An ontology of drug prescriptions - full version, imports merged.
Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification.
Really of interest to developers only
BFO OWL specification label
Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2
BFO CLIF specification label
editor preferred term
example of usage
has curation status
definition
editor note
term editor
alternative term
definition source
curator note
imported from
elucidation
has associated axiom(nl)
has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
bearer of
bearer_of
is bearer of
realized in
this disease is realized in this disease course
this fragility is realized in this shattering
this investigator role is realized in this investigation
is realized by
realized_in
[copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
realizes
this disease course realizes this disease
this investigation realizes this investigator role
this shattering realizes this fragility
to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
aggregate of
aggregate_of
is aggregate of
has measurement unit label
This document is about information artifacts and their representations
is_about is a (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic.
person:Alan Ruttenberg
Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
is about
An information artifact IA mentions an entity E exactly when it has a component/part that denotes E
7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. P4 RC1 munges our GCI so remove it for now: mentions some entity equivalentTo has_part some ('generically denotes' some entity)
7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Add this relation following conversation with Jonathan Rees that N&S GCI for is_about was too strong. Really it was simply sufficient. To effect this change we introduce this relation, which is subproperty of is_about, and have previous GCI use this relation "mentions" in it's (logical) definition
PERSON: Jonathan Rees
Person: Alan Ruttenberg
mentions
A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named.
denotes is a primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically
2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive. g denotes r =def r is a portion of reality there is some c that is a concretization of g every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r
Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan
denotes
see is_input_of example_of_usage
A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works.
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
has_specified_input
some Autologous EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed B-LCL (B lymphocyte cell line) is_input_for instance of Chromum Release Assay described at https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay
Alan Ruttenberg
is_specified_input_of
A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
has_specified_output
is_specified_output_of
A cell sorting process achieves the objective specification 'material separation objective'
This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process.
modified according to email thread from 1/23/09 in accordince with DT and PPPB branch
the relation of the cells in the finger of the skin to the finger, in which an indeterminate number of grains are parts of the whole by virtue of being grains in a collective that is part of the whole, and in which removing one granular part does not nec- essarily damage or diminish the whole. Ontological Whether there is a fixed, or nearly fixed number of parts - e.g. fingers of the hand, chambers of the heart, or wheels of a car - such that there can be a notion of a single one being missing, or whether, by contrast, the number of parts is indeterminate - e.g., cells in the skin of the hand, red cells in blood, or rubber molecules in the tread of the tire of the wheel of the car.
Discussion in Karslruhe with, among others, Alan Rector, Stefan Schulz, Marijke Keet, Melanie Courtot, and Alan Ruttenberg. Definition take from the definition of granular parthood in the cited paper. Needs work to put into standard form
PAPER: Granularity, scale and collectivity: When size does and does not matter, Alan Rector, Jeremy Rogers, Thomas Bittner, Journal of Biomedical Informatics 39 (2006) 333-349
This relation obtains between an objective specification and a planned process when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process.
A relation between a value specification and an entity which the specification is about.
A relation between an information content entity and a value specification that specifies its value.
Reinach, A. Sämtliche Werke. Texkritische Ausgabe, München: Philosophia Verlag, 1989, p.189-204.
This is a primitive relation. This relation is the foundation to the owners right to have the owned entity at his/her full disposal.
owns
a administrates b if c owns b and some rights and obligations grounded in the owning relation regarding b are transferred from c to a.
A definition of "tranfers" object property can be found in d-acts: http:purl.obolibrary.org/iao/d-acts.owl
administrates
a is owned by b if b has complete power over a. All rights and obligations of ownership are grounded in this (primitive) relation. The claims and obligations of ownership can be partially transferred to a third party by the owner, b.
is owned by
BFO relation takes precedence.
We anticipate BFO 2.0 including and defining this relation. When it does, we will obsolete this property and declare it equivalent to the BFO 2.0 relation.
true
is administered by
inheres in
this fragility inheres in this vase
this red color inheres in this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists.
'inheres in at all times'
inheres_in
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process).
A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants.
is concretized as
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.
concretizes
this investigator role is a role of this person
a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
is role of
role_of
role of
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
has_role
has role
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has disposition
disposition of
An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
has_proper_part
A relation between a value specification and a number that quantifies it.
A range of 'real' might be better than 'float'. For now we follow 'has measurement value' until we can consider technical issues with SPARQL queries and reasoning.
A relation between a value specification and a literal.
This is not an RDF/OWL object property. It is intended to link a value found in e.g. a database column of 'M' (the literal) to an instance of a value specification class, which can then be linked to indicate that this is about the biological gender of a human subject.
has specified value
a valeur minimale de gamme
has minimum range value
a valeur maximale de gamme
has maximum range value
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
entity
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
continuant
BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
(forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
occurrent
a chair
a heart
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
independent continuant
BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes.
Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional.
A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001])
All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001])
(forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001]
spatial region
Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional
A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001])
All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001])
Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002])
(forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001]
(forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001]
temporal region
an infinitely thin plane in space.
the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space
A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001])
(forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001]
two-dimensional spatial region
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a process of cellular meiosis.
the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor
A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001])
All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001])
Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001])
Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001])
Every spatiotemporal region occupies_spatiotemporal_region itself.
Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002])
(forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002]
(forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001]
(forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001]
spatiotemporal region
a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
a process of meiosis
a process of sleeping
the course of a disease
the flight of a bird
the life of an organism
your process of aging.
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
(iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
process
an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
(forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
(forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
disposition
the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
the disposition of your blood to coagulate
the function of your reproductive organs
the role of being a doctor
the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
realizable entity
A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001]
zero-dimensional spatial region
the ambient temperature of this portion of air
the color of a tomato
the length of the circumference of your waist
the mass of this piece of gold.
the shape of your nose
the shape of your nostril
a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
(forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
(forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
quality
Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
the disposition of this fish to decay
the function of this heart: to pump blood
the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
the shape of this hole.
the smell of this portion of mozzarella
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
specifically dependent continuant
John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
the priest role
the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
the role of a building in serving as a military target
the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
the role of subject in a clinical trial
the student role
BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
(forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
role
or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29
the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body.
the Western hemisphere of the Earth
the division of the brain into regions
the division of the planet into hemispheres
the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body
the upper and lower lobes of the left lung
BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions
b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004])
(forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004]
fiat object part
an edge of a cube-shaped portion of space.
A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001]
one-dimensional spatial region
a collection of cells in a blood biobank.
a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds
a symphony orchestra
an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team)
defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization
defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite
defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container
defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital
the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint
the aggregate of blood cells in your body
the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere
the restaurants in Palo Alto
your collection of Meissen ceramic plates.
An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects
BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee).
ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158.
b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004])
(forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004]
object aggregate
a cube-shaped region of space
a sphere-shaped region of space,
A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001])
(forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001]
three-dimensional spatial region
Manhattan Canyon)
a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese
a rabbit hole
an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport
the Grand Canyon
the Piazza San Marco
the cockpit of an aircraft
the hold of a ship
the interior of a kangaroo pouch
the interior of the trunk of your car
the interior of your bedroom
the interior of your office
the interior of your refrigerator
the lumen of your gut
your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity)
b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])
(forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002]
site
atom
cell
cells and organisms
engineered artifacts
grain of sand
molecule
organelle
organism
planet
solid portions of matter
star
BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting.
BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below).
BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47
BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity
BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74
b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001])
object
The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
(iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
generically dependent continuant
the function of a hammer to drive in nails
the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar
BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
(forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
function
the boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life.
p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001])
Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002])
(forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002]
(iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001]
process boundary
the temporal region during which a process occurs.
BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks).
A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001]
one-dimensional temporal region
a flame
a forest fire
a human being
a hurricane
a photon
a puff of smoke
a sea wave
a tornado
an aggregate of human beings.
an energy wave
an epidemic
the undetached arm of a human being
BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
material entity
b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001])
BFO 2 Reference: In BFO 1.1 the assumption was made that the external surface of a material entity such as a cell could be treated as if it were a boundary in the mathematical sense. The new document propounds the view that when we talk about external surfaces of material objects in this way then we are talking about something fiat. To be dealt with in a future version: fiat boundaries at different levels of granularity.More generally, the focus in discussion of boundaries in BFO 2.0 is now on fiat boundaries, which means: boundaries for which there is no assumption that they coincide with physical discontinuities. The ontology of boundaries becomes more closely allied with the ontology of regions.
BFO 2 Reference: a continuant fiat boundary is a boundary of some material entity (for example: the plane separating the Northern and Southern hemispheres; the North Pole), or it is a boundary of some immaterial entity (for example of some portion of airspace). Three basic kinds of continuant fiat boundary can be distinguished (together with various combination kinds [29
Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions.
Every continuant fiat boundary is located at some spatial region at every time at which it exists
(iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001]
continuant fiat boundary
BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10
immaterial entity
The Equator
all geopolitical boundaries
all lines of latitude and longitude
the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin.
the median sulcus of your tongue
a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001])
(iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001]
one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels
One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance.
The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on.
b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002])
b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005])
(forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005]
(iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002]
process profile
a marriage bond, an instance of requited love, an obligation between one person and another.
b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001])
(iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001]
relational quality
a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001])
(iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001]
two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
the geographic North Pole
the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system.
the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet
zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.
a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001])
(iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001]
zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
a temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary
right now
the moment at which a child is born
the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident
the moment of death.
temporal instant.
