Ontology for the Transmission and Re-Use of Argumentative Patterns
type: Ontology
imports: lrmoo
imports: cidoc-crm
creator: Jacob Langeloh, based on HDN by Carlo Meghini, Valentina Bartalesi, Daniele Metilli, Filippo Benedetti and on the SAWS ontology by Anna Jordanous (knowledge modelling and CTS), Faith Lawrence, Keith Lawrence (developers) and Charlotte Tupman.
date: 2024-06-24
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
comment: The Ontology for the Transmission and Re-Use of Argumentative Patterns (OTRA) allows to explicitly represent connections between texts and arguments. OTRA is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
version info: 0.1

has beginning
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has time
comment: Beginning of a temporal entity

has end
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has time
comment: End of a temporal entity

has time
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Supports the association of a temporal entity (instant or interval) to any thing

fromPosition
type: ObjectProperty
domain: TextFragment
range: Position
comment: from position

hasRefObject
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: P129 is about
domain: Reference
range: E1 CRM Entity
comment: Object of a Connective Claim, i.e. the propositional content that helps to understand the subject.

hasRefSubjObj
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: P2 has type
domain: Reference
range: Subject-ObjectRelationship

hasRefSubject
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: P46 is composed of
domain: Reference
range: E90 Symbolic Object
comment: The subject of a ConnectiveClaim is a propositional object, usually a textual passage, that can be better understood by consulting the object, which can be another text passage, a motif, a person, and more.

hasRefSource
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: P129i is subject of
domain: Reference
range: Sentence
comment: Source that is establishing the ConnectiveClaim, which links a subject to an explanative object.

positionUnit
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: R70 has dimension
domain: Position
range: F2 Expression

to Position
type: ObjectProperty
domain: TextFragment
range: Position
comment: Signals the ending position of a text unit.

asserted as a connection
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: was asserted as a connection by
domain: E1 CRM Entity
range: Connective Claim
comment: Records who asserted a certain ConnectiveClaim.

has parallel type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: P2 has type
inverse of: is parallel type of
domain: Connective Claim
range: Textual parallel type
comment: Further specifies a Textual or Topica Parallel by giving it a type, such as "Verbatim", or "LooseRendering".

has signalling object
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is signalling object of
domain: Connective Claim
range: Thing
comment: Specifies what object the signalling of a Connective Claim refers to, e.g. "Jesus", "The Bible", "some person", or "some book".

Has signalling type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: P2 has type
inverse of: is signalling type of
domain: Connective Claim
range: Citation Signalling
comment: Links a Connective Claim to a specific kind of signalling. Signalling indicates whether and how the subject makes clear that it re-uses or cites another text.

is parallel type of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: P2i is type of
domain: Textual parallel type
range: Connective Claim
comment: Signifies that a certain ParallelType is the type of a specific ConnectiveClaim.

is signalling object of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Thing
range: Connective Claim
comment: Affirms to which ConnectiveClaim a signalling object belongs.

is signalling type of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: P2i is type of
domain: Citation Signalling
range: Connective Claim
comment: Specifies which ConnectiveClaim a SignallingType typifies.

was asserted as a connection by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Connective Claim
range: E1 CRM Entity
comment: Basic predicate to link a Connective Claim to its act of creation, often the publication of a researcher.

positionOffset
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Position
range: integer

has claim text
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Connective Claim
range: string
comment: Gives the text that establishes a connective claim

has explicit
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: E28 Conceptual Object
range: string
comment: Marks the last few words of a textual unit.

has incipit
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: E28 Conceptual Object
range: string
comment: Marks the first few words of a text fragment.

has ref text
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Connective Claim
range: string
comment: Gives the text that is assigned to the reference within the text itself

has signalling text
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Connective Claim
range: string
comment: Gives the part of the main text that signals the reference.

Loci Paralleli
type: Class
subclass of: Connective Claim
comment: General class to express that a text fragment bears similarity to another thing.

Position
type: Class

Sentence
type: Class

Citation Signalling
type: Class
subclass of: E55 Type
comment: Denotes the type of textual signalling, i.e. whether or not the text tells us it is referring to something external of itself. Examples: "As David said [...]" = specificPersonalSignalling "As the Bible says" = genericTextualSignalling "As a wise man once said" = genericPersonalSignalling "As is written in Corinthians 2.4 " = specificTextualSignalling Personal and textual signalling can of course be combined, e.g.: "As the Apostle says in Corinthians 2,4" = specificTextualSignalling and specificPersonalSignalling

Claim
type: Class
subclass of: E73 Information Object
comment: A speech act that includes assertion by the speaker that they consider this utterance to be true.

Comment
type: Class
subclass of: Connective Claim
comment: Comment added by an editor which connects the subject to a certain interpretation without pointing to an external resource.

