE that has a reduction in the strength of muscles in multiple anatomic sites.
a musculoskeletal and connective tissue AE that has stature that is smaller than normal as expected for age.
a libido disorder AE that has a decrease in sexual desire.
a movement disorder AE that has uncontrolled and purposeless movements.
a muscular weakness AE that has a reduction in the strength of the lower limb muscles.
an urine abnormality AE that has a change in the color of the urine.
a pain AE that has a sensation of marked discomfort in the vagina.
a hair growth abnormal AE that has hair density or length beyond the accepted limits of normal in a particular body region, for a particular age or race.
a behavior and neurological AE that has a deterioration in the ability to concentrate.
behavior abnormal quality
a behavioral quality where the behavior in an organism is abnormal.
WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormality_(behavior)
cough increased AE
a cough AE that shows an increased rate of coughing
herpes viral infection AE
a viral infection AE that is caused by a herpes virus. Note that there are 8 herpesvirus types.
WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesviridae
abnormal reflex AE
a nervous system AE that shows abnormal neurologic reflexes, which can be tesetd by the knee jerk reaction.
WEB: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20423
coordination and balance disorder AE
a cross product of coordination abnormal AE and balance disorder AE
a pain AE that has a sensation of marked discomfort in the gastrointestinal region.
a pain AE that has a sensation of marked discomfort in the stomach.
a muscle enzyme level increased AE that has the finding based on laboratory test results that indicate an increase in levels of creatine phosphokinase in a blood specimen.
oliguria AE
WEB: http://c.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/oliguria
a urinary system AE which shows reduced excretion of urine
duodenum AE
a digestive system AE that occurs at duodenum
visual disturbance AE
WEB: http://www.healthline.com/symptom/visual-disturbance
an eye disorder AE that causes visual disturbance and interfere with normal sight.
eye edema AE
an edema AE that has an outcome of swelling in the eye.
micturition disorder AE
a urinary system AE that shows abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.
WEB: http://sideeffects.embl.de/se/C0042035/pt
scotoma AE
WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotoma
a eye AE that is an area of partial alteration in the field of vision consisting of a partially diminished or entirely degenerated visual acuity that is surrounded by a field of normal – or relatively well-preserved – vision.
psychomotor retardation AE
a behavioral and neurological AE that involves a slowing-down of thought and a reduction of physical movements in an individual.
WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomotor_retardation
testicular atrophy AE
WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_atrophy
a testicular disorder AE that has a loss of testicular volume
skin erosion AE
a skin adverse event that has an outcome of a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting incomplete loss of the epidermis, a lesion that is moist, circumscribed, and usually depressed.
female reproduction system inflammation AE
an inflammation AE which occurs in the female reproduction system
abdominal distress AE
a behavioral and neurological AE that refers to any pain or discomfort in the abdomen.
color blindness AE
A blindness AE that refers to the reduced ability to distinguish between colors that are obvious to the rest of the population
dystonia AE
a behavioral and neurological AE that is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause abnormal posture and slow, repetitive movements
exciteness AE
a behavioral and neurological AE that is characterized by potentially impulsive or poorly controlled activity
lightheadedness AE
a dizziness AE that creates a feeling of a light head caused by a temporary decrease in blood to the brain
mood disorder AE
a psychiatric disorder AE that is characterized by an elevation or lowering of a person's mood
oligomenorrhea AE
a menstrual disorder AE that is characterized by infrequent menstrual periods
ototoxicity AE
an ear AE that refers to ear poisoning resulting from exposure to drugs or chemicals that damage the inner ear
periarteritis AE
an inflammation AE that leads to swelling around the blood vessel wall
skin papilloma AE
a tumor AE that is benign and characterized by a small wart-like growth on the skin
tingling AE
a paresthesia AE characterized by unusual prickling sensations in any part of the body
graft rejection AE
An immune system AE where a transplant recipient's immune system attacks the transplanted organ or tissue.
rigors AE
An abnormal reflex AE characterized by episodes of shaking or exaggerated shivering which can occur with a high fever.
planned process
'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.)
6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent
Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy
A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call)
mechanism of action role
A role that represents a mechanism of action.
A bodily process that is clinically abnormal.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's behavior aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements in a given situation.
A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities.
See comments of relational quality of a physical entity.
A quality which inheres in a continuant.
Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles.
multiply inhering quality of a physical entity
A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism.
Organ that is the specialized structure of the face that contains olfactory neurons. The peripheral olfactory organ is paired[ZFA:0000047].
The olfactory organ of vertebrates, consisting of nares, olfactory epithelia and the structures and skeletal framework of the nasal cavity.
a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the digestive system, and then into the rest of the respiratory system. In humans, the nose is located centrally on the face; on most other mammals, it is on the upper tip of the snout[WP]. GO: The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity)[Wikipedia:Nose].
the organ that is specialized for smell and is part of the respiratory system
the structure of the nose varies across vertebrates. In tetrapods the nose is part of the respiratory system.[PMID:25312359]
A primitive exocrine pancreas can be found in holocephalan cartilaginous fish; a pancreatic duct directly ending in the gut lumen is connected to a glandular structure made of exocrine cells and associated with cell islets, which comprises three different hormone-producing cell types: insulin, somatostatin and glucagon (Yui and Fujita, 1986)
Anatomical structure which consists of glands developed from pancreatic ducts in the larvae and secrete insulin.[AAO]
Mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have a pancreas with similar histology and mode of development, while in some fish, the islet cells are segregated as Brockmann bodies.[well established][VHOG]
the clusters of hormone-producing cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas
(...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives.[well established][VHOG]
A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.
Nervous structures including ganglia outside of the central nervous system. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
Part of nervous system in which nerves extend throughout the body outside of the brain and spinal cord.[AAO]
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system connected to the CNS which contains cranial nerves III - XII, spinal, peripheral and autonomic nerves. (CUMBO)
lateral part of the basal amygdalar nucleus
nucleus amygdalae basalis, pars lateralis
nucleus amygdaloideus basalis, pars lateralis magnocellularis
pars peripherica; systema nervosum periphericum
(...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...).[well established][VHOG]
Any portion of the organ that covers that body and consists of a layer of epidermis and a layer of dermis.
Note the distinction between the entire skin of the body, of which there is only 1 in an organism, and zones of skin, of which there can be many. Examples: skin of knee
we assume that mouse, HOG and GAID all mean zone of skin when they say skin. We also choose skin as an exact synonym, as it is more intuitive
A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures.
Except in the case of abstracted fiat boundaries such as the midline plane of an organism, all 2D anatomical entities have a 3 dimensional projection. For example, the surface of the shell of a muscle has a distinct shape that projects into the third dimension. Note that boundaries are 2D structures. They have no thickness - and so can not be sites of gene expression or gene product localisation. For this, use boundary region terms.
In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG]
The part of the pancreas that acts as an endocrine gland, consisting of the islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin and other hormones. [TFD][VHOG]
The part of the pancreas that is part of the endocrine system and is made up of islet cells, which produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.
The zebrafish endocrine pancreas is composed of small groups of islet cells that are distributed throughout the exocrine pancreas. The islet cells produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.[TAO]
create a separate class for distributed pancreas, eg cyclostomes?
endocrine and exocrine pancreas are not co-associated in hagfishes or lampreys
The exocrine pancreas is composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion.[TAO]
The part of the pancreas that acts as an exocrine gland, consisting of the pancreatic acini, which produce pancreatic juice and secrete it into the intestine to aid in protein digestion. [TFD][VHOG]
The part of the pancreas that is part of the exocrine system and which produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO].
An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system.
Any hollow cylindrical anatomical structure containing a lumen through which substances are transported.
not every anatomical conduit is a tube - for example, a bone foramen is an opening in the bone, and there is no distinct separate tube structure. Tubes may transport large mixed objects (for example, a bolus of food in the digestive tube) or they may transport the secretions of a single gland (for example, gland ducts)
An appendage is an external body part, or natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's body, such as a vertebrate's limbs[BILA][BILA:0000018].
Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS, CARO].
Organ or organ part that is attached to the body of an organism. For example a limb[GO, modified][GO:0048736].
this is currently a subtype of organism subdivision - which would exclude feathers
Organism subdivision that is the part of the body consisting of the cranial and pharyngeal regions.[AAO]
Organism subdivision which is the part of the body which consists of the cranial and pharygeal regions.[TAO]
The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO].
Vertebrate evolution has been characterized by a fresh and vast array of cranial structures that collectively form the head.[well established][VHOG]
A multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer.[TAO]
a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (cuboidal epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.[WP]
in FMA, SM = mesothelium + connective tissue. It excludes the cavity. Serous sac = SM + cavity. Note that the SM is a subtype of wall in FMA.
multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer.
Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.[VSAO]
Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO].
Phylogenetically, tendinous tissue first appears in the invertebrate chordate Branchiostoma as myosepta. This two-dimensional array of collagen fibers is highly organized, with fibers running along two primary axes. In hagfish the first linear tendons appear and the myosepta have developed specialized regions with unidirectional fiber orientation - a linear tendon within the flat sheet of myoseptum.[well established][VHOG]
in FMA, tendon is an organ component that with parts dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon and dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon sheath; we follow VSAO in making it a subtype of the former. In VSAO tendons connect muscle to bone; in WP the def states integument (e.g. auricular muscles) - but JB confirms this is not actually tendon but aponeurosis
A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies.
A ganglion is a cluster of neurons. It is part of a nervous system. It may include glial cells. The neurons are arranged in a specific constellation: neuronal somata are concentrated at the surface, thus forming a cell cortex, and neurites are concentrated in the centre of the ganglion to form the neuropil. A ganglion is a distinct unit but several ganglia may be anterio-posteriorly joined by connectives or transversally by commissures
Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates.[well established][VHOG]
Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system.[AAO]
Structures containing a collection of nerve cell bodies. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO]
Subdivision of nervous system which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord. Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion (adapted from Foundational Model of Anatomy)[NIFSTD:nlx_anat_100302].
TODO - check vert vs invert. Other species: Any of a number of aggregations of neurons, glial cells and their processes, surrounded by a glial cell and connective tissue sheath (plural: ganglia). // Subdivision of neural tree (organ) which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord); together with a nucleus and its associated nerve, it constitutes a neural tree (organ). Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion. // a cluster of nerve cells and associated glial cells (nuclear location) // Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system.
A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph.
Anatomical structure consisting of long narrow duct which carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.[AAO]
Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs.
The duct of amniotes that carries urine from a metanephric kidney to the urinary bladder. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG]
The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter.[well established][VHOG]
in humans, consists of adventitial, muscular and mucoa layers
In human males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine. In females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening.
the fibromuscular tubular canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the exterior via the external urinary meatus; in males, the urethra is joined by the ejaculatory ducts and serves as a passageway for semen during ejaculation, as well as a canal for urine during voiding; in females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening
A tube shaped portion of tissue lined with epithelial cells that collects secretions and routes them to their destination[ZFA:0005171].
A tubular structure that transports secreted or excreted substances.
Most ducts, but not all, are exocrine gland ducts. Some ontologies classify structures such as the oviduct here.
Organ component adjacent to an organ cavity and which consists of a maximal aggregate of organ component layers.
Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP].
CARO v1 does not include a generic 'organ' class, only simple and compound organ. CARO v2 may include organ, see https://github.com/obophenotype/caro/issues/4
Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
A part of an organ that constitutes a distinct modular sub-unit. In some cases, the organ may also contain other sub-units of identical or similar types, in other cases this may be a distinct entity.
FMA distinguishes segment from zone by whether the fiat boundaries are fixed/anchored (segments) or floating (zone). It's not completely clear how to apply this distinction
Organ region with one or more anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyeball.
Organ region with one or more fixed or anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyebal.
A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ.
currently defined in a very broad sense, may be replaced by more specific classes in the future
Anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts
The stage of development at which the animal is fully formed, including immaturity and maturity. Includes both sexually immature stage, and adult stage.
A stage that is part of the embryo stage.
A life cycle stage that starts with fertilization and ends with the fully formed embryo.
proximo-distal subdivision of respiratory tract
MA:0000434 has subclasses upper and lower, so it corresponds to a segment of the tract, rather than the tract as a whole
Any part or collection of parts of the central or peripheral nervous system. Parts may span both CNS and PNS.
Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism.
(or external ectoderm) forms the following structures: Skin Epithelium of the mouth and nasal cavity saliavary glands, and glands of mouth and nasal cavity Enamel - as a side note dentin and dental pulp are formed from ectomesenchyme which is derived from ectoderm Epithelium of pineal and pituitary glands Lens and cornea of the eye Apical ectodermal ridge inducing development of the limb buds of the embryo. Sensory receptors in epidermis
The surface (external) layer of ectoderm which begins to proliferate shortly after separation from the neuroectoderm.
merge with non-neural. In vertebrates, the ectoderm has three parts: external ectoderm (also known as surface ectoderm), the neurectoderm (neural crest, and neural tube)
A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the middle region of the nephric ridge; a transient embryonic stage that replaces the pronephros, but is itself replaced by the adult metanephros [in mammals; in fishes and amphibians it is the adult kidney]. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.745][VHOG]
As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates. (...) In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros.[well established][VHOG]
By contrast to the pronephros, the histological features of the mammalian mesonephros, with its primitive glomeruli, suggest that it probably functions as a primitive kidney, and is involved in the production of much of the amniotic fluid. Within the two mesonephroi, one located on either side of the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut, a substantial number (in the region of about 40 or more) of cranio-caudally segmented mesonephric tubules are formed. It has, however, been suggested that only the most rostrally located 4-6 pairs of mesonephric tubules drain into the mesonephric portion of the nephric duct. This is now seen to extend along the length of the mesonephroi, being located towards their lateral sides. The mesonephros is also retained over a considerably longer period than the pronephros, but gradually undergoes regression in a cranio-caudal direction. While the rostral part displays clear evidence of regression its more caudal part appears to display evidence of functional activity. Within the medial part of the mesonephros, vesicles are formed, although no glomeruli are formed there in this species. It is, however, difficult to believe that the relatively enormous mesonephroi do not have an excretory role in the mouse, only serving as a base for gonadal differentiation. In the human embryo, the medial part of the mesonephric tubules enlarges, become invaginated by capillaries, and form glomeruli. These then take on an excretory role. In the mouse, the mesonephric ducts appear to be patent throughout their length[GUDMAP, modified]
In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In fish and amphibians, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney
Organ that is the definitive adult kidney. It replaces the earlier pronephros, which degenerates as the mesonephros becomes functional in feeding stage tadpoles.[AAO]
The second stage of the kidney. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary embryonic kidney in higher vertebrates. It is composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo.
A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the posterior region of the nephric ridge and drained by a ureter; replaces the embryonic pronephros and mesonephros [in mammals]. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.745][VHOG]
During the fifth week of gestation, the mesonephric duct develops an outpouching, the ureteric bud, near its attachment to the cloaca. This bud, also called the metanephrogenic diverticulum, grows posteriorly and towards the head of the embryo. The elongated stalk of the ureteric bud, the metanephric duct, later forms the ureter. As the cranial end of the bud extends into the intermediate mesoderm, it undergoes a series of branchings to form the collecting duct system of the kidney. It also forms the major and minor calyces and the renal pelvis
In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO]
The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes.[well established][VHOG]
A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. Genital ridge that is next to the mesonephros[WP].
Any of the renal tubules composing the mesonephros. In mammals they function as excretory structures during the early embryonic development but are later incorporated into the reproductive system. [TFD][VHOG]
As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG]
An epithelial swelling on the Wolffian duct that elongates to invade the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme[MP]
Outgrowth of the mesonephric duct that penetrates the metanephric mesoderm and forms the ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces and collecting ducts. [Embryology, See_Dudek_RW_and_Fix_JD, Third_Edition_(2004)_Philadelphia:_Lippincott_William_and_Wilkins, p.137][VHOG]
Outgrowth of the mesonephric duct that penetrates the metanephric mesoderm and forms the ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces and collecting ducts[VHOG:0000541].
In birds, the postnatal stage begins when the beak penetrates the shell (i.e., external pipping) (Brown et al. 1997)
stage succeeding embryo, including mature structure
Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA]
An entire span of an organism's life, commencing with the zygote stage and ending in the death of the organism.
A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism.
the WBls class 'all stages' belongs here as it is the superclass of other WBls stages
this class represents a proper part of the life cycle of an organism. The class 'life cycle' should not be placed here
we map the ZFS unknown stage here as it is logically equivalent to saying *some* life cycle stage
A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction.
As in all metazoans, eumetazoan development begins with a fertilized egg, or zygote.[well established][VHOG]
The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula.
An early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence.
consider adding a preceding stage 'morula stage' as part of cleavage
A stage defined by complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
Staged defined by the formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.
A stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism.
A tube in the respiratory system. Examples: bronchus, bronchiole, trachea.
in GO lung development is part of respiratory tube development. This can lead to inconsistencies with other ontologies, e.g. VT. The GO structure may be better represented by a tree of tubes (see the FMA class)
Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung[GO].
A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses.
A thin sheet or layer of pliable tissue, serving as a covering or envelope of a part, as the lining of a cavity, as a partition or septum, or to connect two structures.
In zebrafish, No stomach, small intestine, or large intestine can be distinguished. However, differences can be found in the morphology of the mucosa columnar epithelial cells and the number of goblet cells, suggesting functional differentiation. The intestine has numerous folds that become progressively shorter in a rostral-to-caudal direction. Proportionally, these folds are significantly larger than the finger-like intestinal villi of mammals and other amniotes (Wallace et al. 2005). Columnar-shaped absorptive enterocytes are the most numerous in the zebrafish intestinal epithelium. Goblet cells are the second most populous epithelial cell type.
Portion of the alimentary canal bounded anteriorly by the pyloric sphincter and posteriorly by the cloacal sphincter.[AAO]
Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine.
The tract of the alimentary canal. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG]
Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces (or a body space with the space surrounding the organism)[FMA,modified].
in FMA, this is an anatomical conduit *space*, rather than anatomical conduit
A cloaca is apparently a primitive vertebrate feature because it occurs in most primitive gnathostomes and persists in the embryos of almost all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG]
A common passage for fecal, urinary, and reproductive discharge in most lower vertebrates as well as the terminal end of the hindgut before division into rectum, bladder, and genital primordia in mammalian embryos. [TFD][VHOG]
Anatomical structure which is the common receptacle for the alimentary canal, Wolffian ducts, oviducts, and the bladder.[AAO]
Common chamber into which the intestines and excretory system opens. Arises during development in all vertebrates, but in many it becomes subdivided, lost or incorporated into other structures
Human beings only have an embryonic cloaca, which is split up into separate tracts during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs
adding df link to embryonic cloaca leads to a cycle in uberon-simple, as cloaca is a suberclass of embryonic cloaca
hindgut endoderm and proctodeal ectoderm.
endoderm-lined chamber that develops as pouch-like dilation of the caudal end of the hindgut and receives the allantois ventrally and two mesonephric ducts laterally; caudally it ends blindly at the cloacal membrane formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm[MP].
this class represents the embryonic form of the cloaca, as found in both mammals and non-mammals.
In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below.[well established][VHOG]
The ventral part of the cloaca after its separation from the rectum, giving rise to the lower part of the bladder in both sexes, to the prostatic portion of the male urethra, and to the urethra and vestibule in the female. [TFD][VHOG]
the term 'urogenital sinus' may refer to the primitive urogenital sinus present as a transient developmental structure in most mammals or it may refer to a condition in which an unseptated cloaca persists in animals longer than normal
the ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females
Cavity in which food is initially ingested and generally contains teeth, tongue and glands.[AAO]
Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening.[well established][VHOG]
The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks).
in FMA, the tongue, palate etc are part of the mouth which is itself a subdivision of the face. ZFA includes a separate class 'oral region' which is part of the mouth, but excludes tongue and lips
some AOs place this as developing from the stomodeum but we weaken this to developmental contribution, as the mouth includes non-ectodermal derivatives
The pair of anatomical structures comprised of a left lung and right lung.
Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.
A portion of organism substance that is the product of an excretion process that will be eliminated from the body. An excretion process is elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity
A complex mixture of cells suspended in a liquid matrix that delivers nutrients to cells and removes wastes. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO]
A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes.
Highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.[AAO]
Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast.[well established][VHOG]
This class excludes blood analogues, such as the insect analog of blood. See UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid.
relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO]
Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs.
Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence.
TODO - check relationship with epiblast. Note in FMA this is not a subclass of embryo, but in uberon embryo is the whole organism from zygote onwards and thus includes the blastula
The breasts of a female primate's body contain the mammary glands, which secrete milk used to feed infants. Both men and women develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. However, at puberty female sex hormones, mainly estrogens, promote breast development, which does not happen with men. As a result women's breasts become more prominent than men's.
The upper ventral region of an animal's torso.
A mucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition].
The branched tubular glands found in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach which contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and zymogenic cells that produce pepsin.
The wall of the digestive tract. This encompasses all parts of the digestive tract with the exception of the lumen (cavity).
We model the digestive tract as consisting of two parts: the wall and the lumen.
A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP]
FMA has mucosa vs region of mucosa; these are subtypes of Mucosa: Mucosa of gallbladder, tongue, .... The following are subtypes of Region of mucosa: Mucosa of zone of stomach, trachea, bronchus, dorsum of tongue.... Depends on whether the covered area is an organ or organ component. Uberon does not regard organ vs organ component as crucial distinction and thus collapses these into a single class deliberately
Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers: ectoderm (external layer), endoderm (internal layer) and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm. The parenchyma of most organs is of ectodermal (brain, skin) or endodermal origin (lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas). The parenchyma of a few organs (spleen, kidneys, heart) is of mesodermal origin. The stroma of all organs is of mesodermal origin
functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues.
the FMA definition is more restrictive, and limits this to solid organs. This would seem to cause problems for the lung parenchyma, except FMA classifies Lung as solid rather than cavitated
Anatomical system that consists of the muscles of the body.[VSAO]
The subdivision of the musculoskeletal system that consists of all the muscles of the body[VSAO, modified].
consider whether this should be restricted to skeletal musculature. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/77
we place the MA term musculature here, rather than under uberon:musculature, as this seems more appropriate given the structure of MA
A gland in which the principal secretory cells are serous secreting cells.
glands that secrete watery albuminous material that often contains enzymes[MP:0008052].
A gland in which the principal secretory cells are mucus secreting cells.
In frogs and salamanders, this is the smaller of the two types of gland, the other being the granular (poison) gland. In these species the mucous gland is a cluster of cells that release secretion into a common duct[Kardong]
A portion of organism substance that is produced by exocrine glands.
BTO has two distunct classes, with exocrine glandular secretion a subtype of secretion - however, all examples in BTO directly under secretion appear to be exocrine gland secretions
Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body.
Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures.
Multicellular, connected anatomical structure that has multiple organs as parts and whose parts work together to achieve some shared function.
Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell.
TODO - split body and mc organism? body continues after death stage
Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ.
this class was introduced for consistency with CARO, however, it has yet to be used in this or other ontologies. It may be retired in the future
By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG]
The organs and associated structures associated with bearing offspring in a female animal.
Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument.
Reflects CARO2. todo - check the inclusion of FMA 'cardinal body part here', and check child terms for consistency
Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue.
Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another.
Will be obsoleted in CARO v2 [https://github.com/obophenotype/caro/issues/3]
Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation.
changed label and definition to reflect CARO2
Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types.
Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO].
The two basic types of metazoan tissue are epithelial and connective. The simplest metazoans, and developmental stages of many primitive invertebrates, consist solely of these two layers. Thus, epithelial and connective tissues may be the primary (original) tissues of metazoans, and both are important in the functional organization of animals.[well established][VHOG]
Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA]
Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells.[CARO]
Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA]
Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of squamous cells.[CARO]
Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA]
Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces.
Epithelium that consists of a single layer of epithelial cells.[CARO]
Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA]
consider adding disjointness axiom between unilaminar and multilaminar - but note that this will render EHDAA2:0003244 (chorionic trophoblast) unsatisfiable
Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water.
Subdivision of trunk that lies between the head and the abdomen.
note that we use the slightly verbose term 'thoracic segment of trunk' to avoid confusuon with insect thorax. todo - taxonomic constraints. Also, in FMA 'thorax' is a synonym for chest
The subdivision of the vertebrate body between the thorax and pelvis. The ventral part of the abdomen contains the abdominal cavity and visceral organs. The dorsal part includes the abdominal section of the vertebral column.
Vertebrate specific. In arthropods 'abdomen' is the most distal section of the body which lies behind the thorax or cephalothorax. If need be we can introduce some grouping class
Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.
Obsoleted in ZFA. Note that embryo is not classified as an embryonic structure - an embryonic structure is only the parts of an embryo
A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.
Classically the germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Alternatively: primary = ectoderm, endoderm; secondary=mesoderm; tertiary=dorsal mesoderm, NC[https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest]
The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG]
Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue.
Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryonic germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue.[AAO]
Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut.
Primary germ layer that is the middle of the embryonic germ layers.[AAO]
The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm.
sponges do not seem to have a mesoderm and accordingly Amphimedon lacks transcription factors involved in mesoderm development (Fkh, Gsc, Twist, Snail)[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7307/full/nature09201.html]. Mesoderm may not be homologous across verteberates
Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal formed as an invagination of the ectoderm; the future mouth.[TAO]
Anterior part of the embryonic digestive tract that develops into a mouth. The stomodeum includes as parts an invagination of the ectoderm and the stomodeal cavity.
This class groups together disparate structures as all being the anterior part of the early metazoan digestive tract and precursor of the mouth. However, the developmental processes vary, so this class may be split in future. E.g. in mammals it is a rostral depression surrounded by prominences. Outgrowth of the prominences produces a stomodeal cavity.
consider indicating location. e.g. anterior. Note some AOs place this as part of oral opening, but it's not clear when this structure comes into existence
the primordial mouth region of the developing head, initially a midline ectodermal depression between the forebrain bulge (cranially) and the heart bulge (caudally) and between the maxillary and mandibular components of the first pharyngeal arch; the stomodeum is separated from the anterior end of the foregut by the buccopharyngeal membrane; the mouth is developed partly from the stomodeum, and partly from the floor of the anterior portion of the foregut; the lips, teeth, and gums are formed from the walls of the stomodeum, but the tongue is developed in the floor of the pharynx
An inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[TAO]
Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into an ectodermal terminal part of the digestive tract.
Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[AAO]
removed WBbt:0006795 'proctodeum' - junction between the alimentary and genital tracts in the male.
An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium.
It appears that the stomach has an ancient origin. The stomach first appears in the fish lineage. The prevertebrate chordates do not have a true stomach, whereas the cartilaginous and bony fish do. Although most fish do have a true stomach, some fish species appear to have lost the stomach secondarily. The remaining vertebrate lineages do have a true stomach (at least in the adult animal), although there is great variation in the size and shape of the stomach.[well established][VHOG]
Portion of alimentary canal with increased circular and longitudinal smooth muscle. Bounded posteriorly by the pyloric sphincter. Mucosal lining has increased folding.[AAO]
We restrict this to the vertebrate specific structure - see the grouping class 'food storage organ' for analogous structures in other species. Teleosts: Zebrafish is functionally stomach-less, but may retain ontogenic footprint. Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the oesophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the oesophagus opening directly into the intestine. The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands, and a posterior with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to mammals, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in man. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the oesophagus. Ruminants, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with oesophageal mucosa
A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ.
As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[well established][VHOG]
Blood pumping organ composed of four chambers: sinus venosus, atrium, cardiac ventricle and bulbus arteriosus.[TAO]
Part of the circulatory system responsible for pumping blood; composed of three chambers--two atria and one ventricle.[AAO]
Taxon notes:" the ascidian tube-like heart lacks chambers....The ascidian heart is formed after metamorphosis as a simple tube-like structure with a single-layered myoepithelium that is continuous with a single-layered pericar- dial wall. It lacks chambers and endocardium.... The innovation of the chambered heart was a key event in vertebrate evolution, because the chambered heart generates one-way blood flow with high pressure, a critical requirement for the efficient blood supply of large-body vertebrates... all extant vertebrates have hearts with two or more chambers (Moorman and Christoffels 2003)" http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1485706
relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO]
Anatomical system containing glands which regulates bodily functions though the secretion of hormones.[AAO]
Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity.
Multicellular organisms have complex endocrine systems, allowing responses to environmental stimuli, regulation of development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a metazoan-specific family of ligand-activated transcription factors, play central roles in endocrine responses, as intermediates between signaling molecules and target genes. The NR family includes ligand-bound and orphan receptors, that is, receptors with no known ligand or for which there is no ligand Pocket. Understanding NR evolution has been further improved by comparison of several completed genomes, particularly those of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. In contrast, evolution of NR ligands is still much debated. One hypothesis proposes that several independent gains and losses of ligand-binding ability in NRs occurred in protostomes and deuterostomes. A second hypothesis, pertaining to the NR3 subfamily (vertebrate steroid hormone receptors and estrogen related receptor), proposes that before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, there was an ancestral steroid receptor (AncSR) that was ligand-activated and that orphan receptors secondarily lost the ability to bind a ligand. (...) Our analysis reveals that steroidogenesis has been independently elaborated in the 3 main bilaterian lineages (...).[well established][VHOG]
(...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]
Cavitated compound organ which is comprised of gray and white matter and surrounds the cerebral ventricular system.[TAO]
Part of the central nervous system situated within the cranium and composed of both nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers.[AAO]
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP].
The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and metencephalon. It is derived from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube (or the encephalon). Does not include retina. (CUMBO)
requires review for applicability to invertebrate structures, e.g. synganglion
Note that whilst this is classified as an organ, it is in fact more of a unit composed of different structures: in Drosophila, it includes the interommatidial bristle as a part; we consider here the vertebrate eye to include the eyeball/eye proper as a part, with the eye having as parts (when present): eyelids, conjuctiva,
This class encompasses a variety of light-detecting structures from different phyla with no implication of homology, from the compound insect eye to the vertebrate camera-type eye (distinct classes are provided for each)
An organism subdivision that extends from the head to the pectoral girdle, encompassing the cervical vertebral column.
true necks are considered to be present when the pectoral girdle is separate from the skull - Tiktaalik is the earliest known fish to have a true neck.
Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[VSAO]
Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO].
Anatomical cluster which consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[TAO]
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction.
Anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues associated with sexual reproduction of the organism.[AAO]
Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria.[well established][VHOG]
consider splitting genitalia from reproductive system
Anatomical structure which produces gametes as well as certain sex hormones controlled by the pituitary gonadotropins.[AAO]
Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved.[uncertain][VHOG]
Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).
The part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).[TAO]
(...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell.[well established][VHOG]
A cellular, multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO]
The outer epithelial layer of the external integument of the body that is derived from the embryonic epiblast.[AAO]
The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis.
Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. In terrestrial vertebrates the epidermis often forms an outer keratinized or cornified layer, the stratum corneum. Interaction between the epideris and dermis gives rise to feathers (birds), hair and mammary glands (mammals), teeth and scales (placoid: chondrichthyans; cosmoids, ganoid, cycloid in bony fishes).
relationship loss: subclass external integument structures (AAO:0000961)[AAO]
Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration.
The anatomical system in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the organism and its environment.[AAO]
There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes.[well established][VHOG]
An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms.
This class generically groups trachea and analagous structures throughout metazoa. Consider renaming, as the term could be taken to mean lumen of tracheal system (e.g. in SNOMED). As a grouping class this is quite vague, as it is not clear where the airway begins and ends
An anatomical system consisting of the alimentary canal and digestive glands responsible for intake, absorption, digestion and excretion of food.[AAO]
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes.
many anatomy ontologies consider gastrointestinal system synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class
An anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues which produce, store, and excrete urine.[AAO]
Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions.[well established][VHOG]
In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels
In various sources such as Encyclopedia Britannica, the excretory and urinary systems are indeed the same system (see wikipedia talk page); we merge two BTO classes here
The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products..
This definition is inclusive of the organs of the vertebrate renal system, as well as the Malpighian tubules of insects, and allows for future incorporation of structures such as the antennal glands of crustaceans
Anatomical system of ion binding, a pumping mechanism, and an efficient vascular system; consisting of the blood, heart, and blood and lymph vessels, respectively.[AAO]
We should divest ourselves of the view that earlier vertebrate groups were 'on their way' to becoming mammals, as clearly they were not such visionaries. Neither were their systems 'imperfect' as earlier anatomists thought. Instead, their circulatory systems served them well to address the ecological demands arising from their lifestyles.[well established][VHOG]
organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP].
the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system are parts of the circulatory system
Adipose tissue is unique to vertebrates. It is found in mostmammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and a variety is found in some species of fish. Furthermore, in insects the fat body found in larvae as well as in adults shares some homology with adipose tissue.[well established][VHOG]
Connective tissue in which fat is stored.[TAO]
In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow) and in breast tissue. Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. Adipose tissue contains several cell types, with the highest percentage of cells being adipocytes, which contain fat droplets. Other cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels.; Mice have eight major adipose depots, four of which are within the abdominal cavity. The paired gonadal depots are attached to the uterus and ovaries in females and the epididymis and testes in males; the paired retroperitoneal depots are found along the dorsal wall of the abdomen, surrounding the kidney, and, when massive, extend into the pelvis. The mesenteric depot forms a glue-like web that supports the intestines, and the omental depot, which originates near the stomach and spleen, and, when massive, extends into the ventral abdomen.
Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue
Tissue that contains adipocytes, used for cushioning, thermal insulation, lubrication (primarily in the pericardium) and energy storage.[AAO]
in FMA this is dense irregular connective tissue
relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO]
A subdivision of the muscular system corresponding to a subdisivision of an organism.
In FMA this is classified as a set of organs. ZFA musculature system has subtypes, so it is classified here. WBbt muscular system has subtypes so it goes here. Note that we use the MA term set of skeletal muscles here as it seems most appropriate (*not* MA:musculature). AAO is generally confused here.
A regulatory system of the body that consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. The nervous system is divided into two parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO]
Anatomical system consisting of nerve bodies and nerve fibers which regulate the response of the body to external and internal stimuli.[AAO]
Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa.[well established][VHOG]
The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO].
(...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3).[well established][VHOG]
Part of the nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord.[AAO]
The brain and spinal cord. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerve cell layer of the retina (CUMBO).
The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord.
A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons.[TAO]
An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures.
An early step in the evolution of neural crest, therefore, may have been the origin of a specific dorsal neural cell population contributing to sensory processing; this would predate the divergence of the amphioxus and vertebrate lineages.[well established][VHOG]
Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information.
note the distinct between entire sensory system and individual system. this reconciles is_a and part_of distinctions between ssAOs
The sensory system for the sense of taste.
The sensory system for the sense of taste[NIFSTD:nlx_anat_090803].
The sensory system used for the sense of taste.[AAO]
in ZFA and MA this is a subtype of sensory system. we should change sensory system to disambiguate parts and wholes
Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract.
Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future. In vertebrates the term may refer to a developmental structure
The anterior portion of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo that lies cephalic to the junction of the yolk stalk, consists of endodermal tissue, and gives rise to the the pharynx, lower respiratory system, esophagus, stomach, duodenum proximal to the biliary tract, liver, pancreas, biliary tract, and gall bladder.
The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]
(...) the earliest vertebrates possessed unjointed internal and external branchial arches, and musculature encircling the pharynx.[well established][VHOG]
A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNYX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx)[MESH:A03.867].
A portion of the respiratory and digestive tracts; its distal limit is the superior part of the esophagus and it connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus and larynx; it contains the valleculae and the pyriform recesses; its upper limits are the nasal cavity and cranial base.[FEED].
Anatomical cavity bounded by the derivatives of the branchial arches.[AAO]
Consider generalizing to deuterostome pharynx
MA/FMA pharynx not part of digestive/alimentary system, we are consistent with this scheme
Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills[ZFA:0000056, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576].
The portion of the alimentary canal between the mouth and the oesophagus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG]
relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: develops_from respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO]
relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: part_of respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO]
In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon
Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO].
Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future. We may explicitly make this a developmental class
in FMA this represents an embryonic region.
Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future (vertebrates have some contribution from NC - https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest). We may explicitly make this a developmental class
The caudalmost subdivision of a digestive tract.
in FMA this class has no children. In MA it has a single child hindgut epithelium
the caudal portion of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo
Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt, Hartenstein, V. (2004)].
(...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG]
Hollow epithelial tube on dorsal side of the embryo that develops into the central nervous system.[AAO]
In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted].
The dorsal tubular structure in the vertebrate embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG]
The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium
Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.
A duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.
These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium.[uncertain][VHOG]
Upon reaching its final destination, the ventral pancreatic bud fuses with the much larger dorsal pancreatic bud. At this point of fusion, the main ducts of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse, forming the duct of Wirsung, the main pancreatic duct.
in EHDAA2 this is an epithelium, in FMA the wall consists of epithelium and connective tissue
Excretion that is the output of a kidney
kidney excreta from some taxa (e.g. in aves) may not be liquid
Portion of organism substance that is a clear fluid that occupies the space in synovial joints.[TAO]
Transudate contained in the synovial cavity of joints, and in the cavity of tendon sheaths and bursae.
Traditional gross anatomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features. The falciform ligament is visible on the front (anterior side) of the liver. This divides the liver into a left anatomical lobe, and a right anatomical lobe.
some work needs to be done to ensure the child terms of this class have correct isa/partof placement. in MA they are subclasses, in FMA they are parts
Portion of the liver which develops on the fish's right side adjacent to the gall bladder.[TAO]
The right lobe is much larger than the left; the proportion between them being as six to one. It occupies the right hypochondrium, and is separated from the left lobe on its upper surface by the falciform ligament; on its under and posterior surfaces by the left sagittal fossa; and in front by the umbilical notch. It is of a somewhat quadrilateral form, its under and posterior surfaces being marked by three fossæ: the porta and the fossæ for the gall-bladder and inferior vena cava, which separate its left part into two smaller lobes; the quadrate and caudate lobes. [WP,unvetted].
This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies
Portion of the liver which develops on the fish's left side.[TAO]
The left lobe is smaller and more flattened than the right. It is situated in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions. Its upper surface is slightly convex and is moulded on to the diaphragm; its under surface presents the gastric impression and omental tuberosity. [WP,unvetted].
Muscle tissue composed of cardiac muscle cells, forming the muscles of the heart[ZFA,modified].
check relationship with myocardium. part_of in MA - but we also have a more specific class 'cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium'. Check ncit
Muscle tissue that consists primarily of skeletal muscle fibers.
Muscle, composed of long cylindrical, multinucleated cells that attaches to the skeleton via tendons.[TAO]
TODO - add skeletal muscle organ? See GO:0060538 skeletal muscle organ development. Todo - group FBbt:00005073 - somatic muscle.
This result implies the following views in terms of evolutionary differentiation: (1) Arthropod striated muscle and vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles share a common ancestor. In other words, they did not evolve independently (...) (5) The divergence of vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles/vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle is at least before that of vertebrates/arthropods. In other words, emergence of skeletal and cardiac musle type tissues preceded the vertebrate/arthropod divergence (ca. 700 MYA).[well established][VHOG]
Tissue which consists of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps, Skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm[FMA]
Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri).
A major subdivision of an organism that is the entire part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. In vertebrares this includes the vertebral column..