A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001]
zero-dimensional temporal region
A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001])
history
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
We are assuming that every molecular entity has to be completely connected by chemical bonds. This excludes protein complexes, which are comprised of minimally two separate molecular entities. We will follow up with Chebi to ensure this is their understanding as well
A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
the role of a material entity to prevent, diagnose, treat, or study disease and/or its effects
clinical drug role
a material entity (1) containing at least one scattered molecular aggregate as part that is the bearer of an active ingredient role and (2) that is itself the bearer of a clinical drug role
William Hogan
drug product
active ingredient role
a role of a scattered molecular aggregate that is part of a drug product that is realized by (1) administration of the drug to an organism followed by (2) some change in the structure or functioning of some part of the organism
William R. Hogan
active ingredient
excipient role
a role of a scattered molecular aggregate in aiding the manufacture, prolonging the shelf life, or ensuring proper administration of a drug product
not all excipients aid in delivery of the drug, although it is their most common role. examples include preservatives and sorbents.
some excipients are used in manufacture of a drug product and do not end up being part of the drug product at the end, for example, water in the manufacture of lyophilized products and inert gasses in the headspace of containers (http://www.ipapharma.org/epharmatimes/Mar2013/#65). the net result is that the aggregate bearing the excipient role need not be part of the drug product.
excipient
role of a scattered molecular aggregate
a role borne by a scattered molecular aggregate and realized by its grains participating in one or more processes
role of scattered molecular aggregate
administration of a drug product to an organism
a treatment that has as participants an extended organism and a drug product and that results in part of the drug product being located in the extended organism
a treatment that has as participants an extended organism and a drug product and that results in part of the drug product being located in the extended organism.
We suggest that drug administration be removed as a subclass of treatment or that it be renamed drug treatment. 1. Not all administrations of a drug product to an organism are an instance of treatment. They could be for example, for prophylaxis, for diagnosis, etc. 2. Not all instances of drug administrations in a treatment satisfy the definition of treatment, where it would need to result in an alleviation of signs/symptoms. (e.g. first dose administration of an antibiotic).
administration de médicament
drug administration
An individual organism identifier that is used to identify a beneficiary of some health insurance.
health insurance identifier
A CRID symbol that is sufficent to look up a patient file in a medical record registry.
medical record identifier
patient
measurement unit label
Examples of measurement unit labels are liters, inches, weight per volume.
A measurement unit label is as a label that is part of a scalar measurement datum and denotes a unit of measure.
2009-03-16: provenance: a term measurement unit was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000176) , edited by Chris Stoeckert and Cristian Cocos, and subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definition of this, different, term.
2009-03-16: review of this term done during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI.
PERSON: Melanie Courtot
objective specification
In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction.
a directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved.
2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed."
2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that.
Answers the question, why did you do this experiment?
PERSON: Barry Smith
PERSON: Bjoern Peters
PERSON: Jennifer Fostel
goal specification
OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch
Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2
a directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take
OBI Plan and Planned Process branch
action specification
datum label
A label is a symbol that is part of some other datum and is used to either partially define the denotation of that datum or to provide a means for identifying the datum as a member of the set of data with the same label
GROUP: IAO
9/22/11 BP: changed the rdfs:label for this class from 'label' to 'datum label' to convey that this class is not intended to cover all kinds of labels (stickers, radiolabels, etc.), and not even all kind of textual labels, but rather the kind of labels occuring in a datum.
data item
Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries.
a data item is an information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers.
2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum.
2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym.
2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/
JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief
PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
data
symbol
a serial number such as "12324X"
a stop sign
a written proper name such as "OBI"
An information content entity that is a mark(s) or character(s) used as a conventional representation of another entity.
20091104, MC: this needs work and will most probably change
2014-03-31: We would like to have a deeper analysis of 'mark' and 'sign' in the future (see https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/154).
PERSON: James A. Overton
based on Oxford English Dictionary
information content entity
Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs.
A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ).
information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity.
An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process.
2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it.
8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO
Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan
directive information entity
data set
Intensity values in a CEL file or from multiple CEL files comprise a data set (as opposed to the CEL files themselves).
A data item that is an aggregate of other data items of the same type that have something in common. Averages and distributions can be determined for data sets.
2009/10/23 Alan Ruttenberg. The intention is that this term represent collections of like data. So this isn't for, e.g. the whole contents of a cel file, which includes parameters, metadata etc. This is more like java arrays of a certain rather specific type
2014-05-05: Data sets are aggregates and thus must include two or more data items. We have chosen not to add logical axioms to make this restriction.
person:Allyson Lister
person:Chris Stoeckert
plan specification
PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice.
A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified.
2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications.
Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved
2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them
measurement datum
Examples of measurement data are the recoding of the weight of a mouse as {40,mass,"grams"}, the recording of an observation of the behavior of the mouse {,process,"agitated"}, the recording of the expression level of a gene as measured through the process of microarray experiment {3.4,luminosity,}.
A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device.
2/2/2009 is_specified_output of some assay?
textual entity
Words, sentences, paragraphs, and the written (non-figure) parts of publications are all textual entities
A textual entity is a part of a manifestation (FRBR sense), a generically dependent continuant whose concretizations are patterns of glyphs intended to be interpreted as words, formulas, etc.
AR, (IAO call 2009-09-01): a document as a whole is not typically a textual entity, because it has pictures in it - rather there are parts of it that are textual entities. Examples: The title, paragraph 2 sentence 7, etc.
MC, 2009-09-14 (following IAO call 2009-09-01): textual entities live at the FRBR (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Requirements_for_Bibliographic_Records) manifestation level. Everything is significant: line break, pdf and html versions of same document are different textual entities.
PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
text
author identification
L. Hunter
A textual entity intended to identify a particular author
document
A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book
A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole
document part
An abstract, introduction, method or results section.
an information content entity that is part of a document
The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed.
A symbol that is part of a CRID and that is sufficient to look up a record from the CRID's registry.
PERSON: Bill Hogan
Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls
centrally registered identifier symbol
An information content entity that consists of a CRID symbol and additional information about the CRID registry to which it belongs.
2014-05-05: In defining this term we take no position on what the CRID denotes. In particular do not assume it denotes a *record* in the CRID registry (since the registry might not have 'records').
Alan, IAO call 20101124: potentially the CRID denotes the instance it was associated with during creation.
Note, IAO call 20101124: URIs are not always CRID, as not centrally registered. We acknowledge that CRID is a subset of a larger identifier class, but this subset fulfills our current needs. OBI PURLs are CRID as they are registered with OCLC. UPCs (Universal Product Codes from AC Nielsen)are not CRID as they are not centrally registered.
centrally registered identifier
PubMed is a CRID registry. It has a dataset of PubMed identifiers associated with journal articles.
A CRID registry is a dataset of CRID records, each consisting of a CRID symbol and additional information which was recorded in the dataset through a assigning a centrally registered identifier process.
centrally registered identifier registry
written name
"Bill Clinton"
"The Eiffel Tower"
"United States of America"
A textual entity that denotes a particular in reality.
The qualifier "written" is to set it apart from spoken names. Also, note the restrictions to particulars. We are not naming universals. We could however, be naming, attributive collections which are particulars, so "All people located in the boundaries of the city of Little Rock, AR on June 18, 2011 at 9:50a CDT" would be a name.
planned process
Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy
A process that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.)
We are only considering successfully completed planned processes. A plan may be modified, and details added during execution. For a given planned process, the associated realized plan specification is the one encompassing all changes made during execution. This means that all processes in which an agent acts towards achieving some objectives is a planned process.
6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent
This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call)
a hospitalized person; a person with controlled diabetes; the patient's role http://www.fertilityjourney.com/testingAndDiagnosis/theRightDoctor/thePatientsRole/index.asp?C=55245395146924652778
a role which inheres in a person and is realized by the process of being under the care of a physician or health care provider
GROUP:Role Branch
OBI, CDISC
CDISC definition: patient. Person under a physician's care for a particular disease or condition. NOTE: A subject in a clinical trial is not necessarily a patient, but a patient in a clinical trial is a subject. See also subject, trial subject, healthy volunteer. Often used interchangeably
patient role
liver section; a portion of a culture of cells; a nemotode or other animal once no longer a subject (generally killed); portion of blood from a patient.
a role borne by a material entity that is gained during a specimen collection process and that can be realized by use of the specimen in an investigation
22Jun09. The definition includes whole organisms, and can include a human. The link between specimen role and study subject role has been removed. A specimen taken as part of a case study is not considered to be a population representative, while a specimen taken as representing a population, e.g. person taken from a cohort, blood specimen taken from an animal) would be considered a population representative and would also bear material sample role.
Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation.
blood taken from animal: animal continues in study, whereas blood has role specimen. something taken from study subject, leaves the study and becomes the specimen.
parasite example - when parasite in people we study people, people are subjects and parasites are specimen - when parasite extracted, they become subject in the following study specimen can later be subject.
specimen role
organization
PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods.
An organization is a continuant entity which can play roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members.
BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now.
the sodium and chloride ions in a glass of salt water
A scattered molecular aggregate is a material entity that consists of all the molecules of a specific type that are located in some bounded region and which is part of a more massive material entity that has parts that are other such aggregates
a material entity that consists of all the molecules of a specific type that are located in some bounded region and which is part of a more massive material entity that has parts that are other such aggregates
Collective
Discussion in Karslruhe with, among others, Alan Rector, Stefan Schulz, Marijke Keet, Melanie Courtot, and Alan Ruttenberg. With inspiration from the paper Granularity, scale and collectivity: When size does and does not matter, Alan Recto, Jeremy Rogers, Thomas Bittner, Journal of Biomedical Informatics 39 (2006) 333-349
scattered molecular aggregate
drawing blood from a patient for analysis, collecting a piece of a plant for depositing in a herbarium, buying meat from a butcher in order to measure its protein content in an investigation
A planned process with the objective of collecting a specimen.
Philly2013: A specimen collection can have as part a material entity acquisition, such as ordering from a bank. The distinction is that specimen collection necessarily involves the creation of a specimen role. However ordering cell lines cells from ATCC for use in an investigation is NOT a specimen collection, because the cell lines already have a specimen role.
Philly2013: The specimen_role for the specimen is created during the specimen collection process.
label changed to 'specimen collection process' on 10/27/2014, details see tracker: http://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/716/
5/31/2012: This process is not necessarily an acquisition, as specimens may be collected from materials already in posession
The objective to collect bits of excrement in the rainforest. The objective to obtain a blood sample from a patient.
A objective specification to obtain a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation.
a protocol specifying to administer 1 ml of vaccine to a mouse
a directive information entity that describes the dose that will be administered to a target
dose specification
spécification de dose
individual organism identifier
a CRID symbol used to distinguish one individual organism from another.
MO_169 Individual
A value specification that specifies the mass of some thing.
A value specification that is specifies one category out of a fixed number of nominal categories
A value specification that consists of two parts: a numeral and a unit label
The value of 'positive' in a classification scheme of "positive or negative"; the value of '20g' on the quantitative scale of mass.
An information content entity that specifies a value within a classification scheme or on a quantitative scale.
This term is currently a descendant of 'information content entity', which requires that it 'is about' something. A value specification of '20g' for a measurement data item of the mass of a particular mouse 'is about' the mass of that mouse. However there are cases where a value specification is not clearly about any particular. In the future we may change 'value specification' to remove the 'is about' requirement.
collection of specimens
Blood cells collected from multiple donors over the course of a study.
A material entity that has two or more specimens as its parts.
Details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/778/
Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng
A value specification that specifies the volume of some thing.
Une spécification de valeur qui indique un volume.
spécification de valeur de volume
volume value specification
animal
fungus
plant
virus
A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs.
10/21/09: This is a placeholder term, that should ideally be imported from the NCBI taxonomy, but the high level hierarchy there does not suit our needs (includes plasmids and 'other organisms')
13-02-2009: OBI doesn't take position as to when an organism starts or ends being an organism - e.g. sperm, foetus. This issue is outside the scope of OBI.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism
specimen
Biobanking of blood taken and stored in a freezer for potential future investigations stores specimen.
A material entity that has the specimen role.
GROUP: OBI Biomaterial Branch
A quality of a patient that is observed by the patient or a processual entity experienced by the patient, either of which is hypothesized by the patient to be a realization of a disease.
A quality of a patient, a material entity that is part of a patient, or a processual entity that a patient participates in, any one of which is observed in a physical examination and is deemed by the clinician to be of clinical significance.
A quality which is an spatial arrangement or distribution of a(n) independent continuant(s) across a Three Dimensional Region.
A planned process whose completion is hypothesized by a health care provider to eliminate, prevent, or alleviate the signs and symptoms of a disorder or pathological process
A processual entity whose completion is hypothesized (by a healthcare provider) to alleviate the signs and symptoms associated with a disorder
A temporally-connected health care process that has as participants an organization or person realizing the health care provider role and a person realizing the patient role. The health care provider role and patient are realized during the health care encounter
A planned process whose completion is hypothesized by a health care provider to reduce the risk of developing a disorder or the signs and symptoms of a disorder.
Whether or not 'prophylaxis' and 'treatment' classes are disjoint is an open question.
A data set that contains the outcome of a survey.
Alice Nzinga
Mathias Brochhausen
survey data
A plan specification that is realized by process of gathering information (e.g. by asking questions).
survey plan specification
A document that contains information representing health-relevant qualities of a patient written in a chronological manner and that is primarily used for patient care in a clinical setting.
It is a chronological written account of examination, treatment, medical history or complaints.
It is used interchangeably with health record and medical chart. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_record
medical record
A planned process that realizes the concretization of a survey to generate an output(survey data.)
survey execution
A role in human social processes that is realized by health care processes such as seeking or providing treatment for disease and injury, diagnosing disease and injury, or undergoing diagnosis.
health care role
human health care role
A human health care role inhering in an organization or human being that is realized by a process of providing health care services to an organism.
health care provider role
A role that inheres in an organization and that is realized by the providing of services in a health care encounter.
health care provider organization role
An object aggregate of objectual organisms.
Any arbitrary collection of organisms. They need not be of the same taxonomic class.
aggregate of objectual organisms
An object aggregate all of whose components are human beings.
collection of humans
A role inhering in an entity realized by social interactions in human society.
Previous definition: A role played by an entity in human social processes.
role in human social processes
A role in human social processes that inheres in an organization.
Defined class that we will ultimately move to an application ontology. We are leaving here for now until we determine which application ontology: it is likely going to be an ontology that does not currently (2012-06-05) exist. Ditto for its current descendants.
organization social role
An organization social role that is realized by a health care process.
Previous definition: An organization social role played by an organization in health care processes.
organization health care role
An object aggregate that is not itself an organization and whose members are only organizations that have some feature in common
William R. Hogan Amanda Hicks
It is often convenient to group organizations together that otherwise might not even interact with one another.
aggregate of organizations
material entity role
organism role
Homo sapiens role
organization role
A material entity that is a human made strcuture with firm connection between its foundation and the ground.
"Building" is a subclass of this.
This type of entity is referred to as "Bauwerk" or "Bauliche Anlage".
architectural structure
An architectural structure that bears some function.
facility
A facility bearing the function to provide healthcare and that is administered by a health care organization for the purpose of providing health care to a patient or patient population.
health care facility
health care function
A name of a person, which can have different types
person name
person first name
person last name
person middle name
person full name
birth name
maiden name
A person name that includes both the first and last name
person first and last name
A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities
A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude.
A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter.
A 3-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of 3-dimensional space it occupies.
A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities.
A quality which inheres in a continuant.
multiply inhering quality of a physical entity
Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles.
A monadic quality of continuant that exists at the cellular level of organisation.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's number of nuclei.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having no nucleus.
A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in three dimensions.
a condition describing the time elapsed since a drug dispensing process.
une condition de temps écoulé depuis une distribution de médicaments.
condition indiquant le temps écoulé depuis une distribution
time elapsed since dispensing condition
"For patient: Mr Smith, should exercise for at least 30 minutes, 3 times weekly. signed Dr. Ronnie Shuz. Date: 15/11/01"
A document authored by a health care provider that specifies how to realize some health care process for a particular patient.
Un document créé par un fournisseur de soin indiquant comment réaliser une partie d'un processus de santé pour un patient particulier.
health care prescription
prescription de santé
An author identification where the author is a particular health care provider and the document authored is a prescription.
Une identification d'auteur où l'auteur est un fournisseur de soins particulier et le document en question est une prescription.
identification de prescripteur
prescriber identification
A written name denoting a particular patient.
Un nom écrit faisant référence à un patient particulier.
identification d'un patient
patient identification
La masse d'un aggrégat d'ingrédient actif.
The mass of an active ingredient aggregate.
active ingredient aggregate mass
masse d'aggrégat d'ingrédient actif
A textual entity that denotes the time of document creation.
Une entité textuelle indiquant l'instant de création d'un document.
the granular time at which the author considers the document whole, ie ready for interpretation
document creation time identification
identification de l'instant de création d'un document
A document creation time identification where the document is a prescription.
Une identification de l'instant de création d'un document qui est une prescription médicale.
health care prescription time identification
identification du temps de création d'une prescription médicale
A directive information entity that is composed by a drug administration specification and a drug dispensing specification.
Une entité informationnelle directive qui est composée par une spécification d’administration de médicament et une spécification de distribution de médicament.
drug administration and dispensing specification
spécification de distribution et d’administration de médicament
A site of drug administration specification that is part of a drug administration specification in a drug prescription.
Une spécification de site d’administration de médicament dans une spécification d'administration de médicament faisant partie d'une prescription de médicament.
prescribed site of drug administration specification
spécification de site d’administration de médicament prescrit
An information content entity that specifies one or several characteristics of a drug product.
Une entité de contenu informationnel qui spécifie une caractéristique d’un médicament prescrit.
caractérisation de médicament prescrit
drug product characteristic specification
A data item that is about a drug product.
Un élément de données qui fournit une information sur un médicament.
To be used to describe a specific entity. For example the pill that Mr Smith took last night. On a prescription an ICE concretized by a similar string would only be a specification but not a data item as it is about a class rather than a particular.
drug product information item
élément d'information sur un médicament
John Smith taking 1 mg of Ativan from his dosette every 12 hours, alleviating the anxiety produced by his usual routine at a long-term care facility, as hypothesized by his physician, Dr. Hazard.
