The Ontology for Parasite Lifecycle (OPL) models the life cycle stage details of various parasites, including Trypanosoma sp., Leishmania major, and Plasmodium sp., etc. In addition to life cycle stages, the ontology also models necessary contextual details, such as host information, vector information, and anatomical location. OPL is based on the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) and follows the rules set by the OBO Foundry consortium.
The Parasite Life Cycle ontology was developed as part of the NIH-funded "Semantics and Services enabled Problem Solving Environment for Tcruzi" project (Grant#1R01HL087795-01A1). The Kno.e.sis center, Computer Science and Engineering Department, Wright State University, Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, USA and the Tarleton Lab, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, USA collaborated to create this ontology. Resource page: http://knoesis.wright.edu/trykipedia
Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification.
Really of interest to developers only
BFO OWL specification label
Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2
BFO CLIF specification label
editor preferred term
The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English)
PERSON:Daniel Schober
example of usage
A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold.
in branch
An annotation property indicating which module the terms belong to. This is currently experimental and not implemented yet.
has curation status
PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON:Bill Bug
PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
editor note
An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
term editor
Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115.
alternative label
A label for a class or property that can be used to refer to the class or property instead of the preferred rdfs:label. Alternative labels should be used to indicate community- or context-specific labels, abbreviations, shorthand forms and the like.
Consider re-defing to: An alternative name for a class or property which can mean the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent, narrow, broad or related).
definition source
Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
has obsolescence reason
Relates an annotation property to an obsolescence reason. The values of obsolescence reasons come from a list of predefined terms, instances of the class obsolescence reason specification.
curator note
An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user
term tracker item
the URI for an OBI Terms ticket at sourceforge, such as https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/772/
An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term.
Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg
The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term.
ontology term requester
The name of the person, project, or organization that motivated inclusion of an ontology term by requesting its addition.
The 'term requester' can credit the person, organization or project who request the ontology term.
is denotator type
Relates an class defined in an ontology, to the type of it's denotator
In OWL 2 add AnnotationPropertyRange('is denotator type' 'denotator type')
Alan Ruttenberg
imported from
For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported
expand expression to
ObjectProperty: RO_0002104 Label: has plasma membrane part Annotations: IAO_0000424 "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.org/obo/owl/GO#GO_0005886 and http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y)"
A macro expansion tag applied to an object property (or possibly a data property) which can be used by a macro-expansion engine to generate more complex expressions from simpler ones
Chris Mungall
expand assertion to
ObjectProperty: RO??? Label: spatially disjoint from Annotations: expand_assertion_to "DisjointClasses: (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?X) (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y)"
A macro expansion tag applied to an annotation property which can be expanded into a more detailed axiom.
first order logic expression
antisymmetric property
part_of antisymmetric property xsd:true
Use boolean value xsd:true to indicate that the property is an antisymmetric property
OBO foundry unique label
An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry.
The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools .
PERSON:Bjoern Peters
PERSON:Chris Mungall
GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/>
has ID digit count
Ontology: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/idrange/> Annotations: 'has ID prefix': "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_" 'has ID digit count' : 7, rdfs:label "RO id policy" 'has ID policy for': "RO"
Relates an ontology used to record id policy to the number of digits in the URI. The URI is: the 'has ID prefix" annotation property value concatenated with an integer in the id range (left padded with "0"s to make this many digits)
Person:Alan Ruttenberg
has ID range allocated
Datatype: idrange:1 Annotations: 'has ID range allocated to': "Chris Mungall" EquivalentTo: xsd:integer[> 2151 , <= 2300]
Relates a datatype that encodes a range of integers to the name of the person or organization who can use those ids constructed in that range to define new terms
has ID range allocated to
has ID policy for
Relating an ontology used to record id policy to the ontology namespace whose policy it manages
has ID prefix
Relates an ontology used to record id policy to a prefix concatenated with an integer in the id range (left padded with "0"s to make this many digits) to construct an ID for a term being created.
elucidation
person:Alan Ruttenberg
Person:Barry Smith
Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms
has associated axiom(nl)
An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language
has associated axiom(fol)
An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax
is allocated id range
Relates an ontology IRI to an (inclusive) range of IRIs in an OBO name space. The range is give as, e.g. "IAO_0020000-IAO_0020999"
Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology
has ontology root term
Ontology annotation property. Relates an ontology to a term that is a designated root term of the ontology. Display tools like OLS can use terms annotated with this property as the starting point for rendering the ontology class hierarchy. There can be more than one root.
Nicolas Matentzoglu
may be identical to
A annotation relationship between two terms in an ontology that may refer to the same (natural) type but where more evidence is required before terms are merged.
David Osumi-Sutherland
VFB
Edges asserting this should be annotated with to record evidence supporting the assertion and its provenance.
scheduled for obsoletion on or after
Used when the class or object is scheduled for obsoletion/deprecation on or after a particular date.
Chris Mungall, Jie Zheng
GO ontology
has axiom id
A URI that is intended to be unique label for an axiom used for tracking change to the ontology. For an axiom expressed in different languages, each expression is given the same URI
has axiom label
term replaced by
Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute
This is an annotation used on an object property to indicate a logical characterstic beyond what is possible in OWL.
logical characteristic of object property
'part disjoint with' 'defined by construct' """ PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX : <http://example.org/ CONSTRUCT { [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :part_of ; owl:someValuesFrom ?a ; owl:disjointWith [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :part_of ; owl:someValuesFrom ?b ] ] } WHERE { ?a :part_disjoint_with ?b . }
Links an annotation property to a SPARQL CONSTRUCT query which is meant to provide semantics for a shortcut relation.
CHEBI:26523 (reactive oxygen species) has an exact synonym (ROS), which is of type OMO:0003000 (abbreviation)
A synonym type for describing abbreviations or initalisms
A synonym type for describing ambiguous synonyms
A synonym type for describing dubious synonyms
EFO:0006346 (severe cutaneous adverse reaction) has an exact synonym (scar), which is of the type OMO:0003003 (layperson synonym)
A synonym type for describing layperson or colloquial synonyms
CHEBI:23367 (molecular entity) has an exact synonym (molecular entities), which is of the type OMO:0003004 (plural form)
A synonym type for describing pluralization synonyms
CHEBI:16189 (sulfate) has an exact synonym (sulphate), which is of the type OMO:0003005 (UK spelling synonym)
A synonym type for describing UK spelling variants
A synonym type for misnomers, i.e., a synonym that is not technically correct but is commonly used anyway
An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context.
temporal interpretation
An assertion that involves at least one OWL object that is intended to be expanded into one or more logical axioms. The logical expansion can yield axioms expressed using any formal logical system, including, but not limited to OWL2-DL.
logical macro assertion
A logical macro assertion whose domain is an IRI for a property
logical macro assertion on a property
Used to annotate object properties to describe a logical meta-property or characteristic of the object property.
logical macro assertion on an object property
An alternative label for a class or property which has a more general meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has broad synonym
An alternative label for a class or property which has the exact same meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has exact synonym
An alternative label for a class or property which has a more specific meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has narrow synonym
An alternative label for a class or property that has been used synonymously with the primary term name, but the usage is not strictly correct.
has related synonym
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
realized in
this disease is realized in this disease course
this fragility is realized in this shattering
this investigator role is realized in this investigation
is realized by
realized_in
[copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
realizes
this disease course realizes this disease
this investigation realizes this investigator role
this shattering realizes this fragility
to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
occurs in
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
occurs_in
unfolds in
unfolds_in
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
site of
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
contains process
A relation between an organism and an organism that has vector role.
A relation between an organism and an organism that has host role.
inheres in
this fragility is a characteristic of this vase
this red color is a characteristic of this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
inheres_in
Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.
characteristic of
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
Inverse of characteristic_of
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
has characteristic
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process).
A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants.
is concretized as
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.
concretizes
this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme
a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
function_of
is function of
This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.
function of
this red color is a quality of this apple
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
is quality of
quality_of
quality of
this investigator role is a role of this person
a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
is role of
role_of
role of
this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
has_function
has function
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has_quality
has quality
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
has_role
has role
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has disposition
disposition of
this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division)
this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'.
derives_from
derives from
this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division)
this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'.
derives_into
derives into
is location of
my head is the location of my brain
this cage is the location of this rat
a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
location_of
location of
located in
my brain is located in my head
this rat is located in this cage
a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
located_in
This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation.
the surface of my skin is a 2D boundary of my body
a relation between a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary) and a material entity, in which the boundary delimits the material entity
A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts.
Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape.
2D_boundary_of
boundary of
is 2D boundary of
is boundary of
2D boundary of
my body has 2D boundary the surface of my skin
a relation between a material entity and a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary), in which the boundary delimits the material entity
has boundary
has_2D_boundary
has 2D boundary
x is in taxon y if an only if y is an organism, and the relationship between x and y is one of: part of (reflexive), developmentally preceded by, derives from, secreted by, expressed.
A relationship that holds via some environmental process
evolutionarily related to
A relationship that is mediated in some way by the environment or environmental feature (ENVO:00002297)
ecologically related to
An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
X 'has host' y if and only if: x is an organism, y is an organism, and x can live on the surface of or within the body of y
DEPRECATED This relation is similar to but different in important respects to the characteristic-of relation. See comments on that relation for more information.
DEPRECATED inheres in
DEPRECATED bearer of
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
entity
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
continuant
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
(forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
occurrent
a chair
a heart
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
independent continuant
BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes.
Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional.
A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001])
All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001])
(forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001]
spatial region
Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional
A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001])
All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001])
Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002])
(forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001]
(forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001]
temporal region
an infinitely thin plane in space.
the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space
A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001])
(forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001]
two-dimensional spatial region
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a process of cellular meiosis.
the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor
A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001])
All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001])
Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001])
Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001])
Every spatiotemporal region occupies_spatiotemporal_region itself.
Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002])
(forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002]
(forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001]
(forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001]
spatiotemporal region
a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
a process of meiosis
a process of sleeping
the course of a disease
the flight of a bird
the life of an organism
your process of aging.
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
(iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
process
an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
(forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
(forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
disposition
the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
the disposition of your blood to coagulate
the function of your reproductive organs
the role of being a doctor
the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
realizable entity
A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001]
zero-dimensional spatial region
the ambient temperature of this portion of air
the color of a tomato
the length of the circumference of your waist
the mass of this piece of gold.
the shape of your nose
the shape of your nostril
a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
(forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
(forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
quality
Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
the disposition of this fish to decay
the function of this heart: to pump blood
the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
the shape of this hole.
the smell of this portion of mozzarella
A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
specifically dependent continuant
John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
the priest role
the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
the role of a building in serving as a military target
the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
the role of subject in a clinical trial
the student role
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
(forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
role
or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29
the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body.
the Western hemisphere of the Earth
the division of the brain into regions
the division of the planet into hemispheres
the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body
the upper and lower lobes of the left lung
BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions
b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004])
(forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004]
fiat object part
an edge of a cube-shaped portion of space.
A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001]
one-dimensional spatial region
a collection of cells in a blood biobank.
a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds
a symphony orchestra
an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team)
defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization
defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite
defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container
defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital
the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint
the aggregate of blood cells in your body
the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere
the restaurants in Palo Alto
your collection of Meissen ceramic plates.
An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects
BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee).
ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158.
b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004])
(forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004]
object aggregate
a cube-shaped region of space
a sphere-shaped region of space,
A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001])
(forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001]
three-dimensional spatial region
Manhattan Canyon)
a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese
a rabbit hole
an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport
the Grand Canyon
the Piazza San Marco
the cockpit of an aircraft
the hold of a ship
the interior of a kangaroo pouch
the interior of the trunk of your car
the interior of your bedroom
the interior of your office
the interior of your refrigerator
the lumen of your gut
your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity)
b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])
(forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002]
site
atom
cell
cells and organisms
engineered artifacts
grain of sand
molecule
organelle
organism
planet
solid portions of matter
star
BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting.
BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below).
BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47
BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity
BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74
b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001])
object
The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
(iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
generically dependent continuant
the function of a hammer to drive in nails
the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar
BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
(forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
function
the boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life.
p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001])
Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002])
(forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002]
(iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001]
process boundary
the temporal region during which a process occurs.
BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks).
A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001]
one-dimensional temporal region
a flame
a forest fire
a human being
a hurricane
a photon
a puff of smoke
a sea wave
a tornado
an aggregate of human beings.
an energy wave
an epidemic
the undetached arm of a human being
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
material entity
b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001])
BFO 2 Reference: In BFO 1.1 the assumption was made that the external surface of a material entity such as a cell could be treated as if it were a boundary in the mathematical sense. The new document propounds the view that when we talk about external surfaces of material objects in this way then we are talking about something fiat. To be dealt with in a future version: fiat boundaries at different levels of granularity.More generally, the focus in discussion of boundaries in BFO 2.0 is now on fiat boundaries, which means: boundaries for which there is no assumption that they coincide with physical discontinuities. The ontology of boundaries becomes more closely allied with the ontology of regions.
BFO 2 Reference: a continuant fiat boundary is a boundary of some material entity (for example: the plane separating the Northern and Southern hemispheres; the North Pole), or it is a boundary of some immaterial entity (for example of some portion of airspace). Three basic kinds of continuant fiat boundary can be distinguished (together with various combination kinds [29
Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions.
Every continuant fiat boundary is located at some spatial region at every time at which it exists
(iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001]
continuant fiat boundary
BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10
immaterial entity
The Equator
all geopolitical boundaries
all lines of latitude and longitude
the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin.
the median sulcus of your tongue
a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001])
(iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001]
one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels
One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance.
The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on.
b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002])
b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005])
(forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005]
(iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002]
process profile
a marriage bond, an instance of requited love, an obligation between one person and another.
b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001])
(iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001]
relational quality
a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001])
(iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001]
two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
the geographic North Pole
the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system.
the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet
zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.
a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001])
(iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001]
zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
a temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary
right now
the moment at which a child is born
the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident
the moment of death.
temporal instant.
A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001]
zero-dimensional temporal region
A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001])
history
Digestive gland of crustaceans with functions approximately analogous to liver and pancreas of vertebrates - enzyme secretion, food absorption and storage.
1: The trunk of an elephant; also: any long flexible snout. 2: Any of various elongated or extensible tubular processes as the sucking organ of a butterfly of the oral region of an invertebrate.
A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.
The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. Majority of cell population of liver, polygonal in shape, arranged in plates or trabeculae between sinusoids; may have single nucleus or binucleated.
A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen.
A mononuclear phagocyte present in variety of tissues, typically differentiated from monocytes, capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells.
A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.
data item
information content entity
curation status specification
The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
data about an ontology part
Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term
obsolescence reason specification
The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON: Melanie Courtot
denotator type
The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities.
A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters
ontology module
I have placed this under 'data about an ontology part', but this can be discussed. I think this is OK if 'part' is interpreted reflexively, as an ontology module is the whole ontology rather than part of it.
ontology file
This class and it's subclasses are applied to OWL ontologies. Using an rdf:type triple will result in problems with OWL-DL. I propose that dcterms:type is instead used to connect an ontology URI with a class from this hierarchy. The class hierarchy is not disjoint, so multiple assertions can be made about a single ontology.
base ontology module
An ontology module that comprises only of asserted axioms local to the ontology, excludes import directives, and excludes axioms or declarations from external ontologies.
editors ontology module
An ontology module that is intended to be directly edited, typically managed in source control, and typically not intended for direct consumption by end-users.
source ontology module
main release ontology module
An ontology module that is intended to be the primary release product and the one consumed by the majority of tools.
TODO: Add logical axioms that state that a main release ontology module is derived from (directly or indirectly) an editors module
bridge ontology module
An ontology module that consists entirely of axioms that connect or bridge two distinct ontology modules. For example, the Uberon-to-ZFA bridge module.
import ontology module
A subset ontology module that is intended to be imported from another ontology.
TODO: add axioms that indicate this is the output of a module extraction process.
import file
subset ontology module
An ontology module that is extracted from a main ontology module and includes only a subset of entities or axioms.
ontology slim
subset ontology
curation subset ontology module
A subset ontology that is intended as a whitelist for curators using the ontology. Such a subset will exclude classes that curators should not use for curation.
analysis ontology module
An ontology module that is intended for usage in analysis or discovery applications.
analysis subset ontology module
single layer ontology module
A subset ontology that is largely comprised of a single layer or strata in an ontology class hierarchy. The purpose is typically for rolling up for visualization. The classes in the layer need not be disjoint.
ribbon subset
single layer subset ontology module
exclusion subset ontology module
A subset of an ontology that is intended to be excluded for some purpose. For example, a blacklist of classes.
antislim
external import ontology module
An imported ontology module that is derived from an external ontology. Derivation methods include the OWLAPI SLME approach.
external import
species subset ontology module
A subset ontology that is crafted to either include or exclude a taxonomic grouping of species.
taxon subset
reasoned ontology module
An ontology module that contains axioms generated by a reasoner. The generated axioms are typically direct SubClassOf axioms, but other possibilities are available.
generated ontology module
An ontology module that is automatically generated, for example via a SPARQL query or via template and a CSV.
