si , with cognovissem (1.5), prot. cont. to fact, with censerem (1.7) as its apod.

ut , correl. with sic (1.3).

ex litteris , i.e. despatches from the seat of war.

hostium , i.e. Antony's forces.

id quod , namely D. Brutum egressum . . . esse (1.4).

Brutum : D. Brutus, one of Caesar's murderers, had been assigned by him to the government of Cisalpine Gaul, and took possession of the province after Caesar's death. In the summer, Antony procured the passage of a law transferring this province to himself. Brutus, supported by the Senate, refused to give it up, and upon this issue hostilities broke out. Brutus was at this time besieged in Mutina (Modena), and the consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, had moved to raise the siege.

ad saga , etc., as we should say figuratively "to arms." The sagum (Fig. 51) was a simple woollen cloak, fastened over one shoulder with a clasp or buckle (fibula), while the toga had no fastening but was wound in elaborate folds about the body. It was put on instead of the toga (the garment of peace: see note on p. 125, l. 17) in the city when there was war near home, as a sign that the citizens were called to arms.

issemus , subj. of subord. clause in indir. disc.

redeundum , etc.: to return to the ordinary garb of peace, the toga, would, under the circumstances, be a sign of rejoicing.

ea res , i.e. the liberation of D. Brutus from siege.

pugnae : the victory of Hirtius and Pansa at Bononia (see Introd., p.241 of text).

ista sententia , that proposition (one proposed by the Senator P. Servilius, and opposed by Cicero in this oration).

id agamus ut , etc., let us do so with the intention to retain it.

hoc , referring to discedere (1.18). The point is that it would not be pleasing to the gods for the citizens to assume the garb of rejoicing merely for a day, and then, since their main prayer had not been granted, to return ad saga.

redierimus , sc. ad vestitum.

ne . . . prodatur , i.e. if they change their attire for this one day, it will appear that it was not on account of Brutus that the change was made, for he is not yet safe.

tollite hanc , set aside this motive: a kind of protasis; § 521, b (310, b); B. 305, 2; G. 593, 4; H. 560, 4, N. (487, 3); H.-B. 497, 2.

conservate , etc., maintain your dignity (by sustaining Brutus).

legati : this was in January. At the head of the embassy was the distinguished jurist, Ser. Sulpicius Galba, who died on the journey.

hosti , i.e. Antony.

denuntiarent , order (with threats).

Hirtius , the consul (see Introd., p.241 of text).

imbecillitatem , infirm condition. Cicero had said of him before: "How feeble and worn he was! But the infirmity of his body did not check the vigor of his soul."

Caesar , i.e. Octavianus.

liberasset : Octavianus had taken an active part in the autumn in thwarting Antony's plans.

dolorem aliquem domesticum , some private grief i.e. for the death of Julius Caesar, his adoptive father. It should be remembered that D. Brutus was one of the assassins of Caesar.

quid . . . egit , what abject had Pansa? He had set out for Mutina some weeks after his colleague Hirtius.

faciendis , procuring (i.e. as presiding officer of the Senate).

necessitati victus , implying that the war brought distress in the provision market.

quod , i.e. the liberation of Brutus from siege.

et connects rei and evento .

praeripuisse , seized prematurely, if the news proved true; contempsisse , scorned, if it proved false.

significatio vestra , the indication you have giver' (i.e. by signs of approval).

propraetore : Octavianus, upon whom the Senate had specially conferred this rank early in January. He was left in sole command after the death of Hirtius and Pansa. -51... ante, as soon as.

pertineant : § 592, 3 (341, d); B. 323; G. 508, 3; H. 649, (528, I); H.-B. 535, I, a.

exercituumque : this term is added because the legions contained only Romans, while the consular armies had also auxiliaries.

duobus , Sc. proeliis. The battle was begun by Pansa, who was routed and mortally wounded, although the fatal character of his wound was not yet known at Rome; then the fortune of the day was retrieved by reinforcements led by Hirtius. Octavianus took no part in this engagement, but repulsed an attack upon the camp.

