In situ X-Ray fluorescence analysis for the characterisation of materials on cultural heritage objects X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is a well-established method for the in situ investigation of archaeological objects and artworks through the characterization of the chemical (elemental) composition of materials. The fact that the method is essentially non-destructive makes it particularly attractive and widely used by heritage scientists, art historians, archaeologists, curators and conservators. The benefits of XRF include fast analysis, applicability to any type of object or composite material of various shapes and dimensions, suitability for the detection of major to trace elements and semi quantitative capabilities. Art and art history Cultural heritage and museology