TODO: Add axioms (using PROV-O?) that indicate this is the output-of some reasoning process
template generated ontology module
An ontology module that is automatically generated from a template specification and fillers for slots in that template.
taxonomic bridge ontology module
ontology module subsetted by expressivity
obo basic subset ontology module
A subset ontology that is designed for basic applications to continue to make certain simplifying assumptions; many of these simplifying assumptions were based on the initial version of the Gene Ontology, and have become enshrined in many popular and useful tools such as term enrichment tools. Examples of such assumptions include: traversing the ontology graph ignoring relationship types using a naive algorithm will not lead to cycles (i.e. the ontology is a DAG); every referenced term is declared in the ontology (i.e. there are no dangling clauses). An ontology is OBO Basic if and only if it has the following characteristics: DAG Unidirectional No Dangling Clauses Fully Asserted Fully Labeled No equivalence axioms Singly labeled edges No qualifier lists No disjointness axioms No owl-axioms header No imports
ontology module subsetted by OWL profile
EL++ ontology module
A symbiont role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that it derives a growth, survival, or fitness advantage from symbiosis while the other symbiont's growth, survival, or fitness is reduced.
parasite role
A role borne by an infectious agent when contained in a host in which its infectious disposition can be realized.
infectious agent role
A role borne by pathogen in virtue of the fact that it or one of its products is sufficiently close to an organism towards which it has the pathogenic disposition to allow realization of the pathogenic disposition.
pathogen role
A symbiont host role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that its partner in symbiosis reaches developmental maturity or reproduces sexually in the host.
definitive host role
A symbiont host role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that its partner in symbiosis utilizes the host to undergo a developmental stage transition, and the host is required for continuation of the partner's life cycle.
intermediate host role
A symbiont host role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that its partner in symbiosis derives from the host a growth, survival, or fitness advantage while the host's growth, survival, or fitness is reduced.
parasite host role
An infectious agent transporter role that is borne by an organism active in the transfer of an infectious agent to an organism of another Species and in which the agent is infectious.
infectious agent vector role
An infectious agent vector role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that the infectious agent multiplies in the vector.
biological vector of infectious agent role
host role is a role played by an organism and realized by providing nourishment, shelter or a means of reproduction to another organism within the organism playing the host role
A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs.
A Leishmania major promastigote that undergoes a second developmental transition yielding the metacyclic promastigote. This form of parasite is infective to its mammalian host.
Leishmania major metacyclic promastigote
A hindgut that is a part of or originated from a Triatominae bug.
A liver that is a part of or originated from a human (Homo sapiens).
A promastigote stage of some kinetoplastids.
An exflagellated microgametocyte stage in the lifecycle of Plasmodium falciparum that occurs in the midgut of a mosquito vector.
P. falciparum exflagellated microgametocyte stage
Plasmodium falciparum exflagellated microgametocyte stage
A sporocyst stage in the Schistosoma haematobium lifecycle that occurs within the snail intermediate host.
A cercaria stage in the lifecycle of Schistosoma japonicum that occurs in a freshwater snail and in fresh water.
A microgametocyte stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs either in the bloodstream of a human host or the midgut of a mosquito vector.
Plasmodium falciparum microgametocyte stage
A Schistosoma haematobium schistosomulum in a migratory larval form that is found within blood vessels of mammal, as definitive host, 3 hours post-infection.
Schistosoma haematobium 3 hour schistosomulum
A Schistosoma haematobium in a free-living motile form that is covered with cilia and develops in the snail intermediate host.
A 3 days schistosomulum stage of Schistosoma mansoni that occurs in the definitive host 3 days post-infection.
Schistosoma mansoni 3 day schistosomulum stage
A proboscis that is a part of or originated from a sand fly of genus Phlebotominae.
A Leishmania major that is extracellular and motile form with an anterior flagellum. It grows and divides by longitudinal binary fission in the insect vector; i.e., sandfly.
A schistosomulum stage that occurs in 3 hours after infection of the mammalian host.
A parasite lifecycle stage of Trematodes where the parasite is in free-living motile form, covered with cilia and settles in the mollusc to become a sporocyst.
Cerebrospinal fluid that is a part of or originated from a human (Homo sapiens).
A Schistosoma japonicum schistosomulum in a migratory larval form that is found within blood vessels of the mammal, as definitive host, 3 days post-infection.
Schistosoma japonicum 3 day schistosomulum
A Schistosoma japonicum schistosomulum in a migratory larval form that is found within blood vessels of the mammal, as definitive host, 3 weeks post-infection.
Schistosoma japonicum 3 hour schistosomulum
A trypomastigote stage where trypmastigote form of parasites are found in mammalian host blood stream.
A miracidium stage in the Schistosoma japonicum lifecycle that occurs in the intermediate snail host.
A daughter sporocyst stage of Schistosoma japonicum that occurs in the snail intermediate host.
Schistosoma japonicum daughter sporocyst stage
A Schistosoma mansoni schistosomulum in a migratory larval formi that is found within blood vessels of the definitive host, mammal, 24 hours post-infection.
Schistosoma mansoni 24 hour schistosomulum
A gamete stage in apicomplexan parasites when exflagellated microgametocyte divides into microgamete.
A skin that is a part of or originated from a human (Homo sapiens) body.
A gametocyte stage where a cell differentiates into a female sexual form called macrogametocyte.
A Schistosoma haematobium schistosomulum in a migratory larval form that is found within blood vessels of mammal, as definitive host, 24 hours post-infection.
Schistosoma haematobium 24 hour schistosomulum
A Schistosoma japonicum sporocyst that develops into cercariae.
Schistosoma japonicum daughter sporocyst
A Trypanosoma brucei trypomastigote that is a dividing form of Trypanosoma brucei found in the midgut of an insect vector.
Trypanosoma brucei procyclic trypomastigote
A midgut that is a part of or originated from an Anopheles mosquito.
A parasite lifecycle stage of trypanosomes. In trypomastigote stage, the kinetoplast is near the posterior end of the body, and the flagellum lies attached to the cell body for most of its length by an undulating membrane.
A Trypanosoma brucei trypomastigote that is a non-dividing form infectious for the mammal host. It is found in the salivary gland of an insect vector or blood of a mammal host.
Trypanosoma brucei metacyclic trypomastigote
An erythrocytic schizont stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs in the infected erythrocytes of a human host.
updated according to OPL terms Plasmodium final excel file from C. Janse, S. Khan
P. falciparum erythorcytic schizont stage
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic schizont stage
A parasite lifecycle stage of apicomplexan species where a daughter cell, called merozoite is produced from schizont through schizogony.
A Schistosoma haematobium is a mature form of Schistosoma haematobium and capable of sexual reproduction, which lives in the pelvic blood vessels of the vesicle plexis of the mammal host.
A Schistosoma mansoni in a migratory larval form that is found within blood vessels of the definitive host, mammal, and develops into the worm.
A Schistosoma japonicum schistosomulum in a migratory larval form that is found within blood vessels of the mammal, as definitive host, 6 days post-infection.
Schistosoma japonicum 6 day schistosomulum
A hepatocyte that is a part of or originated from a human (Homo sapiens).
A sporocyst stage in the Schistosoma mansoni lifecycle that occurs in the snail intermediate host.
An erythrocytic ring trophozoite stage in the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle that occurs in erythrocytes of a human host. During this stage some Plasmodium falciparum merozoites undergo asexual reproduction cycle in erythrocytes and form young trophozoites that are referred to as "ring form" due to their morphology.
P. falciparum erythrocytic ring trophozoite stage
Wikipedia: Plasmodium falciparum biology
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic ring trophozoite stage
A Schistosoma japonicum in a parasitic larval form that develops in a freshwater snail and is released into the water.
A promastigote stage where the form of parasite is short, ovoid, and slightly motile.
A 6 day schistosomulum stage of Schistosoma mansoni that occurs in the definitive host 6 days post-infection.
