A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.
A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.
A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.
Elementary particle not affected by the strong force having a spin ½, a negative elementary charge and a rest mass of 0.000548579903(13) u, or 0.51099906(15) MeV.
A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.
Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Mycoplasma genitalium.
A carboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of a dicarboxylic acid monoester.
An unsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of any octadecanoid.
An octadecanoid anion anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of any hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid.
A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens.
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives
Any member of the class of benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone or its C-substituted derivatives.
Any trienoic fatty acid containing 18 carbons.
A reagent that lightens or whitens a substrate through chemical reaction. Bleaching reactions usually involve oxidative or reductive processes that degrade colour systems. Bleaching can occur by destroying one or more of the double bonds in the conjugated chain, by cleaving the conjugated chain, or by oxidation of one of the other moieties in the conjugated chain. Their reactivity results in many bleaches having strong bactericidal, disinfecting, and sterilising properties.
An octadecenoate in which the double bond is at C-9.
An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy and one of the phosphate OH groups as well as protonation of the amino group of glyphosate. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either α- or γ-linolenic acid.
Any polyunsaturated fatty acid anion carrying one or more hydroperoxy substituents.
a hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid
hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid anions
hydroperoxy-polyunsaturated fatty acid anion
hydroperoxy-polyunsaturated fatty acid anions
hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid anion
Any member of the class of ureas in which at least one of the nitrogens of the urea moiety is substituted by a phenyl or substituted phenyl group.
Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 °C (482 °F) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.
An alkanesulfonate in which the carbon at position 1 is attached to R, which can represent hydrogens, a carbon chain, or other groups.
An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).
An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to two other carbons (R4,R5 ≠ H).
A 5-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any diastereomer of jasmonic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.
A compound that, on administration, undergoes conversion by biochemical (enzymatic), chemical (possibly following an enzymatic step), or physical (e.g. photochemical) activation processes before becoming the active agent for which it is a pro-agent.
An atom of an element that exhibits properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals, or that has a mixture of them. The term generally includes boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium, while carbon, aluminium, selenium, polonium, and astatine are less commonly included.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of the amino group of any tertiary amino compound.
Any compound that can disrupt the functions of the endocrine (hormone) system
A Brønsted acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. Inorganic acids (also known as mineral acids) form hydrons and conjugate base ions when dissolved in water.
A jasmonate anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of (+)-jasmonic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
{(1S,2S)-3-oxo-2-[(2 Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl]cyclopentyl}acetate
Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0°C and 100 kPa).
Any carotenoid derivative with a ψ-end group.
Any carotenoid derivative with an β-end group
A cyclic tetrapyrrole anion that is the carbanion obtained by removal of the acidic proton from position 21 of any chlorophyll. Major species at pH 7.3
A cyclic tetrapyrrole anion obtained by removal of the acidic proton from position 21 as well as deprotonation of the carboxy group of any chlorophyllide. Major species at pH 7.3
{(1S,2S)-3-oxo-2-[(2 Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl]cyclopentyl}acetic acid
A chemical compound that causes a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the compound.
Any phenol that acts as an electron donor.
A ketone containing a hydroxy group on the α-carbon relative to the C=O group.
Any monounsaturated fatty acid containing 18 carbons and 1 double bond.
Any polyunsaturated fatty acid containing 18 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is 2-aminobutanoic acid which is substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy(methyl)phosphoryl group.
2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphoryl]butanoic acid
2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphoryl]butyric acid
A 2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphoryl]butanoic acid that has S configuration at position 2. A glutamine synthetase inhibitor, it is used (generally as the corresponding ammonium or sodium salts, known as glufosinate-P-ammonium and glufosinate-P-sodium, respectively) as a herbicide to control annual weeds and grasses.
(2S)-2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl]butyric acid
(2S)-2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphoryl]butanoic acid
(2S)-2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid
A 2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphoryl]butanoic acid that has R configuration at position 2. The enantiomer of glufosinate-P.
(2R)-2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl]butyric acid
(2R)-2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphoryl]butanoic acid
(2R)-2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid
An amino acid zwitterion resulting from the transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of (2R)-glufosinate.
4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl]-D-homoalanine zwitterion
An amino acid zwitterion resulting from the transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of glufosinate-P.
(2S)-2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid zwitterion
4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl]-L-homoalanine zwitterion
An organic anion resulting from the deprotonation of the phosphinic acid group of (2R)-glufosinate zwitterion.
4-(methylphosphinato)-D-homoalanine zwitterion
An organic anion resulting from the deprotonation of the phosphinic acid group of (2R)-glufosinate-P zwitterion.
(2S)-2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinato)butanoic acid zwitterion
4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl]-L-homoalanine zwitterion(1-)
An α-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group
Any agent that induces nausea and vomiting.
A molecular entity that can transfer an electron to another molecular entity.
A purine nucleobase found in humans and other organisms.
A molecular entity that can accept an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group from another molecular entity.
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.
A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.
A large group of antibiotics isolated from various species of Streptomyces and characterised by having a substituted phenoxazine ring linked to two cyclic heterodetic peptides.
An oxygen hydride consisting of an oxygen atom that is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms
The general name for the hydrogen nucleus, to be used without regard to the hydrogen nuclear mass (either for hydrogen in its natural abundance or where it is not desired to distinguish between the isotopes).
The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, arising from the deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n ≥ 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.
Any α-amino acid having L-configuration at the α-carbon.
A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of formic acid. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.
A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups while the other is substituted by a phenyl group which carries two unspecified groups at positions 3 and 4 of the phenyl ring.
Any N-acyl-amino acid in which the amino acid moiety has D configuration.
A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues.
A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3', 4', 5 and 7. It is thought to play an important role in the human body as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and an immune system modulator as well as being active against several cancers.
A fatty acid with a chain length ranging from C13 to C22.
A jasmonate ester that is the methyl ester of jasmonic acid.
methyl {(1R,2R)-3-oxo-2-[(2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl]cyclopentyl}acetate
3-oxo-2-(2-pentenyl)cyclopentaneacetic acid methyl ester
An acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes and other red fruits.
An optically active form of glutamic acid having D-configuration.
A nucleobase-containing molecular entity with a polymeric structure comprised of a linear sequence of 13 or more nucleotide residues.
An optically active form of glutamic acid having L-configuration.
A monoatomic monoanion resulting from the addition of an electron to any halogen atom.
An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms.
The simplest member of the class of benzoates that is the conjugate base of benzoic acid, comprising a benzoic acid core with a proton missing to give a charge of -1.
A sulfur oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of both OH groups of sulfuric acid.
An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.
A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. The commercially available fertilizer has an analysis of 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O).
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from phosphonic acid
A 2-aminopurine carrying a 6-oxo substituent.
An inorganic peroxide consisting of two hydroxy groups joined by a covalent oxygen-oxygen single bond.
Any organic cation that is an aglycon of anthocyanin cation; they are oxygenated derivatives of flavylium (2-phenylchromenylium).
Compounds having the structure RSR (R ≠ H). Such compounds were once called thioethers.
A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.
An α-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.
An aromatic hydrocarbon comprising two fused benzene rings. It occurs in the essential oils of numerous plant species e.g. magnolia.
The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.
A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.
A naturally occurring polypeptide synthesized at the ribosome.
A trisaccharide composed of α-D-galactopyranose, α-D-glucopyranose and β-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1→6 and 1↔2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl beta-D-fructofuranoside
Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from α-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc.
Any octanoid that is derived from jasmonate.
The parent compound of the 6-aminopurines, composed of a purine having an amino group at C-6.
A six-carbon aromatic annulene in which each carbon atom donates one of its two 2p electrons into a delocalised π system. A toxic, flammable liquid byproduct of coal distillation, it is used as an industrial solvent. Benzene is a carcinogen that also damages bone marrow and the central nervous system.
A mineral that is an inorganic nutrient which must be ingested and absorbed in adequate amounts to satisfy a wide range of essential metabolic and/or structural functions in the human body.
Any oligosaccharide, polysaccharide or their derivatives consisting of monosaccharides or monosaccharide derivatives linked by glycosidic bonds. See also http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001.
An aldehyde resulting from the formal oxidation of methanol.
The D-enantiomer of mannitol.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves.
A doubly-charged N-acyl-L-α-amino acid anion resulting from deprotonation of both carboxy groups of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid.
High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; DNA contain the genetic information of organisms.
The D-enantiomer of phenylalanine.
The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.
A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H).
A compound in which one or more of the OH groups of phosphoric acid have been replaced with an amino or substituted amino group. The term is commonly confined to the phosphoric triamides, P(=O)(NR2)3, since replacement of one or two OH groups produces phosphoramidic acids: P(=O)(OH)(NR2)2 , P(=O)(OH)2(NR2).
An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate.
A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
The conjugate base of propionic acid; a key precursor in lipid biosynthesis.
The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.
(S)-alpha-Amino-beta-phenylpropionic acid
Any substance that inhibits the process of ferroptosis (a type of programmed cell death dependent on iron and characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides) in organisms.
Any substance that induces or promotes ferroptosis (a type of programmed cell death dependent on iron and characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides) in organisms.
An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.
C18:2 9c, 12c omega6 todos cis-9,12-octadienoico
A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).
The D-enantiomer of aspartic acid.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.
A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.
A carbohydrate that is an acyclic polyol having the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nCH2OH (formally derivable from an aldose by reduction of the carbonyl group).
The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.
A common and naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleobase in which the pyrimidine ring is substituted with two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4. Found in RNA, it base pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription.
The simplest member of the class toluenes consisting of a benzene core which bears a single methyl substituent.
A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid.
A benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.
A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively on the phenyl ring.
(2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
(E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propenoic acid
A nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from nitric acid. Principal species present at pH 7.3.