Connective Claim
type: Class
subclass of: Claim
comment: A Connective Claim proposes that "knowledge about x can be enriched through considering y", where - x is the subject of the claim (generally a text passage) - y is the object of the claim (a text passage, a motif, a location) Connective claims are often uttered in scholarly contexts, for example when identifying a citation or a reference. Connective claim is equivalent to the class hdn:Reference.

Textual parallel type
type: Class
subclass of: E55 Type
comment: Further specifies a Textual or Topical Parallel by assigning is a type. The type usually states how close the subject and the object are to each other from 'Verbatim', i.e. word-for-word identical, to a 'LooseRendering', which makes them very different.

Parallel in other language
type: Class
subclass of: Textual parallel
comment: Subcategory of a Textual Parallel which signifies that the object (the text where the connection is drawn towards) is in another language than the subject (the text the connection is drawn from). Is aligned with SAWS predicate "IsVersionInAnotherLanguageOf" and can be combined with a Type assignment, which then replaces the predicates: 'isVerbatimTranslationOf ', 'isVariantTranslationOf', and so forth.

Parallel in same Language
type: Class
subclass of: Textual parallel
comment: Subcategory of a Textual Parallel which signifies that the object (the text where the connection is drawn towards) is in the same language as the subject (the text the connection is drawn from). Can be combined with a Type assignment such as "VerbatimofText" or 'VariantOfText' to express the SAWS predicates: 'isVerbatimOf ', 'isVariantOf', and so on.

Rendering of text
type: Class
subclass of: Parallel in same Language
comment: Subclass of a Textual parallel in the same language, which indicates that something is expressed "in a related but different way". Abstraction of the two SAWS subtypes "closeRendering" and "looseRendering". Defined as: "This property specifies the source and target LinguisticObject involved (respectively) when rendering one LinguisticObject instance to express it in a related but different way (not necessarily in a different Language), resulting in a new LinguisticObject e.g. poetry into prose, or from one dialect to another, or a paraphrase being made."

Statement
type: Class
subclass of: F1 Work
comment: General, abstracted type of discursive statements, e.g. "Muhammad was not a true prophet" or "Jesus was not truly crucified", which can be realized in different concrete formulations.

Statement expression
type: Class
subclass of: F2 Expression
comment: A concrete expression of an argument Archtype. Realised in statement formulations.

Textual parallel
type: Class
subclass of: Loci Paralleli
comment: Subclass of a Connective Claim that indicates some textual similarity between the subject and the object, which can be specified by further subclasses and type assigments.

Topical parallel
type: Class
subclass of: Loci Paralleli
comment: Type of Connective Claim that signals a Topical Parallel between the subject and the object that thereby claims no textual overlap. Most Textual Parallels will also be Topical Parallels, but not vice versa.

Variant of text
type: Class
subclass of: Version of text
type: NamedIndividual
type: Textual parallel type
comment: Subclass of Textual Version that indicates how closely related two passages of text are. Aligned with the SAWS predicate "isVariantOf", defined as: "A LinguisticObject is a linguistically modified copy of a second LinguisticObject, in the same language/genre, and of the same length, with only small variation in use or order of words, e.g. one or two words substituted for another, or a connective inserted. This may or may not have different conceptual function. This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier"

Verbatim of text
type: Class
subclass of: Version of text
type: NamedIndividual
type: Textual parallel type
comment: Type of Textual Parallel that indicates a very close connection between subject and object. Aligned with the SAWS predicates "isVerbatimOfText": "A LinguisticObject is a verbatim, word-for-word copy of another LinguisticObject. This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier" "isVerbatimTranslationOf ": "word-for-word translation (ad pedem). This need not imply that one is a direct translation of the other, nor which is the earlier"

Version of text
type: Class
subclass of: Parallel in same Language
type: NamedIndividual
type: Textual parallel type
comment: Subclass of a Textual Parallel that is aligned with the SAWS predicate "isVersionOf". Defined as: "A LinguisticObject is a version in the same language of another LinguisticObject. This relates to the other object, but matches less closely than isVariantOf. This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier."

Explicit signalling
type: Class
subclass of: Citation Signalling
comment: Subclass of Citation Signalling, which indicates that the author of a text makes it explicit that some citation or re-use is happening. Can be further specified by types.

Allusion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Citation Signalling
comment: Type of Citation Signalling. The reader receives some hints that the text is a quotation, but the source is only alluded to.

Close rendering of text
type: NamedIndividual
type: Textual parallel type
comment: Type of Connective Claim that is aligned with the SAWS predicate "isCloseRenderingOf", which is defined as: "This property specifies the source and target LinguisticObject involved (respectively) when rendering one LinguisticObject instance to express it in a related but different way (not necessarily in a different Language), resulting in a new LinguisticObject e.g. poetry into prose, or from one dialect to another, or a paraphrase being made. This property indicates that the new LinguisticObject is a close rendering of the original LinguisticObject. This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier"

Longer version of text
type: NamedIndividual
type: Textual parallel type
comment: Type of Textual Parallel that is aligned with the SAWS predicate "isLongerVersionOf", defined as: "A LinguisticObject is related to another LinguisticObject in that it conveys the same ideas (FRBRoo: Work), but is expressed in an expanded or enhanced version of the text (FRBRoo: a different and longer Expression). This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier."