In humans, called the back, a large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the surface opposite to the chest, its height being defined by the vertebral column (commonly referred to as the spine or backbone) and its breadth being supported by the ribcage and shoulders. The spinal canal runs through the spine and provides nerves to the rest of the body
Duct that connects the gall bladder and the common bile duct.[TAO]
The duct of the gallbladder which joins the common hepatic duct, thus forming the common biliary duct. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG]
the tubular structure that conducts gall bladder contents from the gall bladder to the common bile duct
The body of stomach is the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined[GO].
we include this as zone of stomach even though it is not distinguished by gland type
the area at the bottom of the stomach on the caudal side of the pyloric canal that contains gastrin-producing G cells, which stimulate acid production, and the luminal pH-sensitive population of somatostatin-producing D cells
Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG]
The orifice which allows the passage from the stomach into the intestine. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG]
We follow Kardong in defining stomach regions by glands
the stomach tissue region surrounding and controlling the distal outlet of the stomach, which opens into the duodenum
the layered structure that makes up the stomach, typiclly consists of a serous coat, a muscular coat, a mucous membrane, and other tissue layers in between
An anatomical wall that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
The triangular region on the periphery of the liver lobules that contain a bile duct and a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel.
The functional unit of the liver, consisting of a mass of hepatocytes from adjacent liver lobules aligned around the hepatic arterioles and portal venules just as they anastomose into sinusoids.
A complex network of conduits that begins with the canals of Hering (intralobar bile duct) and progressively merges into a system of interlobular, septal, and major ducts which then coalesce to form the extrahepatic bile ducts, which finally deliver bile to the intestine, and in some species to the gallbladder.
Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consist of the bile ducts.[AAO]
The path in many species is as follows: Bile canaliculi -> Canals of Hering (intralobar bile duct) -> interlobular bile ducts -> intrahepatic bile ducts -> left and right hepatic ducts merge to form -> common hepatic duct *exits liver* and joins -> cystic duct (from gall bladder) forming -> common bile duct -> joins with pancreatic duct -> forming ampulla of Vater -> enters duodenum [WP]
Digestive system duct that collects bile from the hepatic bile duct and the cystic duct.[TAO]
The duct formed by the union of the common hepatic and cystic ducts. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG]
the part of the biliary tree formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct
Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct[GAID]. The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct[WP].
TODO - MA distinguishes between bile duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct and common hepatic duct. in FMA hepatic duct and common hepatic duct are the same. Common is part of extra-hepatic part
The duct which conveys the bile from the liver and unites with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG]
The duct that drains bile from the right half of the liver and joins the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct.
The duct which drains bile from the right half of the liver and unites with the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. [adapted_from_http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26032][VHOG]
The duct that drains bile from the left half of the liver and joins the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct.
The duct which drains bile from the left half of the liver and unites with the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. [adapted_from_http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26032][VHOG]
Artery that supplies blood to the liver.[TAO]
The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In men it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae. In its fresh state, it is of a pinkish tinge at the pyloric end and of a red or reddish-brown color over the rest of its surface. In infancy it is of a brighter hue, the vascular redness being more marked. It is thin at the cardiac extremity, but thicker toward the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended. When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands, and at the bottom of each may be seen one or more minute orifices, the openings of the gland tubes. Gastric glands are simple or branched tubular glands that emerge on the deeper part of the gastric foveola, inside the gastric areas and outlined by the folds of the mucosa. There are three types of glands: cardiac glands (in the proximal part of the stomach), oxyntic glands (the dominating type of gland), and pyloric glands. The cardiac glands mainly contain mucus producing cells. The bottom part of the oxyntic glands is dominated by zymogen (chief) cells that produce pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of the pepsin enzyme). Parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid are scattered in the glands, with most of them in the middle part. The upper part of the glands consist of mucous neck cells; in this part the dividing cells are seen. The pyloric glands contain mucus-secreting cells. Several types of endocrine cells are found in all regions of the gastric mucosa. In the pyloric glands contain gastrin producing cells (G cells); this hormone stimulates acid production from the parietal cells. ECL (enterochromaffine-like) cells, found in the oxyntic glands release histamine, which also is a powerful stimulant of the acid secretion. The A cells produce glucagon, which mobilizes the hepatic glycogen, and the enterochromaffin cells that produce serotonin, which stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscles. The surface of the mucous membrane is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium . This epithelium commences very abruptly at the cardiac orifice, where there is a sudden transition from the stratified epithelium of the esophagus. The epithelial lining of the gland ducts is of the same character and is continuous with the general lining of the stomach. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa].
The mucosal layer that lines the stomach.
(...) the adult Xenopus stomach exhibits both glandular and aglandular regions and a distinct pyloric sphincter similar to that of the amniotic vertebrates (...).[uncertain][VHOG]
A strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion[WP].
A mucosa that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A funnel shaped proximal portion of the ureter that is formed by convergence of the major calices [MP].
In this ontology, the renal pelvis is represented as the area of part-overlap between the kidney and the ureter
The innermost membrane of the four coats of the intestinal wall, the other three being the submucosa, muscular layers, and serosa. (Berk et al., Gastroenterology, 4th ed, v.3, p1479)
In the lungfish, sharks and rays the rectum opens into the cloaca which also receives wastes (urine) from the kidneys and material from the reproductive organs. In bony fish the rectum reaches the outside environment through the anus, which is normally situated just in front the urinary and reproductive openings. However in some fish the digestive tract may be curled back on itself, and in the Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus) the anus is situated in the fish's throat. -- http://www.earthlife.net/fish/digestion.html
Orifice at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts.
opening of terminal part of digestive tract
The canals that carry bile in the liver between the intralobular ducts and the biliary ductules; interlobular bile ducts are part of the interlobular portal triad.
A saccular organ in which urine accumulates before discharge from the body. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG]
Anatomical structure which consists of a membranous sac used to temporarily store urine until it is excreted from the body.[AAO]
In tetrapods, the urinary bladder arises as an outpocketing of the cloaca. (...) The tetrapod urinary bladder appears first among amphibians and is present in Sphenodon, turtles, most lizards, ostriches among birds, and all mammals.[well established][VHOG]
The urinary bladder evolved in tetrapods. Birds to not possess a true urinary bladder, although Palaeognathae have an undifferentiated cloacal outpocketing that serves a similar function[https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/454]
distensible musculomembranous organ situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion[MP].
An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition].
we place two MA classes here due to the official ncit2ma mapping to intestinal wall tissue; not clear how bowel and intestine are different
The secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct.
An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes[GO].
As a secretory organ serving exocrine and endocrine functions, the pancreas is specific to the vertebrates[PMID:16417468] Hagfishes and lampreys are unique in the complete separation of their endocrine pancreas (islet or- gan) and their exocrine pancreas (50). The endocrine and exocrine pancreas are coassociated in crown gnathostomes (50). In Branchiostoma and Ciona, there is no diverticulum as there is in hagfishes, lampreys, and gnathostomes, only dispersed insulin-secreting cells in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract (51, 52)
Organ which secretes a fluid containing enzymes that aid in the digestion of food.[AAO]
The mature pancreas of higher vertebrates and mammals comprises two major functional units: the exocrine pancreas, which is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes to be secreted into the gut lumen, and the endocrine pancreas, which has its role in the synthesis of several hormones with key regulatory functions in food uptake and metabolism. The exocrine portion constitutes the majority of the mass of the pancreas, and contains only two different cell types, the secretory acinar cells and the ductular cells. The endocrine portion, which comprises only 1-2% of the total mass, contains five different cell types, which are organized into mixed functional assemblies referred to as the islets of Langerhans
The zebrafish does not have a discrete pancreas. Exocrine pancreatic tissue can be found scattered along the intestinal tract. The acinar structure of the exocrine pancreas is very similar to that of mammals and comprises cells with a very dark, basophilic cytoplasm
Subdivision of lower limb or fin which links the limb/fin to the body[FMA,modified]. There is only one instance of the pelvic girdle region per organism.[VSAO]
The organism subdivision that includes the pelvic girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions.
this class describes the subdivision of the limb/fin, NOT the skeleton within. See also: skeleton of pectoral girdle (UBERON:0007831). See also comments on obo-anatomy mail list. Note that even though the class includes soft tissue it is more restrictive than 'pelvis' which also includes structures in cavities etc. TODO this needs to be better documented
in FMA this is classified as simple columnar, MA divides this into squamous and glandular
A multi-organ-part structure that consists of three vessels of the portal lobule including the bile duct, a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel
The misnomer 'portal triad' traditionally has included only the first three structures, and was named before lymphatic vessels were discovered in the structure. It can refer both to the largest branch of each of these vessels running inside the hepatoduodenal ligament, and to the smaller branches of these vessels inside the liver.
The functional units of the liver including the lobules.
the (liver) tubular structure (dual layered parenchyma) appears to be conserved among all embryonic vertebrates (...) it is not unlikely that all vertebrate livers share the same fundamental functional unit.[well established][VHOG]
Note that this is part of the intrahepatic bile duct in MA, as this class is more alike the tree in FMA. Note also that SCT has canal of Hering and Entire IBduct as the only sibling terms under 'Structure of intralobular bile duct' (i.e. the CoH is the only part of the entire IBduct)
the tubules located between the bile canaliculi and interlobular bile ducts near the outer edge of a classic liver lobule
The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present
Anatomical system consisting of multiple elements and tissues that provides physical support.[TAO]
Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system.
Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system.[VSAO]
By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level.[debated][VHOG]
GO defines skeletal system very generically: The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) GO:0001501; however, all annotations are to vertebrates
System that provides physical support to the organism.[AAO]
FMA:24216 present in FMA1, but gone in subsequent versions
Subdivision of trunk proper, which is demarcated from the neck by the plane of the superior thoracic aperture and from the abdomen internally by the inferior surface of the diaphragm and externally by the costal margin and associated with the thoracic vertebral column and ribcage and from the back of the thorax by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines; together with the abdomen and the perineum, it constitutes the trunk proper[FMA].
A subdivision of the head that has as parts the layers deep to the surface of the anterior surface, including the mouth, eyes, and nose (when present). In vertebrates, this includes the facial skeleton and structures superficial to the facial skeleton (cheeks, mouth, eyeballs, skin of face, etc).
Subdivision of head which consists of the viscerocranium and all layers superficial to it. Examples: There is only one face.
The area that extends from the median ocellus to the oral foramen[HAO].
The face develops from outward growth of tissue located rostral to the cranium & pharynx. The lower jaw and most of the upper jaw are formed by growth of the first pharyngeal (branchial) arch. The upper incisor region and the nose and forehead (frontal region) are formed from tissue located rostral to the neural tube (frontonasal prominence)
Also called osseous tissue, (Latin: os). Is a type of hard endoskeletal connective tissue found in many vertebrate animals. Bone is the main tissue of body organs that support body structures, protect internal organs, (in conjunction with muscles) facilitate movement; and are involved with cell formation, calcium metabolism, and mineral storage.[AAO]
Portion of tissue which is calcified connective tissue making up the structural elements of the skeletal system.[TAO]
Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.
Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.[VSAO]
The 'new animal phylogeny' reveals that many of the groups known to biomineralize sit among close relatives that do not, and it favours an interpretation of convergent or parallel evolution for biomineralization in animals. (...) Whether this 'biomineralization toolkit'of genes reflects a parallel co-option of a common suite of genes or the inheritance of a skeletogenic gene regulatory network from a biomineralizing common ancestor remains an open debate.[debated][VHOG]
An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted].
A tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
FMA also has a term 'gastrointestinal tract', but this includes the liver.
The alimentary or digestive tract, and associated organs.[TAO]
we following Kardong in naming the entire tube from mouth to anus the alimentary canal. Kardong calls the portion of this tract that excludes buccal cavity and pharynx the 'alimentary canal', consider adding an extra class for this
we place the MA and EMAPA class here, although the intent is probably a smaller region. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/509
Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the urinary bladder and the urethra.
Some specify that the glottis (vocal cords) is the defining line between the upper and lower respiratory tracts;[2] yet even others make the line at the cricoid cartilage. The FMA includes nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx[WP]
The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the nose and ends distally with the cricoid cartilage, before continuing to the trachea.
The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the trachea and includes all distal structures including the lungs[WP,modified]
It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa.[well established][VHOG]
Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO].
Portion of tissue composed of contractile fibers.[TAO]
An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition].
Note that in FMA an artery is a tree, whereas AEO/JB defines it as a tube; FMA includes a separate class for what it calls the trunk. Classification in this ontology may currently (Jan 2012) represent a mix of both schemes, although we are gradually revising in the direction of the AEO scheme.
Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.[AAO]
The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG]
Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart.
Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry blood from other organs, tissues, and cells to the heart.[AAO]
TODO - check with MA - vein vs venous blood vessel
Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ.[well established][VHOG]
Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.
The organ of hearing and of equilibrium. [TFD][VHOG]
A horn-like keratin structure covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes[WP].
A primate's nail consists of the unguis alone; the subunguis has disappeared
The nails of humans and the claws are moth are highly similar. Both species have a proximal nail fold, cuticle, nail matrix, nail bed, nail plate, and hyponychium. Distinguishing features are the shape of the nail and the presence of an extended hyponychium in the mouse [PMC3579226]
Use this class for both the nails of primates and the homologous claws of mammals such as mouse.
Ganglion which is located in the head.[TAO]
cranial ganglion part of peripheral nervous system
the groups of nerve cell bodies associated with the twelve cranial nerves
Any of the paired nerves emerging from the spinal cord, each attached to the cord by two roots: ventral and dorsal, and passing out between the vertebrae. [TFD][VHOG]
the any of the paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment[MP,modified]
Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord.
See https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/6
Twelve pairs of cranial nerves exit/enter the cranium through openings in the skull. The nerves contain efferent axons with motor and glandular functions, as well as afferent axons from cranial ganglia with sensory functions. The nerves are numbered in a rostral to caudal sequence, with the exception of the lateral line nerves.[TAO]
We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...).[well established][VHOG]
classified as neural tree organ, not nerve in FMA. CN II poses a challenge here as it is not strictly a nerve, yet is expected to be classified under CN.
In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain.[well established][VHOG]
Most anterior of the three regions of the brain consisting of the telencephalon and diencephalon.[AAO]
The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon.
The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
relationship loss: develops_from forebrain neural tube (TAO:0007041)[TAO]
Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG]
Middle part of the brain composed of the optic tectum and penducular region.[AAO]
The brain region between the forebrain anteriorly and the hindbrain posteriorly, including the tectum dorsally and the midbrain tegmentum ventrally. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO].
developmental relationships need revised
part of brainstem in ABA - we reject this in favor of ISBN10:0471888893 which has an implicit overlaps relationships
From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG]
In mammals the cortex covers almost the whole of the cerebral hemispheres.
In ray-finned fishes the inner surfaces of the lateral and ventral regions of the cerebrum bulge up into the ventricles.
In the amniotes, the cerebrum becomes increasingly large and complex. In reptiles, the paleopallium is much larger than in amphibians, and its growth has pushed the basal nuclei into the central regions of the cerebrum.
In the most primitive living vertebrates, the hagfishes and lampreys, the cerebrum is a relatively simple structure receiving nerve impulses from the olfactory bulb.
Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, basal ganglia, septum and fornix, as well as subcortical gray and white matter structures[FMA:62000].
Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres.
Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres.[AAO]
The anterior and dorsal forebrain neuromere, includes the olfactory bulb. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
The cerebrum of birds has evolved along different lines to that of mammals, although they are similarly enlarged, by comparison with reptiles. However, this enlargement is largely due to the basal ganglia, with the other areas remaining relatively primitive in structure.
dolphins are the only species (other than humans) to have cerebra accounting for as much as 2 percent of their body weight.
relationship loss: develops_from presumptive telencephalon (TAO:0000571)[TAO]
Anterior part of the hindbrain ventral to the cerebellum[NIFSTD:birnlex_965].
Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum[WP,modified].
The anterior of two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo. It gives rise to cerebellum and pons. [TFD][VHOG]
The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]
the terms metencephalon and myelencephalon are only meaningful in mammals and birds[Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain]. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata and thus these are not distinguished in ZFA[ZFA].
Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG]
Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO].
Posterior portion of the hindbrain which controls respiration, heartbeat, digestion, and swallowing as well as some locomotor responses.[AAO]
The posterior region of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-17, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG]
'tegmentum' is used generically for the ventral part of the brainstem (ISBN10:0471888893). We use the label 'midbrain tegmentum' to denote the midbrain structure. In NIFSTD tegmentum is a composite structure and there is a separate class for midbrain tegmentum and pontine tegmentum
Together, our results reveal a shared basic organization in the tegmental domains of the diencephalon and midbrain of developing lamprey, indicating early appearance of the domain in vertebrate phylogeny.[well established][VHOG]
Ventral part of the midbrain, separated from the hindbrain by the isthmus[ISBN10:0471888893]. Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle[FMA] The part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct[WP].
The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended.
In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum.
aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine
bile salts function to emulsify dietary fats and facilitate their intestinal absorption
major excretory route for potentially harmful exogenous lipophilic substances
many hormones and pheromones are excreted in bile, and contribute to growth and development of the intestine in some species and provide attractants for the weaning of non-human vertebrates
protects the organism from enteric infections by excreting immune globulin A (IgA), inflammatory cytokines, and stimulating the innate immune system in the intestine
vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by hepatocytes and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium.
Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature formed by the anastomosis of capillaries. Venules carry blood toward the heart.[TAO]
One of the minute vessels that collect deoxygenated blood from the capillary plexuses returns it to the veins
Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature, feeds into capillaries. Arterioles carry blood away from the heart.[TAO]
Small, terminal branch of an artery which generally connects to capillaries.[AAO]
The smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO].
A vessel through which blood circulates in the body.
Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body. [XAO:0001011_][VHOG]
Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body.[AAO]
FMA:63183 Blood vessel is categorized as 'general anatomical term'. Suggestion to map to region of vascular tree from Terry H at JAX
annelids have blood vessels, but this class is not applicable to annelids.
consider adopting the EMAPA superclass 'vascular element', which includes microvasculature (e.g. capillaries), vascular plexus
Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules.
Any of the tiny blood vessels connecting the arterioles to the venules.[AAO]
capillaries lack tunica media and tunica adventitia; only the endothelial wall of the tunica intima belongs
not all sources agree capillary is a blood vessel - consider adopting EMAPA superclass of vascular element
A vein that conducts blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver[BTO].
A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons.
Multi-tissue comprised of neurons, dendrites, axon terminals, glial cells, and capillaries.[TAO]
Posterior part of the brain consisting of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.[AAO]
The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain, forming the rhombencephalon and all or most of the metencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA].
in MA, brainstem and hindbrain and part-of siblings under brain, consistent with FMA and NIF. See also notes for cerebellum. We weaken the relation in ABA to overlaps
relationship loss: develops_from hindbrain neural tube (TAO:0007043)[TAO]
Muscle tissue that contains fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations.
Voluntary muscle tissue arranged in bundles of fibers.[AAO]
Dorsal part of the hindbrain that coordinates muscle movement, posture, and balance.[AAO]
However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor.[well established][VHOG]
Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA].
Specialized brain region derived from the dorsal metencephalon (anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain) and becoming distinctive late in the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
The absence of a cerebellum in hagfishes and lampreys appears to be the only exception [to the rule that vertebrates possess the same number of brain divisions]. Both hagfishes and lampreys do possess a thin band of cells located medial to the lateral line centers of the medulla (Ronan and Northcutt, 1998), which has been interpreted as a primitive cerebellum (Larsell, 1967), but more recent experimental studies (Kishida et al., 1987; Weigle and Northcutt, 1998) fail to support Larsell's claim[http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/4/743.full]
almost all AOs agree that the cerebellum is part of the hindbrain (sometimes specifically part of the metencephalon, which, when present, is part of the hindbrain). However, ABA has cerebellum and brain stem as partof siblings, with the hindbrain part of the brainstem
(...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...).[well established][VHOG]
A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in humans, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin[BTO].