Any compound that supports healthy aging, slows the biological aging process, or extends lifespan.
Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.
A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.
The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.
A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond (where X is a halogen atom).
Any glyceride resulting from the condensation of all three hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids.
A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.
A molecular entity that can transfer ("donate") an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group to another molecular entity.
A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of ethanol with carbamic acid. It has been found in alcoholic beverages.
A glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose.
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.
'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids.
A class of terpenoids formed in plants in response to fungal infection, physical damage, chemical injury, or a pathogenic process.
Any six-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldohexose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketohexose).
A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues.
[(2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl (2(2)R,17S,18S)-7-ethyl-2(1),2(2),17,18-tetrahydro-2(2)-(methoxycarbonyl)-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-2(1)-oxo-12-ethenylcyclopenta[at]porphyrin-18-propanoato(2-)]magnesium
(SP-4-2)-((2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl (3S,4S,21R)-9-ethenyl-14-ethyl-21-(methoxycarbonyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-phorbinepropanoato(2-)-kappaN(23),kappaN(24),kappaN(25),kappaN(26))-magnesium
An α-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.
A β-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1→4) linkages.
An iron group element atom that has atomic number 26.
Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.
An α-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.
That part of DNA or RNA that may be involved in pairing.
{(1R,2R)-3-oxo-2-[(2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl]cyclopentyl}acetic acid
(1R,2R)-3-oxo-2-(2Z)-2-penten-ylcyclopentanacetic acid
(1R,2R)-3-oxo-2-(pent-2Z-enyl)-cyclopentaneacetic acid
An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms.
A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of hydrogenphosphate.
A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom
Any herbicide composed of urea or substituted urea substructure.
hex-3-yne-2,5-diyl bis(methanesulfonate)
Any polyunsaturated fatty acid carrying one or more hydroperoxy substituents.
4-amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid
4-amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulphonic acid
A haloalkane that is bromoethane substituted by chlorine at position 2.
are a type of flavonoid pigments in plants. Anthoxanthins are water-soluble pigments which range in color from white or colorless to a creamy to yellow, often on petals of flowers.
A member of the class of ferulic acids that is cinnamic acid substituted by a methoxy and a hydroxy group at positions 3 and 4 of the phenyl ring.
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylic acid
A chlorophenoxyacetate anion that is the conjugate base of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.
Any unsaturated fatty acid carrying one or more hydroperoxy substituents.
An N-acyl-D-α-amino acid anion resulting from deprotonation of both carboxy groups of N-acetyl-D-aspartic acid. Major microspecies at pH 7.3.
A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.
A uridine having a bromo substituent at the 5-position.
An EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.19).
3-enol-pyruvoylshikimate-5-phosphate synthase inhibitor
3-enol-pyruvoylshikimate-5-phosphate synthase inhibitors
3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.19) inhibitor
3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.19) inhibitors
3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase inhibitor
3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase inhibitors
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibitor
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitors
phosphoenolpyruvate:3-phosphoshikimate 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-transferase inhibitor
phosphoenolpyruvate:3-phosphoshikimate 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-transferase inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
Any aminopurine having the amino substituent at the 2-position.
Any compound having 6-aminopurine (adenine) as part of its structure.
A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-C bond.
N-(2-chloroethyl)-N'-(6-chloro-2-methoxyacridin-9-yl)-N-ethylpropane-1,3-diamine dihydrochloride
N-(2-chloroethyl)-N'-(6-chloro-2-methoxy-9-acridinyl)-N-ethyl-1,3-propanediamine dihydrochloride
3-(diethylamino)-7-{(E)-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl}-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride
3-(diethylamino)-7-((4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)azo)-5-phenylphenazinium chloride
3-(diethylamino)-7-((p-(dimethylamino)phenyl)azo)-5-phenylphenazinium chloride
An N-acetyl-amino acid having D-configuration.
An L-amino acid having an N-acetyl substituent.
An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.
An N-acyl-amino acid that has acetyl as the acyl group.
Any N-acylamino acid having L-configuration.
L-Aspartic acid substituted at nitrogen by an acyl group.
An aspartic acid derivative that is aspartic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group is replaced by an acyl group.
A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a nitrogen atom, thus creating a C-N bond.
An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position
N-Methyl-N',2-dioxohydrazinecarboximidohydrazide 2-oxide
An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R ≠ H).
A member of the class of abscisic acids in which the double bond betweeen positions 2 and 3 has cis- (natural) geometry.
(2Z,4E)-5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-yl)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid
Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH3.
Any amino acid derivative that is the N-acetyl or O-acetyl derivative of an amino acid.
An organic group formed by removing one or more hydroxy groups from an oxoacid that has the general structure RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l ≠ 0). Although the term is almost always applied to organic compounds, with carboxylic acid as the oxoacid, acyl groups can in principle be derived from other types of acids such as sulfonic acids or phosphonic acids.
Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.
A univalent group ‒CnH2n+1 derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom.
Highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. It could also be used as a component of poison gases.
N-(4-{[(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid
N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid
Any purine having at least one amino substituent.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron.
A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
An L-α-amino acid which is L-aspartic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (asparagine, lysine, methionine, threonine and isoleucine). A closed class.
oxaloacetate/aspartate family amino acid
oxaloacetate/aspartate family amino acids
An α-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single α-amino substituent
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of aspartic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of aspartic acid by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing aspartic acid residues.
Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek αυξανω, "to grow").
A molecular entity having an available pair of electrons capable of forming a covalent bond with a hydron (Brønsted base) or with the vacant orbital of some other molecular entity (Lewis base).
Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any benzoic acid.
Any aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of benzene in which at least a single hydrogen has been substituted by a carboxy group.
Any quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of catechol, hydroquinone, or their C-substituted derivatives.
Any compound that produces a peak used as reference frequency in the δ chemical shift scale.
Any inorganic anion that is formally derived from boric acid. The term includes polymeric anions containing chains of BO3 structural units sharing one oxygen atom (e.g. di-, tri-, and tetraborates) as well as chains or rings sharing two oxygen atoms (e.g. metaborates).
A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing a hydrogen atom with a bromine atom.
Any haloalkane that consists of an alkane substituted by at least one bromine atom.
A diol that is a butanediol or a derivative of a butanediol.
Any ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.
The univalent carboacyl group formed by loss of -OH from the carboxy group of carbamic acid.
Any carbohydrate derivative that exhibits antibiotic activity.
One of a class of tetraterpenoids (C40), formally derived from the acyclic parent, ψ,ψ-carotene by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, cyclization, oxidation, or combination of these processes. This class includes carotenes, xanthophylls and certain compounds that arise from rearrangement of the skeleton of ψ,ψ-carotene or by loss of part of this structure. Retinoids are excluded.
A substance intended to sterilize any organism.
A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine.
Any haloalkane that consists of an alkane substituted by at least one chloro group.
Any organochlorine compound containing a benzene ring which is substituted by one or more chlorines.
A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any chlorophenoxyacetic acid.
A monocarboxylic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which at least one of the phenyl hydrogens is replaced by chlorine.
Any α,β-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid based on the cinnamic acid skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A group of metal atoms that are located in the periodic table between transition metals and metalloids.
An organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely (coenzyme) or tightly (prosthetic group).
An alkaloid that is a carbotricyclic compound comprising 5,6,7,9-tetrahydrobenzo[a]heptalene having four methoxy substituents at the 1-, 2-, 3- and 10-positions as well as an oxo group at the 9-position and an acetamido group at the 7-position. It has been isolated from the plants belonging to genus Colchicum.
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.
A polyol consisting of a cycloalkane containing at least three hydroxy groups, each attached to a different ring carbon atom.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of cysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing cysteine residues.
A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.
A herbicide which when sprayed or dusted on plants causes its leaves to fall off.
An azole that is either one of a pair of heterocyclic organic compounds comprising three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring.
Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.
A compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic. Aliphatic diols are also called glycols.
Any terpenoid derived from a diterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C20 skeleton of the parent diterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
Any substance which when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions. The term is generally accepted for a substance taken for a therapeutic purpose, but is also commonly used for abused substances.
A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.
A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.
An aliphatic sulfide in which the sulfur atom is bonded to at least one ethyl group.
A member of the class of flavonoid with a 2-aryl-1-benzopyran-4-one (2-arylchromen-4-one) skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A substance used to destroy fungal pests.
Compounds containing at least one furan ring.
Any hexosamine that is glucose in which at least one of the hydroxy groups has been replaced by an amino group.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing glutamic acid residues.
An L-α-amino acid which is L-glutamic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (glutamine, proline and arginine). A closed class.
An EC 6.3.* (C‒N bond-forming ligase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of glutamate—ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.2).
EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitors
L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitor
L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitors
glutamate--ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.2) inhibitor
glutamate--ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.2) inhibitors
glutamylhydroxamic synthetase inhibitors
EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glycine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO‒, RS‒, RSe‒, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively.
Any disaccharide in which the two monosaccharide components are connected by a glycosidic linkage between their anomeric centres.
A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context.
A defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a molecular entity.
Any organonitrogen compound containing a carbamimidamido (guanidino) group. Guanidines have the general structure (R1R2N)(R3R4N)C=N-R5 and are related structurally to amidines and ureas.
A halohydrocarbon that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by with a halogen atom.
A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.
A substance used to destroy plant pests.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element.
N,N,N',N',N'',N''-hexamethylphosphoric triamide
Any 6-carbon amino monosaccharide with at least one alcoholic hydroxy group replaced by an amino group.
Originally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds.
A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.
Benzenediols that have the hydroxy substituents in the 1- and 4-positions.
Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH−).
Any carboxylic acid with at least one hydroxy group.
Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.
Any benzoic acid carrying one or more phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring.
An α-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a carbon bearing one hydrogen and one organyl group. Secondary α-hydroxy ketones are also known as acyloins, and are formally derived from reductive coupling of two carboxylic acid groups.
Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.
Any flavone in which one or more ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy groups.
Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.
A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid in which the carboxylic acid specified is acetic acid.
Any indolyl carboxylic acid carrying an indol-3-yl or substituted indol-3-yl group.
Any compound containing an indole skeleton.
A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
A molecular entity that contains no carbon.
Compounds of structure ROOR' in which R and R' are inorganic groups.
Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.
A role played by a chemical agent which exhibits the capability of occupying space between DNA base pairs due to particular properties in size, shape and charge. Intercalation of chemical compounds in DNA helix can result in replication errors (shift, mutation) or DNA damages.
A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.
A molecular entity having a net electric charge.
Any lipid formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives.
Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.
The jasmonates (JAs) are a group of plant hormones which help regulate plant growth and development.
Any hexose containing a single ketone group.
Ketonic parent sugars (polyhydroxy ketones H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)[CH(OH)]mH) and their intramolecular hemiketals.
Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.
Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
An organosulfonic ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with the hydroxy group of an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol.
A 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate that is the conjugate base of methanesulfonic acid.
Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol.
A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with methanol.
mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors
mitochondrial electron-transport chain inhibitor
mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.
A molecule all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.
An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group.
A hydroxybenzoate carrying a single hydroxy substituent at unspecified position.
Any hydroxybenzoic acid having a single phenolic hydroxy substituent on the benzene ring.
Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.
Any fatty acid with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain and singly bonded carbon atoms in the rest of the chain. MUFAs have positive effects on the cardiovascular system, and in diabetes treatment.
An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.
An agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution.
Any benzenoid aromatic compound having a skeleton composed of two ortho-fused benzene rings.
A substance used to destroy pests of the phylum Nematoda (roundworms).
An epoxycarotenoid that is 6,7-didehydro-5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5',6'-epoxy-β,β-carotene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3, 3', and 5 positions.
An endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell.
A long-chain, unsaturated fatty acid anion formed by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any octadecadienoic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
Any straight-chain, C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid having two C=C double bonds.
A fatty acid anion 18:0 that is the conjugate base of octadecanoic acid (stearic acid). Stearates have a variety of uses in the pharmaceutical industry.
Any trienoic fatty acid having eighteen carbons.
Any member of the group of C18 monounsaturated fatty acids with the double bond located at any position in the chain.
A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the ω−3 position, i.e., the third bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.
Any organic ion with a net negative charge.
Any organic ion with a net positive charge.
An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.
An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom.
Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group
An alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound.
A solute used by a cell under water stress to maintain cell volume.
An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.
Any compound that has an aldehydic or ketonic group as well as a carboxylic acid group in the same molecule.
Any fatty acid anion containing at least one C-C unsaturated bond; formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety.
An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. −112°C) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.
p-N,N-di(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylvaleric acid
p-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylvaleric acid
A quinone in which the two oxo groups of the quinone are located para to each other on the 6-membered quinonoid ring.
A chemically diverse class of peptides that exhibit antimicrobial properties.
Strictly, a substance intended to kill pests. In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of phenylalanine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing phenylalanine residues.
Any organic aromatic compound with a structure based on a phenylpropane skeleton. The class includes naturally occurring phenylpropanoid esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins and many small phenolic molecules as well as their semi-synthetic and synthetic analogues. Phenylpropanoids are also precursors of lignin.
Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom.
H2P(=O)OH (phosphinic acid) and its P-hydrocarbyl derivatives.
HP(=O)(OH)2 (phosphonic acid) and its P-substituted derivatives.
A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.
photosynthetic electron transport chain inhibitors
photosynthetic electron-transport chain inhibitor
A toxin made by a plant that acts against an organism attacking it.
An endogenous molecular entity that results in a colour of an organism as the consequence of the selective absorption of light.
A chemical, natural or artificial, that can affect the rate of growth of a plant.
Any amino acid whose side chain is capable of forming one or more hydrogen bonds.
A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups.
Any fatty acid containing more than one double bond. Acids in this group are reported to have cardioprotective effects; and levels are lowered in chronic fatigue syndrome.
Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the α-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure.
Any alkali metal salt having potassium(1+) as the cation.
An α-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.
Derivatives of oxoacids RnE(=O)OH in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR. In organic chemistry an unspecified amidine is commonly a carboxamidine.
A nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from purine.
A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives.
A nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from pyrimidine.
cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione--benzene-1,4-diol (1:1)
p-benzoquinone--hydroquinone compound (1:1)
A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring ortho fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring.
Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.
Any compound with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton, in which nitrogen atoms replace carbon at positions 1, 3 and 5 of the core benzene ring structure.
Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess.
An α-amino acid which is biosynthesised from 3-phosphoglycerate (i.e. serine, glycine, cysteine and homocysteine). A closed class.
Any terpenoid derived from a sesquiterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C15 skeleton of the parent sesquiterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
An aliphatic monocarboxylic acid with a chain length of less than C6. If any non-hydrocarbon substituent is present, the compound is not normally regarded as a short-chain fatty acid.
An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.
An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion.
Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation.
An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid.
Any sulfur molecular entity that involves either covalently bonded or anionic sulfur.
Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.
A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.
A synthetic compound exhibiting auxin activity.
Any terpenoid which contains a keto group.
Any isoprenoid that is a natural product or related compound formally derived from isoprene units. Terpenoids may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the parent terpene. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group.
A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.
Any oxacycle having an oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) skeleton.
A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
Any terpenoid derived from a tetraterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C40 skeleton of the parent tetraterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms.
Any member of the class of benzenes that is a substituted benzene in which the substituents include one (and only one) methyl group.
Poisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal or plant.
Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions.
An element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell.
A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.
A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tryptophan at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tryptophan by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tryptophan residues.
A univalent carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid.
Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C or C≡C bond.
An epoxycarotenol that is 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5,6:5',6'-diepoxy-β,β-carotene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 3'. It is the naturally occurring xanthophyll pigment found in a variety of plants.
Any plant metabolite that is found naturally as a component of a volatile oil.
Any vitamin that dissolves in water and readily absorbed into tissues for immediate use. Unlike the fat-soluble vitamins, they are not stored in the body and need to be replenished regularly in the diet and will rarely accumulate to toxic levels since they are quickly excreted from the body via urine.
A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.
A neutral compound having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer).
An alkanesulfonic acid in which the alkyl group directly linked to the sulfo functionality is methyl.
A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.
A linolenic acid with cis-double bonds at positions 9, 12 and 15. Shown to have an antithrombotic effect.
(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid
9-cis,12-cis,15-cis-octadecatrienoic acid
cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid
cis-Delta(9,12,15)-octadecatrienoic acid
An N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation.
N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid
(2S)-2-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzamido)pentanedioic acid
N-[(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}phenyl)carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid
[(1aS,8S,8aR,8bS)-6-amino-8a-methoxy-5-methyl-4,7-dioxo-1,1a,2,4,7,8,8a,8b-octahydroazirino[2',3':3,4]pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-8-yl]methyl carbamate
A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.
A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.
A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee.
Any hydroxyflavone with a hydroxy substituent at position 3'.
A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).
A surfactant (or a mixture containing one or more surfactants) having cleaning properties in dilute solutions.
A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.
[methyl (3S,4S,21R)-9-ethenyl-14-ethyl-13-formyl-4,8,18-trimethyl-20-oxo-3-(3-oxo-3-{[(2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl)phorbine-21-carboxylatato(2-)-kappa(4)N(23),N(24),N(25),N(26)]magnesium
(SP-4-2)-((2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl (3S,4S,21R)-9-ethenyl-14-ethyl-13-formyl-21-(methoxycarbonyl)-4,8,18-trimethyl-20-oxo-3-phorbinepropanoato(2-)-kappaN(23),kappaN(24),kappaN(25),kappaN(26))-magnesium
An α-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.
alpha-Amino-beta-(3-indolyl)-propionic acid
A diamminedichloroplatinum compound in which the two ammine ligands and two chloro ligands are oriented in a cis planar configuration around the central platinum ion. An anticancer drug that interacts with, and forms cross-links between, DNA and proteins, it is used as a neoplasm inhibitor to treat solid tumours, primarily of the testis and ovary. Commonly but incorrectly described as an alkylating agent due to its mechanism of action (but it lacks alkyl groups).
The most important reserve polysaccharide found in plants. It is a glucan consisting of amylose and amylopectin.
An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.
A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in α(1→4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by α(1→6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of α(1→3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.
A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.
A glucan composed of unbranched chains of D-glucopyranose residues in α(1→4) glycosidic linkage. The number of repeated glucose subunits (n) is usually in the range of 300 to 3000, but can be many thousands. One of the two components of starch (the other, 70-80%, being amylopectin). Cf. linear maltodextrin, in which the chain length is typically between 3 and 17 glucose units.
Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.
A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.
An α-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.
A cyclic carotene with a β- and an ε-ring at opposite ends respectively.
A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.
A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.
A metal fluoride salt with a Na(+) counterion.
A ketohexose that is an isomer of glucose.
A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
4-{4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl}butanoic acid
4-(p-bis(beta-chloroethyl)aminophenyl)butyric acid
4-[p-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]butyric acid
N,N-di-2-chloroethyl-gamma-p-aminophenylbutyric acid
gamma-[p-di(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl]butyric acid
A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.
2beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-1beta-methyl-8-methylidene-13-oxo-4a,1alpha-epoxymethano-4aalpha,4bbeta-gibb-3-ene-10beta-carboxylic acid
A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.
A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.
The conjugate base of a fatty acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group of the corresponding fatty acid.
A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.
A methanesulfonate ester that is butane-1,4-diol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups are replaced by methanesulfonyl groups. An alkylating antineoplastic agent, it is used for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (although it has been largely replaced by newer drugs). It is also used as an insect sterilant.