Loose rendering of text
type: NamedIndividual
type: Textual parallel type
comment: Type of Textual Parallel that is aligned with the SAWS predicate "isLooseRenderingOf ", defined as: "This property specifies the source and target LinguisticObject involved (respectively) when rendering one LinguisticObject instance to express it in a related but different way (not necessarily in a different Language), resulting in a new LinguisticObject e.g. poetry into prose, or from one dialect to another, or a paraphrase being made. This property indicates that the new LinguisticObject is a loose rendering of the original LinguisticObject. This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier"

No signalling
type: NamedIndividual
type: Citation Signalling
comment: Marks a case of text re-use or citation that is not marked as such, i.e. a silent citation or, in modern parlance, a plagiarism.

ShorterVersionOfText
type: NamedIndividual
type: Textual parallel type
comment: Type to specify a Textual Parallel. Aligned with the SAWS predicate "isShorterVersionOf", defined as: "A LinguisticObject is related to another LinguisticObject in that it conveys the same ideas (FRBRoo: Work), but is expressed in a more concise version (FRBRoo: a different and shorter Expression)"

genericPersonalSignalling
type: NamedIndividual
type: Explicit signalling
comment: Further specifies the signalling of a citation or quotation. Here, the signalling is generic, e.g., "some people say", "a certain man", or "the stoics".

genericTextualSignalling
type: NamedIndividual
type: Explicit signalling
comment: Further specifies the signalling of a citation or quotation. Here, the signalling is generic and towards a text, e.g., "as the bible says", "the Qur'an states", or "as scripture testifies".

precisePersonalSignalling
type: NamedIndividual
type: Explicit signalling
comment: Further specifies the signalling of a citation or quotation. Here, the signalling is precise and related to a person, e.g., "as Aristotle says", or "as David sings in the Psalms".

preciseTextualSignalling
type: NamedIndividual
type: Explicit signalling
comment: Further specifies the signalling of a citation or quotation. Here, the signalling is precise and related to a text, e.g., "as in Psalm 82, verse 13", or "in Aristotle's Metaphysics chapter 2".

Biblia Sacra Vulgata
type: NamedIndividual
type: F2 Expression
comment: The so-called 'Vulgate' became the standard Latin version of the bible during the middle ages and is an Expression of the Christian bible.

Edition of Epitome Bellorum Sacrorum by Canisius
type: NamedIndividual
type: F3 Manifestation
comment: The edition of the 'Epitome bellorum sacrorum' as published by Henricus Canisius.

Epitome Bellorum Sacrorum
type: NamedIndividual
type: F1 Work
comment: A work composed of various writings on the Holy Land from a Christian perspective.

Epitome Version of Canisius and Basnage
type: NamedIndividual
type: F2 Expression
comment: Expression of the work 'Epitome bellorum sacrorum' that is retained in at least two versions that are based on each other.

F. Gonzalez Munoz ed. Petrus Tractatus contra Alchoranum
type: NamedIndividual
type: F2 Expression
comment: Edition by Fernando Gonzalez-Munoz of Petrus de Pennis' Tractatus contra Alchoranum

Jean-Marie Merigoux edition of Riccoldo Contra Legem Sarracenorum
type: NamedIndividual
type: F3 Manifestation
comment: Edition of Riccoldo da Monte di Croce's 'Contra Legem Sarracenorum' by Jean-Marie Mérigoux, which is based on a manuscript revised by Riccoldo himself.

Petrus de Pennis Tractatus contra Alchoranum
type: NamedIndividual
type: F1 Work
comment: Work by Petrus de Pennis called 'Tractatus contra Alchoranum'.

The Holy Bible
type: NamedIndividual
type: F1 Work
comment: Work that Christian faith is based on. Exists in various versions and languages.

The Holy Quran
type: NamedIndividual
type: F1 Work
comment: Work that Muslim faith is based on.

Ps. 118, 84-86 (Latin)
type: NamedIndividual
type: E90 Symbolic Object
comment: Psalm 118, verses 84-86

Riccoldo da Monte di Croces Contra Legem Sarracenorum
type: NamedIndividual
type: F1 Work
comment: Work by the Florentine Dominican Riccoldo da Monte di Croce, called 'Contra legem Sarracenorum'. The work played a major influence in the Western perception of Islam and was translated in various languages.

Riccoldo da Monte di Croces CLS in the latest redaction (Firenze, Biblioteca Nazionale, 8.1173)
type: NamedIndividual
type: F2 Expression
comment: This expression of the work "Contra Legem Sarracenorum" was revised personally by Riccoldo da Monte di Croce and is found in the manuscript Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale under the shelf number 8.1173.