Jacob Langeloh, based on HDN by Carlo Meghini, Valentina Bartalesi, Daniele Metilli, Filippo Benedetti and on the SAWS ontology by Anna Jordanous (knowledge modelling and CTS), Faith Lawrence, Keith Lawrence (developers) and Charlotte Tupman.
The Ontology for the Transmission and Re-Use of Argumentative Patterns (OTRA) allows to explicitly represent connections between texts and arguments. OTRA is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Ontology for the Transmission and Re-Use of Argumentative Patterns
Beginning of a temporal entity
has beginning
End of a temporal entity
has end
Supports the association of a temporal entity (instant or interval) to any thing
has time
from position
fromPosition
Object of a Connective Claim, i.e. the propositional content that helps to understand the subject.
hasRefObject
hasRefSubjObj
The subject of a ConnectiveClaim is a propositional object, usually a textual passage, that can be better understood by consulting the object, which can be another text passage, a motif, a person, and more.
hasRefSubject
Source that is establishing the ConnectiveClaim, which links a subject to an explanative object.
hasRefSource
positionUnit
Signals the ending position of a text unit.
to Position
Records who asserted a certain ConnectiveClaim.
asserted as a connection
Further specifies a Textual or Topica Parallel by giving it a type, such as "Verbatim", or "LooseRendering".
has parallel type
Specifies what object the signalling of a Connective Claim refers to, e.g. "Jesus", "The Bible", "some person", or "some book".
has signalling object
Links a Connective Claim to a specific kind of signalling. Signalling indicates whether and how the subject makes clear that it re-uses or cites another text.
Has signalling type
Signifies that a certain ParallelType is the type of a specific ConnectiveClaim.
is parallel type of
Affirms to which ConnectiveClaim a signalling object belongs.
is signalling object of
Specifies which ConnectiveClaim a SignallingType typifies.
is signalling type of
Basic predicate to link a Connective Claim to its act of creation, often the publication of a researcher.
was asserted as a connection by
positionOffset
Gives the text that establishes a connective claim
Marks the last few words of a textual unit.
Marks the first few words of a text fragment.
has incipit
Gives the text that is assigned to the reference within the text itself
Gives the part of the main text that signals the reference.
has signalling text
General class to express that a text fragment bears similarity to another thing.
Position
Denotes the type of textual signalling, i.e. whether or not the text tells us it is referring to something external of itself. Examples: "As David said [...]" = specificPersonalSignalling "As the Bible says" = genericTextualSignalling "As a wise man once said" = genericPersonalSignalling "As is written in Corinthians 2.4 " = specificTextualSignalling Personal and textual signalling can of course be combined, e.g.: "As the Apostle says in Corinthians 2,4" = specificTextualSignalling and specificPersonalSignalling
Citation Signalling
A speech act that includes assertion by the speaker that they consider this utterance to be true.
Claim
Comment added by an editor which connects the subject to a certain interpretation without pointing to an external resource.
Comment
A Connective Claim proposes that "knowledge about x can be enriched through considering y", where - x is the subject of the claim (generally a text passage) - y is the object of the claim (a text passage, a motif, a location) Connective claims are often uttered in scholarly contexts, for example when identifying a citation or a reference. Connective claim is equivalent to the class hdn:Reference.
Connective Claim
Further specifies a Textual or Topical Parallel by assigning is a type. The type usually states how close the subject and the object are to each other from 'Verbatim', i.e. word-for-word identical, to a 'LooseRendering', which makes them very different.
Textual parallel type
Subcategory of a Textual Parallel which signifies that the object (the text where the connection is drawn towards) is in another language than the subject (the text the connection is drawn from). Is aligned with SAWS predicate "IsVersionInAnotherLanguageOf" and can be combined with a Type assignment, which then replaces the predicates: 'isVerbatimTranslationOf ', 'isVariantTranslationOf', and so forth.
Parallel in other language
Subcategory of a Textual Parallel which signifies that the object (the text where the connection is drawn towards) is in the same language as the subject (the text the connection is drawn from). Can be combined with a Type assignment such as "VerbatimofText" or 'VariantOfText' to express the SAWS predicates: 'isVerbatimOf ', 'isVariantOf', and so on.
Parallel in same Language
Subclass of a Textual parallel in the same language, which indicates that something is expressed "in a related but different way". Abstraction of the two SAWS subtypes "closeRendering" and "looseRendering". Defined as: "This property specifies the source and target LinguisticObject involved (respectively) when rendering one LinguisticObject instance to express it in a related but different way (not necessarily in a different Language), resulting in a new LinguisticObject e.g. poetry into prose, or from one dialect to another, or a paraphrase being made."
Rendering of text
General, abstracted type of discursive statements, e.g. "Muhammad was not a true prophet" or "Jesus was not truly crucified", which can be realized in different concrete formulations.
Statement
A concrete expression of an argument Archtype. Realised in statement formulations.
Statement expression
Subclass of a Connective Claim that indicates some textual similarity between the subject and the object, which can be specified by further subclasses and type assigments.