Either of paired structures located in the throat which develop from the ventral wall of the pharynx and excretes hormones involved in the morphological and functional changes during metamorphosis as well as influencing other tissues.[AAO]
In fish, it is usually located below the gills and is not always divided into distinct lobes. However, in some teleosts, patches of thyroid tissue are found elsewhere in the body, associated with the kidneys, spleen, heart, or eyes
In larval lampreys, the thyroid originates as an exocrine gland, secreting its hormones into the gut, and associated with the larva's filter-feeding apparatus. In the adult lamprey, the gland separates from the gut, and becomes endocrine, but this path of development may reflect the evolutionary origin of the thyroid. For instance, the closest living relatives of vertebrates, the tunicates and Amphioxus, have a structure very similar to that of larval lampreys, and this also secretes iodine-containing compounds (albeit not thyroxine)
In tetrapods, the thyroid is always found somewhere in the neck region. In most tetrapod species, there are two paired thyroid glands - that is, the right and left lobes are not joined together. However, there is only ever a single thyroid gland in most mammals, and the shape found in humans is common to many other species
Either of two organs which allow gas exchange absorbing oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide with exhaled air.[AAO]
Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]
Respiration organ that develops as an oupocketing of the esophagus.
Snakes and limbless lizards typically possess only the right lung as a major respiratory organ; the left lung is greatly reduced, or even absent. Amphisbaenians, however, have the opposite arrangement, with a major left lung, and a reduced or absent right lung [WP]
respiration organ in all air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart. Their principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere. This exchange of gases is accomplished in the mosaic of specialized cells that form millions of tiny, exceptionally thin-walled air sacs called alveoli. // Avian lungs do not have alveoli as mammalian lungs do, they have Faveolar lungs. They contain millions of tiny passages known as para-bronchi, connected at both ends by the dorsobronchi
An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face.
see also: vascular system. Consider merging?
Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo.
Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[AAO]
Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[TAO]
Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[VSAO]
A collagenous layer of the skin subjacent to the epidermis and covering the hypodermis. It contains various types of cells (e.g. fibroblasts, pigment cells, nerve, blood vessels and scales. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO]
Consider adding a layer-of-skin grouping class for all skin layers
The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP].
When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous.[well established][VHOG]
A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO]
A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells[FMA:70544].
BTO has 'subcutis', as part of dermis. We follow FMA in having distinct classes for hypodermis and superficial fascia, and including these as part of the non-skin intgeument.
Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP].
An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper.[AAO]
An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen.
general anatomical term in FMA. Note that we place the MA class here temporarily, although properly systems should be distinguished from organs.
Skeletal subdivision of the central body axis including vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum.[VSAO]
The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG]
The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, a metameric, semi-flexible, arched bar located in the dorsal part of the trunk, and is formed by a series of cartilaginous or bony vertebrae. It provides suspension for the appendicular skeleton and protection for the spinal nerve cord.[AAO]
The post-cranial structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; usually consists of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins.[TAO]
The post-cranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA].
previous some AOs had used the term 'axial skeleton' to include the skull. This is being resolved (see tracker items above). Status: MA - fixed.
Skeletal subdivision consisting of all the skeletal elements in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes.[VSAO]
Skeletal system that consists of the paired fins (pectoral or pelvic fins).[TAO]
Subdivision of skeleton which which consists of all the skeletal elements in in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes[cjm].
The pectoral and pelvic girdles, which articulate with the axial skeleton, together with their associated limbs, the forelimbs and hind limbs, form the appendicular skeleton.[AAO]
ontologies differ in whether they treat the term appendicular skeleton as being the entire set of bones in the limbs, or whether the fore and hind limbs/fins are treated as seperate appendicular skeletons. Here we follow FMA, and treat the appendicular skeleton as the sum total of skeletal elements in the organism (this is evidenced by the fact that in FMA, skeleton of left/right upper/lower limb is part_of a appendicular skeleton, and subtypes of 'subdivision of appendicular skeleton'). We have separate classes such as 'skeleton of limb', and 'skeleton of hindlimb' for the 4 parts of the appendicular skeleton. In future the ZFA/TAO classes may be moved.
MA uses the term skin to refer to what is called here: zone of skin
The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis.
consider 'integumentary system' for invertebrates
Organism subdivision that is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[AAO]
Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the cervical region (or head, when cervical region not present) and anterior to the caudal region. Includes the sacrum when present.
Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[TAO]
A paired appendage that is evolved from a paired fin. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the girdle and its parts.
Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG]
Organism subdivision that has as its parts the jointed appendages used for locomotion and manipulation.[AAO]
The sensory system subserving the sense of vision.
Sensory system responsible for the perception of spatial orientation and auditory stimuli.
The sensory system used for balance and hearing.[AAO]
All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]
An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO].
An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate Amphioxus. However, this is an enzyme secreting gland, not a metabolic organ, and it is unclear how truly homologous it is to the vertebrate liver. The zebrafish liver differs from the mammalian liver in that the hepatocytes are not clearly organized in cords or lobules and the typical portal triads are not apparent. In addition, the zebrafish liver does not have Kuppfer cells. Furthermore, a clear distinction can be made between the male and female liver in the adult zebrafish. The female hepatocytes are very basophilic (Figure 15c) as a result of the production of vitellogenin (Van der Ven et al. 2003).
Only ZFA considers this part_of immune system - we weaken this to an overlaps relation, as in general it's only a subset of cells that have clear immune function.
Organ which secretes bile and participates in formation of certain blood proteins.[AAO]
The liver is found in all vertebrates, and is typically the largest visceral organ. Its form varies considerably in different species, and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs. Nonetheless, in most species it is divided into right and left lobes; exceptions to this general rule include snakes, where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar-like form. The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates.
relationship type change: differentiates_from endoderm (AAO:0000139) CHANGED TO: develops_from endoderm (UBERON:0000925)[AAO]
secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO].
Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine.[well established][VHOG]
Subdivision of digestive tract that connects the stomach to the large intestine and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place (with the exception of ruminants). The mammalian small intestine is long and coiled and can be differentiated histologically into: duodenum, jejunem, ileum[WP,cjm,Kardong].
The terminal region of the mid intestine is comprised of specialized enterocytes that appear to play a role in mucosal immunity. Wallace et al, 2005.[TAO]
An organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver[WP].
Membranous muscular sac in which the bile from the liver remains stored until it is required. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG]
Organ attached to the liver which stores bile and empties into the duodenum via the bile duct as needed for digestion.[AAO]
Rats do not have a gallbladder, but produce bile. The bile flows directly from the liver through the (hepatic) bile duct into the small intestine (Hebel and Stromberg, 1988)
The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part.[well established][VHOG]
A paired organ of the urinary tract which has the production of urine as its primary function.
One of either of a pair of structures lying on either side of the dorsal aorta in which fluid balance is regulated and waste is excreted out in the form of urine.[AAO]
In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear, and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum.
In humans, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 10-15 inches (25-38 centimetres) long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. It begins with the duodenal bulb and ends at the ligament of Treitz.
The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one).
The fixed portion of the small intestine deeply lodged in the posterior wall of the abdomen and extending from the pylorus to the beginning of the jejunum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG]
A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the anterior region of the nephric ridge; forms only as a transient embryonic structure. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.748][VHOG]
In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros.[well established][VHOG]
In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO].
Once the more complex mesonephros forms the pronephros undergoes apoptosis in amphibians. In fishes the nephron degenerates but the organ remains and becomes a component of the immune system[Wikipedia:Pronephros]. // TODO - check developmental relationships. Note that we previously include the ZFA/XAO terms under the more specific 'pronephric kidney', but these are now merged. TODO GCI: relationship: capable_of GO:0030104
Organ that serves as a transient kidney, providing osmoregulation during early developmental stages and then degenerating during metamorphosis.[AAO]
The embryonic kidney, present at the level of the third somite, is composed of two glomeruli fused at the midline, two pronephric tubules, and paired bilateral pronephric ducts that modify the composition of the blood filtrate before delivering it to the cloaca for excretion.Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA]
Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG]
Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA]
Each of the two primary divisions of the trachea leading respectively into the right and the left lung. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG]
In humans, the main bronchus is histologically identical to trachea; 2ary and 3ary bronchi are not; epithelium becomes simple columnar, goblet cell number decreases, elastic fibers in lamina propria increases, distribution more uniform. Muscular layer between mucosa and submucosa appears. cartilage rings become discontinuous plates connected by fibrous connective tissue
the upper conducting airways of the lung; these airways arise from the terminus of the trachea
Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs.
Anatomical system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages.[AAO]
Surface structure that is the outer protective covering of the body.[VSAO]
The outer protective barrier that separates the animal from its aquatic environment. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO]
in FMA intergument = skin+superficial fascia(hypodermis), skin=dermis+epidermis+hair_nail. Note that the definition provided here excludes the more general sense of the term 'integument' used in invertebrates; consider 'integumental system'. Note that the VSAO class appears to include adnexa by its definition.
A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems.
Anatomical system that provides locomotion and physical support to the organism.[AAO]
There are more than 50,000 extant vertebrate species, representing over 500 million years of evolution. During that time, the vertebrate musculoskeletal systems have adapted to aquatic, terrestrial, fossorial, and arboreal lifestyles, while simultaneously retaining functionally integrated axial and appendicular skeletal systems.[well established][VHOG]
Is a joint that is located at the point of contact of articulating bones allowing movement. The joint has a capsule containing synovial fluid surrounding the articulating bone surfaces.[TAO]
Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA]
In many species, the diaphragm separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
The part of the coelemic cavity lumen that is enclosed by the walls of the thorax.
Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral canal continuous with and caudal to the brain; demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum. It is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate, and surrounds the central canal. (CUMBO)
Part of the central nervous system which descends from the hindbrain within the vertebral column.[AAO]
TODO - add superclass to unify with VNC?
An olfactory organ overlaps with the olfactory system, because some parts of the nose (e.g. nasal skeleton) are parts of the skeletal system, which is spatially disjoint
An organ that houses olfactory neurons and is responsible for the sense of smell. Examples include the vertebrate nose and the Drosophila dorsal organ.
fma general anatomical term. xao has no subtypes (but Johnstons organ develops from this). An olfactory organ overlaps with the olfactory system, because some parts of the nose (e.g. nasal skeleton) are parts of the skeletal system, which is spatially disjoint
Organ system subdivision that consists of the organs and ducts that are involved in the production and transportation of bile. In most species this is the gallbladder and the bile ducts (biliary tree).
'brainstem' is a loose term that sometimes refers to the ventral parts o the brain except for any part of the telencephalon - sometimes it includes the diencephalon or subpallial telencephalon structures (ISBN10:0471888893). Here we use it in a more restriced sense, to include only the medulla oblongata, pons (when present) and the midbrain tegmentum (following the ZFA definitions).
Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain.[TAO]
Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,adopted][ZFA:0001707].
Stalk-like part of the brain that includes amongst its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,MP,generalized].
the stalk-like part of the brain that comprises the midbrain (aka mesencephalon), the pons (aka pons Varolii), and the medulla oblongata, and connects the cerebral hemispheres with the cervical spinal cord[MP]
Anatomical space, part of the trunk that contains the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities[ZFA].
In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.
The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities[BTO].
check the FMA placement here; ncit placement of body cavity here probably not correct
(...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (3) a stiff, longitudinal rod of turgid cells along the dorsal part of the body that is called a notochord (...).[well established][VHOG]
A flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, while in most vertebrates it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. The notochord is found ventral to the neural tube.
Avascular multi-tissue structure composed of large vacuolated epithelial cells (chordablasts) and perichordal fibrous tissue.[VSAO]
In between vertebra the notochord becomes the nucleus pulposus, under it degenerates, and at anterior end in some species its tissue merges with some of the cranial bones.. Some organisms retain a post-embryonic notochord.
Rod-like principal supportive element of the embryo and larva, present in the midline just ventral to the neural tube, and differentiating during the segmentation period to form large vacuolated epithelial cells and a surrounding a sheath of fibrous and elastic layers. Layering of the sheath may differ in structure, thickness and development among groups; in cypriniforms there are actually three very thin layers to the sheath. A functional, well developed notochord is present throughout life in certain basal fish groups but not in cypriniforms. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
Slender rod of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a core of fluid-filled cells of mesodermal origin; it lies above the gut and directly beneath the spinal cord. The notochord is present during early development and in a few cases it is retained through life; however, usually the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column.[AAO]
The notochord appears early in embryogeny and plays an important role in promoting or organizing the embryonic development of nearby structures. In most adult chordates the notochord disappears or becomes highly modified. In some non-vertebrate chordates and fishes the notochord persists as a laterally flexible but incompressible skeletal rod that prevents telescopic collapse of the body during swimming[TOLWEB]
relationship type change: differentiates_from mesoderm (AAO:0000304) CHANGED TO: develops_from mesoderm (UBERON:0000926)[AAO]
(...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]
Post-cranial axial segments which form sclerotome and dermomyotome.[AAO]
Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm.
Undifferentiated mesodermal components of early trunk or tail segments or metameres, derived from paraxial mesoderm; forms myotomes, sclerotomes and perhaps dermatomes. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
When the somite becomes segmented from the segmental plate, it is composed of an epithelial sac enclosing mesenchymal somitocoel cells. Thereafter the somite differentiates into two parts, the ventro-medial mesenchymal sclerotome and the dorso-lateral epithelial dermomyotome. This change in the epithelial somite depends on surrounding tissue [PMID:15906248]
currently classified as an epithelial vesicle, consistent with EHDAA2 and https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest. Consider making 'somitic mesoderm' a separate term and correlate with regionalization processes. Consider moving ZFA term to 'trunk somite' as it is part of the trunk
relationship loss: develops_from paraxial mesenchyme (TAO:0000942)[TAO]
relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of trunk (TAO:0001115) CHANGED TO: develops_from trunk (UBERON:0002100)[TAO]
relationship type change: part_of paraxial mesoderm (AAO:0010568) CHANGED TO: develops_from paraxial mesoderm (UBERON:0003077)[AAO]
Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia].
A cell population arising from the dorsolateral aspect of the central nervous system primordium during the segmentation period, and later migrating along stereotyped pathways to give rise to a diverse and well-defined set of cell types including pigment cells, peripheral neurons and glia, and head cartilage. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
A specialized region of ectoderm found between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm and composed of highly migratory pluripotent cells that delaminate in early embryonic development from the dorsal neural tube and give rise to an astounding variety of differentiated cell types[MP].
A well developed neural crest population is present in lampreys (Horigome et al. 1999 ; Tomsa & Langeland, 1999) and gnathostomes. chordate fossils from the early Cambrian (Yunnanozoan and Haikouella) with apparent neural-crest derived structures (pharyngeal denticles and pharyngeal skeletons resembling the striped mucocartilage of the branchial bars in lamprey ammocoete larvae), suggests that neural crest arose very early in vertebrate evolution (Chen et al. 1999; Holland & Chen, 2001). The invertebrate chordates apparently lack defini- tive neural crest. One marker of migrating neural crest in some vertebrates, the antibody HNK1, does not recognize any cells in amphioxus embryos (Holland, unpublished). Even so, in both amphioxus and tunicates, cells at the edges of the neural plate and adjacent nonneural ectoderm share some properties of neural crest[PMID:11523831]
Gene notes: Many factors and genes, such as Pax3 (Tremblay et al., 1995), slug (Nieto et al., 1994), AP-2 (Zhang et al., 1996; Schorle et al., 1996), and Wnt-1/3a (Ikeya et al., 1997) are expressed in the dorsal most region of the neural tube, and have been shown to be involved in the generation of neural crest cells.
Migratory cell population which delaminates from neural tube, borders surface ectoderm and neural ectoderm, and gives rise to many different tissue types.[AAO]
We conclude that the neural crest is a vertebrate novelty, but that neural crest cells and their derivatives evolved and diversified in a step-wise fashion - first by elaboration of neural plate border cells, then by the innovation or co-option of new or ancient metazoan cell fates.[well established][VHOG]
consider including subclasses for pre- and post- migratory (e.g. sheets/paths/streams).
(...) the ability of ectoderm to produce neuronal cells is a general metazoan feature.[well established][VHOG]
Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue.
epithelium tubi neuralis; neuroectoderma
we prefer neurectoderm to neural ectoderm since placodal ectoderm is not classified here
Robust muscular tunic of the heart which forms the basic part of its walls. Its external surface is covered by the pericardium and its internal one by the endocardium. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG]
TODO - check 'Myocardum proper' in FMA. We superclass the more generic class for now. FMA has is_a muscle layer - should we add this? ZFA and BTO both have is_a 'cardiac muscle' (tissue?). But in U we also follow FMA and have cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium (there is also Fibrocollagenous connective tissue of myocardium), which would be identical (see issue-10). Note that GO also treats left/right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue synonymous with ventricular myocardium
The middle layer of the heart, consisting of cardiac muscle.[AAO]
the middle layer of the heart, comprised mainly of striated cardiac muscle fibers
EHDAA2 divides the system from the tissue
The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat[GO]
The fish heart displays clear polarity of contraction in a posterior-to-anterior direction. The contraction waves originate in the sinus venosus and terminate in the conus arteriosus. The nodal phenotype persists in the inflow region of the heart, varying from the venosinus to the sinoatrial junctional areas in different species . Similar to the mammalian situation, pacemaker tissue with a lower intrinsic rhythmicity is also found at the atrioventricular junction.[uncertain][VHOG]
MA and FMA differ in what they consider to be parts of the pelvis. MA includes ureter, urethra, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
The lower segment of the trunk, inferioposterior to the abdomen proper, in the transition area between the trunk and the lower limbs.
A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas
Currently this is logically defined by the system it belongs to, but a better system may be base this on presence/absence of ducts. However, the dual nature of the liver should be taken into consideration here. Consider adding subclasses
Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products directly into the circulatory system rather than through a duct.[WP, modified].
In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells[Wikipedia:Bone_marrow]
TODO - create superclass for bone marrow / head kidney. both are portions of tissue in the hematopoetic system. also consider adding as subclass of zone of bone organ for consistency with FMA. See also: Leydig and epigonal organs
The bone marrow is the hematopoietic organ in all vertebrates but fishes, in which hematopoiesis occurs in the kidney.[well established][VHOG]
the soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones
One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but there are certain characteristics shared by all or most tissues in this category, such as involvement in structure and support, derived from mesoderm, and characterized largely by the traits of non-living tissue.[AAO]
Portion of tissue that consists of mesodermally derived cells and intercellular matrix comprised of protein fibers and carbohydrates, which supports, ensheathes and binds together other tissues.[TAO]
Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.
Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.[VSAO]
Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO].
One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissue that contains cells with contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Muscle tissue also is separated into three distinct categories.[AAO]
Vertebrate muscle is categorized into three major muscle types defined by their structural and functional properties: skeletal, cardiac and smooth. In Dmel the counterparts are somatic, heart/cardiac and visceral. Here we take a cell type based approach.
Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues.[AAO]
Anatomical system that is involved in the production of hematopoietic cells.
In humans this is primarily the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes
Zebrafish developmental hematopoiesis shows close correspondence to the development of the mammalian hematopoietic system and is regulated by conserved molecular pathways.[well established][VHOG]
(...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct.[well established][VHOG]
A duct that carries bile from the liver to the intestine.
Any of the ducts that form the biliary tree, carrying bile from the liver to the small intestine.
Any of the excretory ducts in the liver that convey bile between the liver and the intestine. [TFD][VHOG]
we place the ZFA class here as this fits its textual definition and child nodes. We may recommend a label change for ZFA
Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies.