A treatment composed of one or more dose administrations.
Un traitement composé d'une ou plusieurs administrations de doses.
drug treatment
traitement médicamenteux
"5 PM on January 1st 2016"
A value specification that specifies a temporal instant.
Une spécification de valeur qui spécifie un instant temporel.
spécification d'instant temporel
temporal instant specification
"IM or IV" in "Administrate IM or IV"
An information content entity that specifies the route(s) of administration of a drug product.
Une entité informationnelle indiquant la ou les voies d'administration d'un médicament.
mode of administration specification
route of administration specification
spécification de voie d'administration
"1 mg" (of lorazepam), "5 mg" (of metoprolol)
A mass value specification that specifies the mass of an active ingredient aggegate.
Une spécification de valeur de masse indiquant la masse d'un aggrégat d'ingrédient actif.
active ingredient mass value specification
spécification de valeur de masse d'ingrédient actif
"80mg" in "Aspirin 80mg oral tablet"
An information content entity that specifies the strength of a drug product.
Une entité de contenu informationnel qui spécifie la force d’un médicament prescrit.
drug strength specification
spécification de force médicamenteuse
"Prescription for John Smith : Ativan 2mg tablets, take 1 tablet twice daily by mouth as needed if anxious, dispense 60 tablets, renew 12 times. Signed by Dr Hazard. Date: 15/10/29"
A health care prescription specifying the initiation, modification or cessation of a drug administration.
Une ordonnance indiquant une initiation, modification ou arrêt de l'administration de médicaments.
drug prescription
prescription de médicaments
A drug product information item that is about one or more magnitudes of biological activity, masses or quantities of active ingredient aggregate per unit quantity of a drug product.
Un élément d'information sur un médicament à propos de une ou plusieurs magnitudes d'activité biologique, masses ou quantités d'aggrégat d'ingrédient actif par unité de médicament.
drug strength item
élément d'information de force médicamenteuse
"1 mg of lorazepam per tablet" "21 mg of nicotine per patch" "This tablet contains 12.5 mg of hydrochlorothiazide and 4 mg of perindopril" is one instance of drug strength per discrete dose form, that has part two active ingredient mass specifications.
A drug strength item where the unit quantity is a discrete solid dose form.
Un élément d'information de force médicamenteuse où l'unité de quantité de médicament est une forme de dose médicamenteuse solide et discrète.
drug strength per discrete dose form item
élément d'information de force médicamenteuse par forme discrète
A drug strength item where the unit quantity is a unit of volume.
Un élément d'information de force médicamenteuse où l'unité de quantité de médicament est une unité de volume.
drug strength per volume unit item
élément d'information de force médicamenteuse par unité de volume
A drug strength item where the unit quantity is the mass of the drug product.
Un élément d'information de force médicamenteuse où l'unité de quantité de médicament est une unité de masse.
drug strength per mass unit item
élément d'information de force médicamenteuse par unité de masse
duration of dose administration specification
"inject over 30 seconds" "infuse over 12 hours"
An information content entity that specifies the duration during which a dose should be administered continuously.
Une entité de contenu informationnel qui spécifie la durée pendant laquelle une dose doit être administrée de manière continue.
This class is meant to be used in cases where the quantity of drug product to be delivered during a single dose administration is prescribed in advance and the dose administration process has a clear end in time relative to the beginning of the process (such that if one knows the instant it started, one would know the instant it ended and vice versa). e.g. 500cc of NS over 2 hours x1
duration of administration specification
spécification de durée d'administration de dose
'begin administration at 50cc/h'
An information content entity that specifies the initial rate at which a dose should be administered.
Une entité de contenu informationnel qui spécifie le taux initial auquel une dose doit être administrée.
initial rate of administration specification
spécification de débit initial d'administration de dose
"lorazepam" in "This tablet of Ativan 1 mg contains lorazepam" "acetaminophen" in "This tablet of Tylenol 500mg contains acetaminophen"
A drug product information item that is about an active ingredient in a drug product.
Un élément d'information sur un médicament dénotant un de ses ingrédients.
drug active ingredient item
élément d'information d'ingrédient médicamenteux
'Lopresor'
A drug product name given to a non-generic drug product by the pharmaceutical company that produces it.
Un nom de médicament non-générique donné par l'entreprise pharmaceutique qui le produit.
nom propriétaire d'un médicament non-générique
non-generic drug product proprietary label
eg. oral tablet, topical cream, IV liquid, oral liquid
A drug product information item that is about a dose form of a drug product.
Un élément d'information sur un médicament concernant sa forme (par exemple pilule orale, crème topique, liquide intraveineux, liquide oral).
This will need to be divided into an item referring to the 3D configuration of a dose and an item referring to the vehicle that dose is contained in.
drug dose form item
élément d'information de forme médicamenteuse
John Smith swallowing a 1mg lorazepam tablet. The continuous infusion of 450 mg of amiodarone over 12 hours into a vein of Harry Thymia
A process that has as participants an extended organism and a drug product and that results in a specified portion of the drug product (a single dose) being located in the extended organism.
Un processus ayant comme participants un organisme étendu et un médicament, à l'issue de laquelle une certaine dose du médicament est localisée dans l'organisme étendu.
This class should be re-classified under DRON:drug administration if it is made a subclass of process. See PDRO note in drug administration.
administration de dose
dose administration
Une condition qui est vraie si et seulement si un certain signe est présent chez un individu.
a condition that is true if and only if some sign is present in an individual.
condition indiquant la présence d'un signe
presence of sign condition
A time elapsed since previous dose condition that is true if and only if the time having elapsed is less than some duration.
Une condition sur le temps écoulé depuis une dose antérieure qui est vraie si et seulement si le temps écoulé est plus petit qu’une certaine durée.
condition sur le temps maximal écoulé depuis une précédente administration de dose
less than some time elapsed since previous dose condition
'Norvasc Tab 5 mg' 'Apo-Metoprolol co 100 mg' 'Apo-Metoprolol 100 mg' 'Apo-Metoprolol'
A textual entity denoting a class of drug product, that has as parts a drug product label, and typically a dose form specification and a drug strength specification.
Une entité textuelle qui fait référence à un type de médicament.
Note that this is a name of a drug product, not the name of an active ingredient contained in a drug product.
Drug Product Database online query from Health Canada
drug product name
nom de médicament
day of the week
jour de la semaine
"oral tablet" in "aspirin 80mg oral tablet"
An information content entity that specifies the dose form of a drug product.
Une entité de contenu informationnelle qui spécifie la forme de dose d’un médicament prescrit.
drug dose form specification
spécification de forme de dose médicamenteuse
An information content entity that specifies an excipient of a drug product.
Une entité de contenu informationnel qui spécifie un excipient d’un médicament prescrit.
drug excipient specification
spécification d’excipient de médicament
"aspirin" in "aspirin 80mg oral tablet" (since 80mg refers to the quantity of aspirin in the drug product, the drug active ingredient specification can also be interpreted as "aspirin 80 mg", i.e., "80 mg of aspirin")
An information content entity that specifies an active ingredient in a drug product.
Une entité de contenu informationnel qui spécifie un ingrédient actif d’un médicament prescrit.
drug active ingredient specification
spécification d’ingrédient actif de médicament
A drug product name given to a generic drug product by the pharmaceutical company that produces it.
Un nom de médicament générique donné par l'entreprise pharmaceutique qui le produit.
generic drug product proprietary label
nom propriétaire d'un médicament générique
It is before 12 PM on January 1st 2016
A condition that is true if and only if the current time is before some instant.
Une condition qui est vraie si et seulement si l’instant présent est antérieur à un instant donné.
condition de borne supérieure sur l’instant présent
current time is before some instant condition
It is after 12 PM on January 1st 2016
A condition that is true if and only if the current time is after some instant.
Une condition qui est vraie si et seulement si l’instant présent est postérieur à un instant donné.
condition situant la période actuelle après un instant
current time is after some instant condition
It is 12 PM on January 1st 2016
A condition which is true if and only if the current time is approximately some instant.
Une condition qui est vraie si et seulement si l’instant présent est approximativement un instant donné.
condition affirmant que l'instant présent est approximativement un instant donné
current time is approximately some instant condition
A time elapsed since previous dose condition that is true if and only if the time having elapsed is greater than some duration.
Une condition sur le temps écoulé depuis une dose antérieure qui est vraie si et seulement si le temps écoulé est plus grand qu’une certaine durée.
condition sur le temps minimal écoulé depuis une précédente administration de dose
greater than some time elapsed since previous dose condition
A time elapsed since previous dose condition that is true if and only if the time having elapsed is equal to some duration.
Une condition sur le temps écoulé depuis une dose antérieure qui est vraie si et seulement si le temps écoulé est égal à une certaine durée.
condition sur le temps exactement écoulé depuis une précédente administration de dose
exactly some time elapsed since previous dose condition
prescription drug product specification
"Aspirin 80mg oral tablet" "Amiodarone 50mg/mL injectable solution"
An drug product characterization specifying a class of drug product.
Une entité de contenu informationelle qui spécifie une classe de médicament prévu pour être administré.
Spécification de produit médicamenteux
drug product specification
moment de la journée
time of the day
mois de l'année
month of the year
A category value specification that specifies one day of the week.