hostium , civium: Cicero's great point in the Philippics is to make out that Antony — like Catiline — is no citizen, but a public enemy. In the argument that follows he shows that the proposition of a supplicatio (see note, Cat. 3, sect. 15, p. 133, l. 19), which had never been decreed except for a victory over foreign enemies, endorses this view by treating Antony as a hostis.

hostium , summa pietas ; nefarium scelus , civium : observe the chiastic order.

hostem : the proposition seems to have studiously omitted calling Antony's troops enemies: this Cicero objects to.

vero , forsooth, marks the irony.

civium : if not hostes, they were, of course, cives, whom it would be impious to kill.

improbis (sc. civibus), criminals .

inquit : the mover of the proposition which Cicero is combating is supposed to retort that, though citizens, these are criminals, and that Cicero's sarcasm therefore misses fire.

clarissimus vir : P. Servilius Vatia, the proposer of the supplicatio, Caesar's colleague in his second consulship, B.C. 48.

quae , etc.: i.e. these words are appropriate not to soldiers in arms against the state but to civil offenders.

bellum , etc.: this is Cicero's statement of the real facts as opposed to his ironical suggestion in the preceding sentence.

infert , used of offensive war.

quattuor consulibus , i.e. besides the consuls, the two consuls elect, Plancus and D. Brutus.

unus , i.e. Antony.

gent , is actually carrying on.

suis cladibus , the evils he himself threatens.

Dolabellae facinus : Dolabella, Antony's colleague in the consulship, when on his way to the province of Syria, in February, 43, assaulted Smyrna by treachery, captured the propraetor of Asia, C. Trebonius (one of the conspirators against Caesar), and put him to death with indignities and torture.

hoc templo , i.e. that of Jupiter Capitolinus, where the Senate was now met (cf. Cat. 1, sect. 1 and note).

Parmensium : Parma had been captured by L. Antonius, and treated in the manner here described.

L. Antonius , the youngest brother of Mark Antony (cos. B.C. 41 ).

oblita , from oblino .

crudelitatem : the cruelty of the Carthaginians was proverbial—at least among their enemies the Romans.

capta , surrepta: observe the antithesis. Violence which was excusable in the case of a city taken by storm was, Cicero implies, disgraceful in the case of one taken by treachery.

hujus urbis , Sc. eum esse: urbis limits quid in the same sense in which coloniarum limits hostis.

explendas , replenishing.

latrocini , gang of robbers.

Saxa , L. Decidius: a Celtiberian by birth, originally a land surveyor, a creature of Caesar's and now of Antony's. The reference here is to a law of Antony, passed in the June preceding, for the establishment of colonies of veterans. In peritus . . . decempeda Cicero alludes to Saxa's humble origin and also implies that, in laying out confiscated territory, he habitually appropriated more than the forfeited area.

rumoribus , i.e. of the success of Antony's arms.

larem : the lar familiaris was the protector of the family, and especially of the hearth.

a quibus , from whom (not by whom).

decreverit , has moved.

omnino numerum , the total number .

cui , interrogative.

ut non , etc., without his being called.

an si quis , etc., equiv. to or, when, if any one had, etc., the Senate would have called hint imperator, shall we take away, etc.? The Latin expresses the thought by two coordinate interrogative sentences: appellaret senatus (with its protasis si quis occidisset) and adimemus (with its modifiers). In English it is more natural to make the first of these sentences subordinate. Cf. a similar construction in Manil. Law, sect. 58 .

quae increbuit : in the later days of the republic the title of imperator and the honor of a triumph were granted on much slighter grounds than in earlier times.

appellaret , would have styled (imperf. because of repeated action).

isti hostes domestici , i.e. the partisans of Antony remaining in Rome.

ovantem : evidently some informal demonstration of joy on the part of the citizens is referred to, in which Cicero, as a well-known champion of the Senate, was escorted to the Capitol to give thanks to the gods. Strictly the ovatio was an inferior triumph, sometimes granted by the Senate in cases when the proportions or circumstances of the victory, or the rank of the commander, did not warrant the supreme honor of a triumph (see note on p. 70, l. 17). The general did not wear the purple embroidered robe or the laurel crown, but the ordinary toga praetexta and a wreath of myrtle. Moreover, he walked, or (in later times) rode on horseback, instead of riding in a chariot.

meritis , masculine gender.

tu igitur , Sc. gloriaris.

dixerit , potential subjunctive.

gratiam non referri , that a favor should not be returned.

impietatis : the stories told charged Cicero with intended treason (see l.10), which would be impietas against his patria.