An onium cation obtained by protonation of ammonia.
Any sugar having one or more alcoholic hydroxy groups replaced by substituted or unsubstituted amino groups.
A carboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of any dicarboxylic acid.
A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.
An α-amino acid that is glycine in which the α-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.
2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid
A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.
A divalent metal cation in which the metal is manganese.
An ion of copper carrying a double positive charge.
The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated.
A monoatomic monocation obtained from sodium.
A monoatomic monocation obtained from potassium.
A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.
Nucleus of the 3H atom.
The radioactive isotope of hydrogen with relative atomic mass 3.016049 and half-life of 12.33 years (from Greek τριτοσ, third).
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of phosphorous acid.
A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.
A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of two protons from ammonia.
A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.
A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is acetate where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
A hexitol produced by a variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, lichens and plants.
An α-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group
An α-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of D-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group
A dicarboxylic acid dianion that is the conjugate base of glutamate(1−).
An L-α-amino acid anion that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of the both the carboxy groups of L-glutamic acid.
An aspartate(1−) that is the conjugate base of D-aspartic acid.
An aspartate(1−) that is the conjugate base of L-aspartic acid.
An aspartate(2−) that is the conjugate base of L-aspartate(1−).
An aspartate(2−) that is the conjugate base of D-aspartate(1−).
A C4-dicarboxylate that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of aspartic acid.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of acetic acid.
Particle of zero charge, zero rest mass, spin quantum number 1, energy hν and momentum hν/c (h is the Planck constant, ν the frequency of radiation and c the speed of light), carrier of electromagnetic force.
An octadecadienoate with cis- double bonds at the 9- and 12- positions; the conjugate base of linoleic acid.
(9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, ion(1-)
(Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, ion(1-)
A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.
The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.
A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.
A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.
A C18, long straight-chain monounsaturated fatty acid anion; and the conjugate base of oleic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of indole-3-acetic acid.
A compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.
A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valeric acid; present in ester form as component of many steroid-based pharmaceuticals.
A linolenate that is the conjugate base of α-linolenic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
An α-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of alanine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An α-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of alanine.
A sulfur-containing amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of cysteine, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An optically active form of phenylalaninate having L-configuration.
An optically active form of phenylalaninium having L-configuration.
The D-enantiomer of phenylalaninate.
An optically active form of phenylalaninium having D-configuration.
An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of phenylalanine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An α-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of phenylalanine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
An α-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of glycine, arising from protonation of the amino.
An α-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of glycine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.
An α-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of glutamine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An α-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of glutamine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
An α-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of tryptophan, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An α-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of tryptophan, arising from protonation of the α-amino group.
An α-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of proline, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An α-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of proline, arising from protonation of the amino group.
An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one double bond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc.
A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.
A straight-chain alkane carrying 18 carbon atoms.
Any cyclic ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membered ring.
An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l ≠ 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
A biochemical role played by any micronutrient that is an organic compound. Vitamins are present in foods in small amounts and are essential to normal metabolism and biochemical functions, usually as coenzymes. The term "vitamines" (from vita + amines) was coined in 1912 by Casimir Funk, who believed that these compounds were amines.
Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans.
A particle not known to have substructure.
A monoatomic entity is a molecular entity consisting of a single atom.
An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands).
An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system.
Any substituent group which does not contain carbon.
Any substituent group or skeleton containing carbon.
A univalent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon.
Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having one free valence at a carbon atom.
A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
A nucleus is the positively charged central portion of an atom, excluding the orbital electrons.
Heavy nuclear particle: proton or neutron.
A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l ≠ 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond.
An anion consisting of more than one atom.
A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.
A substance (or active part thereof) that kills or slows the growth of bacteria.
A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow.
A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms.
An agrochemical is a substance that is used in agriculture or horticulture.
A fertilizer is any substance that is added to soil or water to assist the growth of plants.
An energy-rich substance that can be transformed with release of usable energy.
A substance administered to aid diagnosis of a disease.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal.
An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal.
Any p-block element atom that is in group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.
A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.
Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table.
Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.
An ester of a carboxylic acid, R1C(=O)OR2, where R1 = H or organyl and R2 = organyl.
An atom belonging to one of the main groups (found in the s- and p- blocks) of the periodic table.
A group derived from an arene by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom.
A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
Arylmethyl groups and derivatives formed by substitution: ArCR2‒.
A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons.
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of one of the two OH groups in phosphonic acid.
A bivalent group formed by removing two hydrogen atoms from a hydrocarbon, the free valencies of which are not engaged in a double bond.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element.
An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity.
The sulfur oxoanion formed by deprotonation of sulfonic acid.
An organic derivative of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon.
An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.
Organic derivatives of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon of an aryl group.
An amino-acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any α-amino acid.
Any main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table.
A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one ‒C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid.
Any carboxylic acid having a sulfur substituent.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.
Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only.
A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
A molecule that features two fused rings.
A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two, and only two, atoms in common. Such compounds have n common faces and 2n common atoms.
Acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, apart from the formal ones in aromatic compounds. The class olefins subsumes alkenes and cycloalkenes and the corresponding polyenes.
Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-carbon double bond.
Any acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, excluding aromatic compounds.
An aliphatic compound having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system.
A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekulé structure) is said to possess aromatic character.
Any monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
A mancude monocyclic hydrocarbon without side chains of the general formula CnHn (n is an even number) or CnHn+1 (n is an odd number). In systematic nomenclature an annulene with seven or more carbon atoms may be named [n]annulene, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom.
A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom.
An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element.
A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.
A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element.
Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.
A macromolecule formed by a living organism.
A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid.
A cation consisting of more than one atom.
An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position α to the carboxy group.
When two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide, the elements of water are removed, and what remains of each amino acid is called an amino-acid residue.
A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.
An amino-acid residue derived from an α-amino acid.
An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.
Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring.
A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (‒C=) and/or vinylene (‒CH=CH‒) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous π-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane π-electrons corresponding to the Hückel rule (4n+2).
An N-glycosyl compound that has both a nucleobase, normally adenine, guanine, xanthine, thymine, cytosine or uracil, and either a ribose or deoxyribose as functional parents.
A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.
An amino acid whose structure includes an aromatic ring.
Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.
An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system.
transition element coordination entities
A substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine, or produce other substances.
A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.
Any nutrient required in large quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. Macronutrients are usually chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur) that humans consume in the largest quantities. Calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium are sometimes included as macronutrients because they are required in relatively large quantities compared with other vitamins and minerals.
Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.
A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.
A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2].
A C15 terpene.
A C20 terpene.
A C40 terpene.
A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and, accordingly, is positively adsorbed at the liquid/vapour and/or at other interfaces.
A role played by a foreign substance mixed with or attached to a given substance to enable the distribution or location of the latter to be determined subsequently.
A role played by a part of a molecular entity distinguishable by the observer but not by the system and used to identify a tracer.
Any flavonoid that is a glycoside derivative of an anthocyanidin cation.
A substance which is structurally similar to a metabolite but which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization.
A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.
A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without modifying the overall standard Gibbs energy change in the reaction.
The zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group.
A derivative of ammonium, NH4+, in which one (or more) of the hydrogens bonded to the nitrogen have been replaced with univalent organyl groups. The substituting carbon of the organyl group must not itself be directly attached to a heteroatom (thereby excluding protonated amides, hemiaminals, etc).
Compounds (NH4+)Y− and derivatives, in which one or more of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent groups.
Cations of structure R2C=N+R2.
A polycyclic compound that contains more than one ring with at least two common atoms (also known as bridgehead carbons) that are adjacent to each other.
A polyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
Any drug that enhances the activity of the central nervous system.
Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene.
Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
Compounds having the structure RC(=NR)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic nomenclature to denote the ‒C(=NH)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids.
Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H‒[CHOH]n‒C(=O)[CHOH]m‒H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group.
An α-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of aspartic acid.
An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen.
A substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of infectious diseases.
A substance used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.
Substance intended to kill parasitic worms (helminths).
A substance used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations.
A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl− ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.
A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms involving the central nervous system.
A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function.
An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms.
A drug that has principally analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions. Non-narcotic analgesics do not bind to opioid receptors.
An agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function.
An addition compound contains two or more simpler compounds that can be packed in a definite ratio into a crystal. The term covers donor-acceptor complexes (adducts) and a variety of lattice compounds.
heterocyclic organic fundamental parents
organic heterocyclic fundamental parents
A drug that affects the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter or blood volume.
Any molecular entity that consists of a ring having (formally) the maximum number of noncumulative double bonds.
mancude-ring organic heterobicyclic parents
mancude-ring organic heterocyclic parents
A heterobicyclic aromatic organic compound comprising a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring; the parent compound of the purines.
A simplest member of the class of chromene in which the heterocyclic pyran ring has a double bond between positions 3 and 4.
A simplest member of the class of chromene in which the heterocyclic pyran ring has a double bond between positions 2 and 3.
A negative ion consisting solely of carbon and oxygen atoms, and therefore having the general formula CxOyn− for some integers x, y and n.
A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
A food additive that is used to added improve the taste or odour of a food.
Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.
A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.
A member of the class of naphthols carrying a single hydroxy substituent at C-1 or C-2. A closed class.
An agent used to treat cestode, trematode, or other flatworm infestations in man or animals.
Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.
A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter.
An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.
A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
An agent that suppresses immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-cells or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. In addition, an immunosuppressive agent is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to diminish the extent and/or voracity of an immune response.
A compound having a nitro group, ‒NO2 (free valence on nitrogen), which may be attached to carbon, nitrogen (as in nitramines), or oxygen (as in nitrates), among other elements (in the absence of specification, C-nitro compounds are usually implied).