Une spécification de valeur catégorique qui spécifie un jour de la semaine.
day of the week category specification
spécification de catégorie de jour de la semaine
A drug product information item that is about one excipient in a drug product.
Un élément d'information sur un médicament dénotant un de ses excipients.
drug excipient item
élément d'information d'excipient médicamenteuse
a condition describing the time elapsed since the first dose administration of some drug administration.
une condition de temps écoulé depuis la première administration de dose d'une certaine administration de médicament.
condition indiquant le temps écoulé depuis une première administration de dose
time elapsed since first dose condition
a condition describing the time elapsed since the previous dose administration of some drug administration.
une condition de temps écoulé depuis la dernière administration de dose d'une certaine administration de médicament.
condition indiquant le temps écoulé depuis une précédente administration de dose
time elapsed since previous dose condition
A current time condition where the current time is described in relation to a temporal instant.
une condition sur la période actuelle situant la période actuelle relativement à un instant donné.
condition sur l’instant présent
present time instant condition
A health care facility whose function is to store, prepare, dispense, and monitor the usage of pharmaceutical drugs among patients in a given area or encountered in a given health care provider organization.
Un établissement de santé qui a pour fonction d'entreposer, préparer, distribuer et surveiller l'utilisation des médicaments parmi les patients d'une zone géographique donnée ou suivis dans une organisation de soin donnée.
pharmacy facility
établissement de pharmacologie
A textual entity that allows the identification of an excipient.
Une entité textuelle qui permet l'identification d'un excipient.
excipient name
nom d’excipient
A condition involving the number of doses administered in some drug administration.
Une condition faisant intervenir le nombre de doses administrées dans une administration de médicament.
condition de nombre d’administration de doses
number of doses in drug administration condition
A number of doses in drug administration condition that is true if and only if exactly some number of dose administrations have occurred.
Une condition de nombre de doses d’administration de médicament qui est vraie si et seulement si exactement un certain nombre d’administration de doses ont été effectuées.
condition de nombre exact d’administration de doses
exactly some number of doses in drug administration condition
A pharmacist selecting a package of Aspirin 81mg oral tablets from the pharmacy inventory shelf. A nurse selecting an ampoule of amiodarone 50mg/mL injectable solution from the ward's stock of drugs. A doctor selecting a sample box of Spiriva 2.5mcg per puff Respimat Inhaler from the free sample drug stock cabinet.
A process where a health care provider physically selects a particular drug product as specified in a drug product specification.
Un processus dans lequel un fournisseur de soin sélectionne physiquement un médicament particulier comme indiqué sur une spécification de médicament.
Note that a doctor does not select a particular drug when prescribing unless they provide the actual drug with the prescription. They specify a drug product that is about the collection of drug products that are appropriate for a prescribed drug administration.
drug selection
sélection de médicament
A number of doses in drug administration condition that is true if and only if less than some number of dose administrations have occurred.
Une condition de nombre de doses d’administration de médicament qui est vraie si et seulement si moins d’un certain nombre d’administration de doses ont été effectuées.
condition de nombre d’administration de doses maximum
less than some number of doses have occurred condition
A number of doses in drug administration condition that is true if and only if more than some number of dose administrations have occurred.
Une condition de nombre de doses d’administration de médicament qui est vraie si et seulement si plus d’un certain nombre d’administration de doses ont été effectuées.
condition de nombre d’administration de doses minimum
greater than some number of doses have occurred condition
Une condition qui est vraie si et seulement si le temps écoulé depuis une certaine distribution est plus grand qu’une certaine durée.
a condition that is true if and only if the time elapsed since some dispensing is greater than some duration.
condition de temps minimum passé depuis une distribution de médicament
greater than some time elapsed since the previous dispensing condition
A health care provider role where the service provided is that of identification, preparation, dispensing and monitoring of pharmaceutical drugs.
Un role de prestataire de soin qui fournit un service d'identification, de préparation, de distribution et de contrôle de médicaments.
pharmacist role
rôle de pharmacien
'it is the day after the end of the drug administration specified by "Prednisone 10mg PO die x 1 week"'
A condition that is true if and only if some process has ended.
Une condition qui est vraie si et seulement si un certain processus est fini.
after some process condition
condition de fin de processus
A condition that is true if and only if some drug administration has ended.
Une condition qui est vraie si et seulement si une certaine administration de médicament est finie.
after some drug administration condition
condition de fin d’administration de médicament
A condition that is true if and only if some dose administration has ended.
Une condition qui est vraie si et seulement une certaine administration de dose est finie.
after some dose administration condition
condition de fin d’administration de dose
A condition that is true if and only if some surgery has ended.
Une condition qui est vraie si et seulement si une certaine intervention chirurgicale est finie.
after some surgery condition
condition de fin de chirurgie
anatomical site of dose administration specification
An information content entity that specifies an anatomical entity which should be in contact with the drug product being administered during a dose administration.
Une entité de contenu informationnel spécifiant une entité anatomique qui doit entrer en contact avec le médicament administré pendant une administration de dose.
site of drug administration specification
spécification de site d’administration de médicament
'12 x 30 tablets' in the drug administration and dispensing specification 'Aspirin 81 mg tablet PO DIE 12 x 30 tablets'
An action specification that specifies the dispensing of a drug product.
drug dispensing specification
spécification de distribution de médicament
A Drug Identification Number (DIN) is a computer-generated eight digit number assigned by Health Canada to a drug product prior to being marketed in Canada. It uniquely identifies all drug products sold in a dosage form in Canada and is located on the label of prescription and over-the-counter drug products that have been evaluated and authorized for sale in Canada. A DIN uniquely identifies the following product characteristics: manufacturer; product name; active ingredient(s); strength(s) of active ingredient(s); pharmaceutical form; route of administration.
Le numéro d'identification d'une drogue (DIN) est un numéro de huit chiffres généré par un ordinateur qui est attribué par Santé Canada avant d'être commercialisé au Canada. Le DIN est unique et sert a identifier tous les médicaments vendus dans une forme posologique. Il est inscrit sur l'étiquette d'un médicament de prescription ou d'un médicament sans ordonnance qui ont été évalués et approuvés pour la vente au Canada. Un DIN énumère les caractéristiques du produit: fabricant, nom du produit, ingrédient(s), la force de l'ingrédient médicinal, la forme posologique et la voie d'administration.
DIN
From wikipedia: Any product defined as a drug under the Canadian Food and Drugs Act must have an associated Drug Identification Number (or DIN). The Drug Identification Number (DIN) is the 8 digit number located on the label of prescription and over-the-counter drug products that have been evaluated by the Therapeutic Products Directorate (TPD) and approved for sale in Canada. The DIN is typically an eight digit number. Once a drug has been approved, the Therapeutic Products Directorate issues a DIN which permits the manufacturer to market the drug in Canada. For drugs where there is minimal market history in Canada, there is a more stringent review and the drug is required to have a Notice of Compliance and a DIN in order to be marketed in Canada. A DIN lets the user know that the product has undergone and passed a review of its formulation, labeling and instructions for use. A drug product sold in Canada without a DIN is not in compliance with Canadian law. The DIN is also a tool to help in the follow-up of products on the market, recall of products, inspections, and quality monitoring. A drug product can be looked up via its DIN with the Health Canada's Drug Product Database (DPD) to find specific information of drugs approved by the Ministry.
Drug Identification Number
Numéro d’identification d’un médicament
'1 metered dose administration of nitroglycerine"
A scalar value specification that specifies a number of metered dose administrations.
Une spécification de valeur scalaire spécifiant le nombre d’administration de doses mesurées.
metered dose administration count value specification
spécification de nombre de prise de dose
A pharmacy technician providing a package of 30 Aspirin 81mg oral tablets to a patient. A technician working at a hospital pharmacy sending 3 3mL ampoules of amiadorone 50 mg/mL injectable solution to a ward as part of a prescription for inpatient Harry Thymia. A doctor providing a patient with a Respimat Inhaler device containing 60 puffs of Spiriva, 2.5mcg per puff.
A planned process in which a health care provider or person who is part of a health care organization provides a determinate quantity of a particular drug product for use in a particular patient.
Un processus planifié pendant lequel un professionnel de santé ou une personne faisant partie d'une organisation de santé fournit une quantité déterminée d'un médicament particulier à destination d'un patient particulier.
The person who is part of a health care organization may be e.g., a representative of an internet company which sends prescribed medication.
drug dispensing process
processus de distribution de médicament
e.g. start perfusion at 15cc/h. if MAP < 65 mmHg, then increase rate by 5cc/h every 5 minutes. If MAP=>65 mmHg, then decrease rate by 5cc/h every 5 minutes. There are two rate of administration plan specifications here, one for each change specified: 'if MAP < 65 mmHg, then increase rate by 5cc/h every 5 minutes.' and 'If MAP>=65 mmHg, then decrease rate by 5cc/h every 5 minutes'
An action specification that instructs how the rate at which a dose is administered should be changed based on certain conditions in order to maintain a certain equilibrium or targeted effect.
Une spécification d’action qui indique comment le taux auquel une dose est administrée doit être changé, sur la base de certaines conditions afin de maintenir un certain équilibre ou effet visé.
perfusion rate specification
drug perfusion specification
spécification de taux de perfusion de médicament
A directive information entity that directs the dosing in a drug administration.