Parilibus : the Parilia or Palilia (April 21) was one of the most ancient Roman festivals, in honor of Pales, a goddess of flocks. This day was regarded as the anniversary of the founding of the city.

qui dies , etc., which occur this very day.

cum fascibus descensurum , i.e. was coming down to the Forum with the insignia of usurped power, as if to assume the throne.

hoc esse conlatum , that this [intention] was attributed.

ne quid : § 537, a, N. (319, a, N.); G. 553; cf. H.-B. 502, 3, a, footnote I

ut : if this word is retained, the expression is subj. of exclam.; § 462, a (332, c); G. 558; H. 559, 5(486, ii, N.); H.-B. 503, a; if omitted, a rhetorical question, § 444 (268); B. 277; G. 259; H. 557 (486, ii); H.-B. 503.

exsisterem , etc., should turn out of a sudden another Catiline: imperf., as referring back to the time when his enemies said "descendet"

quibus auspiciis : the whole Roman polity was based on the assumed approval of the gods, secured in every case by auspices (auspicia), taken by the proper authority. Only magistrates had the right to take the auspices (see note, Cat. 4, sect., p. 142, l. 4). The augur was not in any sense a magistrate, though he had the power of interpreting the auspices. Hence Cicero, though an augur, would be unable to take the first step to any usurpation of power. A technical obstacle like this would not stand long in the way of a modern usurper; but the stress here laid upon it illustrates the degree to which the peculiar formalism of the Roman religion had become worked into the Roman mind, and, further, the power that lay in this formalism to protect the institutions of the state.

augur , I, an augur (emphatic): i.e. an augur would know his science too well for such an attempt. This was the latest of Cicero's official honors received ten years before, and he fully appreciated the dignity of the priestly craft.

cui traderem : as the usurped authority would be illegal in its inception, so it could not be legally transferred to any successon

quemquamne fuisse : § 462 (274); B. 334; G. 534; H. 616, iii (539, iii); H.-B. 596.

fama , i.e. of Antony's success at Mutina.

illam curiam , i.e. the Pompeian: this was to the north of the Capitoline, and was the scene of Caesar's death (hence the term infelicem). Fig. 52 shows the famous coin struck in commemoration of the murder of Caesar.

furiis suis , their own madmen. The MSS. have viribus or juris: Klotz's conjecture partibus is adopted by Halm.

ad me , as being now the leading man in the state.

quasi , i.e. on the pretence that.

tyrannum : to the Romans rex and its Greek synonym tyrannus (τύραννος) meant a usurper or unconstitutional monarch against whom violence would be a virtue. A dictator, though his power was practically absolute, was not a tyrannus, since his office was held in accordance with the ancient laws of the commonwealth.

quae is object and res is subject of patefecit .

jam inde , ever since.

contionem : see Introd. to notes on Manil. Law.

declaravit , not by a formal vote, of course, but by spontaneous cries.

optatissimi nuntii , etc., i.e. of Pansa's victory at Bononia.

auxerit , added to my dignity.

male mecum ageretur (a common Latin idiom),! should fare hard.

parum . . . purgatus , i.e. if I needed any defence against so monstrous a charge.

jejuno animo et angusto , i.e. mean and small-souled.

id fecissem : § 592,3(341, d); B. 323; G. 628; H. 649, i (528, I); H.-B. 535, I, a; translate, to do as I had always done, [namely to] think, etc.

campus , etc.: observe this ancient use of a figure still familiar to us.