An antimicrobial agent that destroys fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce.
Any member of the group of lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acid-derived group is attached.
A carboxylic acid anion formed when the carboxy group of a monocarboxylic acid is deprotonated.
A phosphorus oxoanion that is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid.
Compounds having the nitroso group, ‒NO, attached to carbon, or to another element, most commonly nitrogen or oxygen.
N-Nitroso amines, compounds of the structure R2NNO. Compounds RNHNO are not ordinarily isolable, but they, too, are nitrosamines. The name is a contraction of N-nitrosoamine and, as such, does not require the N locant.
Any antimicrobial drug which is used to treat or prevent protozoal infections.
A compound or agent that combines with lipoxygenase and thereby prevents its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of the icosanoid products hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid and various leukotrienes.
Any monocarboxylic acid which also contains a separate (alcoholic or phenolic) hydroxy substituent.
Any monocarboxylic acid having at least one additional oxo functional group.
Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R ≠ H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.
A compound derived from phosphane by substituting one hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbyl group.
Any carboxylic acid anion containing at least one oxo group.
A monosubstitution product of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.
Monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide HOOH, having the skeleton ROOH, in which R is any organyl group.
A substance used for its pharmacological action on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position, i.e., the sixth bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.
A chloroalkane that is ethane in which one or more of the hydrogens is replaced by chlorine.
An octadecenoic acid with a double bond at C-9.
A drug used to treat or prevent microbial infections.
Any monocarboxylic acid anion carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.
A biological macromolecule minimally consisting of one polypeptide chain synthesized at the ribosome.
A member of the class of chromenyliums that is chromene with a protonated oxygen.
A member of the class of chromenyliums that is chromenylium with a phenyl substituent at position 2.
An alicyclic ketone in which the carbocyclic ring structure forms part of a terpene skeleton.
A cyclic ketone in which the carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system.
Any alicyclic ketone that consists of a cyclopentane skeleton substituted by at least one oxo group.
Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of ‒CH= groups into ‒C(=O)‒ groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).
A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond.
Unsaturated C18 fatty acids and skeletally related compounds.
Hydroperoxy-octadecadienoic acids, formed in mammalian cells by peroxidation of linoleic acid.
Lepton is a fermion that does not experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek λεπτοσ (small, thin).
Baryon is a fermion that does experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek βαρυσ (heavy).
Particle of half-integer spin quantum number following Fermi-Dirac statistics. Fermions are named after Enrico Fermi.
Particle of integer spin quantum number following Bose-Einstein statistics. Bosons are named after Satyendra Nath Bose.
A subatomic particle known to have substructure (i.e. consisting of smaller particles).
Hadron is a subatomic particle which experiences the strong force.
A nucleus or any of its constituents in any of their energy states.
Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.
An ion consisting of more than one atom.
saturated heteromonocyclic parent hydride
saturated heteromonocyclic parent hydrides
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parents
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
mancude-ring organic heterotricyclic parents
A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.
A C18, straight-chain, unsaturated long-chain fatty acid anion and the conjugate base of its corresponding octadecatrienoic acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
A coordination entity in which the central atom to which the ligands are attached comes from groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of the periodic table.
Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives.
Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element.
An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.
A bicyclic compound in which all the ring atoms are carbon.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton.
An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond.
An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond.
A compound containing at least one carbon-bromine bond.
An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.
A polysaccharide composed of glucose residues.
Glycans composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'.
A substance administered to enhance contrast in images of the inside of the body obtained using X-rays, γ-rays, sound waves, radio waves (MRI), or radioactive particles in order to diagnose disease.
magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent
Any ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a ring.
A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid units.
An acid is a molecular entity capable of donating a hydron (Brønsted acid) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (Lewis acid).
A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.
Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements.
Compounds having two β-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X‒CH2‒CH2)2NR.
Any olefinic compound having two double bonds from one carbon atom to two others.
An alkene that is octadecane containing one double bond at unspecified position.
An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the ‒C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
An aldohexose that is the C-2 epimer of glucose.
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protein kinases.
A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.
A carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of at least one OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid.
A hormone that specifically regulates growth.
A plant growth regulator that modulates the formation of stems, leaves and flowers, as well as the development and ripening of fruit. The term includes endogenous and non-endogenous compounds (e.g. active compounds produced by bacteria on the leaf surface) as well as semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.
The L-enantiomer of mannitol.
A carbopolyclic compound comprising of three carbocyclic rings.
A drug used in the treatment of malaria. Antimalarials are usually classified on the basis of their action against Plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human.
A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units.
Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom.
Chlorophylls lacking the terpenoid side chain such as phytyl or farnesyl.
Any of a class of heterocyclic amines having a saturated five-membered ring.
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring in which two of the C-H fragments have been replaced by isolobal nitrogens (the diazine parent structure).
Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons.
A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.
respiratory electron-transport chain inhibitor
An EC 1.9.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1).
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitors
complex IV (mitochondrial electron transport) inhibitor
complex IV (mitochondrial electron transport) inhibitors
cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) inhibitor
cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) inhibitors
ferrocytochrome-c:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor
ferrocytochrome-c:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors
mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase inhibitors
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.
Any agent that affects the transport of molecular entities across a biological membrane.
Any hydroxyflavone carrying four hydroxy substituents.
Any dianion containing at least one carboxy group.
A compound having the nitro group (‒NO2) attached to a nitrogen atom.
A membrane transport modulator that is able to regulate intracellular calcium levels.
ryanodine-sensitive calcium channel modulator
ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel modulator
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of phenoxyacetic acid.
Substance which produces loss of feeling or sensation.
Substance that produces loss of consciousness.
Drugs that used to treat infestations by flukes (trematodes) of the genus Schistosoma.
Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.
A monocyclic arene that is benzene substituted with one or more alkyl groups.
Any sulfur oxoacid derivative derived from sulfurous acid.
A molecular entity capable of donating a hydron to an acceptor (Brønsted base).
A molecular entity capable of accepting a hydron from a donor (Brønsted acid).
A molecular entity that is an electron-pair acceptor and therefore able to form a covalent bond with an electron-pair donor (Lewis base), thereby producing a Lewis adduct.
A molecular entity able to provide a pair of electrons and thus capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid), thereby producing a Lewis adduct.
An N-nitro compound that is guanidine in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a nitro group. It can exist in distinct tautomeric forms, as 1-nitroguanidine (a nitroimine) or 2-nitroguanidine (a nitroamine); in both solid and in solution, the nitroimine form predominates.
Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a phenazine skeleton and derivatives.
A volatile or volatilizable chemical compound utilized for control of pests in buildings, soil, grain, as well as during processing of goods to be imported or exported to prevent transfer of exotic organisms.
Any chemical substance that inhibits the life-cycle of an organism.
Any saturated fatty acid lacking a side-chain.
Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure.
Any drug which can be used to prevent or alleviate glaucoma, a disease in which the optic nerve is damaged, resulting in progressive, irreversible loss of vision. It is often, though not always, associated with increased pressure of the fluid in the eye.
A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of phosphoric acid in which one of the three OH groups has been deprotonated.
A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16°C) with a high boiling point (230°C), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).
An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.
An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.
A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of dihydrogenphosphate.
A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.
A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.
In general, a mineral is a chemical substance that is normally crystalline formed and has been formed as a result of geological processes. The term also includes metamict substances (naturally occurring, formerly crystalline substances whose crystallinity has been destroyed by ionising radiation) and can include naturally occurring amorphous substances that have never been crystalline ('mineraloids') such as georgite and calciouranoite as well as substances formed by the action of geological processes on bigenic compounds ('biogenic minerals').
Any ether that contains more than one ether linkage.
A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition.
Any ether carrying a hydroxy group at unspecified position.
A hydroxyether that is ethanol substituted by a methoxy group at position 2.
A hydroxyether compound containing more than one ether group.
A polymer composed of repeating ethyleneoxy units.
Any ester resulting from the condensation of one or more of the hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids.
Anything used in a scientific experiment to indicate the presence of a substance or quality, change in a body, etc.
A chemical compound that can be excited by light of a specific wavelength and subsequently transfer energy to a chosen reactant. This is commonly molecular oxygen within a cancer tissue, which is converted to (highly rective) singlet state oxygen. This rapidly reacts with any nearby biomolecules, ultimately killing the cancer cells.
Organic derivatives of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon of an alkyl group.
Any member of the 'superclass' flavonoids whose skeleton is based on 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 2. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.
A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.
A substance used locally on humans and other animals to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity (cf. disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects, and antibiotics, which can be transported through the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria within the body).
An antimicrobial agent that is applied to non-living objects to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity.
A solvent that is composed of polar molecules. Polar solvents can dissolve ionic compounds or ionisable covalent compounds.
A polar solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) donor.
A solvent with a comparatively high relative permittivity (or dielectric constant), greater than ca. 15, and a sizable permanent dipole moment, that cannot donate suitably labile hydrogen atoms to form strong hydrogen bonds.
Solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) acceptor.
Self-ionizing solvent possessing both characteristics of Brønsted acids and bases.
Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l ≠ 0) by replacing =O by =NR; thus tautomers of amides. In organic chemistry an unspecified imidic acid is generally a carboximidic acid, RC(=NR)(OH).
A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.
An agent and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels.
Esters or salts of methanesulfonic acid.
A role played by a substance that can react readily with, and thereby eliminate, radicals.
Substance which binds to cell receptors normally responding to naturally occurring substances and which produces a response of its own.
Substance that attaches to and blocks cell receptors that normally bind naturally occurring substances.
Any drug that binds to but does not activate cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists.
Any L-α-amino acid carrying an N-acyl substituent.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.
An agent that binds to and activates excitatory amino acid receptors.
