The Population and Community Ontology (PCO) is licensed under a Creative Commons zero (CC0) license - http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. We ask that anyone using this ontology follow the standards of the scientific ontology community by re-using ontology identifiers whenever possible and properly citing the ontology and its creators.
Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification.
Really of interest to developers only
BFO OWL specification label
Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2
BFO CLIF specification label
editor preferred term
The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English)
PERSON:Daniel Schober
example
A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not
example of usage
in branch
An annotation property indicating which module the terms belong to. This is currently experimental and not implemented yet.
has curation status
PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON:Bill Bug
PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
editor note
An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
term editor
Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=115.
alternative term
An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent)
definition source
formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
has obsolescence reason
Relates an annotation property to an obsolescence reason. The values of obsolescence reasons come from a list of predefined terms, instances of the class obsolescence reason specification.
curator note
An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user
is denotator type
relates an class defined in an ontology, to the type of it's denotator
In OWL 2 add AnnotationPropertyRange('is denotator type' 'denotator type')
imported from
For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported
expand expression to
ObjectProperty: RO_0002104 Label: has plasma membrane part Annotations: IAO_0000424 "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.org/obo/owl/GO#GO_0005886 and http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y)"
A macro expansion tag applied to an object property (or possibly a data property) which can be used by a macro-expansion engine to generate more complex expressions from simpler ones
expand assertion to
ObjectProperty: RO??? Label: spatially disjoint from Annotations: expand_assertion_to "DisjointClasses: (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?X) (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y)"
A macro expansion tag applied to an annotation property which can be expanded into a more detailed axiom.
Chris Mungall
first order logic expression
antisymmetric property
part_of antisymmetric property xsd:true
use boolean value xsd:true to indicate that the property is an antisymmetric property
Alan Ruttenberg
OBO foundry unique label
An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry.
The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools .
PERSON:Bjoern Peters
PERSON:Chris Mungall
GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/>
Ontology: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/idrange/> Annotations: 'has ID prefix': "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_" 'has ID digit count' : 7, rdfs:label "RO id policy" 'has ID policy for': "RO"
Relates an ontology used to record id policy to the number of digits in the URI. The URI is: the 'has ID prefix" annotation property value concatenated with an integer in the id range (left padded with "0"s to make this many digits)
has ID digit count
Datatype: idrange:1 Annotations: 'has ID range allocated to': "Chris Mungall" EquivalentTo: xsd:integer[> 2151 , <= 2300]
Relates a datatype that encodes a range of integers to the name of the person or organization who can use those ids constructed in that range to define new terms
has ID range allocated to
Relating an ontology used to record id policy to the ontology namespace whose policy it manages
Relates an ontology used to record id policy to a prefix concatenated with an integer in the id range (left padded with "0"s to make this many digits) to construct an ID for a term being created.
has ID prefix
elucidation
person:Alan Ruttenberg
Person:Barry Smith
Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms
has associated axiom(nl)
Person:Alan Ruttenberg
An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language
has associated axiom(fol)
An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax
is allocated id range
Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology
Relates an ontology IRI to an (inclusive) range of IRIs in an OBO name space. The range is give as, e.g. "IAO_0020000-IAO_0020999"
has axiom id
A URI that is intended to be unique label for an axiom used for tracking change to the ontology. For an axiom expressed in different languages, each expression is given the same URI
has axiom label
term replaced by
Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute
temporal interpretation
If Rel is the relational form of a process Pr, then it follow that: Rel(x,y) <-> exists p : Pr(p), x subject-partner-in p, y object-partner-in p
is asymmetric relational form of process class
If Rel is the relational form of a process Pr, then it follow that: Rel(x,y) <-> exists p : Pr(p), x partner-in p, y partner-in p
is symmetric relational form of process class
A metadata relation between a class and its taxonomic rank (eg species, family)
This is an abstract class for use with the NCBI taxonomy to name the depth of the node within the tree. The link between the node term and the rank is only visible if you are using an obo 1.3 aware browser/editor; otherwise this can be ignored
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
realized in
this disease is realized in this disease course
this fragility is realized in this shattering
this investigator role is realized in this investigation
is realized by
realized_in
[copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
realizes
this disease course realizes this disease
this investigation realizes this investigator role
this shattering realizes this fragility
to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
occurs in
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
occurs_in
unfolds in
unfolds_in
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
site of
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
contains process
inheres in
this fragility inheres in this vase
this red color inheres in this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists.
inheres_in
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process).