The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes.[well established][VHOG]
(...) the integument of many tetrapods is reinforced by a morphologically and structurally diverse assemblage of skeletal elements. These elements are widely understood to be derivatives of the once all-encompassing dermal skeleton of stem-gnathostomes (...).[well established][VHOG]
Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle.
A type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of cells called chondrocytes which are dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix. Cartilage is avascular (contains no blood vessels) and nutrients are diffused through the matrix. Cartilage is found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, in the throat and between intervertebral disks. It makes up virtually the entire skeleton in chondrichthyes.[AAO]
Phylogenetic analysis suggests that cartilage arose independently in cnidarians, hemichordates, vertebrates, arthropods, annelids, brachiopods, and molluscs - or a common ancestor of brachiopods and molluscs (...). Analyses of cartilage as a tissue and of the development of invertebrate cartilages are consistent with homology between invertebrate and vertebrate cartilage. From the discussion above, it will be clear that understanding genetic changes underlying cartilage evolution is key to determining whether the multiple origins of cartilage represent parallel evolution.[well established][VHOG]
Portion of tissue which is connective tissue composed of collagen and/or elastin fibers and chondrocytes. Cartilage is avascular and provides both skeletal functions and a framework upon which bone is deposited.[TAO]
Previous: "A portion of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate[GO]. Regular connective tissue, which consists of chondrocytes and related cells, the intercellular matrix of which is chondrified. Examples: hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage[FMA]. an avascular supporting and articular skeletal tissue. It also functions as the primary endoskeletal support in vertebrate embryos. Cartilage is deposited by and is composed of chondroblasts and chondrocytes separated by an extracellular matrix, which may or may not mineralize depending on cartilage type, age, or taxon[Hall and Witten]." See also FMA:71500 Set of cartilages, FMA:55107 Cartilage organ, FMA:12264 Articular cartilage. // elements made from cartilage, cartilage-like, or chondroid tissues evolved in invertebrates[H&W]
Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts.
Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts.[VSAO]
System responsible for the production and movement of bile[ZFIN:curator].
The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins. The parts are: liver, bile duct, gall bladder and hepatic duct [GO:0061008]
The part of the digestive system that contains the liver and the biliary system
A bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
NCITA includes clavicle. MA:'limb bone' is actually a bone of limb or girdle
the formal definition is very inclusive, and includes sesamoids
Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group; note that this refers to the limb segment, not just the skeleton.
Terminal segment of free limb, immediately distal to the zeugopod region. The fully developed autopod consists of the autopod skeleton plus associated structures such as integument, muscle tissue, vasculature etc. The autopod is divided into mesopodial, metapodiual, and acropodial segments. Examples: human hand, mouse paw, human foot
The middle free limb segment, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the zeugopodial skeleton. Examples: There are two types of zeugopod: forelimb zeugopod (aka forearm), hindlimb zeugopod (aka crus).
There exists some controversy about which podial segments are present in some fishes, e.g. if the autopod is not newly evolved in tetrapods, there is a question as to which segments are actually present in basal vertebrate taxa.[PHENOSCAPE:curators]
Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group
The proximal free limb segment. Includes as parts the stylopod skeleton.
Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts.
Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts.[VSAO]
see https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/27
Endochondral_ossification is an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones, with the exception of the clavicle[Wikipedia:Endochondral_ossification]. The medial and and lateral ends undergo EO, the mid-portion is formed by a process with features of EO & IO (the process is shared by the mandible)[ISBN:9780397517251]
Long bone is a limb bone that is subcylindrical and has a shaft with periosteum separating the ends of the bones. Long bones are present only in the limbs[VSAO:wd].
Replacement bone that forms within cartilage.
Replacement bone that forms within cartilage.[VSAO]
some structures, e.g. in ZFA are both intramembrane and endochondral
A major subdivision of a mature or developing limb, including both skeletal elements (or the mesenchyme that gives rise to the skeletal elements) and associated tissues, such as muscle, connective tissue, integument. Examples: autopod region, zeugopod region, stylopod region, metapodial region, arm region. Excludes the limb girdles.
FMA has both limb segment and free limb segment, the former includes the girdles. Note that MA uses the term more generally and includes A,S,Z,S+Z(arm/leg), whereas FMA is just A,S,Z
TODO - align this with the CARO2 class 'appendage segment'; note the FMA class does not appear to require repetition
an organ that functions as a secretory or excretory organ
An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a paired fin. The fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP].
Embryonic surface structure that develops into a paired fin.[ZFA]
In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA]
In pregastrula zebrafish embryos, the epiblast is an inverted cup of cells that sits on top of a large yolk cell. (...) In amniote embryos (mammals and birds), gastrulation initiates in an epithelial layer called the epiblast. Cells in the epiblast undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate through the primitive streak (PS), and incorporate in the middle (mesoderm) or outer (endoderm) layer. The presumptive definitive endoderm (DE) cells invade and displace an outer layer of extraembryonic tissue cells, the hypoblast in chick and the visceral endoderm (VE) in mouse, which form supporting structures such as the yolk sac.[uncertain][VHOG]
MP says - tissue that gives rise to the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm of the embryo proper. In HOG, epiblast is part of primitive streak/blastpore, which is inconsistent with the MP definition of primitive streak as a ridge of the epiblast. Note that these terms, epiblast and hypoblast, are also used to describe layers of the avian embryonic blastoderm, but the layers so-named seem to be altogether different in these two kinds of vertebrate embryos(CVS). Consider obsoleting this as a grouping class
Fin that is one of a pair located ventrally on the organism.
A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down.[well established][VHOG]
Numbered cranial to caudal. different in mammals. branchial arch = ZFA:0001613 pharyngeal arch 3-7. generally gill arch 1 = pharyngeal arch 3. terminology varies as to whether branchial arch follows gill or pharyngeal numbering
One of a series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO]
One of a series of paired bulges that develop along the lateral walls of the foregut. The pharyngeal arches have developmental contributions from endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest cells and are separated by anterior lateral endoderm out-pockets known as pharyngeal pouches.
A subdivision of the autopod that has as part a series of phalanges together with associated vasculature, musculature, integument and nerves. It is continuous with the metapodial subdivision of the autopod, but does not include the metapodials. In species such as humans, fully formed digits are distinct, whereas in other species the digits may be connected by interdigital webbing, or may be completely unseparated (for example, in cetaceans).
Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues.[well established][VHOG]
digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue
this class represents the entire organism subdivision encompassing soft tissue as well as the underlying skeletal framework. The class represents the phalangeal part only - historically the term 'digit' has also been used to represent the unit consisting of a series of phalanges together with a metapodial bone. We may in future relabel this class to avoid confusion with this concept, but the class will continue to represent the phalangeal portion
Comparisons of developmental gene expression suggest that the anterior ectoderm in amphioxus may be homologous to the vertebrate olfactory placode, the only vertebrate placode with primary, not secondary, neurons
Ectodermal placode that develops in the head into a part of the sensory nervous system. With a few exceptions (lens, adenohypophyseal), cranial placodes are neurogenic.
The term placode or placodes also applies to developing organs such as teeth, mammary glands, hair follicles, feathers and scales. We include a separate parent class for this.
to avoid confusion, we include neurogenic placode as a subclass. Do not merge.
Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina.
Anatomical divisons of the brain according to one or more criteria, e.g. cytoarchitectural, gross anatomy. Parts may be contiguous in 3D or not, e.g., basal ganglia.
A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
Olfactory placodes are the only ectodermal placodes to produce glia, a cell type typically derived from neural crest // Note that NBK53171 classifies this as non-neurogenic
We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...).[well established][VHOG]
Lampreys also have an MHB [midbrain hindbrain boundary], expressing a similar repertoire of regulatory gene cognates as in gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG]
The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain and that is the location of an organizing center which patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
consider adding class for organizer. Consider adding separate class for isthmus as a structure
A temporary epithelium that derives from the outer layer of the ectdoerm and is shed once the inner layer differentiates to form a true epidermis.
In mice, the first non-basal layer formed at ~E9.5; it is a temporary structure composed of simple squamous epithelium that serves as the first barrier to the embryo's physical environment, exists throughout the entire keratinocyte stratification process, and sheds off at ~E17, when it is replaced by corneocytes[MP]
In some mammals, Eyelid Fusion is thought to be driven by a population of cells which are derived from the periderm, the outermost layer of the developing epidermis
Originally the epidermis is one layer thick, in most vertebrates it soon becomes a two-layered structure. The outer layer gives rise to the periderm. The periderm goes through distinct developmental phases and is ultimately sloughed into the amniotic fluid when differentiation of the underlying epidermal layers is complete. The function of the periderm is not known, but is thought to be related to transport/exchange between the fetus and the amniotic fluid (http://courses.washington.edu/hubio567/devbio/periderm.html)
The outermost epidermal layer covering the fish at embryonic stages; derived from the EVL and thought to eventually be replaced by the superficial stratum of the epidermis. Sometimes used synonymously with EVL. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO]
relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of ectoderm (TAO:0000016) CHANGED TO: develops_from ectoderm (UBERON:0000924)[TAO]
The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction.
The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction.
It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (...) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (...). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (...) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites.[well established][VHOG]
Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form.
Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
(...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny.[well established][VHOG]
Duct of the embryonic kidney, present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the anal region where it empties separately from, and just posterior to the anus. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
In mammals, the pronephric duct is the predecessor of the Wolffian duct[WP].
The first-formed kidney duct, which drains the kidney of most anamniotes and becomes the ductus deferens of male amniotes. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-3, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG]
The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the pronephric kidney[GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15647339, XAO:0000063, ZFA:0000150]
Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted].
EHDAA2 distinguishes 3 types, but does not have a superclass. The VHOG class may refer to yolk sac
Nests of developing blood cells arising late in the segmentation period from the intermediate mass, and located in the anterior-ventral tail, just posterior to the yolk extension. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
Region located on the ventral surface of the developing embryo that is a site of hematopoiesis and that is analogous to the yolk sac blood islands of higher vertebrates.[AAO]
Small clusters of mesodermal cells called blood islands mark the embryonic debut of the cardiovascular system (in vertebrates) (reference 1); In birds and mammals, primitive hemangioblasts are extraembryonic, populating the yolk sac as the so-called blood islands (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]
relationship loss: part_of intermediate cell mass of mesoderm (TAO:0000033)[TAO]
(...)the mesoderm of a developing vertebrate transitionally differentiates into the following sub-types: Chordamesoderm (also known as axial mesoderm) which later on gives rise to notochord in all chordates, Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, Lateral plate mesoderm (reference 1); The mesoderm is present in Bilateria, therefore they are sometimes called triploblasts. Ectoderm and endoderm are usually organized as epithelial layers, while mesoderm can be epithelial or a compact, three-dimensional tissue.[well established][VHOG]
Mesoderm between somite and lateral plate. Traditionally thought to give rise to the urogenital system.[AAO]
The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads.
all AOs differ in the relationship between this structure and the mesoderm; in ZFA it is a subclass (and this is implied by the GO definition and GO relationships), in AAO it is part of, and in EHDAA2 it develops from the mesoderm (but in EHDAA2 the naming convention is to use 'paraxial mesenchyme', rather than 'paraxial mesoderm').
A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG]
The second of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO]
The second pharyngeal arch will form the hyoid apparatus. The cranial neural crest cells that populate the second pharyngeal arch emerge primarily from rhombomere 4 and will form skeletal elements.
The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord.
The portion of the mesoderm underlying the midline of the embryo. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG]
Anatomical structure consisting of either of a pair of longitudinal ducts which carry urine and in males, sperm, to the cloaca.[AAO]
Consider adding subclasses for male and female specific variants
In the male the Wolffian duct persists, and forms for example the epididymis, the ductus deferens, the ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle and efferent ducts.
Paired organ that connects the primitive kidney Wolffian body (or mesonephros) to the cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain male reproductive organs. the Wolffian duct is what remains of the pronephric duct after the atrophy of the pronephros[WP]. In Zebrafish: Duct of the adult kidney (mesonephros), present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the cloacal chamber[ZFA].
TODO - mesonephric portion of the nephric duct
A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA]
The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
Mesoderm lateral to the neural tube and notochord that is divided into cranial and post-cranial portions. The trunk portions further segment into somites.[AAO]
Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates.[well established][VHOG]
The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO]
note that all AOs differ in the relationship between this structure and the mesoderm; in ZFA it is a subclass (and this is implied by the GO definition and GO relationships), in AAO it is part of, and in EHDAA2 it develops from the mesoderm (but in EHDAA2 the naming convention is to use 'paraxial mesenchyme', rather than 'paraxial mesoderm'). Also in ZFA it is part of the trunk whereas this conflicts with the division into head and trunk in ehdaa2 (which we follow here)
TODO - add grouping class for the anterior end of the neural tube at all stages
A ventrolateral zone of amphioxus mesoderm grows down to surround the gut. Homology of this zone to the lateral plate mesoderm of vertebrates is supported by site of origin and fate.[well established][VHOG]
Portion of mesoderm traditionally thought to give rise to limb bones and parts of the girdles.[AAO]
Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP].
The portion of the mesoderm of the trunk of vertebrate embryos lying lateral to the intermediate mesoderm. [...] [It] subdivides into two plates: one dorsal, called the somatopleure, and one ventral, called the splanchnopleure. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG]
A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become muscle cells.
In all vertebrates, the skeletal muscle of the body axis is chiefly derived from an early embryonic compartment, known as the myotome.[well established][VHOG]
Portion of the somites giving rise to body wall muscle masses. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
The term 'myotome' is also used to describe the muscles served by a single nerve root / spinal segment - consider adding new class, myomere.
Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline between 21 and 26 somites to form the heart rudiment or cone. Stainier 2001.[TAO]
Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline to form the heart rudiment or cone.
The fused aspects of ventral mesoderm, which have migrated from either side of the prechordal plate, and fused ventrally, just behind the cement gland. They will give rise to the endocardium at NF stage 27&28.[AAO]
relationship loss: develops_from lateral mesoderm (TAO:0001065)[TAO]
should probably be merged with heart rudiment.
The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton.[well established][VHOG]
Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP].
In all vertebrates the thyroid arises from the ventral aspect of the second pouch
Note that we follow EHDAA2 in dividing this into endoderm and mesenchyme. In this ontology we place the broad developmental relationship at this level, and include specific relationships to the pharyngeal endoderm at the level of the endoderm
Portion of tissue part of the pharyngeal endoderm that is fated to become thyroid follicle[ZFIN:curator].
The initial thyroid precursor, the thyroid primordium, starts as a simple midline thickening and develops to form the thyroid diverticulum. This structure is initially hollow, although it later solidifies and becomes bilobed. The 2 lobes are located on either side of the midline and are connected via an isthmus.
Anterior most portion of the neural crest. Migrates in three highly conserved streams: mandibular, hyoid and branchial.[AAO]
Neural crest that is part of the head.[TAO]
We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG]
neural crest cells (NCCs) originating in the anterior part of the developing embryo and residing between the mid-diencephalon and the forming hindbrain; cranial NCCs migrate dorsolaterally to form the craniofacial mesenchyme that differentiates into various craniofacial cartilages and bones, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face; these cells enter the pharyngeal pouches and arches where they give rise to thymic cells, bones of the middle ear and jaw (mandible), and the odontoblasts of the tooth primordia; like their counterparts in the trunk, cranial NCCs also contribute to the developing peripheral nervous system, along with the pigmented cell (i.e. melanocyte) lineage.
Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes.
Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes.
Anatomical structure that overlaps the outer epithelial layer and is adjacent to the space surrounding the organism.
Organism subdivision which is the collection of anatomical structures on the body surface.[ZFA]
Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types.
this class was introduced for consistency with CARO. However, in this ontology we typically classify organs directly under 'organ' rather than subdividing into compound and simple organs
A mesh-like cell arrangement, less compact than an epithelium. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
Portion of tissue consisting of loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage.[AAO]
Portion of tissue consisting of loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage[XAO]. A mesh-like cell arrangement, less compact than an epithelium[ZFA]. The part of the embryonic mesoderm, consisting of loosely packed, unspecialized cells set in a gelatinous ground substance, from which connective tissue, bone, cartilage, and the circulatory and lymphatic systems develop[BTO].
the relationship to mesoderm is weaker than develops_from in order to have classes such as 'head mesenchyme from mesoderm' make sense
The most anterior, or first, pharygeal/branchial arch, composed of the mandibular process, forming the posterior border of the stomodeum, and the maxillary process anterior to the stomodeum, contains the first aortic arch.[AAO]
The third branchial arch contributes to the development of the hyoid bone, stylopharyngeus muscle, inferior parathyroid gland, and thymus.
in XAO, called branchial arch 1 and df VP3
An elongated tube which carries air to and from the lungs.[AAO]
In birds, the trachea runs from the pharynx to the syrinx, from which the primary bronchi diverge. Swans have an unusually elongated trachea, part of which is coiled beneath the sternum; this may act as a resonator to amplify sound. In some birds, the cartilagenous rings are complete, and may even be ossified. In amphibians, the trachea is normally extremely short, and leads directly into the lungs, without clear primary bronchi. A longer trachea is, however found in some long-necked salamanders, and in caecilians. While there are irregular cartilagenous nodules on the amphibian trachea, these do not form the rings found in amniotes. The only vertebrate to have lungs, but no trachea, is Polypterus, in which the lungs arise directly from the pharynx.
In primitive fishes and most tetrapods, the lungs of adults are usually paired. They lie ventral to the digestive tract and are connected to the outside environment through the trachea.[well established][VHOG]
The respiratory tube between the larynx and the bronchi. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG]
The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches [GO:dph].
GO uses genitalia for the singular organ
A mass of intermediate mesodermal cells around the distal end of the ureteric bud that gives rise to nephrons in the metanephric kidney. [TFD][VHOG]
Genes: The positional specification of the metanephrogenic mesenchyme is negatively regulated by Foxc1 and Foxc2. Next the permanent kidney forming metanephrogenic mesenchyme is specified by Hox11 genes. The competence to respond to ureteric bud inducers is regulated by WT1. GDNF secretion restricted to posterior region by Robo2 and Sprouty1. The receptors for GDNF are synthesized in the nephric ducts and later in ureteric buds [ISBN:9780878932504 "Developmental Biology"]
When the ureteric buds emerge from the nephric duct, they enter the metanephrogenic mesenchyme. The ureteric buds induce this mesenchymal tissue to condense around them and differentiate into the nephrons of the mammalian kidney. As this mesenchyme differentiates, it tells the ureteric bud to branch and grow.[well established][VHOG]
one of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney (the other is the ureteric bud). The metanephric blastema mostly develops into nephrons, but can also form parts of the collecting duct system.[WP]. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros[GO]
Endochondral bones that are often elongate and arranged in rows of articulating elements, and form the visible part of the digits.
In primates such as humans and monkeys, the thumb and big toe have two phalanges, while the other fingers and toes consist of three
An endoderm that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition].
A gland that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition].
A layer of epithelial cells on the surface of the mucosa.
A gland that is part of a digestive tract [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta.
only in MA - supertype of artery, arteriole, aorta.
A blood vessel that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A long bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
Any joint that is part of a (free) limb.
Most limb joints are synovial, but a few such as the tibiofibular joints are syndesmoses
Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the common bile duct and the common hepatic duct.
includes all the cystic duct, all the common bile duct and the extrahapetic part of the hepatic duct
Duct that collects bile from the bile ductules and connects to the extrahepatic bile duct.[TAO]
Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
includes the hepatic duct of the caudate lobe, and the intra- and inter- lobar bile ducts
One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Cells forming the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.[AAO]
Portion of tissue in the nervous system which consists of neurons and glial cells, and may also contain parts of the vasculature.
