Data coverage and sources of indicators in the 2016 EEA CCIV report
CLIM code | Indicator | Time period (past trends, longest time series) | Time horizon & emissions scenario (projections) | Data sources | Data sources (projections) | |
001 | Global and European temperature (*) | 1850–2015 | 2080s; RCP4.5/8.5 | NOAA Global Temp provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) HadCRUT4 provided by Met Office Hadley Centre GISTEMP provided by NASA ECA&D provided by Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) E-OBS gridded dataset provided by Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) ERA-Interim provided by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) | EURO-CORDEX data provided by EURO-CORDEX initiative | |
003 | Heat extremes | 1960–2015 | 2030s, 2080s; RCP4.5/8.5 | HadEX2 - global climate extremes dataset provided by Met Office Hadley Centre | Number of heat waves provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | |
002 | Mean precipitation | 1960–2015 | 2080s; RCP8.5 | E-OBS gridded dataset provided by Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) | EURO-CORDEX data provided by EURO-CORDEX initiative | |
004 | Heavy precipitation | 1960–2015 | 2080s; RCP8.5 | HadEX2 - global climate extremes dataset provided by Met Office Hadley Centre | EURO-CORDEX data provided by EURO-CORDEX initiative | |
005 | Wind storms | – | 2080s; | – | Future changes in European winter storm losses and extreme wind speeds provided by Freie Universität Berlin | |
053 | Hail | 1951–2010 | – | Changes in the Hail Potential Over Past and Future Decades using a Logistic Hail Model provided by Karlsruhe Institute of technology | – | |
010 | Arctic and Baltic sea ice (*) | Arctic: Baltic: | Up to 2100; | Time series of Arctic sea ice extent provided by Monitoring Climate Change in the Cryosphere (CryoClim) Maximum annual extent of ice cover in the Baltic Sea since 1720 provided by Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) | CMIP5 climate projections provided by CMIP5 coupled model intercomparison project | |
009 | Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets | 1992–2015 | – | A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance provided by University of Leeds | – | |
007 | Glaciers | 1946–2014 | Up to 2100; RCP4.5/8.5 | Fluctuation of Glaciers Database (FoG) provided by World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) | Projected changes in the volume of all mountain glaciers and ice caps in the European glaciated regions provided by University of British Columbia (UBC) | |
008 | Snow cover | 1922–2015 | Up to 2100; | Monthly Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent provided by Rutgers University Global Snow Lab Globsnow SWE series provided by Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) | Northern Hemisphere land snow cover simulated by CMIP5 coupled climate models provided by Laboratorie de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement (LGGE) | |
043 | Ocean acidification | 1988–2014 | Up to 2100; | Station ALOHA Surface Ocean Carbon Dioxide provided by The Laboratory for Microbial Oceanography (Hawaii) | CMIP5 climate projections provided by CMIP5 coupled model intercomparison project | |
044 | Ocean heat content | 1957–2013 | – | Global Ocean Heat and Salt Content provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) | – | |
013 | Sea surface temperature (*) | 1870–2015 | – | HadISST1 - Global sea ice and Sea Surface Temperature analyses provided by Met Office Hadley Centre Mediterranean Sea - High Resolution L4 Sea Surface Temperature Reprocessed provided by Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service | – | |
015 | Distribution shifts of marine species | 1958–2014 | – | CPR Dataset (SAHFOS) provided by Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS) Demersal survey data - supplementary dataset S2 provided by Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) | – | |
054 | Ocean oxygen content | 1906–2012 | – | Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems provided by Virginia Institute of Marine Science Deoxygenation of the Baltic Sea during the last century provided by DCE - Danish Centre For Environment And Energy | – | |
012 | Global and European sea level rise (*) | Global: | Global: | Global: | Global: | |
European: | European: | European: Relative sea level trends (tide gauge data) provided by Permanent service for mean sea level (PSMSL) | European: Summary of AR5 regional projections and allowances provided by Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre | |||
016 | River flows | 1963–2000 | 2080s; | Filling the white space on maps of European runoff trends: estimates from a multi-model ensemble provided by University of Freiburg | Ensemble projections of future streamflow droughts in Europe provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | |
017 | River floods | 1980–2010 | 2006–2035, 2036–2065, 2066–2095; RCP8.5 | European past floods provided by European Environment Agency (EEA) | Projected change in river floods with a return period of 100 years provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | |
018 | Meteorological and hydrological droughts | Meteorological: 1950–2012 | Meteorological: 2050s, 2080s; RCP4.5/8.5 | Meteorological: | Meteorological: Future meteorological drought: projections of regional climate models for Europe provided by University of Oslo | |
Hydrological: 1963–2000 | Hydrological: 2080s; | Hydrological: | Hydrological: | |||
019 | Water temperature | 1911–2014 | – | Water temperature in Lake Võrtsjärv provided by Estonian University of Life Sciences River Danube water temperature measurements provided by University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) Temperatuur oppervlaktewater provided by Compendium voor de Leefomgeving Trend in August water temperature in Lake Saimaa 1924-2014 provided by Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) | – | |
029 | Soil moisture | 1951–2012 | 2030s; | Analysing Seasonal Differences between a Soil Water Balance Model and in Situ Soil Moisture Measurements at Nine Locations Across Europe provided by European Environment Agency (EEA) | The future of dry and wet spells in Europe provided by Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change | |
023 | Phenology of plant and animal species | 1982–2011 | – | Recent spring phenology shifts in western Central Europe based on multiscale observations provided by College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China | – | |
022 | Distribution shifts of plant and animal species | – | 2050, 2100; | – | Differences in the climatic debts of birds and butterflies at a continental scale provided by Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) Climatic Risk and Distribution Atlas of European Bumblebees provided by Universite de Mons | |
034 | Forest composition and distribution | – | 2100; | – | Adapting to climate change in European forests – results of the MOTIVE project provided by European Forest Institute (EFI) | |
035 | Forest fires | 1980–2013 | 2080s; | EFFIS European Forest Fire Information System provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | Seasonal severity rating index provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | |
039 | Economic losses from climate-related extremes (*) | 1980–2015 | – | NatCatSERVICE provided by Munich Re | ||
046 | Floods and health | 1991–2015 | – | EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database provided by Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) Population data (Eurostat) provided by Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) | – | |
036 | Extreme temperatures and health | 1987–2010 | – | Associations between temperature and mortality in four European cities provided by London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine | – | |
037 | Vector-borne diseases | Up to 2016 | Chikungunya: 2020s, 2050s, 2080s; West Nile Virus: | ECDC VBORNET vector distribution maps provided by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) The climatic suitability for dengue transmission in continental Europe provided by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) | Climate change effects on Chikungunya transmission in Europe provided by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) West Nile fever maps provided by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) | |
038 | Water- and food-borne diseases | 1982–2010 | Vibriosis: | Emerging Vibrio risk at high latitudes in response to ocean warming provided by Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) | ||
030 | Growing season for agricultural crops | 1985–2014 | – | Agri4Cast Data: Gridded agro-meteorological data in Europe provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | – | |
031 | Agrophenology | 1985–2014 | – | Agri4Cast Data: Gridded agro-meteorological data in Europe provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | – | |
032 | Water-limited crop yield | – | Winter wheat: | – | Assessing agriculture vulnerabilities for the design of effective measures for adaption to climate change (AVEMAC project) provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | |
Crop mix: 2050s; Wheat: | A regional comparison of the effects of climate change on agricultural crops in Europe provided by Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Adverse weather conditions for European wheat production will become more frequent with climate change provided by University of Aarhus | |||||
033 | Crop water demand | 1995–2015 | 2015–2045; RCP8.5 | Agri4Cast Data: Gridded agro-meteorological data in Europe provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | ||
047 | Heating and cooling degree days | 1951–2014 | – | GEOSTAT 2011 grid dataset provided by Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) E-OBS gridded dataset provided by Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) European degree-day climatologies and trends for the period 1951–2011 provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | – |
Note: This table lists only quantitative projections of future changes in the form of graphs or maps. National or sub-national projections shown in a box are not considered. A decade followed by ‘s’ stands for the 30 years during which this decade is the centre (e.g. ‘2030s’ refers to 2021–2050). Indicators marked with an asterisk (*) are part of the EEA Core Set of Indicators (CSI).