Schistosoma mansoni 6 day schistosomulum stage
A schistosoma japonicum schistosomulum stage that occurs in the definitive host 6 days post-infection.
Schistosoma japonicum 6 day schistosomulum stage
A mesenteric vein that is a part of or originated from a human (Homo sapiens).
A lifecycle stage of Trypanosoma brucei.
A Trypanosoma cruzi that is found in the intestinal tract of the insect vector. In this form, the kinetoplast is found anterior and adjacent to the nucleus. The flagellum emerges in the middle of the cell.
A Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte that is a male gametocyte and found in either bloodstream of a human host or midgut of a mosquito vector. The microgametocyte is a precursor cell of the microgamete.
A Schistosoma japonicum worm is the mature form of Schistosoma japonicum and capable of sexual reproduction, which is found in the small superior mesenteric blood vessels associated with the ileo-caecal area of the intestine of the human host 7 weeks after infection of the mammal host.
A Schistosoma japonicum in an egg form that is laid by the female adult worm and released into the host gut where they leave the host in the faeces.
A Schistosoma japonicum worm is capable of sexual reproduction, which is found in the small superior mesenteric blood vessels associated with the ileo-caecal area of the intestine of the mammal host 3 weeks after infection of the human host.
A metacyclic trypomastigote stage in the lifecycle of Trypanosoma brucei that occurs either in vertebrate host bloodstream or in salivary glands of an insect vector.
T. brucei metacyclic trypomastigote stage
Trypanosoma brucei metacyclic trypomastigote stage
A parasite lifecycle stage of some protozoan parasites that is a non-reproductive, feeding and growing stage.
A procyclic promastigote stage in the Leishmania major lifecycle.
Leishmania major procyclic promastigote stage
A schizont stage that occurs in hepatocyte where sporozoites mature into a schizont.
A Plasmodium falciparum divides through schizogony. Depending on its location, it is either called hepatic or erythrocytic schizont. The schizont is a dividing stage with 2 or more nuclei.
A Trypanosoma cruzi that is the intracellular dividing form in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. It is a round/oval-shaped cell with no protruding flagellum.
A 3 days schistosomulum stage of Schistosoma haematobium occurs in the definitive host 3 days post-infection.
S. haematobium 3 day schistosomulum stage
Schistosoma haematobium 3 day schistosomulum stage
A 24 hours schistosomulum stage of Schistosoma mansoni that occurs in the definitive host 24 hours post-infection.
Schistosoma mansoni 24 hour schistosomulum stage
An amastigote stage in the lifecycle of Trypanosoma cruzi that occurs in mammalian hosts.
A schistosomulum stage that occurs in 6 days after infection of the mammalian host.
A Schistosoma mansoni schistosomulum in a migratory larval formi that is found within blood vessels of the definitive host, mammal, 3 hours post-infection.
Schistosoma mansoni 3 hour schistosomulum
A macrogametocyte stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs either in the bloodstream of a human host or the midgut of a mosquito vector.
gametocytes are mainly found in the blood
Plasmodium falciparum macrogametocyte stage
A miracidium stage in the Schistosoma haematobium lifecycle that occurs in the intermediate snail host.
Schistosoma haematobium miracidium stage
A parasite lifecycle stage that is a free-living larval stage of Digenea, developed within the germinal cells of the sporocyst or redia. A cercaria has a tapering head with large penetration glands. It may or may not have a long swimming "tail", depending on the species. The motile cercaria finds and settles in a host where it will become either an adult, or a mesocercaria, or a metacercaria, according to species.
A worm stage of Schistosoma japonicum that is fully developed mature form and found in the small superior mesenteric blood vessels associated with the ileo-caecal area of the intestine of the mammalian host.
An egg stage in the lifecycle of Schistosoma japonicum that occurs in the mammalian host.
A parasite lifecycle stage of sporozoa consisting of a zygote enclosed by cyst wall.
Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. � 2009, Elsevier. (http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/oocyst)
A 3 hours schistosomulum stage of Schistosoma haematobium that occurs in the definitive host 3 hours post-infection.
S. haematobium 3 hour schistosomulum stage
Schistosoma haematobium 3 hour schistosomulum stage
A macrogamete stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs in the midgut of a mosquito vector.
A trypomastigote stage where trypomastigote form of parasites are in dividing form. This stage occurs in fly vector.
A Schistosoma japonicum in a migratory larval form that is found within blood vessels of the definitive host and develops into the worm.
A schizont stage that occurs in erythrocytes where trophozoites mature into a schizont and schizont produces daughter trophozoites or merozoites.
A Schistosoma haematobium is the parasitic larval form of the Schistosoma haematobium that develops in a freshwater snail and is released into the water.
A parasite lifecycle stage that occurs in the liver of the host organism. For Plasmodium species these stages can include sporozoites, trophozoites, schizonts, and merozoites.
A procyclic promastigote stage in the Trypanosoma brucei lifecycle.
Trypanosoma brucei procyclic trypomastigote stage
A parasite lifecycle stage of some parasites in which the parasite develops into a worm form, and undergoes maturation.
Hepatopancreas that is a part of or originated from a Bulinus snail.
A parasite lifecycle stage that is the multinucleate stage in the development of some members of the Sarcodina and some sporozoans during schizogony.
A gamete stage in parasites when macrogametocytes produce macrogametes through the process known as gametogenesis.
A sporocyst stage of Trematodes produced by a mother sporocyst; it lacks a gut and is capable of asexual production of either rediae or cercariae.
A Schistosoma haematobium worm is the mature form of Schistosoma haematobium and capable of sexual reproduction, which is found in the pelvic blood vessels of the vesicle plexis of the mammal host 7 weeks after infection of the mammal host.
A midgut that is a part of or originated from a Triatominae bug.
A Plasmodium falciparum that is a 'banana-shaped' form and originates from the round zygote. The ookinete is found in the midgut of a mosquito vector and traverses the midgut wall of a mosquito vector.
A Schistosoma mansoni worm that is capable of sexual reproduction, which is found in the small inferior mesenteric blood vessels surrounding the large intestine of the mammal host 3 weeks after infection of the mammalian host.
A worm stage of Schistosoma haematobium that is fully developed mature form and found in the pelvic blood vessels of the vesicle plexis of the mammalian host.
A Trypanosoma brucei that is found in the salivary glands of tse-tse fly. In this form the kinetoplast is anterior to the nucleus with a short undulating membrane running about half the length of the body.
A hepatic schizont stage in the lifecycle of Plasmodium falciparum that occurs in the infected hepatocytes of a human host.
Plasmodium falciparum hepatic schizont stage
A Schistosoma japonicum is an elongated sac that develops from the miracidium within the snail indermediate host, and that either produces more sporocysts or develops into cercariae.
A parasite lifecycle stage that is the migratory stage between cercaria and adult of the schistosomes; equivalent to the metacercarial stage in other digeneans.
An erythrocyte that is a part of or originated from a human (Homo sapiens).
Vesical venus plexus that is a part of or originated from a human (Homo sapiens).
A parasite lifecycle stage that is the early developmental stage capable of asexual reproduction: in sporozoans it is usually enclosed within an oocyst; in digeneans it is an intramolluscan stage lacking a gut.
A Schistosoma haematobium worm is the mature form of Schistosoma haematobium and capable of sexual reproduction, which is found in the pelvic blood vessels of the vesicle plexis of the human host 3 weeks after infection of the mammal host.
A schistosomulum stage of Schistosoma mansoni that occurs in the definitive host and is followed by the parasitic worm stage.
Schistosoma mansoni schistosomulum stage
A cercaria stage in the lifecycle of Schistosoma haematobium that occurs in a freshwater snail and in fresh water.
A metacyclic promastigote stage in the lifecycle of Leishmania major.
Leishmania major metacyclic promastigote stage
A merozoite stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs in the bloodstream or hepatocytes of a human host.
Hepatopancreas that is a part of or originated from a Biomphalaria snail.
A Schistosoma mansoni in an egg form that is laid by the female adult worm and released into the host gut where they leave the host in the faeces.
A worm stage of Schistosoma japonicum that is found in the small superior mesenteric blood vessels associated with the ileo-caecal area of the intestine of the definitive host 3 weeks after infection.
A worm stage of Schistosoma mansoni that is found in the small inferior mesenteric blood vessels surrounding the large intestine of the definitive host 3 weeks after infection.