A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants.
is concretized as
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.
concretizes
this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme
a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
function_of
is function of
function of
this red color is a quality of this apple
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
is quality of
quality_of
quality of
this investigator role is a role of this person
a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
is role of
role_of
role of
this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
has_function
has function
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has_quality
has quality
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
has_role
has role
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has disposition
disposition of
this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division)
this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'.
derives_from
derives from
this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division)
this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'.
derives_into
derives into
is location of
my head is the location of my brain
this cage is the location of this rat
a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
location_of
location of
located in
my brain is located in my head
this rat is located in this cage
a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
located_in
the surface of my skin is a 2D boundary of my body
a relation between a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary) and a material entity, in which the boundary delimits the material entity
A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts.
Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape.
2D_boundary_of
boundary of
is 2D boundary of
is boundary of
2D boundary of
my body has 2D boundary the surface of my skin
a relation between a material entity and a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary), in which the boundary delimits the material entity
has boundary
has_2D_boundary
has 2D boundary
A parasite that kills or sterilizes its host
A sub-relation of parasite-of in which the parasite that cannot complete its life cycle without a host.
A sub-relations of parasite-of in which the parasite that can complete its life cycle independent of a host.
A parasite-of relationship in which the host is a plant and the parasite that attaches to the host stem (PO:0009047)
A parasite-of relationship in which the host is a plant and the parasite that attaches to the host root (PO:0009005)
A sub-relation of parasite-of in which the parasite is a plant, and the parasite is parasitic under natural conditions and is also photosynthetic to some degree. Hemiparasites may just obtain water and mineral nutrients from the host plant. Many obtain at least part of their organic nutrients from the host as well.
An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
An interaction relationship in which the partners are related via a feeding relationship.
A wasp killing a Monarch larva in order to feed to offspring [http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2942824]
An interaction relationship involving a predation process, where the subject kills the target in order to eat it or to feed to siblings, offspring or group members
is subject of predation interaction with
A biotic interaction in which the two organisms live together in more or less intimate association.
We follow GO and PAMGO in using 'symbiosis' as the broad term encompassing mutualism through parasitism
An interaction relationship between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association in a relationship in which one benefits and the other is unaffected (GO).
An interaction relationship between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association in a relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other (GO).
An interaction relationship between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association in a relationship in which association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms (GO).
This relation groups a pair of inverse relations, parasite of and parasitized by
interacts with via parasite-host interaction
Pediculus humanus capitis parasite of human
A biotic interaction relationship in which one partner is an organism and the other partner is inorganic. For example, the relationship between a sponge and the substrate to which is it anchored.
participates in a abiotic-biotic interaction with
The term host is usually used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis (GO)
This relation is intended to be used for biotic pollination - e.g. a bee pollinating a flowering plant. Some kinds of pollination may be semibiotic - e.g. wind can have the role of pollinator. We would use a separate relation for this.
is subject of pollination interaction with
is target of pollination interaction with
Intended to be used when the target of the relation is not itself consumed, and does not have integral parts consumed, but provided nutrients in some other fashion.
a is a vector for b if a carries and transmits an infectious pathogen b into another living organism
Experimental: relation used for defining interaction relations. An interaction relation holds when there is an interaction event with two partners. In a directional interaction, one partner is deemed the subject, the other the target
Experimental: relation used for defining interaction relations; the meaning of s 'subject participant in' p is determined by the type of p, where p must be a directional interaction process. For example, in a predator-prey interaction process the subject is the predator. We can imagine a reciprocal prey-predatory process with subject and object reversed.