Crassus , the great orator, who died B.C. 91 (Introd., p. xxxvii).

utinam , etc.: Cicero by this wish expresses his own sentiments of generous rivalry towards some of his great contemporaries, now dead, and in the same breath characterizes their feeling towards him as in like manner generous and noble. He is thinking of such great citizens as Lucullus, Hortensius, and Catulus.

cum . . . cederem , when I myself was ready to yield to them.

principem , the first man in the state. When a Roman had held the consulship there was no higher political office in his reach, but as a member of the Senate he retained a dignified and authoritative position in the public counsels. The emulation here referred to by Cicero (contentione principatus, l.19) was for the first place among such men (hence consularium in 1.14).

hoc vero tempore , i.e. now, in the dearth of strong leading men like those just referred to.

quo . . . dolore , interrogative.

sententiam moderari , govern their views.

cursus , speed.

tu , though emphatic, does not here refer to a particular person: it merely addresses the whole opposing party as if it were a single individual.

optime sentiam : cf. male sentire (1.15).

ad me . . . fieri , etc.: best rendered by changing the construction, all good citizens gathering about me. This refers to such occasions as that of the gratulatio above (p. 246, l. 16).

nollem , I should regret that (i.e. I should be sorry if that were so): Cf. § 442, b (267, c) ; B. 280, 2, a; G. 26[, R.; H.-B. 519, 1, C.

optatius , i.e. than such a course of conduct on the part of the other side.

haec , i.e. —that I am the true champion of the people, and not those demagogues who are jealous of me. In this section Cicero makes an easy transition hack to the subject which he was discussing when he began to digress (at sect. 13), — the necessity of declaring Antony a public enemy and of honoring the generals for defeating him.

maxime , Sc. de nobis.

XIII Kalendas Januarias (December 20), the day when the third and fourth Philippics were spoken, — one in the Senate and one in the Forum, -declaring Antony a public enemy.

ex Kalendis Januarus , when, in the fifth Philippic, he urged that no negotiations should be had with Antony. The campaign against Antony may be said to have begun December 20 (see preceding note); but no active measures were taken until the new consuls entered upon their office on the first of January.

meis sententus , i.e. it was in consequence of Cicero's expressed opinion in the Senate that negotiations with Antony were broken off. It was on the question of sending an embassy (see note, sect. 4, p. 243, l. 7) to him that Cicero delivered the fifth Philippic. The embassy was sent on January I, but came to nothing, and the Senate then declared war.

illum , Sc. esse .

ut ego , just as I [thought].

huic , etc. [but] to this mere name, etc.

P. Ventidium , an officer of Antony's army. He afterwards gained some important successes over the Parthians, B.C. 38.

†volusenum : the manuscripts here are hopelessly corrupt.

discessionem , "division" (as in the English House of Commons); see general Introd., p. lvii.

voluissent : the presiding consuls could put a question to vote in the Senate—or not—at their discretion, since they alone were regarded as having the initiative in deliberations (see general Introd., p. lvii).

licuit , i.e. by the consuls (see last note).

verbis notari : spurious, and to be disregarded in translation.

sustulerunt , i.e. refused to put that question.

imprudens , without knowing it .

This and the following section give examples to prove Cicero's assertion that a supplicatio had never been decreed for victory in a civil war, that is, for victory over persons who were not hostes.

bellum Octavianum : see Cat. 3, sect. 24 (p. 137, l. 26) and note.

Servili : see note on p. 244, l. 9.

conlega , i.e. Julius Caesar.

de Alexandria : for a victory over the Egyptians; de Pharnace, son of Mithridates, King of Pontus (both victories, B.C. 47).

ob conservationem : see Cat. 3, sect. 15.

Gabinium : he had claimed a supplicatio, which the Senate steadily refused, for some successes against Arab marauders in Syria.

re , in effect; verbo , in so many words.

honoris amplissimi , i.e. the consulship.

alterum , i.e. consul; alterum , i.e. imperator.

a membris , etc.: Antony would not only cut their throats but treat their bodies with indignity, — as was, in fact, afterwards done in the case of Cicero.