A parasite lifecycle stage of Trypanosomatids. During this stage, the undulating membrane is shortened and the flagellar pocket and the kinetoplast are anterior to the nucleus. This stage occurs in the insect host.
A Schistosoma haematobium sporocyst that develops into cercariae.
Schistosoma haematobium daughter sporocyst
A Plasmodium falciparum schizont that is found in infected erythrocytes of a human host.
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic schizont
A 7 week worm stage of Schistosoma haematobium that is the mature stage of Schistosoma haematobium and found in the pelvic blood vessels of the vesicle plexis of the definitive host 7 weeks after weeks after infection .
Schistosoma haematobium 7 week worm stage
A miracidium stage in the Schistosoma mansoni lifecycle that occurs in the intermediate snail host.
An oocyst stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs on the hemocoel side of the midgut of a mosquito vector. During this stage Plasmodium falciparum ookinete invades and escapes midgut wall of mosquito and embed itself onto the exterior of the gut membrane and develop encysted zygote, called oocyst.
A parasite lifecycle stage is a nonflagellate intracellular developmental stage in the trypanosomatid parasites lifecycle that occurs in mammalian host.
A sporozoite stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs in the salivary glands of the mosquito and invades hepatocytes in the human host.
A Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote that is found in blood or cells of mammal hosts at the infectious stage for mammals.
Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigote
Blood that is part of or originated from a human (Homo sapiens).
A schistosomulum stage of Schistosoma japonicum that occurs in the definitive host and is followed by the parasitic worm stage.
Schistosoma japonicum schistosomulum stage
A microgametocyte stage in some apicomplexan parasites where microgametocyte gets matured and form microgamete through the process known as exflagellation.
A 3 hours schistosomulum stage of Schistosoma mansoni that occurs in the definitive host 3 hours post-infection.
Schistosoma mansoni 3 hour schistosomulum stage
A salivary gland that is a part of or originated from an Anopheles mosquito.
A macrophage that is a part of or originated from a human (Homo sapiens).
A Schistosoma mansoni schistosomulum in a migratory larval formi that is found within blood vessels of the definitive host, mammal, 3 days post-infection.
Schistosoma mansoni 3 day schistosomulum
A 6 day schistosomulum stage of Schistosoma haematobium that occurs in the definitive host 6 days post-infection.
S. haematobium 6 day schistosomulum stage
Schistosoma haematobium 6 day schistosomulum stage
An egg stage in the lifecycle of Schistosoma haematobium that occurs in the mammalian host..
A Schistosoma japonicum is the mature form of Schistosoma japonicum and capable of sexual reproduction, which lives in the small superior mesenteric blood vessels associated with the ileo-caecal area of the intestine of the mammal host.
An adult worm stage of a female parasitic worm.
A Schistosoma mansoni in the mature form that is capable of sexual reproduction, which lives in the small inferior mesenteric blood vessels surrounding the large intestine of the mammal host.
A 24 hours schistosomulum stage of Schistosoma haematobium that occurs in the definitive host 24 hours post-infection.
S. haematobium 24 hour schistosomulum stage
Schistosoma haematobium 24 hour schistosomulum stage
A Plasmodium falciparum that is produced in a schizont, found in the bloodstream of a human host and invades erythrocytes.
A metacyclic trypomastigote stage in the lifecycle of Trypanosoma cruzi that occurs in a vertebrate host.
T. cruzi metacyclic trypomastigote stage
Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigote stage
A Schistosoma japonicum schistosomulum in a migratory larval form that is found within blood vessels of the mammal, as definitive host, 24 hours post-infection.
Schistosoma japonicum 24 hour schistosomulum
A lung that is a part of or originated from a human (Homo sapiens).
Hepatopancreas that is a part of or originated from a Oncomelania snail.
An egg stage in the lifecycle of Schistosoma mansoni that occurs in the mammalian host.
A Schistosoma mansoni worm is the mature form of Schistosoma mansoni and capable of sexual reproduction, which is found in the small inferior mesenteric blood vessels surrounding the large intestine of the mammal host 7 weeks after infection of the mammalian host.
A Plasmodium falciparum is formed in the oocyst. It migrates to and resides in the salivary glands of the mosquito vector. A distinction is made between oocyst-derived and salivary gland-derived sporozoites. Sporozoites invade hepatocytes in the vertebrate host.
A Plasmodium falciparum that oocyst is formed, after traversal of the midgut wall by the ookinete stage, on the hemocoel side of the midgut wall of the mosquito vector.
A 7 week worm stage of Schistosoma japonicum that is the mature stage of Schistosoma japonicum and found in the small superior mesenteric blood vessels associated with the ileo-caecal area of the intestine of the definitive host 7 weeks after weeks after infection.
An early trophozoite stage of Plasmodium sp. where a large central vacuole and peripheral nucleus give an appearance of a signet ring.
An intestine that is a part of or originated from a human (Homo sapiens).
A mother sporocyst stage in the Schistosoma mansoni lifecycle that occurs in the snail intermediate host.
Schistosoma mansoni mother sporocyst stage
A gametocyte stage where a cell differentiates into a male sexual form called microgametocyte.
A Schistosoma haematobium sporocyst that produces more sporocysts.
Schistosoma haematobium mother sporocyst
A Schistosoma japonicum sporocyst that produces more sporocysts.
A Plasmodium falciparum is a feeding form. The trophozoite stage has only 1 nucleus. Depending on its location, it is either called hepatic or erythrocytic trophozoite.
A Schistosoma mansoni is an elongated sac that develops from the miracidium within the snail indermediate host, and that either produces more sporocysts or develops into cercariae.
A parasitic worm stage of development 7 weeks post differentiation into a worm form.
A trypomastigote stage of Trypanosoma species which are nondividing forms resistant to mammalian complement that have the capacity to infect mammalian cells.
A life cycle stage where a cell differentiates into male or female sexual forms.
A parasite lifecycle stage of Trypanosomatids. In this stage, the flagellum is found anterior of nucleus and flagellum not attached to the cell body. The kinetoplast is located in front of the nucleus, near the anterior end of the body. (Wikipedia: Trypanosomatid)
A parasite lifecycle stage of some sporozoans where cells divide through sporogony producing daughter cells called sporozoites that infect new hosts.
A parasite lifecycle stage of some sporozoans where motile and elongated zygote is formed by the fertilization of the macrogamete during the sexual reproductive phase of the sporozoan life cycle, specifically the malarial parasite Plasmodium.
Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. � 2009, Elsevier. (http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ookinete)
A salivary gland that is a part of or originated from a tsetse fly of genus Glossina.
Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite, one of the species of Plasmodium that cause malignant malaria in humans. It is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito.
Replaced by NCBITaxon term. Definition and axioms were added by OPL developers.
A lifecycle stage of Schistosoma japonicum.
An amastigote stage in the lifecycle of Leishmania major that occurs in mammalian hosts.
A schizont stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs in erythrocytes or in hepatocytes.
A 3 days schistosomulum stage of Schistosoma japonicum that occurs in the definitive host 3 days post-infection.
Schistosoma japonicum 3 day schistosomulum stage
A Leishmania major promastigote that is found in the alimentary tract of an insect vector. It is non-infective to its mammalian host.
A Plasmodium falciparum zygote is formed after fertilisation of the macrogamete by a microgamete in the midgut of the mosquito vector. This round form is the only diploid stage in the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle.
A Plasmodium falciparum microgametocyte that is matured with flagellated motile microgametes still attached to its central body. Exflagellated microgametocyte of Plasmodium falciparum is found in the midgut of a mosquito vector.
P. falciparum exflagellated microgametocyte
Plasmodium falciparum exflagellated microgametocyte
A daughter sporocyst stage in the lifecycle of Schistosoma haematobium that occurs within the snail intermediate host.
Schistosoma haematobium daughter sporocyst stage
A Trypanosoma cruzi that is found in the bloodstream of infected mammals. It is a non-dividing form that is infectious for its insect vector.
A lifecycle stage of Plasmodium falciparum.
A Schistosoma haematobium that is an elongated sac and develops from the miracidium within the snail indermediate host, and that either produces more sporocysts or develops into cercariae.
A Plasmodium falciparum gamete that is a matured form of the macrogametocyte and is found in the midgut of a mosquito vector. The macrogamete is fertilized by the microgamete, forming the zygote
A Schistosoma mansoni in a parasitic larval form that develops in a freshwater snail and is released into the water.
A trypomastigote stage in the Trypanosoma cruzi lifecycle that occurs either in the vertebrate host or an insect vector.