A blood vessel that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A limb joint that is part of an autopod [Automatically generated definition].
joint of limb of distal free limb segment
An anatomical space that surrounded_by a neural tube.
A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a midbrain.
A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a telencephalon.
Cranial neural crest that is part of the telencephalon.[TAO]
A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a hindbrain.
Cranial neural crest that is part of the hindbrain.[TAO]
A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a spinal cord.
We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)[well established][VHOG]
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a ganglion.
An anatomical cavity that has the potential to develop into a coelemic cavity lumen.
(...) I regard it unlikely that coeloms of all bilaterian animals are comparable and evolved very early. Considering all these questions, few convincing characters concerning the evolution of body cavities remain to be named. (...) A segmental coelom appears to have evolved at least two times, in Annelida and in Myomerata (Acrania and Craniota).[well established][VHOG]
The part of the coelom in the embryo between the somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric mesoderm; the principal body cavities of the trunk (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic) arise from this embryonic part of the coelom
consider merging with coelom. TODO - add spatial relationships to halves of LPM. Note the OG places XAO and ZFA coelem terms here. editor note: TODO check ZFA, which appears to be a structure present in adults
A small endodermal thickening in the foregut adjacent to the transverse septum. Invaginates forming the hepatic diverticulum.
consider adding further subdivisions of the endoderm, e.g. ventral foregut. Note we place two EFO classes here, it's not clear how they differ
Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.
contrast with a multi-tissue tube, which has as parts both epithelium, connective tissue, possibly muscle layers
Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney[GO].
A blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart
embryonic structure that develops into pancreatic bud.
in EHDAA2 this has dorsal and ventral primordia as parts. the buds are part of the primordium, with the ducts developing from the buds; only parenchyma and ducts have contribution from buds
revisit after standardizing terms 'primordium', 'anlagen', 'bud'
The embryonic pancreas develops from two separate anlagen in the foregut epithelium, one dorsal and two ventral pancreatic buds[PMID].
In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]
The pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct.[AAO]
pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct.
The ventral pancreatic bud becomes the head and uncinate process, and comes from the hepatic diverticulum[WP]
pancreatic bud that gives rise to the major pancreatic duct.
the ventral pancreas and liver are derived from a common precursor cell population[PMID:16417468]. TODO - add this relationship.
A duct that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that lines the lumen of the digestive tract.
Epithelium lining the lumen of the gut.[TAO]
A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become dermal cells.
Not to be confused with 'dermatome segment of skin'.
As the cells adjacent to the lumen continue to divide, the migrating cells form a second layer around the original neural tube. This layer becomes progressively thicker as more cells are added to it from the germinal neuroepithelium. This new layer is called the mantle (or intermediate) zone, and the germinal epithelium is now called the ventricular zone (and, later, the ependyma)[NCBIBook:NBK10047]
The single layer of epithelial cells that lines the early neural tube and develops into the nervous system and into the neural crest cells
In ZFA, Digestive system duct that collects bile from the canaliculus and transports bile through the liver -- (check if the same) // The smallest and the most peripheral branches of the biliary tree consist of a portal part (portal ductule) and an intralobular part (intralobular ductule)
One of the fine terminal elements of the bile duct system, leaving the portal canal, and pursuing a course at the periphery of a lobule of the liver[BTO]. the excretory ducts of the liver that connect the interlobular ductules to the right or left hepatic duct[MP]
The layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen
The layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen that is the immediate transformation of the germinal neuroepithelium
consider merging with 'ventricular zone'; note that the MA class probably does not belong here, as this is an embryonic structure
The layer of glia and differentiating neurons that forms as a second layer around the germinal neuroepithium; as this develops it comes to lie between the ventricular and marginal layers and includes the basal and alar plates. Develops into neurons and glia forming a gray matter layer.
The outermost layer of the neural tube that consists of axons from the developing mantle layer and will form the white matter
Any tube, opening or passage that connects two distinct anatomical spaces.
FMA has both conduit and conduit space. In EHDAA2 this is a surface feature
An internal pocketing of pharyngeal endoderm that contacts a region of ectoderm (a pharyngeal cleft) and interdigitates in the anterior and posterior directions with the pharyngeal arches.
EMAPA also includes a distinct pouch endoderm
Outpocketings of pharyngeal endoderm that interdigitate with the neural crest derived pharyngeal arches. The pouches later fuse with the surface ectoderm to form the gill slits. Crump et al, 2004.[TAO]
The pouches are polarized structures. For example, whereas the rostral half of each pouch expresses Bmp-7, the caudal half expresses FGF-8 and the dorsal aspect of each pouch is marked via its expression of Pax-1. each pouch has an individual sense of identity. Shh expression is a prominent early feature of the caudal endoderm of the second arch, and individual pouches mark the anterior limits of expression of Hox genes within the pharyngeal endoderm; Hox-a2 has a rostral boundary at the second pouch, Hox-a3 at the third pouch and Hox-a4 at the most caudal pouch[PMID:16313389]
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm.
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm.
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm.
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction.
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction.[AAO]
Kidneys and gonads (of vertebrates) develop from adjacent tissues, and after the excretory or urinary ducts have developed, the reproductive system usually taps into them or their derivatives.[well established][VHOG]
relationship type change: differentiates_from intermediate mesoderm (AAO:0010575) CHANGED TO: develops_from intermediate mesoderm (UBERON:0003064)[AAO]
(In vertebrates) The embryonic mesoderm is the source of both the cardiogenic plate, giving rise to the future myocardium as well as the endocardium that will line the system on the inner side.[well established][VHOG]
TODO - check plate vs rudiment vs primordium vs endocardial tube. See XAO
The first recognizable structure derived from the heart field
A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.
this term denotes the primary heart field; GO:0003128 denotes the superclass of primary and secondary: specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the primary beating heart tube[GO:0003138]
An epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
the paired, longitudinal, endothelial-lined channels formed from the cardiogenic mesoderm in embryonic development; angiogenic cell clusters (aka angioblastic cords) located in a horse-shoe shape configuration in the cardiogenic plate coalesce to form the right and left endocardial heart tubes which then fuse in cephalo-caudal direction to form a single primitive heart tube.
A cardiac chamber surrounds an enclosed cavity within the heart
generic enough to cover FBbt:00003156 heart chamber but this is a cavity. GO defines it as the cavity. TODO - move subclasses. Note this also includes sinus venosus
A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm. [TFD][VHOG]
A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[VHOG].
In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG]
The cranial part of the septum transversum gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm and is the origin of the myoblasts that invade the pleuroperitoneal folds resulting in the formation of the muscular diaphragm. The caudal part of the septum transversum is invaded by the hepatic diverticulum which divides within it to form the liver and thus gives rise to the ventral mesentery of the foregut.
in EHDAA2 this is divided into mesenchymal portion and hepatic diverticulum
TODO: make a subdivision of reproductive system. Relabel. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/547
The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals
A portions of the gut that is derived from endoderm.
Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body.
Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body.[VSAO]
Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis. Within the dermomyotome there is also a medio-lateral difference. The central region makes dermis, the mesenchymal connective tissue of the back skin. The medial region (closest to neural tube) makes epaxial muscle, and the lateral region (furthest from neural tube) makes hypaxial muscle[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768].
Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis.[TAO]
Portion of somites that gives rise to dermis and muscles.[AAO]
The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome.
Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic.[well established][VHOG]
all but the sclerotome of a mesodermal somite; the primordium of skeletal muscle and, perhaps, of the dermis.
A cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube.
The migrating myocardial precursors of the heart rudiment form a cone like structure between 19.5hpf and 22hpf, and eventually telescope out into the primitive heart tube at 24hpf. Stainier 2001.[TAO]
In human anatomy, the distal phalanges of the four fingers and toes articulate proximally with the intermediate phalanges at the distal interphalangeal joints (DIP); in the thumb and big toe, with only two phalanges, the distal phalanges articulate proximally with the proximal phalanges. The distal phalanges carry and shape nails and claws and are therefore occasionally referred to as the ungual phalanges. The distal phalanges are cone-shaped in most mammals, including most primates, but relatively wide and flat in humans.
A phalanx located between proximal and distal phalanges.
Intermediate phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones of the finger and toe which lie in the middle, between the two wrinkly joints. The thumb and big toe do not have intermediate phalanges. In most other vertebrates, they have a corresponding place in their limbs, whether they be paw, wing, hoof or fin
consider using numbering system, and axioms to the effect that there is a single middle phalanx per finger in humans. This should perhaps be renamed 'intermediate phalanx', leaving the term middle phalanx open for the specific intermediate phalanx of a 3-phalanx digit
in some groups such as whales, there are multiple intermediate phalanges
Proximal phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones at the base of a toe or finger, the prominent, knobby ends of which are often called the knuckles. In other vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw, wing or fin. In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx ('finger' bone)
(...) the blastopore equivalent of chordates (germ ring in fish, marginal zone/blastopore lip in frog and node/primitive streak in chick and mouse) (...) (reference 1); Indeed, the primitive streak has been considered the homologue of the blastopore since the 1870s (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]
The primitive streak is a structure that forms during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development[WP]. the midline ridge of the embryonic epiblast that later develops into mesoderm and endoderm[MP]
VHOG includes a very broad grouping here based on http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9609826
primitive streak - blastopore - germ ring
An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb. The limb bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP].
Early outgrowth of presumptive limb.[AAO]
developmentally_induced_by Fgf10, capable of initiating limb forming interactions between endoderm and mesoderm
Distal ectodermal thickening which forms along the anterior-posterior limb axis. Signaling from this region influences proximal-distal patterning of the limb. Structure is missing in some lineages (salamanders, Eleutherodactylus coqui) however morphologically their indistinct distal ectoderm may still be involved in signaling.[AAO]
Proliferative region that is part of the developing fin fold or fin.[TAO]
The AER of tetrapods regresses after specification of skeletal progenitors, the AER of teleosts form an elongating fin fold
maintaining mesenchyme in plastic proliferating state; maintaining expression of A-P axis genes; interacting with D-V proteins. Genes: AER induced by Fgf10 in mesenchyme. AER secretes Fgf8, which stimulates mitosis in the mesenchyme causing Fgf10 production - positive feedback loop
multilayered ectodermal region at the distal tip of a limb or fin bud necessary for the proper development of the underlying mesenchyme[MP,modified]. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development[WP].
note that media, dorsal fins etc have AERs.
relationship loss: subclass proliferative region (TAO:0000098)[TAO]
An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb or paired fin. The limb/fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP].
Genes: In limb buds of chick and mouse, Shh expression is activated as soon as there is a morphological bud, whereas in S. canicula fin buds, consistent with reported data in other cartilaginous fishes, Shh is transcribed late in fin development[PMID:17187056]
The tetrapod limb is derived from a posterior part of the fin endoskeleton of elasmobranchs and basal bony fish, the so-called metapterygium, a series of endoskeletal elements that is the first to form in the developing paired fins. (...) In addition, there is an independent endoskeletal element called the protopterygium that develops anterior to the metapterygium in many basal fishes (e.g., the bichir and sturgeon). Teleosts have lost the metapterygium whereas the sarcopterygians, on the other hand, have lost the protopterygium. Sarcopterygians thus develop all their endoskeletal structures from the metapterygium and consequently the tetrapod limb skeleton is derived from the metapterygium.[uncertain][VHOG]
A bone that is part of an appendage [Automatically generated definition].
bone of free segment of appendicular skeleton
EHDAA2 considers hip and shoulder joints part of limb skeleton.
Skeletal subdivision that is part of the limb.[VSAO]
The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb.
Sum of all sensory systems in an organism.
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a myocardium [Automatically generated definition].
Note placement of MA class based on parthood relationship
A projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body or organ.
Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, or tissue.[AAO]
Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, tissue, fin, scale, etc.[TAO]
Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, tissue, fin, scale, etc.[VSAO]
should be declared disjoint from organ, but in some ontologies (e.g. ZFA), structures such as neural spines are classified as bones (and hence organs)
Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels.
The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates.[well established][VHOG]
we treat cardiovascular as part of circulatory system, with the latter including other kinds of circulation, including lymph.
A vascular network consisting of blood vessels.
The part of the arterial system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all arteries.
An artery of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions.
A structure, usually a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning.
should not be confused with the anatomic lobes of the liver (caudate lobe, quadrate lobe, left lobe, and right lobe), or any of the functional lobe classification systems.[WP]
the polygonal structure of the liver that consists of hepatocytes radiating outward from a hepatic vein
An appendage that is part of a appendage girdle complex.
this class is the union of the classes limb, pectoral fin and pelvic fin.
EHDAA2 places this as a subtype of organism. This leads to the inference that a conceptus is an embryo (if an embryo is defined as an organism at embryo stage), which eliminates the embryonic + extra-embryonic = conceptus
The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP].
Any segmental subdivision of a nervous system. Includes metameric developmental segments, such as vertebrates neuromeres.
revisit this after CARO is revised and/or we have defined metameric segment; note that with the additional of an A/P axis constraint this corresponds to what Richter at al call a neuromere (PMID:21062451)
An organ subunit that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition].
We explicitly merge the NCITA terms here
A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO]
Four classes of mineralized tissues are found in vertebrates: bone, cartilage, dentine, and enamel. We think of cartilage and bone as skeletal tissues and of enamel and dentine as dental tissues, but enamel and dentine arose evolutionarily together with bone as skeletal tissues in the dermal skeleton (exoskeleton) of early vertebrates. Scales and teeth of sharks are examples of dermal skeletal elements that are still composed of the three ancient components-enamel, dentine, and bone. Cartilage, on the other hand, provided the basis for the second vertebrate skeletal system, the endoskeleton (Smith and Hall, 1990; Hall, 1998a,b). some invertebrate skeletal tissues have surprisingly bone-like features. Examples include chondrocytes interconnected by cell processes in cephalopod cartilages (Cole and Hall, 2004a,b), and the calcium phosphate layer in the shells of brachiopods (Rodland et al., 2003). However, neither bone nor mineralized cartilage have been found in invertebrates. Editors notes: TODO - develops_from
Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles.
Organ entity that is typically involved in mechanical support and may have different skeletal tissue compositions at different stages.[VSAO]
Organ entity that may have different tissue compositions at different stages and is typically involved in mechanical support.[TAO]
Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body.
A mucosa that is part of a gastrointestinal system.
The gut mucosa of amphioxus has insulin-secreting cells. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16417468
the pseudostratified ciliated epithelium that lines much of the conducting portion of the airway, including part of the nasal cavity and larynx, the trachea, and bronchi
An epithelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue of apparatus respiratorius
An epithelium that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal system
gastrointestinal system epithelial tissue
An epithelium that is part of a upper respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of upper respiratory tract
upper respiratory tract epithelial tissue
the cellular avascular layer of the kidney luminar surfaces
splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall - overlies endoderm[WP].
We group the BILA class here. Considering adding more general class for metazoa grouping cardiogenic successors
A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the outer (or somatic) layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the ectoderm, and with it forms the somatopleure.[WP].
Gives rise to the paired appendages in jawed vertebrates. a persistent somatopleure through the redistribution and expansion of the lateral plate mesoderm is a synapomorphy for gnathostomes and a critical step in generating a novel developmental module with dramatic evolutionary potentia (Tulenko et al. 2012) http://burkelab.research.wesleyan.edu/current-projects/lamprey/
sources differ as to whether this is part-of or develops-from the LPM
A portion of the urogenital ridge which is the source of much of the urinary system[WP].
part_of or develops_from urogenital ridge?
Less commonly, urogenital fold refers to the fold in the mesonephros which is the precursor of e.g. the suspensory ligament of the ovary. This is the case in older versions of Gray's anatomy[WP]
One of of the pair of folds derived from the cloacal folds which give rise to a portion of the external genitalia; in male embryos they close over the urethral plate and fuse to form the spongy (penile) urethra and ventral aspect of the penis, not including the glans; failure of fusion of the urethral folds leads to hypospadias; in female embryos they fuse only anterior to the anus and form the labia minora[MP].
Notochord rudiment[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576].
The central region of trunk mesoderm. This tissue forms the notochord
WP treats this as synonym of axial mesoderm. Induces neural tube. Gilbert: contains an anterior head process and the notochord.
Anatomical cluster that connects two or more adjacent skeletal elements or hardened body parts.
A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct.
Ampulla formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct where they enter the intestine.[TAO]
One of the two small elevations on the mucosa of the duodenum, the major at the entrance of the conjoined pancreatic and common bile ducts and the minor at the entrance of the accessory pancreatic duct.
A proximal-distal subdivision of the digestive tract.
intended to denote both embryonic and adult structures. Note the FMA grouping here is not quite correct.
A part of a wall of an organ that forms a layer.
A mucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition].
mucosa of organ of pyloric part of stomach
mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric region
mucous membrane of pyloric part of stomach
mucous membrane of stomach pyloric region
The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds.
The neural groove is a shallow median groove between the neural folds of an embryo. The neural folds are two longitudinal ridges that are caused by a folding up of the ectoderm in front of the primitive streak of the developing embryo. The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. After the coalescence of the neural folds over the anterior end of the primitive streak, the blastopore no longer opens on the surface but into the closed canal of the neural tube, and thus a transitory communication, the neurenteric canal, is established between the neural tube and the primitive digestive tube. The coalescence of the neural folds occurs first in the region of the hind-brain, and from there extends forward and backward; toward the end of the third week the front opening (anterior neuropore) of the tube finally closes at the anterior end of the future brain, and forms a recess which is in contact, for a time, with the overlying ectoderm; the hinder part of the neural groove presents for a time a rhomboidal shape, and to this expanded portion the term sinus rhomboidalis has been applied. Before the neural groove is closed a ridge of ectodermal cells appears along the prominent margin of each neural fold; this is termed the neural crest or ganglion ridge, and from it the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia and the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system are developed. By the upward growth of the mesoderm the neural tube is ultimately separated from the overlying ectoderm. The cephalic end of the neural groove exhibits several dilatations, which, when the tube is closed, assume the form of three vesicles; these constitute the three primary cerebral vesicles, and correspond respectively to the future fore-brain (prosencephalon), mid-brain (mesencephalon), and hind-brain (rhombencephalon). The walls of the vesicles are developed into the nervous tissue and neuroglia of the brain, and their cavities are modified to form its ventricles. The remainder of the tube forms the medulla spinalis or spinal cord; from its ectodermal wall the nervous and neuroglial elements of the medulla spinalis are developed while the cavity persists as the central canal[Wikipedia:Neural_groove].
In front of the primitive streak two longitudinal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, make their appearance, one on either side of the middle line. These are named the neural folds; they commence some little distance behind the anterior end of the embryonic disk, where they are continuous with each other, and from there gradually extend backward, one on either side of the anterior end of the primitive streak. Also, after differentiation it turns into the neural tubes[Wikipedia:Neural_fold].
One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove[GO,MP].
A solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts[GO]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube[ZFIN].
An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
The portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros[GO].
The portion of the ureteric bud that contributes to the morphogenesis of the ureter. The ureter ureteric bud is the initial structure that forms the ureter[GO].
An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm[GO]
With the exception of the adenohypophysis, homologues of the nonneurogenic placodes (e.g. placodes giving rise to the teeth, hair follicles and lens), appear to be lacking in invertebrate chordates.
consder adding placodal ectoderm as a distinct class? Also place placodal ectoderm as develops_from ectoderm; need to check taxon-appropriateness
in GO, covers optic, otic, olfactory, mammary, hair, tooth, sebaceous.
Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO].
in some organisms such as drosophila, muscles can be single cells. This class groups together all discrete muscle elements, from multicellular muscle organs in vertebrates, to individual single-cell muscles in drisophila
class added for consistency with GO - consider merging with kidney mesenchyme.
An epithelium that is part of a mesonephros [Automatically generated definition].
A bud is a protrusion that forms from an epithelial sheet by localized folding.