Une entité informationnelle directive qui dirige le dosage d’une administration de médicament.
Sig.
dosing instructions
posological instructions
prescribed dosing specification
spécification de dosage prescrit
The portion of a drug product that an organism is exposed to.
Une portion de médicament à laquelle un organisme est exposé.
dose de médicament
dose of drug product
A material entity that is a proper part of a drug product, with a similar composition as the drug product.
Une entité matérielle qui est une partie propre d’un médicament, avec une composition similaire à celle du médicament.
portion de médicament
portion of drug product
A written name referring to a supervising prescriber.
Un nom faisant référence à un prescripteur supervisant.
identification de prescripteur superviseur
supervising prescriber identification
An information content entity specifying a rate of a drug administration.
Une entité de contenu informationnel spécifiant un taux d’administration de médicament.
rate of administration specification
spécification de taux d’administration
A category value specification that specifies one site of administration from a standardized list of possible sites.
Une spécification de valeur catégorique qui spécifie le site d'administration.
site of administration category specification
spécification du site d'administration
A measurement unit label of mass per time.
Une unité de mesure de masse par temps.
mass per time unit
unité de masse par unité de temps
An information content entity that specifies the minimum and maximum quantities of drug product or active ingredient in a dose administration.
Une entité de contenu informationnel qui spécifie les quantités minimum et maximum de médicament ou d’ingrédient actif dans une administration de dose.
dose range specification
spécification d’intervalle de dose
A scattered molecular aggregate with the role of active ingredient.
Un aggrégat de molécule dispersée avec le rôle d'ingrédient actif.
Should be moved to DRON
active ingredient aggregate
aggrégat d'ingrédient actif
The water in a solution of injectable amiodarone.
Un aggrégat de molécule dispersée ayant le rôle d'excipient.
scattered molecular aggregate with the role of excipient.
aggrégat d'excipient
excipient aggregate
A scalar value specification that specifies a mass per time value specification.
Une spécification de valeur scalaire qui spécifie une valeur de masse par unité de temps.
mass per time value specification
spécification de valeur de masse par unité de temps
John Smith being dispensed 60 Ativan 1mg oral tablets a 10th time as specified in the same prescription. John Smith being dispensed in october 30x metoprolol 100 mg oral tablets after having being dispensed in september 30x metoprolol 100 mg oral tablets.
A drug dispensing process that follows an initial drug dispensing process, such that both processes are specified in the same drug prescription.
Un processus de distribution de médicament qui suit un processus de distribution initial, lorsque les deux processus sont indiqués dans la même prescription médicale.
drug renewal process
processus de renouvellement de médicament
An information content entity that specifies how a dose is quantified in a dose administration.
Une entité de contenu informationnel qui quantifie une dose dans une administration de dose.
This part of a prescription usually specifies a fixed amount (like '50 mg' or '500 mL'), but may instead specify a rate in some situations, e.g., in ongiong IV perfusions, where the total dose that will be administered in a single dose is unkown until the administration has ended. In either situation, the dose quantification specification is what enables the calculation of the quantity of active ingredient or drug product in the dose that is administered
dose quantification specification
spécification de quantification de dose
A dose quantification specification that quantifies a dose by referring to the quantity of active ingredient administered in a dose administration.
Une spécification de quantification de dose spécifiant une quantité d’ingrédient actif à administrer lors d’une administration de dose.
active ingredient quantification specification
spécification de quantité d’ingrédient actif dans une dose
A dose quantification specification that specifies the quantity of drug product administered in a dose administration.
Une spécification de quantification de dose spécifiant la quantité de médicament administrée lors d’une administration de dose.
drug product quantification specification
spécification de quantité de médicament dans une dose
A value specification specifying the value of an active ingredient mass delivery rate.
Une spécification de valeur spécifiant la valeur du taux d’administration de masse d’ingrédient actif.
active ingredient mass delivery rate value specification
spécification de taux d’administration de masse d’ingrédient actif
A condition whose truthfulness is a prerequisite for continuing a drug administration.
Une condition dont la véracité est un pré-requis pour continuer une administration de médicament.
continuing condition
condition de continuation d’administration de médicament
continuing drug administration condition
'if bronchitis' 'if January 1 2016'
A condition whose truthfulness is a prerequisite for starting a drug administration.
Une condition dont la véracité est un prérequis pour commencer une administration de médicament.
starting condition
condition de début d’administration de médicament
starting drug administration condition
An information content entity that describes some relationships between some entities and whose truthfullness is a prerequisite for something.
Une entité de contenu informationnel qui décrit des relations entre certaines entités et dont la véracité est un prérequis pour quelque chose.
condition
'every 6 hours' in 'every 6 hours PRN'
A dosing condition that is true if and only if the amount of time that has elapsed since the previous dose is greater than some duration.
Une condition de dosage qui est vraie si et seulement si le temps écoulé depuis la précédente dose est supérieur à une certaine valeur.
see note for maximum dosage condition. The same applies to this entitiy and 'greater than some time elapsed since previous dose condition'
condition d’intervalle de dosage minimum
minimum dosing interval condition
'maximum 4g/24h'
A dosing condition that is true if and only if the amount of drug product administered to a patient has not exceeded a certain amount per unit of time.
Une condition de dosage qui est vraie si et seulement si la quantité de médicament administrée à un patient n’excède pas une certaine quantité par unité de temps.
an instance of this condition would also be an instance of 'less than or equal to total dosage condition'. TODO: We need to be able to infer this without asserted multiple inheritance. An ideal solution would be introducing some sort of "role" for ICE in order to distinguish what a condition can be used for (what it's truthfulness is a prerequisite for) from it's logical construction (what information it is composed of). -RT
condition de dosage maximal
maximum dosage condition
'less than 3 doses have been taken today' '8 hours have elapsed since the previous dose' 'it is wednesday'
A condition whose truthfulness is a prerequisite for the instruction of taking of a dose.
Une condition dont la véracité est un prérequis pour une instruction de prise d’une dose.
condition de dosage
dosing condition
"1 dispensing per month" "12 dispensings per year"
A value specification that specifies the frequency of a drug dispensing.
Une spécification de valeur de fréquence indiquant la fréquence d'un processus de distribution de médicament. Elle a une unité de la forme "distribution de médicament par unité de temps".
Has unit label of the form 'drug dispensings per unit time'. nb. "#30 renew x12", has as part a drug dispensing count specification, not a drug dispensing frequency specification. This is because the dispensing process is not specified to occur 'per unit of time'; it is specified to occur 'a number of times'.
drug dispensing frequency specification
spécification de fréquence de distribution de médicament
A scalar value specification that specifies a number of dispensing processes.
Une spécification de valeur scalaire qui indique un nombre de distributions de médicaments.
"Dispense 30 tabs, not renewable" -> 1 dispensing "Dispense 30 tabs, dispense 12 times" -> 12 dispensings "Dispense 30 tabs, repeatable 12 times" ->13 dispensings "Dispense 30 tabs, renew 12 times" -> 13 dispensings "Dispense 30 tabs every month for one year" -> 12 dispensings
drug dispensing count specification
spécification de nombre de distributions de médicaments
John Smith being dispensed 60x Ativan 1mg oral tablets for the first time
A drug dispensing process that is the first time the patient is being provided with a particular drug following a particular prescription.
Un processus de distribution de médicament tel que ce médicament n'a jamais été fourni au patient auparavant sur la base de cette prescription particulière.
initial drug dispensing process
processus de distribution de médicament initiale
drug dose administration specification
"1 tablet by mouth" "Mix 4g powder with 1 cup of water and drink slowly" "mix 450mg in 250mL of D5% solution, then administrate IV over 12 hours" "nebulize 2.5mg and administrate inhaled over 5-15 minutes"
An action specification that describes a dose administration.
Une spécification d'action qui décrit une administration de dose médicamenteuse.
dose administration specification
spécification d'administration de dose
'Aspirin 81 mg tablet PO DIE' in a prescription written by Dr. Jones for Mr. Fiennes.
A drug administration specification that is part of a drug prescription.
prescription drug administration specification
'Aspirin 81 mg, 1 tablet orally 8 am every day' written by the pharmacist Mr. White for the patient Mr. Fiennes on the basis of the drug administration specification 'Aspirin 81 mg tablet PO DIE' written by Dr. Jones for Mr. Fiennes.
A drug administration specification written by a pharmacist on the basis of a drug administration specification written by a prescriber.
pharmacist dispensing drug administration specification
'12 x 30 tablets' in the drug administration and dispensing specification 'Aspirin 81 mg tablet PO DIE 12 x 30 tablets' written on a prescription by Dr. Jones to Mr. Fiennes.
A drug dispensing specification that is part of a prescription and authorizes the dispensing of a drug product under certain conditions, and usually specifies how much of the drug is to be dispensed at a time and how many times in total.
prescription drug dispensing specification
'30 tablets' in 'Aspirin 81 mg tablet PO DIE 30 tablets' in the information system of the pharmacist Mr. White.