A microgamete stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs in the midgut of a mosquito vector.
A parasite role which is realized only during parasitic infection of a human.
A schistosomulum stage that occurs in 24 hours after infection of the mammalian host.
A parasite lifecycle stage of some Plasmodium sp., such as Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale, the parasite in the liver cells do not achieve matuaration to a schizont immediately, but remain in a dormant form. This dormant form stage is called hypnozoite stage.
A Plasmodium falciparum gamete that is a matured form of exflagellated microgametocyte and found in the midgut of a mosquito vector. The microgamete fertilizes the macrogamete, forming the zygote.
A trypomastigote stage in the Trypanosoma brucei lifecycle that occurs in the vertebrate host.
A ureter that is a part of or originated from a human (Homo sapiens).
A lifecycle stage of Schistosoma haematobium.
A Schistosoma haematobium in a migratory larval form that is found within blood vessels of the definitive host, mammal, and develops into the flatworm.
A Schistosoma japonicum in a free-living motile form that is covered with cilia, and develops in the snail intermediate host.
A life cycle stage of some parasites in which a non-operculate egg emerges from the adult female worm.
A Trypanosoma brucei that is a Trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma brucei. In this form the large kinetoplast is postnuclear and is at the most posterior part of the body and the flagellum emerges from the flagellar pocket, and runs along the entire length of the body as an undulating membrane.
A parasitic worm stage of development 3 weeks post differentiation into a worm form.
A mother sporocyst stage in the Schistosoma japonicum lifecycle that occurs in the snail intermediate host.
Schistosoma japonicum mother sporocyst stage
A sporocyst stage in the Schistosoma japonicum lifecycle that is found within the snail intermediate host.
An ookinete stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs in the midgut of a mosquito vector and on the outside of the midgut.
Bloodstream trypomastigote stage in the lifecycle of Trypanosoma brucei.
T. brucei bloodstream trypomastigote stage
obsolete_Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream trypomastigote stage
A promastigote stage in the Leishmania major lifecycle.
A Plasmodium falciparum schizont that is found in infected hepatocytes (i.e., liver cells) of a human host.
A Schistosoma mansoni sporocyst that develops into cercariae.
A gametocyte stage in the lifecycle of Plasmodium falciparum.
A 3 hours schistosomulum stage of Schistosoma japonicum that occurs in the definitive host 3 hours post-infection.
S. japonicum 3 hour schistosomulum stage
Schistosoma japonicum 3 hour schistosomulum stage
A midgut that is a part of or originated from a sand fly of genus Phlebotominae.
A 24 hours schistosomulum stage of Schistosoma japonicum that occurs in the definitive host 24 hours post-infection.
S. japonicum 24 hour schistosomulum stage
Schistosoma japonicum 24 hour schistosomulum stage
A Schistosoma mansoni sporocyst that produces more sporocysts.
A schistosomulum stage of Schistosoma haematobium that occurs in the definitive host and is followed by the parasitic worm stage.
Schistosoma haematobium schistosomulum stage
A Schistosoma haematobium adult worm is a fully developed mature male form of Schistosoma haematobium and capable of sexual reproduction, which lives in the pelvic blood vessels of the vesicle plexis of the mammal host and has 4-5 testes.
A zygote stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs in the midgut of the mosquito vector where a microgamete and a macrogamete fertilizes each other to produce a diploid cell.
A Schistosoma haematobium in an egg form that is laid by the female adult worm and released into the host gut where they leave the host in the faeces.
A Schistosoma haematobium schistosomulum in a migratory larval form that is found within blood vessels of mammal, as definitive host, 6 days post-infection.
Schistosoma haematobium 6 day schistosomulum
A worm stage of Schistosoma haematobium that is found in the pelvic blood vessels of the vesicle plexis of the definitive host 3 weeks after infection.
Schistosoma haematobium 3 week worm stage
A lifecycle stage of Schistosoma mansoni.
A Leishmania major that is the intracellular, non-motile form of the parasite found in the mammalian host.
A Schistosoma haematobium schistosomulum in a migratory larval form that is found within blood vessels of mammal, as definitive host, 3 days post-infection.
Schistosoma haematobium 3 day schistosomulum
A Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte that is a female gametocyte and found either in bloodstream of a human host or midgut of mosquito vector. The macrogametocyte is a precursor of the macrogamete.
An erythrocytic trophozoite stage in the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle that occurs in erythrocytes of a human host.
P. falciparum erythrocytic trophozoite stage
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic trophozoite stage
A Schistosoma mansoni in a free-living motile form that is covered with cilia and develops in the snail intermediate host.
A parasite lifecycle stage of Leishmania major.
A cercaria stage in the lifecycle of Schistosoma mansoni that occurs in a freshwater snail and in fresh water.
A worm stage of Schistosoma mansoni that is fully developed mature form and found in the small inferior mesenteric blood vessels surrounding the large intestine of the mammalian host.
A mother sporocyst stage in the Schistosoma haematobium lifecycle that occurs in the snail intermediate host.
Schistosoma haematobium mother sporocyst stage
The vesical plexus envelops the lower part of the bladder and the base of the prostate and communicates with the pudendal and prostatic plexuses.
A sporocyst stage of Digenea formed after penetration of the miracidium into a mollusc; it lacks a gut and gives rise asexually to daughter sporocysts or rediae.
A midgut that is a part of or originated from a tsetse fly of genus Glossina.
An epimastigote stage in the lifecycle of Trypanosoma brucei.
A 7 week worm stage of Schistosoma mansoni that is the mature stage of Schistosoma mansoni and found in the small inferior mesenteric blood vessels surrounding the large intestine of the definitive host 7 weeks after weeks after infection.
A Schistosoma mansoni schistosomulum in a migratory larval formi that is found within blood vessels of the definitive host, mammal, 6 days post-infection.
Schistosoma mansoni 6 day schistosomulum
A urinary bladder that is a part of or originated from a human (Homo sapiens).
A daughter sporocyst stage of Schistosoma mansoni that occurs in the snail intermediate host.
Schistosoma mansoni daughter sporocyst stage
A schistosomulum stage that occurs in 3 days after infection of the mammalian host.
A Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic trophozoite that is found in erythrocytes. It is a young trophozoite stage that has a typical 'ring-like' appearance. Ring-form trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum are often thin and delicate, measuring on average 1/5 the diameter of the red blood cell.
P. falciparum erythrocytic ring trophozoite
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic ring trophozoite
An epimastigote stage in the lifecycle of Trypanosoma cruzi.
An adult female worm stage of Schistosoma japonicum that is fully developed mature female stage of Schistosoma japonicum and occurs in the small superior mesenteric blood vessels associated with the ileo-caecal area of the intestine of the mammalian host.
Schistosoma japonicum adult female worm stage
An adult male worm stage of Schistosoma japonicum that is fully developed mature male stage of Schistosoma japonicum and occurs in the small superior mesenteric blood vessels associated with the ileo-caecal area of the intestine of the mammalian host.
Schistosoma japonicum adult male worm stage
A Schistosoma japonicum worm is a fully developed mature form of Schistosoma japonicum and capable of sexual reproduction, which lives in the small superior mesenteric blood vessels associated with the ileo-caecal area of the intestine of the mammal host.
A Schistosoma mansoni worm is the fully developed mature form of Schistosoma mansoni and capable of sexual reproduction, which lives in the small inferior mesenteric blood vessels surrounding the large intestine of the mammal host.
An adult male worm stage of Schistosoma haematobium that is fully developed mature male stage of Schistosoma haematobium and found in the pelvic blood vessels of the vesicle plexis of the mammalian host.
Schistosoma haematobium adult male worm stage
A Schistosoma japonicum adult worm is a fully developed mature male form of Schistosoma japonicum and capable of sexual reproduction, which lives in the small superior mesenteric blood vessels associated with the ileo-caecal area of the intestine of the mammal host and has 4-5 testes.
An adult male worm stage of Schistosoma mansoni that is fully developed mature male stage of Schistosoma mansoni and found in the small inferior mesenteric blood vessels surrounding the large intestine of the mammalian host.
Schistosoma mansoni adult male worm stage
A Schistosoma mansoni adult worm is the fully developed mature female form of Schistosoma mansoni and capable of sexual reproduction, which lives within the gynacophoric canal of the adult male worm in the small inferior mesenteric blood vessels surrounding the large intestine of the mammal host.