Any anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system.
An epithelial sheet bent on a linear axis.
A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part.
we go with the FMA classification rather than the CARO one. FMA def: 'Anatomical cluster which has as direct parts cell parts from two or more cells.'
A duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine.[TAO]
A duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine[ZFA].
Any portion of the ducts that carry bile from the liver to the common bile duct. This may include both intrahapetic components (parts of left and right hepatic ducts) and extrahapetic components (common hepatic duct, plus hilar portion).
TODO - MA distinguishes between bile duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct and common hepatic duct. in FMA hepatic duct and common hepatic duct are the same
The excretory duct of the liver or one of its branches in the lobes of the liver. [TFD][VHOG]
The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the bile duct[GO].
An organ or element that is in the abdomen. Examples: spleen, intestine, kidney, abdominal mammary gland.
An organ or element that is part of the adbominal segment of the organism. This region can be further subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic region.
An organ or element that part of the dorsum of the organism. Examples: spinal cord, vertebrae, muscles of back.
An organ or element that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions.
An organ or element that is in the thoracic cavity. Examples: lung, heart, longus colli.
An organ or element that is part of the pelvic region. Examples: reproductive organs (in some organisms), urinary bladder, bones of the pelvis.
An organ that part of the thoracic segment region. This region can be further subdividied chest and thoracic cavity regions.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing trunk.
The posterior of the two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo, it comprises the medulla oblongata. [TFD][VHOG]
The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP].
the terms metencephalon and myelencephalon are only meaningful in mammals and birds - Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain. Note that its not clear if this refers to the developing medulla oblongata - MA (adult) has two distinct classes
A portion of tissue that is part of an embryo.
alimentary part of gastrointestinal system
All metazoans (with degenerate exceptions) have some sort of digestive cavity with a means of entrance to and exit from it.[well established][VHOG]
The part of the digestive system that excludes the hepatobiliary system.
The system that includes the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus, liver, biliary tract, and pancreas[ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_System].
that many anatomy ontologies consider this synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class. We have one entity that is part of both gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems: hepatopancreatic ampulla.
the decision to split digestive and gastrointestinal in this way may be revisited. As it currently stands, this class more closely aligns what MA calls the alimentary system
After gastrulation, neural crest cells are specified at the border of the neural plate and the non-neural ectoderm.
Gene notes: One of the first genes to be expressed in nonneural ectoderm in amphioxus is BMP2/4 (Panopoulou et al. 1998). BMP2/4 homologues appear to have a very ancient role in distinguishing neural from nonneural ectoderm; in Drosophila as well as in amphioxus and vertebrates, BMP2/4 homologues are expressed in nonneural ectoderm and function in distinguishing neural from nonneural ectoderm (Francois & Bier, 1995 ; Sasai et al. 1995 ; Wilson & Hemmati-Brivanlou, 1995; Panopoulou et al. 1998). A change in level of BMP2/4 from very high in nonneural ectoderm to low in neural ectoderm appears to be a key factor in development of neural crest (Baker & Bronner-Fraser,1997a,1997b;Erickson&Reedy,1998;Marchantet al.1998 ;Selleck et al. 1998). Editor note: todo - epidermis? todo - track down EHDAA2 class in new release
In the early gastrula of vertebrates, factors from the organizer (e.g. noggin, chordin, and follistatin in Xenopus) antagonize the epidermalizing factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), thus dividing the epiblast into neuroectoderm. In Drosophila, decapentaplegic, the homologue of BMP4, interacts similarly with the protein short gastrulation, the homologue of chordin. Thus, a comparable molecular mechanism for distinguishing non-neural ectoderm from neural ectoderm was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilaterally symmetrical animals.[well established][VHOG]
Multi-tissue structure that arises from the heart rudiment and will become the heart tube.
Immature reproductive tissue that has not undergone final maturation into either testis or ovary.[TAO]
Portion of tissue that gives rise to the immature gonad.
A pair of lateral diverticula just over the liver rudiment representing the primordia of the lungs, formed by the floor of the foregut just anterior to the liver diverticulum.
A mesoderm that has the potential to develop into a pronephros.
Portion of tissue that consists of the mesenchymal precursor to the pronephric kidney and that begins to separate from the intermediate mesoderm at NF stage 21 and epithelializes by NF stage 30.[AAO]
the intermediate mesoderm of the chick embryo acquires its ability to form kidneys through its interactions with the paraxial mesoderm [ISBN:9780878932504 "Developmental Biology", http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720431 "Signals from trunk paraxial mesoderm induce pronephros formation in chick intermediate mesoderm"]. These interactions induce the expression of TFs including Lim1, Pax2 and Pax6 that cause the intermediate mesoderm to form the kidney
A sensory system that is capable of olfacttion (the sensory perception of smell).
In mammals, the main olfactory system detects odorants that are inhaled through the nose, where they contact the main olfactory epithelium, which contains various olfactory receptors. These olfactory receptors are membrane proteins of bipolar olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium. Rather than binding specific ligands like most receptors, olfactory receptors display affinity for a range of odor molecules. Olfactory neurons transduce receptor activation into electrical signals in neurons. The signals travel along the olfactory nerve, which belongs to the peripheral nervous system. This nerve terminates in the olfactory bulb, which belongs to the central nervous system. The complex set of olfactory receptors on different olfactory neurons can distinguish a new odor from the background environmental odors and determine the concentration of the odor[WP].
The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction, or the sense of smell. Most mammals and reptiles have two distinct parts to their olfactory system: a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects volatile, airborne substances, while the accessory olfactory system senses fluid-phase stimuli. Behavioral evidence indicates that most often, the stimuli detected by the accessory olfactory system are pheromones. The olfactory system is often spoken of along with the gustatory system as the chemosensory senses because both transduce chemical signals into perception[WP][Wikipedia:Olfactory_system].
The sensory system used for olfaction (the sense of smell).[AAO]
consider splitting into main and accessory. See also: vomeronasal organ
we make the relationship to nervous system 'overlaps', as the olfactory system includes e.g. apertures in the cranium that are not part of the nervous system
A limb/fin field that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a paired fin bud.
A ring of cells capable of forming a limb or paired fin[Gilbert,modified].
limb/fin field of lateral plate mesoderm
we represent the field as being a part of the LPM (consistent with ZFA, Gilbert). As a consequence, the relationship between limb bud (with is ectoderm+mesenchyme) stands in a weaker has_developmental_contribution_from relation to the field - TODO implement this.
A ring of cells capable of forming a limb.
the central portion of the limb field gives rise to the limb proper. mesenchyme cells proliferate from from the somatic layer of limb field lateral plate mesoderm (limb skeletal precursors) and from the somites (limb muscle precursors) . these mesenchymal cells accumulate under the ectedermal tissue to make a limb bud. // The lateral plate mesoderm in the limb field is also special in that it will induce myoblasts to migrate out from the somites and enter the limb bud. No other region of the lateral plate mesoderm will do that (Hayashi and Ozawa 1995)
The metanephros develops from the most caudal part of the nephrogenic cord that is itself derived from the intermediate plate mesoderm.
The initial renal anlage that develops from the most rostral part of the nephrogenic cord is termed the pronephros.
A acellular anatomical structure that is the bounding layer of a anatomical structure.
An acellular membrane that is part of the epithelium, lies adjacent to the epithelial cells, and is the fusion of the the basal lamina and the reticular lamina.
this class represents a continuous sheet of basement membrane which can underlie multiple epithelial cells over large regions. In contrast, the GO class 'basal membrane' represents a portion of substance on the scale of a single cell.
Nephric tubules (nephrons) form embryonically along the nephric ridge. The ridge comprises three regions; anterior, middle and posterior. The functional kidney uses nephrons from only one or two regions of the ridge. A pronephric kidney uses only the nephrons from the anterior region of the ridge. A mesonephric kidney uses only the middle region, a metanephric kidney uses only the posterior region and an opisthonephric kidney uses the middle and posterior regions.
TODO - check ridge vs cord vs nephrogenic cord vs blastema
In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system. They are relatively uncommon as the majority of capillary beds drain into veins which then drain into the heart, not into another capillary bed. Portal venous systems are considered venous because the blood vessels that join the two capillary beds are either veins or venules. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system. Unqualified, 'portal venous system' often refers to the hepatic portal system. For this reason, 'portal vein' most commonly refers to the hepatic portal vein[WP].
A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme.
Cell condensation that is an aggregation of mesenchymal cells that are committed to differentiate into chondroblasts and chondrocytes.
isa cell condensation in VSAO; has_part chondroblast in AEO
A closely packed aggregation of mesenchymal cells just prior to their differentiation into embryonic cartilage.
A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme whose cells are committed to become chondroblasts.
A subdivision of the autopod that corresponds to one or more bones arranged in series branching from the main limb axis.
encompasses digits and prepollex. requires review
Organ with organ cavity, which has as parts a serous membrane and a serous cavity . Examples: pleural sac, pericardial sac, tendon sheath, bursa.[FMA]
Epithelium that derives from the endoderm. Examples: urothelium, transitional epithelium of ureter, epithelium of prostatic gland.[FMA]
Skeletal subdivision of the central body axis including the cranium, vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum.[VSAO]
Subdivision of skeleton which consists of cranial skeleton, set of all vertebrae, set of all ribs and sternum[FMA, modified].
Any of the arteries or veins that supply blood to the heart or return blood from the heart muscles to the circulation
Anatomical structure embedded in or located in the integument that is part of the integumental system. Examples: hair, follicles, skin glands, claws, nails, feathers.
add subclasses based on resolution of CARO tracker item. Also check: adnexal gland. Note that MP implicitly includes hypodermis.
the tissue or structures associated with or embedded in the skin such as hair and hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and claws or nails[MP:0010678]
The interface between the dorsal neuroepithelium and the roofplate of the fourth ventricle. The source of a number of migratory neuron populations of the hindbrain.[TAO]
dorsal part of alar plate of metencephalon
the posterior section of the developing metencephalon recognized transiently within the vertebrate embryo; the rhombic lip extends posteriorly from the roof of the fourth ventricle to dorsal neuroepithelial cell and can be divided into eight structural units based on rhombomeres 1-8 (r1-r8), recognized at early stages of hindbrain development; producing granule cells and five brainstem nuclei, the rhombic lip plays an important role in developing a complex cerebellar neural system
A membrane that separates the proctodeum and the hindgut in the early embryo. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.497, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG]
In mammals, the cloaca exists as an embryonic structure that undergoes septation to become distinct urethral, anal, and genital orifices.[well established][VHOG]
The membrane that covers the embryonic cloaca, formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm; the urorectal septum joins the cloacal membrane and divides it into an anal membrane and a urogenital membrane; the point where the urorectal septum intersects the cloacal membrane is the future site of the perineal body; proliferation of mesoderm and ectoderm around the cloacal membrane produces primordial tissues of the external genitalia in both sexes: the genital tubercle, genital folds, and genital swellings.
Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[well established][VHOG]
An anatomical junctions that overlaps the foregut and midgut.
The embryonic precursor of the brain and the set of mature brain structures that derive from it (CUMBO)
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a forebrain.
TODO. Add relationships to neural plate (both ZFA and EMAPA time this with the neural plate)
A sac-like cavity ventral to the liver, lying in the sub-mesodermal space and closed by a thin sheet of ectodermal cells, from which the future gall bladder develops.
TODO - check ordering; awaiting confirmation from JB
The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord.
The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. [Carson_JL, Dehart_DB, Developmental_Dynamics_(1994)_201:_260-278, Gesteland_K_and_Schoenwolf_GC, Inagaki_T, Morphogenesis_of_the_murine_node_and_notochordal_plate, The_prechordal_plate, Vrablic_T, see_Mueller_F_and_O'Rahilly_R, the_rostral_end_of_the_notochord_and_nearby_median_features_in_staged_human_embryos._Cells_Tissues_Organs_(2003)_173:_1-20_and_Sulik_K][VHOG]
A midline cellular cord formed from the migration of mesenchymal cells from the primitive knot
The notochordal process grows cranially until it reaches the prechordal plate, the future site of the mouth. In this area the ectoderm is attached directly to the endoderm without intervening mesoderm. This area is known as the oropharyngeal membrane, and it will break down to become the mouth. At the other end of the primitive streak the ectoderm is also fused directly to the endoderm; this is known as the cloacal membrane (proctodeum), or primordial anus.
Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not.
A tube in the kidney that collect and transport urine.
in ZFA this is defined as part of mesonephros
A tube that is part of a excretory system.
The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth[GO].
currently this is an extremely generic class, encompassing both protostomes and deuterostomes.
Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into endoderm.
Portion of embryonic tissue determined by fate mapping to become a structure.
Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm.
Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into mesoderm.
A joint that connects one phalanx to another along a proximodistal axis.
Hinge joints between the phalanges of the hand or foot[ncithesaurus:Interphalangeal_Joint].
The third segment of the limb, including either the wrist segment (carpus) or the ankle segment (tarsus)
Distal section of the limb skeleton, consisting of the anterior autopodium or posterior autopodium.[VSAO]
The collection of all skeletal elements in an autopodium region.
An epithelium that is composed primarily of secretory cells.
consider splitting epithelium from epithelial tissue
The distalmost portion of the digestive tract, derived from the hindgut, and terminating with the anus.
this class is the superclass of 'rectum', which is currently reserved for the vertebrate structure. May be merged in future.
An anatomical space that surrounded_by a digestive tract.
An epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting of squamous epithelial cells.
FBbt:00007028 (squamous epithelium) A type of epithelium that is made up of flattened cells which are arranged with their long axes in the plane of the epithelium
A glandular epithelium that lines the stomach. The stomach's glandular epithelium is characterized by the presence of gastric glands.
we follow Kardong in treating the glandular epithelium as a distinct entity, and thus as an epithelium which has glands; FMA has 'epithelium of gastric gland', which is part of the gastric gland.
A gland, such as the liver or pancreas, that secretes into the alimentary canal substances necessary for digestion.
Simple columnar epithelium that constitutes the secretory part of a gland. Examples: epithelium of stomach, luminal epithelium of lactiferous duct.[FMA]
stomach glandular region glandular mucous membrane
stomach mucosa that is lined with glandular epithelium and part of a stomach glandular region.
The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis[GO]. The vascular cord is composed of angioblast or vascular endothelial cells in a solid linear mass called a cord. The cord then undergoes tubulogenesis to form the lumen of the vessels[ZFA].
A two dimensional anatomical structure that is the boundary between an anatomical structure and an anatomical substance, an anatomical space or the organism's environment. Examples include the surface of your skin, the surface of the lining of your gut; the surface of the endothelium of you aorta that is in contact with blood.n
Old definition: 'Non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions, that is demarcated by anatomical lines or points on the external or internal surfaces of anatomical structures.' Note, in the new definition, the space referred to is not necessarily an anatomical space. It may be the outside of an organism.
The splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium[web]. Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and then fuse[XAO].
consider FBbt:00005541 ! cardiogenic mesoderm
The endodermal cells generate only the lining of the digestive tube and its glands; mesodermal mesenchyme cells will surround this tube to provide the muscles for peristalsis
A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood or analogs[GO,modified].
note we reserve the subclass 'heart' from the vertebrate multi-chambered heart. 'The first heart-like organ is believed to have appeared 500my ago in an ancestral bilaterian'. Amniotes: four-chambered heart. Amphibians: two atria, one ventricle, pulmonary; fish: single atrium and ventricle; amphioxus: tubular, non-striated, closed, unidirectional; ascidians: tubular, striated, open, bidirectional; arthropods: tubular, open; C elegans: contractile pharynx; Cnideria: striated muscle cells associated with gastrodermis
A pharyngeal puch that is between the pharyngeal arches 2 and 3.
A pouch that is situated between the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arch. [ISBN10:0124020607][VHOG]
Contributes to the middle ear, epithelial lining of Crypts (spaces) of the palatine tonsils, supplied by the facial nerve
Second of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits.[AAO]
the dorsal elongation of the second pouch endoderm of all mammals, with the exception of rodents, gives rise to the epithelial lining of palatine tonsils; in rodents, the ventral portion of the second pouch appears to degenerate whereas the remaining part is incorporated into the lateral border of the pharynx; it appears that rodents no longer require tonsils as their function is carried out by the NALT (Nose/Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) system in the upper respiratory tract.
An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section.
An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
The structure from the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles that forms the airways that supply air to the lungs. The lining of the tracheobronchial tree consists of ciliated columnar epithelial cells.
The embryonic rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. Rhombomeres Rh7-Rh4 form the myelencephalon that will give the medulla oblongata. Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the metencephalon that will form the pons and the cerebellum[NPX:PDR].
The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere). A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, 'rhombencephalosynapsis' is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia. The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure.
Embryonic structure that gives rise to the midbrain hindbrain boundary.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a presomitic mesoderm.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a neural plate.
Region of the gastrula which gives rise to the neural plate.[TAO]
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a paraxial mesoderm.
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a pronephric mesoderm.
A dense accumulation of exocrine glands in the pancreas often surrounding islets of Langerhans.
In mice many lobules lack islets, in contrast to other mammals including humans
A duct that is part of the pancreas and connected to the duodenum.
Duct connecting the pancreas with the intestine. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG]
in EHDAA2, the dorsal and ventral ducts are classified as epithelial sacs - review after overhaul of duct/epithelia terms
this class groups together accessory (dorsal) and main (ventral) pancreatic ducts
The epidermis is the entire outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species[GO].
this grouping class exists primarily to align with GO - see GO:0008544.
Portion of the dermis characterized by a well-arranged, plywood-like, collagenous network.
Portion of the dermis characterized by a well-arranged, plywood-like, collagenous network. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO]
connective tissue in the skin is usually diffuse and irregular, although in some species collagen bundles are arranged in a distinct ordered layer in the dermis
relationship loss: develops_from collagenous dermal stroma (TAO:0001186)[TAO]
Originally this tissue is one cell layer thick but in most vertebrates it soon becomes a two layered structure. The outer layer gives rise to the periderm.
Outermost layer of cells surrounding the embryo.
Outermost monolayer of cells surrounding the embryo that become very flattened in the blastula and give rise to the periderm. Sometimes used synonymously with periderm. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
relationship loss: develops_from superficial blastomere (TAO:0001484)[TAO]
An epithelial tube that is open at one end only.
An epithelial tube open at both ends that allows fluid flow.
Mesenchyme with little extracellular matrix.
this class will be an important part of the NC reorganization
Ciliated columnar epithelium in the pulmonary system is interspersed with goblet cells that secrete mucous to form a mucosal layer apical to the epithelial layer. The rowing-like action of epithelial cilia work in tandem with goblet cells to propel mucus away from the lungs, preventing particulate matter from causing infection[http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/berndcv/lab/epithelialinfoweb/ciliated%20columnar%20epithelium.html]
In humans, Ciliated columnar epithelial cells are found mainly in the tracheal and bronchial regions of the pulmonary system and also in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system
Simple columnar epithelium in which the luminal side of the cells bears cilia. Examples: epithelium of trachea, epithelium of uterine tube.[FMA]
Epithelium bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface.
A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO].
An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a synovial joint.
cavitas articularis (junctura synovialis)
An anatomical structure that connects two structures
region of the embryo into the area in which the kidney rudiment will develop.
Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue.
endodermal bud derived from the endodermal epithelium of the embryonic pharyngeal floor[MP]. The thyroid diverticulum is the embryological structure from which thyroid follicular cells derive. It grows from the floor of the pharnyx[WP].
relation conflict: ZFA vs EHDAA2. Note EHDAA2 term renamed to 'early PA endoderm'
the FMA def is Transudate contained in a serous sac
Anatomical system that consists of all blood and lymph vessels.