[EEA CCIV – Data sources]
Data coverage and sources of indicators in the 2016 EEA CCIV report
CLIM code | Indicator | Time period (past trends, longest time series) | Time horizon & emissions scenario (projections) | Data sources | Data sources (projections) | |
001 | Global and European temperature (*) | 1850–2015 | 2080s; RCP4.5/8.5 | NOAA Global Temp provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) HadCRUT4 provided by Met Office Hadley Centre GISTEMP provided by NASA ECA&D provided by Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) E-OBS gridded dataset provided by Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) ERA-Interim provided by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) | EURO-CORDEX data provided by EURO-CORDEX initiative | |
003 | Heat extremes | 1960–2015 | 2030s, 2080s; RCP4.5/8.5 | HadEX2 - global climate extremes dataset provided by Met Office Hadley Centre | Number of heat waves provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | |
002 | Mean precipitation | 1960–2015 | 2080s; RCP8.5 | E-OBS gridded dataset provided by Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) | EURO-CORDEX data provided by EURO-CORDEX initiative | |
004 | Heavy precipitation | 1960–2015 | 2080s; RCP8.5 | HadEX2 - global climate extremes dataset provided by Met Office Hadley Centre | EURO-CORDEX data provided by EURO-CORDEX initiative | |
005 | Wind storms | – | 2080s; | – | Future changes in European winter storm losses and extreme wind speeds provided by Freie Universität Berlin | |
053 | Hail | 1951–2010 | – | Changes in the Hail Potential Over Past and Future Decades using a Logistic Hail Model provided by Karlsruhe Institute of technology | – | |
010 | Arctic and Baltic sea ice (*) | Arctic: Baltic: | Up to 2100; | Time series of Arctic sea ice extent provided by Monitoring Climate Change in the Cryosphere (CryoClim) Maximum annual extent of ice cover in the Baltic Sea since 1720 provided by Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) | CMIP5 climate projections provided by CMIP5 coupled model intercomparison project | |
009 | Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets | 1992–2015 | – | A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance provided by University of Leeds | – | |
007 | Glaciers | 1946–2014 | Up to 2100; RCP4.5/8.5 | Fluctuation of Glaciers Database (FoG) provided by World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) | Projected changes in the volume of all mountain glaciers and ice caps in the European glaciated regions provided by University of British Columbia (UBC) | |
008 | Snow cover | 1922–2015 | Up to 2100; | Monthly Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent provided by Rutgers University Global Snow Lab Globsnow SWE series provided by Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) | Northern Hemisphere land snow cover simulated by CMIP5 coupled climate models provided by Laboratorie de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement (LGGE) | |
043 | Ocean acidification | 1988–2014 | Up to 2100; | Station ALOHA Surface Ocean Carbon Dioxide provided by The Laboratory for Microbial Oceanography (Hawaii) | CMIP5 climate projections provided by CMIP5 coupled model intercomparison project | |
044 | Ocean heat content | 1957–2013 | – | Global Ocean Heat and Salt Content provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) | – | |
013 | Sea surface temperature (*) | 1870–2015 | – | HadISST1 - Global sea ice and Sea Surface Temperature analyses provided by Met Office Hadley Centre Mediterranean Sea - High Resolution L4 Sea Surface Temperature Reprocessed provided by Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service | – | |
015 | Distribution shifts of marine species | 1958–2014 | – | CPR Dataset (SAHFOS) provided by Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS) Demersal survey data - supplementary dataset S2 provided by Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) | – | |
054 | Ocean oxygen content | 1906–2012 | – | Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems provided by Virginia Institute of Marine Science Deoxygenation of the Baltic Sea during the last century provided by DCE - Danish Centre For Environment And Energy | – | |
012 | Global and European sea level rise (*) | Global: | Global: | Global: | Global: | |
European: | European: | European: Relative sea level trends (tide gauge data) provided by Permanent service for mean sea level (PSMSL) | European: Summary of AR5 regional projections and allowances provided by Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre | |||
016 | River flows | 1963–2000 | 2080s; | Filling the white space on maps of European runoff trends: estimates from a multi-model ensemble provided by University of Freiburg | Ensemble projections of future streamflow droughts in Europe provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | |
017 | River floods | 1980–2010 | 2006–2035, 2036–2065, 2066–2095; RCP8.5 | European past floods provided by European Environment Agency (EEA) | Projected change in river floods with a return period of 100 years provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | |
018 | Meteorological and hydrological droughts | Meteorological: 1950–2012 | Meteorological: 2050s, 2080s; RCP4.5/8.5 | Meteorological: | Meteorological: Future meteorological drought: projections of regional climate models for Europe provided by University of Oslo | |
Hydrological: 1963–2000 | Hydrological: 2080s; | Hydrological: | Hydrological: | |||
019 | Water temperature | 1911–2014 | – | Water temperature in Lake Võrtsjärv provided by Estonian University of Life Sciences River Danube water temperature measurements provided by University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) Temperatuur oppervlaktewater provided by Compendium voor de Leefomgeving Trend in August water temperature in Lake Saimaa 1924-2014 provided by Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) | – | |
029 | Soil moisture | 1951–2012 | 2030s; | Analysing Seasonal Differences between a Soil Water Balance Model and in Situ Soil Moisture Measurements at Nine Locations Across Europe provided by European Environment Agency (EEA) | The future of dry and wet spells in Europe provided by Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change | |
023 | Phenology of plant and animal species | 1982–2011 | – | Recent spring phenology shifts in western Central Europe based on multiscale observations provided by College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China | – | |
022 | Distribution shifts of plant and animal species | – | 2050, 2100; | – | Differences in the climatic debts of birds and butterflies at a continental scale provided by Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) Climatic Risk and Distribution Atlas of European Bumblebees provided by Universite de Mons | |
034 | Forest composition and distribution | – | 2100; | – | Adapting to climate change in European forests – results of the MOTIVE project provided by European Forest Institute (EFI) | |
035 | Forest fires | 1980–2013 | 2080s; | EFFIS European Forest Fire Information System provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | Seasonal severity rating index provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | |
039 | Economic losses from climate-related extremes (*) | 1980–2015 | – | NatCatSERVICE provided by Munich Re | ||
046 | Floods and health | 1991–2015 | – | EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database provided by Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) Population data (Eurostat) provided by Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) | – | |
036 | Extreme temperatures and health | 1987–2010 | – | Associations between temperature and mortality in four European cities provided by London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine | – | |
037 | Vector-borne diseases | Up to 2016 | Chikungunya: 2020s, 2050s, 2080s; West Nile Virus: | ECDC VBORNET vector distribution maps provided by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) The climatic suitability for dengue transmission in continental Europe provided by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) | Climate change effects on Chikungunya transmission in Europe provided by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) West Nile fever maps provided by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) | |
038 | Water- and food-borne diseases | 1982–2010 | Vibriosis: | Emerging Vibrio risk at high latitudes in response to ocean warming provided by Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) | ||
030 | Growing season for agricultural crops | 1985–2014 | – | Agri4Cast Data: Gridded agro-meteorological data in Europe provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | – | |
031 | Agrophenology | 1985–2014 | – | Agri4Cast Data: Gridded agro-meteorological data in Europe provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | – | |
032 | Water-limited crop yield | – | Winter wheat: | – | Assessing agriculture vulnerabilities for the design of effective measures for adaption to climate change (AVEMAC project) provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | |
Crop mix: 2050s; Wheat: | A regional comparison of the effects of climate change on agricultural crops in Europe provided by Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Adverse weather conditions for European wheat production will become more frequent with climate change provided by University of Aarhus | |||||
033 | Crop water demand | 1995–2015 | 2015–2045; RCP8.5 | Agri4Cast Data: Gridded agro-meteorological data in Europe provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | ||
047 | Heating and cooling degree days | 1951–2014 | – | GEOSTAT 2011 grid dataset provided by Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) E-OBS gridded dataset provided by Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) European degree-day climatologies and trends for the period 1951–2011 provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC) | – |
Note: This table lists only quantitative projections of future changes in the form of graphs or maps. National or sub-national projections shown in a box are not considered. A decade followed by ‘s’ stands for the 30 years during which this decade is the centre (e.g. ‘2030s’ refers to 2021–2050). Indicators marked with an asterisk (*) are part of the EEA Core Set of Indicators (CSI).
[EEA CCIV – Data sources]