An organism living in, with, or on another organism in parasitism. Individual members of parasite species, such as Leishmania, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, etc. are members of this class.
A Schistosoma haematobium worm is a fully developed mature form of Schistosoma haematobium and capable of sexual reproduction, which lives in the pelvic blood vessels of the vesicle plexis of the mammal host.
An adult female worm stage of Schistosoma haematobium that is fully developed mature female stage of Schistosoma haematobium and found in the pelvic blood vessels of the vesicle plexis of the mammalian host.
Schistosoma haematobium adult female worm stage
A Schistosoma haematobium adult worm is a fully developed mature female form of Schistosoma haematobium and capable of sexual reproduction, which lives within the gynacophoric canal of the adult male worm in the pelvic blood vessels of the vesicle plexis of the mammal host.
Schistosoma haematobium adult female worm
An adult female worm stage of Schistosoma mansoni that is fully developed mature female stage of Schistosoma mansoni and found in the small inferior mesenteric blood vessels surrounding the large intestine of the mammalian host.
Schistosoma mansoni adult female worm stage
A parasitic worm stage where the worm is matured and ready to pair up with another adult worm of the opposite gender, and reproduce.
A Schistosoma japonicum adult worm is a fully developed mature female form of Schistosoma japonicum and capable of sexual reproduction, which lives within the gynacophoric canal of the adult male worm in the small superior mesenteric blood vessels associated with the ileo-caecal area of the intestine of the mammal host.
An adult worm stage of a male parasitic worm.
A Schistosoma mansoni adult worm is the fully developed mature male form of Schistosoma mansoni and capable of sexual reproduction, which lives in the small inferior mesenteric blood vessels surrounding the large intestine of the mammal host and has 4-5 testes.
A Plasmodium falciparum merozoite that is produced in a hepatic schizont and released into the bloodstream of a human host. These forms invade erythrocytes.
A Plasmodium falciparum merozoite that is produced in an erythrocytic schizont and released into the bloodstream of a human host. These forms invade erythrocytes.
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic merozoite
A trophozoite stage in some protozoan parasite life cycle that occurs in erythrocytes.
definition adapted from that for P. falciparum erythrocytic trophozoite stage and parent trophozoite stage
A Plasmodium falciparum trophozoite that is found in erythrocytes. It is a feeding stage with a single nucleus.
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic trophozoite
An erythrocytic merozoite stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs in the bloodstream of a human host.
P. falciparum erythrocytic merozoite stage
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic merozoite stage
A hepatic merozoite stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs in the hepatocyte of a human host.
Plasmodium falciparum hepatic merozoite stage
A merozoite stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in the hepatocyte of a vertebrate host.
definition adapted from that for P. falciparum hepatic merozoite stage
A merozoite stage in the apicomplexan lifecycle that occurrs in the bloodstream of a vertebrate host.
definition adapted from that for P. falciparum salivary erythrocytic merozoite stage and from the general merozoite definition
A Plasmodium falciparum that is located either in the bloodstream of the human host or midgut of mosquito vector. Gametocytes are the precursor cells of the macro- or micro-gametes.
A hepatic trophozoite stage in the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle that occurs in hepatocytes of a human host.
Plasmodium falciparum hepatic trophozoite stage
A trophozoite stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs in a human host.
A sporozoite stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs in the hemocoel and the salivary glands of the mosquito. Sporozoites invade hepatocytes in the human host.
Plasmodium falciparum oocyst-derived sporozoite stage
A sporozoite stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in the hemocoel and the salivary glands of the mosquito. Sporozoites invade hepatocytes in the vertebrate host.
definition adapted from that for P. falciparum salivary gland derived sporozoite stage
A salivary gland-derived sporozoite stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs in the hemocoel and the salivary glands of the mosquito. Sporozoites invade hepatocytes in the human host.
Plasmodium falciparum salivary gland-derived sporozoite stage
A Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite that is formed in the oocyst. It migrates to and resides in the salivary glands of the mosquito vector. Sporozoites invade hepatocytes in a human host.
P. falciparum salivary gland-derived sporozoite
Plasmodium falciparum salivary gland-derived sporozoite
A sporozoite stage in some parasite lifecycle that occurs in the hemocoel and the salivary glands of the mosquito. Sporozoites invade hepatocytes in the vertebrate host.
definition adapted from that for P. falciparum oocyte derived sporozoite stage
A Plasmodium falciparum trophozoite that is found in hepatocytes of a human host. It is a feeding stage with a single nucleus
Plasmodium falciparum hepatic trophozoite
A Plasmodium falciparum that is found in midgut of mosquito vector. There are two forms of gametes: micro- and macrogametocytes.
A Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite that is found in the infected hepatocytes of a human host.
Plasmodium falciparum oocyst-derived sporozoite
A life cycle stage of some parasites that develop into mature sexual cells.
A trophozoite stage in some protozoan parasite life cycle that occurs in hepatocytes.
definition adapted from that for P. falciparum hepatic trophozoite stage and from parent trophozoite stage
A gamete stage in the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle that occurs in the midgut of a mosquito vector.
A parasite lifecycle stage that occurs as a result of asexual replication in the red blood cells of the host organism. For Plasmodium species these stages can include merozoites, trophozoites, and schizonts.
asexual lifecycle in host red blood cell stage
A Plasmodium that is found in the midgut of a mosquito vector during gamete lifecycle stage. There are two forms of gametes: micro- and macrogametocytes.
A Plasmodium gamete that is in a matured form of the macrogametocyte and found in the midgut of a mosquito vector. The macrogamete is fertilized by the microgamete, forming the zygote.
A Plasmodium gamete that is in a matured form of exflagellated microgametocyte and found in the midgut of a mosquito vector. The microgamete fertilises the macrogamete, forming the zygote.
A Plasmodium that is located either in the bloodstream of the vertebrate host or midgut of mosquito vector during gametocyte stage. Gametocytes are the precursor cells of the macro- or microgametes
A Plasmodium gametocyte that is a female gametocyte of Plasmodium and found either in the bloodstream of the vertebrate host or midgut of mosquito vector. The macrogametocyte is a precursor of the macrogamete.
A Plasmodium gametocyte that is a male gametocyte of Plasmodium and found either in the bloodstream of a vertebrate host or midgut of a mosquito vector. The microgametocyte is a precursor cell of the microgamete
A Plasmodium that is during merozoite lifecycle stage, occurs in the bloodstream of a vertebrate host.
A Plasmodium merozoite that is produced in an erythrocytic schizont and released into the bloodstream of a vertebrate host. These forms invade erythrocytes.
A Plasmodium merozoite that is produced in a hepatic schizont and released into the bloodstream of a vertebrate host. These forms invade erythrocytes.
A Plasmodium that is formed after traversal of the midgut wall by the ookinete stage, on the hemocoel side of the midgut wall of the mosquito vector.
A Plasmodium that is a 'banana-shaped' form originates from the round zygote. The ookinete is found in the midgut of a mosquito vector and traverses the midgut wall of a mosquito vector.
A Plasmodium that is a form divides through schizogony. Depending on its location, it is either called hepatic or erythrocytic schizont. The schizont is a dividing stage with 2 or more nuclei.
A Plasmodium schizont that is found in infected erythrocytes of a vertebrate host.
A Plasmodium schizont that is found in infected hepatocytes (i.e. liver cells) of a vertebrate host.
A Plasmodium that is formed in the oocyst and migrates to and reside in the salivary glands of the mosquito vector. A distinction is made between oocyst-derived and salivary gland-derived sporozoites. Sporozoites invade hepatocytes in the vertebrate host.
A Plasmodium sporozoite that is found in the infected hepatocytes of a vertebrate host.
A Plasmodium sporozoite that is found in the salivary glands of the mosquito vector.
Plasmodium salivary gland-derived sporozoite
A Plasmodium that is a feeding form which has a single nucleus during the trophozoite stage. Depending on its location, it is either called hepatic or erythrocytic trophozoite.
A Plasmodium trophozoite that is found in erythrocytes of a vertebrate host.
A Plasmodium erythrocytic trophozoite that has a typical 'ring-like' appearance. Ring-form trophozoites of Plasmodium are often thin and delicate, measuring on average 1/5 the diameter of the red blood cell.
Plasmodium erythrocytic ring trophozoite
A Plasmodium trophozoite that is found in hepatocytes.
A Plasmodium that is formed after fertilization of the macrogamete by a microgamete in the midgut of the mosquito vector. This round form is the only diploid stage in the Plasmodium life cycle.