The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, collectively[ncithesaurus:Vascular_System].
in both MA and BTO, the arterial system and venous sytem are subtypes of the vascular system
The anteriormost subdivision of the body that includes the head, jaws, pharyngeal region and the neck (if present). In vertebrates this is the subdivision that includes the cervical vertebrae.
An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc).
An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). There are only two instances of appendage girdle regions per organism.[VSAO]
Anatomical cluster by which the hind limbs are supported and attached to the vertebral column.[AAO]
Anatomical cluster that consists of the paired basipterygia which support the pelvic fin.[TAO]
Girdle skeleton consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb/fin skeleton and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb/fin and caudal musculature.[VSAO]
Note that the VSAO and many ontologies use the label 'pelvic girdle' to denote the skeletal region specifically. We place the EHDAA2 class here, note that this includes the pre-cartilage condensation as parts
Skeletal subdivision consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb zeugopodium and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb and caudal musculature.
The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG]
need to resolve whether this is a paired structure or a single belt (Paired in FMA - implicitly paired in VSAO)
Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient.
Connective tissue, which consists of fibroblasts, the intercellular matrix of which contains a regular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: bone (tissue), cartilage (tissue), dense regular connective tissue.
the connective tissue hierarchy largely follows FMA with definitions from VSAO. Note that in FMA, loose-CT is irregular-CT. This means regular-CT is necessarily equivalent to dense-regular-CT (assuming a JEPD classification).
Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts).
Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts).[VSAO]
Regular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which consists predominantly of collagen fiber bundles arranged in parallel arrays.[FMA]
dense regular collagenous connective tissue
typus regularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus)
A transient embryonic complex that comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming, which may include (depending on species) the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear[GO,modified].
Currently defined in a vertebrate specific manner. The arch system has origins in basal deuterostomes, consider generalizing
An out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the developing heart. Constitutes the first morphological sign of the embryonic liver. The anterior portion of the hepatic diverticulum gives rise to the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree, while the posterior portion forms the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile ducts.
The caudal part of the septum transversum is invaded by the hepatic diverticulum which divides within it to form the liver and thus gives rise to the ventral mesentery of the foregut.
in mice, the hepatic diverticulum forms by E9 and expands into an obvious liver bud by E10
The short narrow part of the stomach extending from the pyloric antrum to the pyloric sphincter
The gastric glands in the pyloric region of the stomach; the pyloric glands secrete mucin, which coats the stomach and protects it, and hormones such as gastrin and enkephalin[MP].
An external projection of an aquatic animal as a fish used in propelling or guiding the body[BTO].
Surface structure involved in locomotion.[TAO]
Surface structure involved in locomotion.[VSAO]
This class groups together various structures that may have arisen through convergent evolution, including, for example, the dorsal fin of a cetacean
An organ part that is part of a stomach.
consider adding new class (EMAPA:16097) for mesenchyme of embryo (some mesenchyme is extraembryonic - e.g. amnion mesoderm)
A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney[GO].
An epithelium that is part of a foregut-midgut junction.
An endoderm that is part of a foregut-midgut junction.
A segment of a digit containing the distal phalanx, and overlapping the distal interphalangeal joint[CJM]. The digit tip is derived from multiple and distinct embryonic origins, and includes the distal bone with associated marrow cavity and haematopoietic cells, ventral (flexor) and dorsal (extensor) tendons, sweat glands with myoepithelial and luminal secreting cells and associated neurons for innervation, dermis with resident melanocytes and dendritic cells, mesenchyme with resident fibroblasts, skin epidermis with hair follicles, a nail organ composed of six specific parts (the root, nail bed, nail plate, eponychium (cuticle), perionychium and hyponychium).
Newborn and adult mice are able to regrow forelimb (finger) and hindlimb (toe) digit tips after their amputation through the distal interphalangeal joint. Regeneration of the digit tip involves the integrated regrowth of multiple tissues within 2-3 months, reaching an external morphology that is cosmetically and functionally similar to normal digits. Most importantly, regeneration of the mouse distal digit shares morphological similarities with clinical cases documenting regrowth of missing distal portions of fingers in both children and adults
midbrain hindbrain boundary neural plate
TODO - developmental relationships for lines
midbrain-hindbrain boundary neural plate
A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a midbrain.
The primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing limbs, autopods and digits, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to limb connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with myotome cells.
An inter-phalangeal joint that connects a distal phalanx to either a medial or proximal phalanx.
The many-lobed berry cluster of cells that is the terminous of a gland where the secretion is produced is acinar in form.
Branch or outpocketing of the digestive tract.
A division of the stomach. The stomach can be divided based on mucosal histology (glandular epithelium and gastric glands) and the relative position and type of gastric gland.
We follow Kardong in defining stomach regions by gland, but we also include 'body of stomach'. In future we may want to have different partitions of the stomach
Intermediate segment of the autopod, between the mesopodial region and and acropodial region. Examples: metacarpal region, metatarsal region
Limb skeleton subdivision consisting of endochondral bones increasing the freedom of movement of the autopodia, and located between zeugopodia and autopodia.[VSAO]
The collection of all skeletal elements in a mesopodium. Examples: the tarsal skeleton, the carpal skeleton
relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: distally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO]
todo - provide definition. Clearly distinguish between lobules, lobes and acinar parts of glands (see for example lobule of mammary gland)
Cranial ectodermal placode with potential to develop into a component of the nervous system, such as nerves or ganglia.
Includes: trigeminal, otic, lateral line and epibranchial placodes.
While some sensory placodes (otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates (Wada et al., 1998), the so-called neurogenenic placodes (trigeminal, otic, lateral line and epibranchial placodes) appear to have emerged at a later time (Shimeld and Holland, 2000)
An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part.
A small cluster of cells of various types which form a discrete structure, largely delimited by a morphological boundary and whose components work together to make the whole structure capable of a specific function.
An organ of the digestive tract that is capable of retaining and storing food
This is a very broad functionally defined grouping class that collects disparate structures from insects to vertebrates
An extrahepatic bile duct that has the potential to develop into a common hepatic duct.
Mesenchyme that has the potential to develop into a dermis.
A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a metencephalon.
A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a myelencephalon.
The distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the pedal appendages (e.g. manus, pes, paw)
Any portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of the conducting system of heart or the Purkinje fibers.
Portion of tissue that is dorsolateral to the floor plate and part of the midbrain.
Portion of neural tube that gives rise to the midbrain.
we follow ZFA in temporally dividing midbrain NT from presumptive midbrain, but in future this may be collapsed
structure with developmental contribution from neural crest
An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest.
A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification.
Epithelium composed of cells that develops from the ectoderm[FMA,modified].
consider merging with dorsal pancreatic bud. Starts at CS12 in human (EHDAA2, embryology.ch 'bud anlagen')
Starts at CS14 in human (EHDAA2) or CS13-14 (embryology.ch 'bud anlagen')
Mesenchyme that develops_from a somatopleure.
the way this class is defined also includes extraembryonic mesenchyme such as the amniotic mesenchyme; in future this may be restricted to embryonic derivatives
A simple columnar epithelium that looks stratified but is not, because its cells are arranged with their nuclei at different levels.
Pseudostratified epithelia function in secretion or absorption. If a specimen looks stratified but has cilia, then it is a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium, since stratified epithelia do not have cilia.
glandular in NCIT; we consider the two NCIT terms synonymous
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Epithelium composed of a single layer of cells, appearing as layered because the column-shaped cells vary in height so the nuclei are at different levels. The basal portions of all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. It lines the respiratory system and the male reproductive tract. The cilia in the respiratory tract are motile, while the stereocilia in the male reproductive tract are immobile.
epithelium pseudostratificatum columnare ciliatum (trachea et bronchi)
A vessel of the microcirculature, lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries (blood and lymphatic), metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses.
An appendage segment that is part of a limb/fin.
The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the autopodium - i.e. the bones of the digits or their cartilaginous precursors[VSAO,modified].
Endochondral bone complex located between the mesopodium and the acropodium and consisting of the metacarpals or metatarsals.[VSAO]
Subdivision of skeleton that corresponds to metapodium region, between acropodial skeleton and mesopdoial skeleton.
relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO]
An organism subdivision that includes both an appendage and its accociated girdle region. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc).
Anatomical group that consists of the soft and skeletal tissues of the appendicular region of the body and the appendage proper.[VSAO]
It is still called a complex when one of the two parts is missing (?) There are fossil fishes with only an outgrowth (no record of a girdle), including thelodonts (which have a suprabranchial fin) as well as some anaspids which have a distinctive 'paired fin' (with differing published assertions on whether it's homologous to a pec fin or pelvic fin or both or neither). There are many fishes and other vertebrates with only a girdle and no outgrowth.[VSAO]
note that the FMA uses the term 'limb' to refer to the entire appendage complex (free limb plus girdle region)
Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendage and the pelvic girdle.[VSAO]
Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendicular skeleton and the pelvic girdle.
note that the FMA uses the terms 'upper limb' and 'lower limb' to refer to the entire appendage complex (free limb plus girdle region). Note the MA class 'hindlimb' may also belong here
pelvic girdle plus posterior limb or fin
Skeletal subdivision that is a segment of the limb skeleton.
note the distinction between this and skeleton of limb
Skeletal system that consists of the paired fins (pectoral or pelvic fins).[VSAO]
The collection of all skeletal elements in a single paired fin.
Skeletal subdivision that is part of the appendage girdle region.[VSAO]
The subdivision of the skeleton of either the pectoral or pelvic girdle.
relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: part_of subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO]
relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: proximally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO]
A bone that is part of an appendage girdle complex (i.e. any bone in a limb, fin or girdle).
subdivision of organism along appendicular axis
A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along an axis perpedicular to the main body anterior-posterior axis. In vertebrates, this is typically a fin or limb segment. In insects, this includes segments of appendages such as antennae, as well as segments of the insect leg.
A skeletal element that is part of a limb and composed of cartilage tissue.
A skeletal element that is part of a limb and composed of pre-cartilage tissue.
Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements (i.e. bone elements, cartilage elements, cartilage condensations) that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. Excludes joints.
Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements that are part of the skeleton.[VSAO]
Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments or fibrocartilage without an intervening synovial cavity. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, costochondral joint, pubic symphysis.
Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the axial skeleton plus associated joints.
Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the post-cranial axial skeleton plus associated joints.
Any synovial joint that is part of a (free) limb.
Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the kidney and the ureters.
A sphincter muscle that is part of the gastrointestinal system
central nervous system cell part cluster
A multi cell part structure that is part of a central nervous system.
Skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints.[VSAO]
Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints.
A bone that is part of a autopod region. Note that this incudes the carpal and tarsal bones.
compare with 'stratum basale of epidermis'. This class is the source for many adult structures - see WP2062. See also: 'enveloping layer of ectoderm'
Skeletal subdivision that is part of the paired limb/fin.[VSAO]
The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb or fin.
Proximal element of a free limb skeleton consisting of the femur and humerus in the forelimb stylopodium and hindlimb stylopodium respectively[VSAO, modified].
Proximal element of the limb skeleton consisting of the femur and humerus in the forelimb stylopodium and hindlimb stylopodium respectively.[VSAO]
Section of the forelimb skeleton located between the stylopodium and the autopodium.
Anatomical structure that is an aggregation of similar cells from which cartilages and bones form, and from which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated during repair and/or regeneration. (Hall and Miyake 1995).
consider obsoleting, coordinate with VSAO
subdivision of organism along main body axis
A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along its main body axis (typically anterio-posterior axis). In vertebrates, this is based on the vertebral column.
Ideally this would be disjoint with analagous class for appendicular axes, but currently 'appendages' like antennae, horns cause a problem
A cardiovascular system that is part of a conceptus.
Connective tissue, which consists of a population of connective tissue cells, the intercellular matrix of which contains an irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, mucoid tissue, connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium.
Irregular connective tissue is an irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a dense irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium.
Tissue characterized by a thick, random arrangement of collagen and elastin fibers with very few cells. The majority of the cells are fibroblasts, but mast cells and macrophages may also be seen. It is found in the dermis, periosteum, perichondrium, capsules of organs and sheaths of nerves and muscles[NCIT]
typus irregularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus)
Connective tissue in which the fibrous component predominates. The cells, ground substance, and tissue fluid represent a minor component[NCIT]
Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets
our OWL definition states that this is differentiated from other connective tissue types by virtue of the fact that the collage fiber component predominates, as opposed to cells and fluid.
Irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a sparse irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, neuroglial tissue, mucoid tissue.
An acinus that is part of a exocrine gland.
the FMA class specifically refers to ureter
Epimysium is a layer of connective tissue which ensheaths the entire muscle. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It is continuous with fascia and other connective tissue wrappings of muscle including the endomysium, and perimysium. It is also continuous with tendons where it becomes thicker and collagenous.
The Epimysium also protects muscles from friction against other muscles and bones
A region of the stomach that is lined with glandular epithelium.
as currently defined, this would include the cardiac antrum; however, the intent may be to exclude the cardiac glands and in mice for this to be part of the region distal to the margo plicatus
EHDAA2 distingsuishes between the lumen, the lining, and the 'coelomic cavity', which despire it's name, is not a space - it is the aggregate of space plus lining.
The aggregate of the coelemic cavity lumen plus the membranes that line the lumen.
A segment of the autopod consisting of both acropodial region and metapodial region, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial region.
some sources call this the acropodium. see https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Subdivisions-of-the-autopod
A subdivision of the autopod skeleton consisting of both acropodial skeleon and metapodial skeleton, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial skeleton.
An epithelium that consists of columnar epithelial cells. Columnar epithelia are epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width. Columnar epithelia are divided into simple (or unilayered), and the rarer stratified (or multi-layered).[WP, modified]
Epithelium that derives from the mesoderm. [Automatically generated definition].
One of the pair of mesenchymal swellings (folds) located on either side of the cloacal membrane during the indifferent stage of embryonic development; cranial to the cloacal membrane the folds unite to form the genital tubercle; caudally the folds are subdivided into urogenital folds anteriorly and anal folds posteriorly
We presume this is distinct from AAO:0001003, an external integumentary structure - check with amphibian anatomy ontology developers. AO notes: the text def states mesenchymal swelling, EHDAA2 splits into mesenchymal and epithelial parts
Skeletal subdivision consisting of all the skeletal elements in a single fin.
The segment of the autopod that is distal to the metapodial region and consists of the digits.
class refers to an entire limb segment, not just the bones
A bone that is part of a the digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the acropodial skeleton or the metapodial skeleton.
Blood-forming tissue, consisting of reticular fibers and cells. Also known as hemopoietic tissue
Bone marrow in humans, kidney interstitium in Danio, within a stroma of reticuloendothelial tissue
The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pelvic girdle.
skeleton of posterior limb/fin and girdle
The secretory unit of a serous gland. The acinar portion is composed of serous secreting cells.
In humans, the urethral groove is a temporary linear indentation on the underside (ventral side) of the male penis during embryonic development. It typically appears around 8 weeks of gestation and becomes closed into a normal male urethra by the 12th week
An anatomical space which is the lumen of some anatomical conduit and connects two or more spaces together[FMA,modified].
A principle subdivision of an organism that includes all structures along the primary axis, typically the anterior-posterior axis, from head to tail, including structures of the body proper where present (for example, ribs), but excluding appendages.
Cardinal body part, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the vertebral column and ribcage. Examples: There is only one body proper[FMA:231424].
The region of the organism associated with the visceral organs.
Anatomical projection that is part of the integumentl system.
A organ component layer that is part of a integumental system.
Any of the organs or elements that are part of the digestive system. Examples: tongue, esophagus, spleen, crop, lunge feeding organ, tooth elements.
Embryonic structure that gives rise to the telencephalon.
paired anteriolateral division of the embryonic prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived[MP]
Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all skeletal elements in the thoracic region of the trunk. In most vertebrates this is the rib cage and sternum.
A duct that is located between lobules, within the thin connective tissue septa that separate lobules. All interlobular ducts are excretory.
A duct that is located within a lobule, with no more connective tissue intervening between ducts and secretory units (i.e., acini or tubules) than between adjacent secretory units. Intercalated and striated ducts are intralobular
A muscle organ that consists of skeletal muscle tissue ensheathed in epimysium, that develops from myotome and that is innervated by some somatic motor neuron. Skeletal muscles are typically attached (via a tendon) to a bone but there are exceptions (e.g. intrinsic tongue muscles).
A portion of tissue that will develop into vasculature.
A phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A limb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A endochondral element that is part of a autopod region.
A autopod endochondral element that is composed primarily of a cartilage tissue.
Any structure that is placed on one side of the left-right axis of a bilaterian.
This class is primarily to implement taxon constraints. It may be removed in the future.
A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, contributes to the circulation of lymph, blood or analogs. Examples: a chambered vertebrate heart; the tubular peristaltic heart of ascidians; the dorsal vessel of an insect; the lymoh heart of a reptile.
An roughly circular indentation in a surface.
Primordium that develops into the central nervous system
Primordium that develops into the nervous system
The part of the conceptus that may be lost before birth or will be discarded at birth, or when the embryo becomes an independent organism.
An embryonic anatomical entity that will turn into one or more other anatomical entities, perhaps with other anatomical entities, later in development.
A mesenchyme-derived anatomical entity undergoing a transtion to become another structure.
Added for consistency with MA EMAPA and EHDAA2. See https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/104
Any organ component layer that consists of muscle tissue.
NCITA class may refer to smooth muscle only
An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the heart.
A membranous sac in animals that serves as the receptacle of a liquid or contains gas.
An embryonic or larval epithelium that is committed to form part of the nervous system.
An epithelium that is undergoing proliferation to provide large numbers of neuronal cells.
A neuroepithelium some of whose cells are undergoing terminal differentiation to become neuronal cells.
Any of the cranial nerves, or their central nervous system analogs (the optic tract, the epiphyseal tract). These analogs are not true nerves, and are instead evaginated sensory afferents emanating from the brain
A part of an organism or organ that is continuous with its surroundings and distinguished from its surroundings based on morphology.
Any substance in the body or expelled from the body that is in a gaseous state.
Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system that is composed primarily of air.
An multicellular anatomical structure that has subparts of multiple organs as a part.
A cluster of cells, largely surrounded by a morphological boundary.
A collection of anatomical structures that are alike in terms of their morphology or developmental origin.
resolve if this should be a subclass of disconnected anatomical group. Some collections (e.g. the skeleton or skull) are arguably connected
A region or zone on the surface of an organism that encompasses skin and any adnexa, down through muscles and bounded by underlying skeletal support structures.
The epithelial layer covering the biliary system. This includes the epithelium of the gallbladder (when present) as well as the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts.
organ region with floating fiat boundary
Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system.
The primordial mouth region of the developing head.
Non neural ectoderm that surrounds the presumptive neural plate and gives rise to neurogenic placodes.
This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon
Structures of the dermis, epidermis, glands and pigment cells recognizable on the external surfaces of the integument.
This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon
A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis.
digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue
this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit.
individual digit of digitopodial skeleton
A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of a single digit plus the associated metapodial element.
this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials.
a medical intervention site that is used for injection of a substance.
ready for release
pending final vetting
axiom holds for all times
Bingjian Yang
An ontology for the annotation of the adverse event domain.
Desikan Jagannathan
Mathias Brochhausen
OAE: Ontology of Adverse Events
Product version
Meiu Wong
Shelley Zhang
The Ontology of Adverse Eventsy (OAE) is a biomedical ontology in the domain of adverse events. OAE aims to standardize adverse event annotation, integrate various adverse event data, and support computer-assisted reasoning. OAE is a community-based ontology. Its development follows the OBO Foundry principles. Vaccine adverse events have been used as an initial testing use case. OAE also studies adverse events associated with the administration of drug and nutritional products, the operation of surgeries, and the usage of medical devices, etc.
Vision Release; 1.1.355