A drug dispensing specification that is part of a pharmacist information system and specifies how much of a given drug product has been dispensed to a patient.
pharmacist drug dispensing specification
'Aspirin 81 mg tablet PO DIE 12 x 30 tablets (stroke prevention)' 'Cease metoprolol and aspirin' 'Aspirin 81 mg PO DIE 12 x 30 tablets' on a first prescription for Mr. Fiennes on 2018/01/01. 'Aspirin 81 mg per mouth once a day, 6x2 months' on a second prescription for Mr. Fiennes on 2019/01/01. 'Aspirin 325 mg PO die, 12x1 months' on a third prescription for Mr. Fiennes on 2019/03/01. 'Cease Aspirin' on a fourth prescription for Mr. Fiennes on 2019/04/01.
A directive information entity that is a part of a drug prescription and specifies some action(s) related to one or several drugs. It is intended to direct some actions to be performed by a patient and some pharmacist(s). It may also specify a healthcare objective.
drug prescription item
'Aspirin 81 mg tablet PO DIE 12 x 30 tablets (stroke prevention)'. 'Aspirin 81 mg PO DIE 12 x 30 tablets' on a first prescription for Mr. Fiennes on 2018/01/01. 'Aspirin 81 mg per mouth once a day, 6x2 months' on a second prescription for Mr. Fiennes on 2019/01/01. 'Aspirin 325 mg PO die, 12x1 months' on a third prescription for Mr. Fiennes on 2019/03/01.
A drug prescription item that specifies the administration of a drug. It gives pharmacists the permission to dispense a given drug product to a patient.
drug administration prescription item
'Aspirin 81 mg PO DIE 12 x 30 tablets' on a prescription for Mr. Fiennes on 2018/01/01, who never had to take aspirin daily earlier.
A drug administration prescription item that specifies the initiation of the administration of a drug.
drug administration initiation precription item
'Aspirin 81 mg per mouth once a day, 6x2 months' on a second prescription for Mr. Fiennes on 2019/01/01, after a first prescription of 'Aspirin 81 mg PO DIE 12 x 30 tablets' has been written for Mr. Fiennes on 2018/01/01. Note that 'Aspirin 81 mg per mouth once a day' is synonymous with 'Aspirin 81 mg PO die'.
A drug administration prescription item that specifies the continuation of the administration of a drug whose initiation was specified by a former drug prescription. The drug administration specification contained in the continuation prescription item is synonymous with the drug administration specification contained in the initiation prescription item of this former drug prescription.
drug administration continuation prescription item
'Aspirin 325 mg PO die, 12x1 months' on a prescription for Mr. Fiennes on 2019/03/01, after he was prescribed 'Aspirin 81 mg per mouth once a day, 6x2 months' on 2019/01/01. It changes the dose from 81 mg to 325 mg.
A drug administration prescription item that specifies the modification of the administration of a drug product.
drug administration modification prescription item
'Cease Aspirin' on a prescription for Mr. Fiennes on 2019/04/01, after he was prescribed 'Aspirin 325 mg PO die, 12x1 months' on 2019/03/01.
A drug prescription item that specifies the cessation of the administration of a drug.
drug administration cessation prescription item
pharmacist record
A directive information entity that is a part of a pharmacist report and that specifies some action(s) related to one or several drugs. It is typically intended to direct some actions to be performed by a patient and pharmacist(s).
pharmacist record item
A data item that is part of a pharmacist information system and specifies how much of a given drug product has been dispensed to a patient.
pharmacist drug dispensing record
pharmacist drug administration specification instruction
condition de modification d’administration de médicament
drug administration modification condition
condition d'arrêt d’administration de médicament
drug administration cessation condition
An 'information content entity' that specifies the validity period of a drug dispensing specification.
drug dispensing validity period specification
spécification de la période de validité de la distribution d'un médicament
WIP An action specification that specifies a drug administration. It specifies: - The drug product - The posology It may also specify a starting drug administration condition
complete drug administration specification
A textual entity that denotes the starting time of a validity period.
spécification de début de période de validité
starting validity temporal specification
A textual entity that denotes the ending time of a validity period.
ending validity temporal specification
spécification de fin de période de validité
drug product proprietary label
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical code
drug dispensing ending validity temporal specification
drug dispensing starting validity temporal specification
drug prescription ending validity temporal specification
drug prescription validity period specification
drug prescription starting validity temporal specification
health care prescription identifier
dosing frequency specification
specification of a part of a drug prescription validity period
drug prescription validity period
An action specification that describe the administration of a drug, wether it is prescribed or reported by a healthcare provider or self reported by the individual taking said drug.
drug administration description
An information content entity specifying a drug product, wether by its name, class, family or context of its intake.
drug product characterization
A drug administration description that describes the administration of a drug self reported by the individual taking the drug.
reported drug administration description
A scalar value specification that specifies the frequency of a process.
Une spécification de valeur scalaire indiquant la fréquence d'un processus.
frequency value specification
spécification de valeur de fréquence
A prophylaxis composed of one or more dose administrations.
Une prophylaxie composée d'une ou plusieurs administrations de doses.
drug prophylaxis
prophylaxie médicamenteuse
A process in which the administration of a drug product as prescribed is hypothesized to achieve some health care objective.
Un processus pendant lequel une ou plusieurs administrations de dose est supposée remplir un certain objectif de santé.
Note that we do not consider all drug administrations to be treatments, as in the case of prophylaxis. A health care objective could concern e.g., treatment, prophylaxis and contraception. We leave open the question of whether it should include objectives such as physician-assisted suicide.
need to align with DRON
prescribed drug administration
"The alleviation of a symptomatic cough" "The prevention of malaria" "The diagnosis of what ails John Smith"
An objective specification that specifies the objective of a health care process.
Une spécification d'objectif d'un processus de soin ou d'une de ses parties.
health care objective specification
spécification d'objectif de santé
'30 tablets' in 'dispense 30 tablets'
An information content entity that describes the amount of a drug product to dispense in a single drug dispensing process.
Une entité informationnelle qui indique la quantité de médicament à distribuer pendant un processus de distribution unique.
drug dispensing quantity specification
drug dispensing amount specification
spécification de la quantité de médicament à distribuer
A health care objective specification that specifies a treatment.
Une spécification d'objectif de santé de traitement.
spécification d'objectif de traitement
treatment objective specification
A health care objective specification that specifies a prophylaxis.
Une spécification d'objectif de santé prophylactique.
prophylaxis objective specification
spécification d'objectif prophylactique
A health care objective specification specifying a diagnostic objective.
Une spécification d'objectif de santé diagnostique.
diagnostic objective specification
spécification d'objectif diagnostique
prescribed drug administration specification
'take Aspirin 81 mg oral tablet, 1 tablet once daily by mouth, start today' or the synonymous abbreviated version 'Aspirin 81 mg tablet PO DIE'
A drug administration description that specifies a drug administration prescribed or reported by an healthcare provider. It specifies: - The drug product - The posology It may also specify a starting drug administration condition
Une entité informationnelle directive indiquant l'administration d'un médicament. Elle indique : - le médicament. - le(s) condition(s) de distribution du médicament. - la quantité de médicament à distribuer. - le(s) condition(s) de début d'administration du médicament. - le(s) condition(s) de continuation d'administration du médicament - le(s) condition(s) d'administration d'une dose - comment administrer une dose, ce qui inclut: -- Toute préparation du médicament requise avant l'administration. -- La dose à administrer. -- Le mode d'administration -- Toute particularité dans la manière d'administrer le médicament.
drug administration specification
spécification d’administration de médicament
A scalar value specification that specifies an amount of drug product objects.
Une spécification de valeur scalaire qui indique un nombre de médicaments.
The unit label here is a 'discrete drug object' (capsules, tablets, patches, etc.)
drug product object count specification
spécification de nombre de médicaments
A volume value specification where the volume specified is that of a drug product.
Une spécification de valeur de volume indiquant le volume d'un médicament.
drug product volume value specification
spécification de valeur de volume de médicament
A mass value specification that specifies the mass of a drug product.
Une spécification de valeur de masse qui indique la masse d'un médicament.
drug product mass value specification
spécification de valeur de masse de médicament
e=entity r=relationship "Unicorns exist" e1: a single horned animal e2: an equestrian animal e3: spatial region of universe r1: e1 is a e2 r2: e1 located in e3 "You have chest pain" e1: chest pain e2: patient referred to by 'you' r1: e2 experiencing e1 "The traffic light is green" "You have not taken a dose in the last 6 hours" "less than 12 dispensings have occurred"
An information content entity that describes some relationships between some entities and is intended to be evaluated as true or false.
statement
énoncé
A scalar value specification that specifies a duration of time.
Une spécification de valeur scalaire qui indique une durée de temps.
spécification de durée temporelle
temporal duration specification
"4 dose administrations per day" "2 dose administrations per hour"
A value specification of the frequency of a dose administration.
Une spécification de valeur de fréquence indiquant la fréquence d'un processus d'administration de dose. Elle a une unité de la forme "administrations de dose par unité de temps".
Has a unit label of the form 'dose administrations per unit time'.
dose administration frequency specification
spécification de fréquence d'administration de dose
'5000 units' (of fragmin) '10 units' (of insulin)
A scalar value specification that specifies the value of an active ingredient aggregate biological activity.
Une spécification de valeur scalaire qui indique la valeur d'activité biologique d'un aggrégat d'ingrédient actif.
pharmacological unit value specification
spécification de valeur d'unité pharmacologique
A scalar value specification that specifies the quantity of an element or compound with uniform disposition.