With this section the formal eulogy begins. Sect , 25 is a transition from the argumentative part of the oration to the laudatory portion.

legione Martia : this was one of two legions that had gone over from Antony to the Senate the November previous. The other was the quarta, mentioned below (p. 251, l. 11).

alterum , referring to the second alternative (victoria se, etc.), according to the favorite Latin chiastic order.

beneficia , i.e. grants of money and assignments of land to Julius Caesar's veterans.

servassent , hod saved, i.e. had not, like some others, wasted their property and become reprobates (cf. Cat. 2, sect. 20 ).

viginti cohortibus , i.e. two legions.

tribus : in point of fact, Antony had only two legions engaged; but full particulars had not yet reached Rome, and Cicero appears to have thought that a third legion, the Alauda, which he had with him, took part in the fight.

huic , etc., dep. on imminentis (1.21).

aetas : Octavianus was now twenty years old, an age at which no person could regularly hold the imperium.

ejus nominis , that title (imperator ). This, though connected with the imperium, was not conferred with that power, but followed some important success in the field, being given by acclamation of the soldiers.

castra , i.e. the camp of Hirtius.

decerno , I propose: note that this word often does not mean decree, but is used of a single Senator, —vote or propose .

quinquaginta , an unprecedented number. A ten days' supplicatio had been decreed for Pompey's victories in Africa, and fifteen for Caesar's defeat of the Belgians.

est , it is due to.

fidei . . . declarare : § 343, c (214, d); B. 198, 3; G. 366, R.2; H. 447 (403); cf. H.-B. 340.

bello confecto : § 420 (255, d); B. 237, 2; G. 410; H. 489, I (43 I, I); H.-B. 421, 3; notice (he reference to future time.

conjungi , Sc. cum honore imperatorum.

omnibus , i.e. to all, both living and dead. To the living the full reward is due only on the completion of the war; to the dead, however, it can be paid at once by being given to their heirs (see the end of the decree, sect. 36 ).

victoribus , i.e. at the end of the campaign.

quam . . . secuti sunt , i.e. relying on which (the pledge of the Senate), they followed the cause.

consili sui , their course (i.e. their espousal of the cause of good order).

quibus , i.e. the living, whose silent presence is a reminder.

senatus sapientis : the Senate, as composed of the wisest citizens, would best appreciate the importance of encouraging patriotism.

occurrunt , suggest themselves .

placet . . . mihi , my proposition is (an almost technical use of the phrase: see Vocab.).

se abrupit : Cf. sect. 26.

Albam , sc. Fucensem: a town among the mountains, in the territory of the Marsi, which the Martian Legion took and held after revolting from Antony.

desiderat , has lost

in ipsa victoria , at the moment of victory.

vos : here he addresses the Martian Legion.

idem deus : Mars was not only the special patron god of Rome, but, being the father of Romulus, was regarded as the ancestor of the Roman race (hence urbem genuisse).

publice , i.e. by way of public eulogy.

bustis , burial-mounds. The bustum was properly the heap of ashes left after the body had been consumed with the rogris ; but the term was also applied to the mound erected on the spot where the body was burned. For an elaborate bustum, see the round tomb of Caecilia Metella in the view of the Appian Way (text, p.169).

senatum. . . judicare , indir. disc. depending on censeo (l. 7); in the decree it would be senatus . . . judicat

uti . . . constituat : in the decree this would depend on some word of commanding (like decernit) in the heading; hence it stands unchanged in Cicero's indirect statement.

alter ambove : the imperium of the two consuls was absolutely equal, and the power of neither was impaired by the special assignment of any duty to the other. Any such special assignment of functions was only made by mutual consent, and either had a legal right to interfere in the other's province. Of course, however, any such interference was regarded as unwarranted, and in practice the two colleagues either took turns in the administration or agreed upon a division of functions between them.

pulvinaria : see note on Cat. 3, sect. 23 (p. 137, l. 14). A supplicatio was one of the few religious rites of the Romans in which the whole people took part. The proper temples were opened and the gods symbolically served with a feast The citizens repaired to these temples and paid their individual devotions to the gods in peculiar forms of humiliation not ordinarily observed in the public sacrifices.

senatum . . . soluturum : here the statement returns to the form of the indir. disc., — in the decree, senatus . . solvet.

cum . . . caederent , concessive.

locandum. . . curent : see note on Cat. 3, sect. 20 (p. 136, l. 8).

si vivi vicissent , if they had survived their victory.