Textual parallel
Type of Connective Claim that signals a Topical Parallel between the subject and the object that thereby claims no textual overlap. Most Textual Parallels will also be Topical Parallels, but not vice versa.
Topical parallel
Subclass of Citation Signalling, which indicates that the author of a text makes it explicit that some citation or re-use is happening. Can be further specified by types.
Explicit signalling
Type of Citation Signalling. The reader receives some hints that the text is a quotation, but the source is only alluded to.
Type of Connective Claim that is aligned with the SAWS predicate "isCloseRenderingOf", which is defined as: "This property specifies the source and target LinguisticObject involved (respectively) when rendering one LinguisticObject instance to express it in a related but different way (not necessarily in a different Language), resulting in a new LinguisticObject e.g. poetry into prose, or from one dialect to another, or a paraphrase being made. This property indicates that the new LinguisticObject is a close rendering of the original LinguisticObject. This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier"
Close rendering of text
Type of Textual Parallel that is aligned with the SAWS predicate "isLongerVersionOf", defined as: "A LinguisticObject is related to another LinguisticObject in that it conveys the same ideas (FRBRoo: Work), but is expressed in an expanded or enhanced version of the text (FRBRoo: a different and longer Expression). This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier."
Longer version of text
Type of Textual Parallel that is aligned with the SAWS predicate "isLooseRenderingOf ", defined as: "This property specifies the source and target LinguisticObject involved (respectively) when rendering one LinguisticObject instance to express it in a related but different way (not necessarily in a different Language), resulting in a new LinguisticObject e.g. poetry into prose, or from one dialect to another, or a paraphrase being made. This property indicates that the new LinguisticObject is a loose rendering of the original LinguisticObject. This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier"
Loose rendering of text
Marks a case of text re-use or citation that is not marked as such, i.e. a silent citation or, in modern parlance, a plagiarism.
No signalling
Type to specify a Textual Parallel. Aligned with the SAWS predicate "isShorterVersionOf", defined as: "A LinguisticObject is related to another LinguisticObject in that it conveys the same ideas (FRBRoo: Work), but is expressed in a more concise version (FRBRoo: a different and shorter Expression)"
Further specifies the signalling of a citation or quotation. Here, the signalling is generic, e.g., "some people say", "a certain man", or "the stoics".
Further specifies the signalling of a citation or quotation. Here, the signalling is generic and towards a text, e.g., "as the bible says", "the Qur'an states", or "as scripture testifies".
Further specifies the signalling of a citation or quotation. Here, the signalling is precise and related to a person, e.g., "as Aristotle says", or "as David sings in the Psalms".
Further specifies the signalling of a citation or quotation. Here, the signalling is precise and related to a text, e.g., "as in Psalm 82, verse 13", or "in Aristotle's Metaphysics chapter 2".
The so-called 'Vulgate' became the standard Latin version of the bible during the middle ages and is an Expression of the Christian bible.
The edition of the 'Epitome bellorum sacrorum' as published by Henricus Canisius.
A work composed of various writings on the Holy Land from a Christian perspective.
Expression of the work 'Epitome bellorum sacrorum' that is retained in at least two versions that are based on each other.
Edition by Fernando Gonzalez-Munoz of Petrus de Pennis' Tractatus contra Alchoranum
Edition of Riccoldo da Monte di Croce's 'Contra Legem Sarracenorum' by Jean-Marie Mérigoux, which is based on a manuscript revised by Riccoldo himself.
Work by Petrus de Pennis called 'Tractatus contra Alchoranum'.
Work that Christian faith is based on. Exists in various versions and languages.
Work that Muslim faith is based on.
Psalm 118, verses 84-86
Work by the Florentine Dominican Riccoldo da Monte di Croce, called 'Contra legem Sarracenorum'. The work played a major influence in the Western perception of Islam and was translated in various languages.
This expression of the work "Contra Legem Sarracenorum" was revised personally by Riccoldo da Monte di Croce and is found in the manuscript Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale under the shelf number 8.1173.
Subclass of Textual Version that indicates how closely related two passages of text are. Aligned with the SAWS predicate "isVariantOf", defined as: "A LinguisticObject is a linguistically modified copy of a second LinguisticObject, in the same language/genre, and of the same length, with only small variation in use or order of words, e.g. one or two words substituted for another, or a connective inserted. This may or may not have different conceptual function. This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier"
Variant of text
Type of Textual Parallel that indicates a very close connection between subject and object. Aligned with the SAWS predicates "isVerbatimOfText": "A LinguisticObject is a verbatim, word-for-word copy of another LinguisticObject. This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier" "isVerbatimTranslationOf ": "word-for-word translation (ad pedem). This need not imply that one is a direct translation of the other, nor which is the earlier"
Verbatim of text
Subclass of a Textual Parallel that is aligned with the SAWS predicate "isVersionOf". Defined as: "A LinguisticObject is a version in the same language of another LinguisticObject. This relates to the other object, but matches less closely than isVariantOf. This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier."
Version of text