A gamete stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in the midgut of a mosquito vector.
A macrogamete stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in the midgut of a mosquito vector.
A microgamete stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in the midgut of a mosquito vector.
A gametocyte stage in the lifecycle of Plasmodium.
A macrogametocyte stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs either in the bloodstream of a vertebrate host or the midgut of a mosquito vector.
A microgametocyte stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs either in the bloodstream of a vertebrate host or the midgut of a mosquito vector.
A merozoite stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in the bloodstream or hepatocytes of a vertebrate host.
An erythrocytic merozoite stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in the bloodstream of a vertebrate host.
A hepatic merozoite stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in the hepatocyte of a vertebrate host.
An oocyst stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs on the hemocoel side of the midgut of a mosquito vector. During this stage Plasmodium ookinete invades and escapes midgut wall of mosquito and embed itself onto the exterior of the gut membrane and develop encysted zygote, called oocyst.
An ookinete stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in the midgut of a mosquito vector and on the outside of the midgut.
A schizont stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in erythrocytes or in hepatocytes.
An erythrocytic schizont stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in the infected erythrocytes of a vertebrate host.
A hepatic schizont stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in the infected hepatocytes of a vertebrate host.
A sporozoite stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in the salivary glands of the mosquito and invades hepatocytes in the vertebrate host.
A sporozoite stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that develops in oocysts of the mosquito midgut.
Plasmodium oocyst-derived sporozoite stage
A salivary gland-derived sporozoite stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in the salivary glands of the mosquito and invades hepatocytes in the vertebrate host.
Plasmodium salivary gland-derived sporozoite stage
A trophozoite stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in a vertebrate host.
An erythrocytic trophozoite stage in the Plasmodium life cycle that occurs in erythrocytes of a vertebrate host.
Plasmodium erythrocytic trophozoite stage
An erythrocytic ring trophozoite stage in the Plasmodium life cycle that occurs in erythrocytes of a vertebrate host. During this stage some Plasmodium merozoites undergo asexual reproduction cycle in erythrocytes and form young trophozoites that are referred to as "ring form" due to their morphology.
Plasmodium erythrocytic ring trophozoite stage
A hepatic trophozoite stage in the Plasmodium life cycle that occurs in hepatocytes of a vertebrate host.
A zygote stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle that occurs in the midgut of the mosquito vector where a microgamete and a macrogamete fertilizes each other to produce a diploid cell.
An adult worm stage in the Schistosoma haematobium lifecycle.
Schistosoma haematobium adult worm stage
An adult worm stage in the Schistosoma japonicum lifecycle.
Blood that is part of or originated from a vertebrate.
An erythrocyte that is a part of or originated from a vertebrate.
A hepatocyte that is a part of or originated from a vertebrate.
Cerebrospinal fluid that is a part of or originated from a mammal.
A skin that is a part of or originated from a mammalian body.
A liver that is a part of or originated from a mammal (Mammalia).
A lung that is a part of or originated from a mammal (Mammalia).
A mesenteric vein that is a part of or originated from a mammal (Mammalia).
An intestine that is a part of or originated from a mammal (Mammalia).
An adult worm stage in the Schistosoma mansoni lifecycle.
Blood that is part of or originated from a mammalia.
A macrophage that is a part of or originated from a mammalia.
A parasite lifecycle stage of trypanosomatidae in which the organism is infectious and does not multiply.
A parasite lifecycle stage of trypanosomatidae in which the organism is in dividing form and it occurs in fly vector.
A parasite life cycle stage found in the tissue cyst which replicates slowly within a parasitophorous vacuole within the host cell.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-0621 Paola Roncaglia
A parasite lifecycle stage that parasite replicates rapidly within the host cell.
A Plasmodium vivax that is found in the midgut of a mosquito vector.
A Plasmodium vivax is formed in the oocyst. It migrates to and resides in the gut of the mosquito vector.
A Plasmodium vivax that is found in the bloodstream of the human host and invades erythrocytes.
A Plasmodium vivax that is located in the bloodstream of the human host.
A Plasmodium berghei is formed in the oocyst. It migrates to and resides in the gut of the mosquito vector.
A Plasmodium berghei that is found in the bloodstream of the human host and invades erythrocytes.
A Neospora caninum that is found intracellular in the intermediate hosts in which asexual replication takes place.
An Eimeria maxima that is located in the bloodstream of the human host.
An Eimeria tenella is formed in the oocyst. It migrates to and resides in the gut of the mosquito vector.
An Eimeria tenella that oocyst is formed, found in the gut of the mosquito vector.
A Sarcocystis neurona that is found in the bloodstream of the human host and invades erythrocytes.
A Sarcocystis neurona is formed in the oocyst. It migrates to and resides in the gut of the mosquito vector.
A Toxoplasma gondii that is formed in tissue in a host and replicates quickly. This replaces the previous term as .
A Toxoplasma gondii that is formed in a tissue cyst of host, replicating slowly.
A Toxoplasma gondii that oocyst is formed, found in the gut of the bug vector.
A Leishmania amazonensis that occurs in the gut of a sandfly.
A Leishmania amazonensis that occurs in a mammal tissue.
A Leishmania donovani that is that occurs in the gut of a sandfly.
A Leishmania donovani that is that occurs in a mammal tissue.
A Leishmania infantum that is that occurs in the gut of a sandfly.
A Leishmania infantum that is that occurs in a mammal tissue.
An ookinete stage in Plasmodium vivax life cycle.
A sporozoite stage in Plasmodium vivax life cycle.
A merozoite stage in the Plasmodium vivax life cycle.
A gametocyte stage in the Plasmodium vivax life cycle.
A sporozoite stage in the Plasmodium berghei life cycle.
A merozoite stage in the Plasmodium berghei life cycle.
A tachyzoite stage in the Neospora caninum life cycle.
A gametocyte stage in the Eimeria maxima life cycle.
A sporozoite stage in the Eimeria tenella life cycle.
An oocysts stage in the Eimeria tenella life cycle.
A merozoite stage in the Sarcocystis neurona life cycle.
A sporozoite stage in the Sarcocystis neurona life cycle.
A tachyzoite stage in the Toxoplasma gondii life cycle.
Tachyzoites can be found in various organs and tissues during the acute phase of Toxoplasma gondii infection, including lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, and the central nervous system.
A bradyzoite stage in the Toxoplasma gondii life cycle.
An oocysts stage in the Toxoplasma gondii life cycle.
A promastigote stage in the Leishmania amazonensis life cycle.
Leishmania amazonensis promastigote stage
An amastigote stage in the Leishmania amazonensis life cycle.
A promastigote stage in the Leishmania donovani life cycle.
An amastigote stage in the Leishmania donovani life cycle.
A promastigote stage in the Leishmania infantum life cycle.
An amastigote stage in the Leishmania infantum life cycle.
An erythrocyte that is a part of or originated from a Gallus gallus.
An erythrocyte that is a part of or originated from a Canis lupus familiaris.
A midgut that is a part of or originated from a Gallus gallus.
An intestine that is a part of or originated from a Gallus gallus.
A muscle tissue that is a part of or originated from a Mammalia.
An intestine that is a part of or originated from a Triatominae.
A lifecycle stage of Plasmodium berghei.
A lifecycle stage of Sarcocystis neurona.
A lifecycle stage of Leishmania amazonensis.
A lifecycle stage of Leishmania donovani.
A lifecycle stage of Leishmania infantum.
Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs.
A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism.
A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction.
Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine.
A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes.
Saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity[GO].
Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO].
The caudalmost subdivision of a digestive tract.
Distensible musculomembranous organ situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion[MP].
A clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord.
Respiration organ that develops as an outpocketing of the esophagus.
The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis.
An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO].
Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO].
A vein that returns blood from the intestines.
example to be eventually removed
failed exploratory term
The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job
metadata complete
Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.
organizational term
Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release
ready for release
Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."
metadata incomplete
Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.
uncurated
Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.
pending final vetting
All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.
Core is an instance of a grouping of terms from an ontology or ontologies. It is used by the ontology to identify main classes.
obsolete_core
placeholder removed
terms merged
An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.
term imported
This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.
term split
This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.
universal
Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents.
A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf
defined class
A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
"definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.
named class expression
A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions
to be replaced with external ontology term
Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
requires discussion
A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not.
This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples are: un-necessary grouping classes in disease ontologies, a phenotype term added on the assumption it was a disease.