A drug that softens, separates, and causes desquamation of the cornified epithelium or horny layer of skin. Keratolytic drugs are used to expose mycelia of infecting fungi or to treat corns, warts, and certain other skin diseases.
A drug used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin.
A substance that can be converted into a vitamin by animal tissues.
An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*).
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitors
phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*) inhibitor
phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*) inhibitors
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
Any protective agent counteracting or neutralizing the action of poisons.
A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
Synthetic or natural substance which is given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.
A topoisomerase inhibitor that inhibits the bacterial enzymes of the DNA topoisomerases, Type I class (EC 5.99.1.2) that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. These bacterial enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing negatively, but not positively, supercoiled DNA.
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.2 (topoisomerase I) inhibitors
topoisomerase I (EC 5.99.1.2) inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
Mononuclear cations derived by addition of a hydron to a mononuclear parent hydride of the pnictogen, chalcogen and halogen families.
A univalent organyl group obtained by cleaving the bond from C-2 to the side chain of a proteinogenic amino-acid.
proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain groups
proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain group
Compound that increase urine volume by increasing the amount of osmotically active solute in the urine. It also increases the osmolarity of plasma.
Substance that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc.
An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position.
An EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3).
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitors
NADPH-dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors
dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) inhibitor
dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) inhibitors
tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase inhibitor
tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase inhibitors
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
A reagent with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between macromolecules, principally side chains of amino acids in proteins, allowing the locations of naturally reactive areas within the proteins to be identified.
A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues.
A product in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance.
A topoisomerase inhibitor that inhibits DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing), EC 5.99.1.3 (also known as topoisomerase II and as DNA gyrase), which catalyses ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands.
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) (EC 5.99.1.3) inhibitor
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) (EC 5.99.1.3) inhibitors
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) inhibitor
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.3 (DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)) inhibitor
EC 5.99.1.3 (DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)) inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
Biologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system.
Any molecular entity that contains carbon.
A role played by a chemical compound to induce direct or indirect DNA damage. Such damage can potentially lead to the formation of a malignant tumour, but DNA damage does not lead inevitably to the creation of cancerous cells.
A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.
A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.
A role played by a chemical compound in biological systems with adverse consequences in embryo developments, leading to birth defects, embryo death or altered development, growth retardation and functional defect.
A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit.
A role played by a chemical compound exhibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the liver in animals.
A role played by any chemical compound (natural or synthetic) exhibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the kidneys.
A poison that interferes with the functions of the nervous system.
An EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1), a kinase enzyme involved in phosphorylation of hydroxy group of serine or threonine.
ATP-protein transphosphorylase inhibitor
ATP-protein transphosphorylase inhibitors
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitor
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitors
BR serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 inhibitor
BR serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 inhibitors
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitors
cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor
cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitors
cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitor
calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitors
calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
casein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitor
casein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitors
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitors
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) inhibitor
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) inhibitors
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors
phosphorylase b kinase kinase inhibitors
protein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitor
protein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitors
protein serine-threonine kinase inhibitor
protein serine-threonine kinase inhibitors
protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitors
ribosomal protein S6 kinase II inhibitor
ribosomal protein S6 kinase II inhibitors
serine(threonine) protein kinase inhibitor
serine(threonine) protein kinase inhibitors
serine-specific protein kinase inhibitor
serine-specific protein kinase inhibitors
serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor
serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors
threonine-specific protein kinase inhibitor
threonine-specific protein kinase inhibitors
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
Thioxanthene and its substitution derivatives.
Compounds containing an aziridine ring that contains a quaternary nitrogen atom.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.
A drug that modulates the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context.
An organic molecule that is electrically neutral carrying a positive and a negative charge in one of its major canonical descriptions. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized; however the term is also applied to species where this is not the case.
Sulfate salts where the cation is a metal ion.
A substance, such as agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function, used for its pharmacological actions on GABAergic systems.
Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having two free valences at carbon atom(s).
A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the amino group of an amino acid.
An α,β-unsaturated ketone of general formula R1R2C=CR3‒C(=O)R4 (R4 ≠ H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the α,β position.
A ketone of general formula R1R2C=CR3‒C(=O)R4 (R4 ≠ H) or R1C≡C‒C(=O)R2 (R2 ≠ H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the α,β position.
Acridines which are substituted in any position by one or more amino groups or substituted amino groups. Note that the term 'aminoacridine' is the International Prorietary Name (INN) for 9-aminoacridine.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of methanol.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2S)-gluphosinate (better known as gluphosinate-P) and (2R)-gluphosinate.
rac-2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphoryl]butanoic acid
(2RS)-2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl]butyric acid
2-Amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid
3-Amino-3-carboxypropylmethylphosphinic acid
DL-2-Amino-4-(methylphosphino)butanoic acid
A biological role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biochemical context.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process.
A biological role which describes how a drug interacts within a biological system and how the interactions affect its medicinal properties.
A biological role relating to the normal mechanisms and their interactions within a living system.
Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a methyl group at position 5 of the indole ring.
A member of the class of butanediols that is butane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy groups.
The biological role played by a material entity when bound by a receptor of the adaptive immune system. Specific site on an antigen to which an antibody binds.
An antagonist at the A2A receptor.
A compound arising from loss of part of the carotene skeleton (excluding retinoids)
Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C double bond.
Any one of a large family of chemically related mycotoxins with a structure based on a sesquiterpene skeleton. The most important structural features causing the biological activities of trichothecenes are a 12,13-epoxy ring, the presence of hydroxy or acetyl groups at appropriate positions on the trichothecene nucleus and the structure and position of the side-chain.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of glycine.
A flavonoid oxoanion that is the conjugate base of luteolin, arising from selective deprotonation of the 7-hydroxy group.
A fatty acid anion with a chain length of C13 to C22.
A cyclic tetrapyrrole anion that is the conjugate base of chlorophyllide a arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A D-α-amino acid zwitterion that is D-phenylalanine in which a proton has been transferred from the carboxy group to the amino group. It is the major species at pH 7.3.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-phenylalanine; major species at pH 7.3.
A cyclic tetrapyrrole anion arising from deprotonation at the 21-position of chlorophyll a.
A 5-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of jasmonic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.
The conjugate base of an N-acetyl-D-amino acid.
Conjugate base of an N-acyl-L-aspartic acid.
A gibberellin carboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of gibberellin A3.
A cyclic tetrapyrrole anion that is the conjugate base of chlorophyllide b, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.
An organic anion arising from deprotonation of a cyclic tetrapyrrole compound.
An amino-acid residue protonated on nitrogen.
An organic phosphoric acid derivative in which one or more oxygen atoms of the phosphate group(s) has been deprotonated.
Any fatty acid anion obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxy group of a short-chain fatty acid (chain length of less than C6).
Any fatty acid anion in which there is no C‒C unsaturation.
Any saturated fatty acid anion lacking a carbon side-chain.
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anions
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion
An organic anion of general formula RS(=O)2O(−) where R is an organyl group.
A carboxylic acid anion arising from deprotonation of one or more carboxy groups of any gibberellin.
A substance used as an indicator of a biological state.
Any substance capable of eliciting an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein. Examples include dinitrophenols; oligosaccharides; peptides; and heavy metals.
Any fatty acid whose skeletal carbon atoms form an unbranched open chain.
A fatty acid anion formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid functional group of a straight-chain fatty acid.
Any member of the sub-set of polyunsaturated fatty acid for which there is an absolute dietary requirement.
Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units.
A reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the nucleophile) by accepting both bonding electrons from that reaction partner.
A reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the electrophile) by donating both bonding electrons.
Hydroxy boron compounds of general formula BxOyHz.
Conjugate base of an L-α-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group.
Zwitterionic form of an L-α-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
Zwitterionic form of a D-α-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
A carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of an N-acyl-L-α-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group.
The conjugate base of an N-acyl-D-α-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group.
A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.
A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.
Any anion arising from deprotonation of at least one OH group in a flavonoid compound.
An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of one.
A nickel atom having a net electric charge.
R = C or H. The iminium ion resulting from the protonation of one of the imine nitrogens of guanidine or its derivatives.
Zwitterionic form of any peptide where, in general, the amino terminus is positively charged and the carboxy terminus is negatively charged.
Any member of the class of herbicides whose members contain a phenoxy or substituted phenoxy group.
Any pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents such as drugs or vaccines while having few if any direct effects when given by itself.
Any substance that interacts with tubulin to inhibit or promote polymerisation of microtubules.
Any α-amino acid anion in which the parent amino acid has D-configuration.
A racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers.
Any amino sugar that is a monosaccharide in which one alcoholic hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group.
A class of diterpene formed in plants in response to fungal infection, physical damage, chemical injury, or a pathogenic process; they are sometimes referred to as plant antibiotics. Diterpenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing 20 carbon atoms and 4 branched methyl groups and are made up of isoprenoid units.
Any lipid carrying one or more hydroperoxy substituents.
Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part.
nucleobase-containing molecular entities
A dicarboxylate that contains four carbon atoms.
The cyclic tetrapyrrole anion that is chlorophyll b protonated to pH 7.3.
[methyl (3S,4S)-9-ethenyl-14-ethyl-13-formyl-4,8,18-trimethyl-20-oxo-3-(3-oxo-3-{[(2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl)phorbine-21-carboxylatato(3-)-kappaN(23),kappa(4)N(24),kappaN(25),kappaN(26)]magnesate(1-)
Any substance that interacts with tubulin to inhibit polymerisation of microtubules.
Zwitterionic form of a polar amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of cis-abscisic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
An alkanesulfonate in which the carbon at position 1 is attached to at least two hydrogens.
Any apo carotenoid sesquiterpenoid that is 3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid substituted at position 5 by a 1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-yl group and in which the acyclic double bond between positions 4 and 5 has E-configuration.