Une spécification de valeur scalaire qui spécifie la quantité d'un élément ou d'un composé avec une disposition uniforme.
spécification de quantité de substance
substance quantity value specification
A scalar value specification whose unit label is a volumetric rate unit.
Une spécification de valeur scalaire dont l'unité est une unité de rythme.
spécification de valeur de rythme
volumetric flow rate value specification
'80cc per hour' (of NS, which is NaCl + water)
A rate value specification that specifies the rate at which a drug product is administered during a dose administration.
Une spécification de valeur de rythme qui indique le rythme auquel un médicament est administré pendant une administration de dose.
drug product volumetric flow rate value specification
spécification de valeur de rythme de médicament
A substance value specification where the substance is an active ingredient aggregate.
Une spécification de quantité de substance où la substance est un aggrégat d'ingrédient actif.
active ingredient molar value specification
spécification de valeur molaire d'ingrédient actif
A measurement unit label for the amount of a substance based on a specified biological activity or effect of that substance.
Un label d'unité de mesure pour la quantité de substance fondé sur une activité biologique spécifiée ou sur un effet de cette substance.
pharmacological unit
unité pharmacologique
"3 dose administration" "1 dose administration"
A scalar value specification that specifies a number of dose administrations.
Une spécification de valeur scalaire qui indique un nombre d'administrations de doses.
dose administration count specification
spécification de nombre d'administrations de doses
"You have chest pain" "You are having trouble breathing"
A condition that is true if and only if some symptom is present in an individual.
Une condition qui est vraie si et seulement si un certain symptôme est présent chez un individu.
condition indiquant la présence d'un symptôme
presence of symptom condition
Une condition qui est vraie si et seulement si un individu est dans un certain état de conscience.
a condition that is true if and only if an individual is in some specific state of consciousness.
condition indiquant un état de concience
state of consciousness condition
A condition that describes the current time period relative to some other time period.
Une condition situant la période actuelle relativement à une autre période.
condition sur le temps présent
current time condition
"2 weeks have elapsed since returning from travel" "14 days have elapsed since the start of treatment" "6 hours have elapsed since the previous dose"
a condition describing the amount of time that has elapsed since an event.
une condition décrivant le temps écoulé depuis un évènement.
condition de temps écoulé
time elapsed condition
a condition describing the number of dose administrations that have occurred over a given duration of time.
une condition décrivant le nombre d'administration de doses qui se sont produites pendant une certaine durée de temps.
condition décrivant le nombre de doses par unité de temps
number of doses per unit time condition
"less than 3 dose administrations have occurred in the last 15 minutes"
A number of doses condition that is true if and only if the number of dose administrations having occurred is less than a specified number.
une condition décrivant le nombre de doses par unité de temps comme étant inférieur à un certain nombre d'administration de doses.
condition indiquant que le nombre de doses par unité de temps est inférieur à
less than some number of doses per unit time condition
"greater than 1 dose has occurred in the last 6 hours"
A number of doses condition that is true if and only if the number of dose administrations having occurred is greater than a specified number.
une condition décrivant le nombre de doses par unité de temps comme étant supérieur à un certain nombre d'administration de doses.
condition indiquant que le nombre de doses par unité de temps est supérieur à
greater than some number of doses per unit time condition
"1 dose administration has occurred in the last day"
A number of doses condition that is true if and only if a specified number of dose administrations have occurred.
une condition décrivant le nombre de doses par unité de temps comme étant égal à un certain nombre d'administration de doses.
condition indiquant que le nombre de doses par unité de temps est égal à
exactly some number of doses per unit time condition
A condition describing the number of dispensings that have occurred as directed by a certain prescription.
Une condition d'une prescription décrivant un nombre de distributions passées.
condition indiquant un nombre de distributions passées
number of dispensings condition
"if less than one dispensing has occurred"
A number of dispensings condition that is true if and only if the number of dispensings having occurred is less than a specified number.
Un condition de nombre de distributions indiquant qu'un nombre de distributions passées est plus petit qu'un certain nombre.
condition indiquant qu'un nombre de distributions passées est plus petit qu'un certain nombre
less than some number of dispensings condition
"10 units of insulin have been administered in the last hour"
a condition describing the amount of drug product or active ingredient that has been administered in a given duration of time.
une condition décrivant la quantité de médicament ou d'ingrédient actif qui a été administrée pendant une certaine période de temps.
condition de dosage total
total dosage condition
A total dosage condition that is true if and only if the total dosage administered is less or equal to a specified amount.
une condition de dosage total où le dosage total administré est inférieur ou égal à une certaine quantité.
condition de dosage total inférieur ou égal à une certaine quantité
less than or equal to total dosage condition
A total dosage condition that is true if and only if the total dosage administered is greater than a specified amount.
une condition de dosage total où le dosage total administré est supérieur à une certaine quantité.
condition de dosage total supérieur à une certaine quantité
greater than total dosage condition
A total dosage condition that is true if and only if the total dosage administered is equal to a specified amount.
une condition de dosage total où le dosage total administré est égal à une certaine quantité.
condition de dosage total égal à une certaine quantité
equal to total dosage condition
"6 hours have elapsed since the previous dose of metoprolol 50mg oral tablets"
Une condition décrivant le temps écoulé depuis une administration de dose.
a condition describing the time elapsed since a dose administration.
condition indiquant le temps écoulé depuis une administration de dose
time elapsed since dose condition
A category value specification that specifies one route of administration from a standardized list of possible routes.
Une spécification de valeur catégorique qui spécifie une voie d'administration.
route of administration category specification
spécification de la catégorie de la voie d'administration
A drug product that is not a generic drug product.
Un médicament qui n’est pas un médicament générique.
médicament non-générique
non-generic drug product
A drug product that was approved and commercialized after the patent for that drug product expired.
Une médicament qui a été approuvé et commercialisé après l'expiration du brevet correspondant.
generic drug product
médicament générique
International Nonproprietary Name
An active ingredient name that is an International Nonproprietary Name.
Un nom d'ingrédient actif qui est un International Nonproprietary Name.
We may require the addition of an INNM class in the future.
"INN are selected in principle only for single, well-defined substances that can be unequivocally characterized by a chemical name (or formula). It is the policy of the INN programme not to select names for mixtures of substances, while substances that are not fully characterized are included in the INN system in exceptional cases only. INN are not selected for herbal substances (vegetable drugs) or for homoeopathic products. It is also the policy of the INN programme not to select names for those substances that have a long history of use for medical purposes under well-established names such as those of alkaloids (e.g. morphine, codeine), or trivial chemical names (e.g. acetic acid). An INN is usually designated for the active part of the molecule only, to avoid the multiplication of entries in cases where several salts, esters, etc. are actually used. In such cases, the user of the INN has to create a modified INN (INNM) himself ; mepyramine maleate (a salt of mepyramine with maleic acid) is an example of an INNM. When the creation of an INNM would require the use of a long or inconvenient name for the radical part of the INNM, the INN programme will select a short name for such a radical (for example, mesilate for methanesulfonate)."
INN name
nom INN
A textual entity that allows the identification of an active ingredient.
Une entité textuelle qui permet l'identification d'un ingrédient actif.
active ingredient name
nom d'ingrédient actif
A nurse injecting 9mL of amiodarone 50mg/mL in 250 mL of D5 solution. A patient mixing 4g of cholestyramine powder in a glass of orange juice.
A process in which a drug product is modified in order to render it more suitable for patient administration.
Un processus dans lequel un médicament est modifié de manière à le rendre plus approprié pour une administration au patient.
drug preparation
préparation de médicament
The configuration of a tablet after it has been crushed and dissolved in a glass of water. The configuration of a tablet before it has been administered
La configuration d'un médicament juste avant qu'il soit administré.
The configuration of a drug product just before it is administered.
This configuration may have been the result of some drug preparation.
administration dose form
forme de la dose d'administration
La configuration d'un médicament à la fin d'un processus de production pharmaceutique.
The configuration of a drug product at the end of a pharmaceutical production process.
This needs to be eventually distinguished with drug product vehicles.
drug product dose form
forme de dose médicamenteuse
The active ingredient aggregate strength in the active ingredient aggregate of 10 units of Humalog insulin
A quality inhering in an active ingredient aggregate by virtue of the magnitude of a standardized biological effect of that active ingredient.
Une qualité inhérent dans un aggrégat d'ingrédient actif en vertu d'une magnitude d'effet biologique standardisé de cet ingrédient actif.
This is to represent the qualities that inhere in drugs measured by a standardized pharmacological unit. E.g. 1 unit of heparin is the quantity required to keep 1 mL of cat's blood fluid for 24 hours at 0°C. 1 unit of insulin is the amount required to reduce the concentration of blood glucose in a fasting rabbit to 45 mg/dl (2.5 mmol/L).
active ingredient aggregate biological activity
activité biologique d'un aggrégat d'ingrédient actif
"A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of matter/energy of a physical object." [Wikipedia:Wikipedia]
"A unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence." [Wikipedia:Wikipedia]
"A unit which is a standardised quantity of an element or compound with uniform composition." [Wikipedia:Wikipedia]
"A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of space occupied by any substance, whether solid, liquid, or gas." [NIST:NIST]
"A unit which is a standard measure of the number of repetitive actions in a particular time." [NIST:NIST]
"A unit which is a standard measure of the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time ." [Wikipedia:Wikipedia]