(4E)-5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-yl)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid
A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxy group of any member of the class of abscisic acids.
The dicarboxylic acid dianion formed from folic acid by loss of a proton from each of the two carboxy groups in the glutamic acid moiety.
A family of nitrogen molecular entities which are highly reactive and derived from nitric oxide (•NO) and superoxide (O2•−) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.
Any additive that enhances the efficiency of fuel.
Any compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.
An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280°C) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0°C; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100°C), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.
The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.
The chemical role played by a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by increasing its kinetic stability.
Any zinc ion that is positively charged.
A transition element cation where the metal is specifed as cadmium.
A carbohydrate derivative arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to an oxygen, carbon, nitrogen or sulfur atom of a separate entity.
The element or compound in a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction that donates an electron to another species.
A substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction.
Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds.
An EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1).
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitors
alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) inhibitor
alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) inhibitors
orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitor
orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitors
phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitor
phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a disaccharide.
A sulfur-containing amino acid whose α-carboxylic acid group is ionized (not protonated).
An aromatic amino acid whose α-carboxylic acid group is ionized (non-protonated).
A substance capable of undergoing rapid and highly exothermic decomposition.
Any compound that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Any fatty acid carrying one or more hydroperoxy substituents.
A fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of any hydroperoxy fatty acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety.
Any substance which is added to food to preserve or enhance its flavour and/or appearance.
A food additive that is used to change or otherwise control the acidity or alkalinity of foods. They may be acids, bases, neutralising agents or buffering agents.
A compound used to form the matrix for MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) mass spectrometry. MALDI matrix materials are crystalline compounds with a fairly low molecular weight, so as to allow facile vaporization, have strong absorption at UV or IR wavelengths (to rapidly and efficiently absorb laser irradiation), generally contain polar groups (enabling them to be used in aqueous solutions) and are frequently acidic (so assisting ionisation of the compound being studied, which is contained within the matrix material).
'matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization' matrix material
'matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization' matrix materials
An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of tryptophan; major species at pH 7.3.
A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.
An EC 2.1.2.* (hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1).
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitors
L-serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
L-serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) inhibitor
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) inhibitors
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor
An excitatory amino acid agonist which binds to NMDA receptors and triggers a response.
A food additive which is added to flour or dough to improve baking quality and/or colour.
An inorganic cation with a valency of two.
An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1).
Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage.
A group that carries an overall positive charge.
A group that carries an overall negative charge.
The role played by a substance in enhancing the appearance or odour of the human body; a name given to the substance itself or to a component of it.
An amino-acid residue carrying an overall negative charge.
Any substance that causes disturbance to organisms by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by the organism.
Any compound that inhibits cell division (mitosis).
An antiparasitic drug which is effective against Apicomplexan parasites in the genus Plasmodium. The genus contains over 200 species and includes those responsible for malaria.
A lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.33).
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitors
arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.33) inhibitor
arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.33) inhibitors
arachidonate:oxygen 15-oxidoreductase inhibitor
arachidonate:oxygen 15-oxidoreductase inhibitors
linoleic acid omega(6)-lipoxygenase inhibitor
linoleic acid omega(6)-lipoxygenase inhibitors
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
Any EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3).
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitors
heparin releasable hepatic lipase inhibitor
heparin releasable hepatic lipase inhibitors
hepatic monoacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitor
hepatic monoacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitors
pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase inhibitor
pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase inhibitors
post-heparin plasma protamine-resistant lipase inhibitor
post-heparin plasma protamine-resistant lipase inhibitors
salt-resistant post-heparin lipase inhibitor
salt-resistant post-heparin lipase inhibitors
triacylglycerol ester hydrolase inhibitor
triacylglycerol ester hydrolase inhibitors
triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) inhibitor
triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) inhibitors
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
An antagonist at the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonists
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
A carbohydrate derivative that is any derivative of a polysaccharide.
Substances which are added to food in order to prevent decomposition caused by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.
A food preservative which prevents decomposition of food by preventing the growth of fungi or bacteria. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food preservatives are from E200 to E299, divided into sorbates (E200-209), benzoates (E210-219), sulfites (E220-229), phenols and formates (E230-239), nitrates (E240-259), acetates (E260-269), lactates (E270-279), propionates (E280-289) and others (E290-299).
A compound that inhibits the action of γ-aminobutyric acid.
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonists
Any dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of alanine; major species at pH 7.3.
Any compound used for the treatment of eye conditions or eye diseases.
An N-acyl-L-α-amino acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any folic acid.
An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy and one of the phosphate OH groups of glyphosate.
Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
A chemosterilant intended to sterilize insects.
A ryanodine receptor modulator which activates the receptor. Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) act as selective ion channels, modulating the release of calcium. Activating the receptors causes the release of calcium, so depleting internal calcium and ultimately preventing further muscle contraction.
A molecule that can substitute for a normal nucleobase in nucleic acids.
A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.
Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
Any substance that inhibits the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
Any substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
A flavone C-glycoside that is luteolin attached to a disaccharide residue at position 6. It has been isolated from natural product Petrorhagia velutina and Zea mays and exhibits insecticidal and neuroprotective activities.
An EC 5.99.1.* (miscellaneous isomerase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any of the topoisomerases (enzymes that regulate the overwinding or underwinding of DNA).
An antagonist at any adenosine receptor.
An enzyme inhibitor that inhibits the action of a transferase (EC 2.*)
An EC 2.3.1.* (acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of fatty acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.85), a multi-enzyme protein involved in fatty acid synthesis.
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitors
acyl-CoA:malonyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating, oxoacyl- and enoyl-reducing and thioester-hydrolysing) inhibitor
acyl-CoA:malonyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating, oxoacyl- and enoyl-reducing and thioester-hydrolysing) inhibitors
fatty acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.85) inhibitor
fatty acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.85) inhibitors
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor
Any organic molecular entity whose stucture is based on derivatives of a phenyl-substituted 1-phenylpropane possessing a C15 or C16 skeleton, or such a structure which is condensed with a C6-C3 lignan precursors. The term is a 'superclass' comprising all members of the classes of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, neoflavonoid, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, aurones, pterocarpan, coumestans, rotenoid, flavonolignan, homoflavonoid and flavonoid oligomers. Originally restricted to natural products, the term is also applied to synthetic compounds related to them.
Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.
Any organic cation that consists of a chromenylium skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.
Any polyunsaturated fatty acid that contains three double bonds.
An EC 1.11.1.* (peroxidases) inhibitor that inhibits the action of L-ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11).
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitors
L-ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) inhibitor
L-ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) inhibitors
L-ascorbate:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase inhibitor
L-ascorbate:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase inhibitors
L-ascorbic acid-specific peroxidase inhibitor
L-ascorbic acid-specific peroxidase inhibitors
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor
An agonist that binds to and activates abscisic acid receptors.
An L-α-amino acid which is biosynthesised from erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate (i.e. phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). A closed class.
erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid
erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acids
erythrose 4-phosphate family amino acids
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acids
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid
An antimetabolite that impairs the action of folic acids
A compound that causes the contraction of body tissues, typically used to reduce bleeding from minor abrasions.
Any oligosaccharide that has a biosynthetic pathway in common with that of raffinose.
An EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any of the peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.*).
An enzyme inhibitor that inhibits the action of an isomerase (EC 5.*.*.*).
A ligase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a C‒N bond-forming ligase (EC 6.3.*.*).
C-N bond-forming ligase (EC 6.3.*) inhibitor
C-N bond-forming ligase (EC 6.3.*) inhibitors
EC 6.3.* (C-N bond-forming ligase) inhibitorS
EC 6.3.* (C-N bond-forming ligase) inhibitor
Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a ligase (EC 6.*.*.*). Ligases are enzymes that catalyse the joining of two molecules with concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in eukaryotes, the taxon that include members of the fungi, plantae and animalia kingdoms.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in animals that include diverse creatures from sponges, insects to mammals.
Any animal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in mammals.
Any member of the group of eight water-soluble vitamins originally thought to be a single compound (vitamin B) that play important roles in cell metabolism. The group comprises of vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12 (Around 20 other compounds were once thought to be B vitamins but are no longer classified as such).
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ).
Saccharomyces cerevisiae secondary metabolites
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in prokaryotes, the taxon that include members of domains such as the bacteria and archaea.
A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57°C and the monohydrate at 65°C.
An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any aromatic amino-acid.
Any metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound.
A gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range, so contributing to the 'greenhouse effect'.
A compressed gas or liquid with a boiling point lower than room temperature which to used to propel and dispense liquids such as deodorants, insecticides, paints, etc. from aerosol cans.
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in marine macro- and microorganisms.
A nitroso compound that is any urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group
Any unsaturated fatty acid anion containing more than one C-C unsaturated bond. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any glycerolipid that is glycerol bearing three substituent groups - either acyl, alkyl, or alk-1-enyl at each of the three possible positions.
Any protective agent that is able to prevent damage to the kidney.
A transferase inhibitor inhibiting the action of transferase of a one-carbon-containing group (EC 2.1.*.*).
one-carbon-containing group transferase inhibitor
one-carbon-containing group transferase inhibitors
A transferase inhibitor that interferes with the action of an acyltransferase (EC 2.3.*.*).
A transferase inhibitor that inhibits the transfer of an alkyl (other than methyl) or aryl group (EC 2.5.1.*).
EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitors
alkyl/aryl (non-methyl) transferase inhibitor
alkyl/aryl (non-methyl) transferase inhibitors
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase (EC 2.5.1.*) inhibitor
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase (EC 2.5.1.*) inhibitors
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase inhibitor
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase inhibitors
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase inhibitor
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor
A transferase inhibitor that inhibits the action of a phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*.*).
EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitors
EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitor
EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitors
phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitor
phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitors
phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitor
phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitors
EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor
An isomerase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any member of the group of 'other isomerases' (EC 5.99.*.*).
EC 5.99.* (miscellaneous isomerases) inhibitor
EC 5.99.* (miscellaneous isomerases) inhibitors
An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase (EC 1.*.*.*).
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-OH group of donors (EC 1.1.*.*).
EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donor
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donors
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donor
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group (EC 1.1.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group (EC 1.1.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group inhibitors
EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-NH group of donors (EC 1.5.*.*).
EC 1.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group) inhibitors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donor
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donors
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donor
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group (EC 1.5.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group (EC 1.5.*) inhibitors
EC 1.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase of class EC 1.8.*.* (acting on a sulfur group of donors).
EC 1.8.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on a sulfur group of donors (EC 1.8.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on a sulfur group of donors (EC 1.8.*) inhibitors
EC 1.8.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors (EC 1.9.*.*).
EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors) inhibitor
EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors) inhibitors
EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors (EC 1.9.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors (EC 1.9.*) inhibitors
EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*.*).
EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitors
EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitor
EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitors
EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases), EC 1.13.*.*.
EC 1.13.* [oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)] inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) (EC 1.13.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) (EC 1.13.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) inhibitors
EC 1.13.* [oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)] inhibitor
Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase (EC 3.*.*.*).
A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*.*).
Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds (EC 3.5.*.*).
EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitor
EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitors
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitor
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitors
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitors
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor
An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*).
EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitors
carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitor
carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitors
EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor
An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*).
EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitors
inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase
inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*)
inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase
inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*)
phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitor
phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitors
phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitor
phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor
An EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*).
EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitors
non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitor
non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitors
EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*).
EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitors
protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*) inhibitor
protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*) inhibitors
protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitor
EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor
An EC 6.3.* (C‒N bond-forming ligase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any acid-ammonia (or amine) ligase (EC 6.3.1.*).
EC 6.3.1.* (acid-ammonia/amine ligase) inhibitors
acid-ammonia (or amine) ligase inhibitor
acid-ammonia (or amine) ligase inhibitors
EC 6.3.1.* (acid-ammonia/amine ligase) inhibitor
An EC 5.99.* (other isomerases) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of any enzyme in the EC 5.99.1.* class.
EC 5.99.1.* (miscellaneous isomerase) inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.* (miscellaneous isomerase) inhibitor
An EC 2.5.* (transferase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of any transferase that transfers an alkyl (other than methyl) or aryl group (EC 2.5.*).
EC 2.5.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitors
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase (EC 2.5.*) inhibitor
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase (EC 2.5.*) inhibitors
EC 2.5.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor
An EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitor that uses NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*).
EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+)acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*) inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.13.* [oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)] inhibitor that inhibits the action of any oxidoreductase incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen (EC 1.13.11.*).
EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 O atoms) inhibitors
EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen) inhibitor
EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen (EC 1.13.11.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen (EC 1.13.11.*) inhibitors
EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 O atoms) inhibitor
An EC 1.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor (EC 1.5.1.*).
EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.5.1.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.5.1.*) inhibitors
EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.8.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor (EC 1.8.1.*).
EC 1.8.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.8.1.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.8.1.*) inhibitors
EC 1.8.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.9.3.*).
EC 1.9.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.9.3.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.9.3.*) inhibitors
EC 1.9.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 2.1.* (C1-transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase (EC 2.1.2.*).
EC 2.1.2.* (hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases) inhibitors
hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases (EC 2.1.2.*) inhibitor
hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases (EC 2.1.2.*) inhibitors
EC 2.1.2.* (hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases) inhibitor
An EC 2.3.* (acyltransferase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of any acyltransferase transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups (EC 2.3.1.*).
EC 2.3.1.* (acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group) inhibitors
acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group EC 2.3.1.* inhibitor
acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group EC 2.3.1.* inhibitors
EC 2.3.1.* (acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group) inhibitor
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
An enzyme inhibitor that interferes with one or more steps in a metabolic pathway.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds.
Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in the mould, Aspergillus .
Any human metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in humans.
Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria.
Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
A food additive that imparts colour to food. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food colours are from E 100 to E 199, divided into yellows (E 100-109), oranges (E 110-119), reds (E 120-129), blues and violets (E 130-139), greens (E 140-149), browns and blacks (E 150-159), and others (E 160-199).
Any protective agent that is able to prevent damage to the heart.
An EC 1.8.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of trypanothione-disulfide reductase (EC 1.8.1.12).
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitors
N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine reductase inhibitor
N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine reductase inhibitors
NADPH2:trypanothione oxidoreductase inhibitor
NADPH2:trypanothione oxidoreductase inhibitors
NADPH:trypanothione oxidoreductase inhibitor
NADPH:trypanothione oxidoreductase inhibitors
trypanothione-disulfide reductase (EC 1.8.1.12) inhibitor
trypanothione-disulfide reductase (EC 1.8.1.12) inhibitors
trypanothione:NADP(+) oxidoreductase inhibitor
trypanothione:NADP(+) oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD+ or NADP+ acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of shikimate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.25).
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitors
shikimate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.25) inhibitor
shikimate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.25) inhibitors
shikimate:NADP(+) 3-oxidoreductase inhibitor
shikimate:NADP(+) 3-oxidoreductase inhibitors
shikimate:NADP(+) 5-oxidoreductase inhibitor
shikimate:NADP(+) 5-oxidoreductase inhibitors
shikimate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase inhibitor
shikimate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of amidase (EC 3.5.1.4).
An antioxidant that used as a food additives to help guard against food deterioration.
A substance added to powdered or granulated materials in order to prevent the formation of lumps and so facilitate its packaging or transport.
An anticaking agent that is used to reduced the tendency of particles of food to adhere to one another.
A food additive that is used to preserve the structure of food.
A compound that is used to keep a substance moist.
A humectant that is used as a food additive to prevent foodstuffs from drying out.
A food additive that is used to increase the viscosity of foodstuffs.
A food additive that is a (generally inert) gas which is used to envelop foodstuffs during packing and so protect them from unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation during subsequent transport and storage. The term includes propellant gases, used to expel foods from a container.
A food additive that contributes to the bulk of a food without significantly contributing to its available energy value.
A food additive that intensifies, retains or stabilises the colour of a food.
A propellant that is used to expel foods from an aerosol container.
A fatty acid anion containing 18 carbons and one double bond. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 3 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 18 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
A physiological role played by any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants.
Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
A substance used in a thermodynamic heat pump cycle or refrigeration cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Refrigerants are used in air-conditioning systems and freezers or refrigerators and are assigned a "R" number (by ASHRAE - formerly the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers), which is determined systematically according to their molecular structure.
Any EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1 ).
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitors
Any compound that causes severe skin, eye and mucosal pain and irritation.
An amino acid-zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any α-amino acid; major species at pH 7.3.
Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation.
carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives
Any metabolite produced by all living cells.
Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond.
A monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon of the carboxy group is directly attached to a C=C or C≡C bond.
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acids
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
An EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of mitogen-activated protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.24).
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKK-activated) inhibitor
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKK-activated) inhibitors
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitors
extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor
extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitors
microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase inhibitor
microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase inhibitors
microtubule-associated protein kinase inhibitor
microtubule-associated protein kinase inhibitors
mitogen-activated protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.24) inhibitor
mitogen-activated protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.24) inhibitors
mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor
mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors
p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor
p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors
stress-activated protein kinase inhibitor
stress-activated protein kinase inhibitors
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
Any compound that is added to manufactured materials to inhibit, suppress, or delay the production of flames and so prevent the spread of fire.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of three.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of two.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of one.
A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.
An elemental molecular entity in which all of the atoms have atomic number 26.
Any unsaturated fatty acid anion with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain.
A Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia galeata.
An animal metabolite produced by arthropods such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps and krill.
A Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia magna.
A crustacean metabolite produced by the genus of small planktonic arthropods, Daphnia
Any C-glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a flavone skeleton, thus creating a C-C bond.
An ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol with an organosulfonic acid.
A cyclic tetrapyrrole anion arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group and the C-21 posiiton of chlorophyllide a. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
A cyclic tetrapyrrole anion that is derived from chlorophyllide b via deprotonation of the carboxy group and formation of a carbide ion. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
An organosulfate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group of any alkyl sulfate; major species at pH 7.3.
Any alkane having a chain length of at least 13 carbon atoms.
Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.
Any derivative of a non-proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group or carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.
non-proteinogenic amino-acid derivatives
Any of the 23 α-amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. The group includes the 20 amino acids encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes together with selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and N-formylmethionine. Apart from glycine, which is non-chiral, all have L configuration.
Any amino-acid that is not naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism.
Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues.
Any L-α-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.
Any α-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.
A fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 2-saturated fatty acid.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-aspartic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-aspartic acid by a heteroatom.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-glutamic acid by a heteroatom.
Any metabolite (endogenous or exogenous) found in human urine samples.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-phenylalanine by a heteroatom.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-phenylalanine by a heteroatom.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in algae including unicellular organisms like chlorella and diatoms to multicellular organisms like giant kelps and brown algae.
Any cosmetic used to lighten the colour of skin by reducing the concentration of melanin.
Any metabolite (endogenous or exogenous) found in human blood serum samples.
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in rat (Rattus norvegicus).
Any antifungal agent used to prevent or treat fungal infections in humans or animals.
A metal sulfate in which the metal component is manganese in the +2 oxidation state.
A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.
Any metal which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
Any drug which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
An EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.
A drug that acts as an antagonist, agonist, reverse agonist, or in some other fashion when interacting with cellular receptors.
A carboxylic acic anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any aromatic carboxylic acid. Major species at pH 7.3.