Experimental: relation used for defining interaction relations; the meaning of s 'target participant in' p is determined by the type of p, where p must be a directional interaction process. For example, in a predator-prey interaction process the target is the prey. We can imagine a reciprocal prey-predatory process with subject and object reversed.
This property or its subproperties is not to be used directly. These properties exist as helper properties that are used to support OWL reasoning.
x is a hyperparasite of y iff x is a parasite of a parasite of the target organism y
Note that parasite-of is a diret relationship, so hyperparasite-of is not considered a sub-relation, even though hyperparasitism can be considered a form of parasitism
x is an allelopath of y iff xis an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of y
participates in a biotic-biotic interaction with
A sub-relation of parasite-of in which the parasite lives on or in the integumental system of the host
A sub-relation of parasite-of in which the parasite lives inside the host, beneath the integumental system
A sub-relation of parasite-of in which the parasite is partially an endoparasite and partially an ectoparasite
A sub-relation of endoparasite-of in which the parasite inhabits the spaces between host cells.
A sub-relation of endoparasite-of in which the parasite inhabits host cells.
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
entity
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
continuant
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
(forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
occurrent
a chair
a heart
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
independent continuant
A continuant that is either dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers or inheres in or is borne by other entities.
obsolete dependent continuant
BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes.
Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional.
A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001])
All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001])
(forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001]
spatial region
Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional
A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001])
All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001])
Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002])
(forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001]
(forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001]
temporal region
an infinitely thin plane in space.
the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space
A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001])
(forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001]
two-dimensional spatial region
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a process of cellular meiosis.
the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor
A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001])
All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001])
Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001])
Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001])
Every spatiotemporal region occupies_spatiotemporal_region itself.
Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002])
(forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002]
(forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001]
(forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001]
spatiotemporal region
a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
a process of meiosis
a process of sleeping
the course of a disease
the flight of a bird
the life of an organism
your process of aging.
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
(iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
process
an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
(forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
(forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
disposition
the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
the disposition of your blood to coagulate
the function of your reproductive organs
the role of being a doctor
the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
realizable entity
A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001]
zero-dimensional spatial region
the ambient temperature of this portion of air
the color of a tomato
the length of the circumference of your waist
the mass of this piece of gold.
the shape of your nose
the shape of your nostril
a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
(forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
(forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
quality
Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
the disposition of this fish to decay
the function of this heart: to pump blood
the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
the shape of this hole.
the smell of this portion of mozzarella
A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
specifically dependent continuant
John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
the priest role
the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
the role of a building in serving as a military target
the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
the role of subject in a clinical trial
the student role
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
(forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
role
or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29
the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body.
the Western hemisphere of the Earth
the division of the brain into regions
the division of the planet into hemispheres
the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body
the upper and lower lobes of the left lung
BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions
b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004])
(forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004]
fiat object part
an edge of a cube-shaped portion of space.
A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001]
one-dimensional spatial region
a collection of cells in a blood biobank.
a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds
a symphony orchestra
an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team)
defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization
defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite
defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container
defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital
the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint
the aggregate of blood cells in your body
the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere
the restaurants in Palo Alto
your collection of Meissen ceramic plates.
An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects
BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee).
ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158.
b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004])
(forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004]
object aggregate
a cube-shaped region of space
a sphere-shaped region of space,
A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001])
(forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001]
three-dimensional spatial region
Manhattan Canyon)
a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese
a rabbit hole
an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport
the Grand Canyon
the Piazza San Marco
the cockpit of an aircraft
the hold of a ship
the interior of a kangaroo pouch
the interior of the trunk of your car
the interior of your bedroom
the interior of your office
the interior of your refrigerator
the lumen of your gut
your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity)
b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])
(forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002]
site
atom
cell
cells and organisms
engineered artifacts
grain of sand
molecule
organelle
organism
planet
solid portions of matter
star
BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting.
BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below).
BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47
BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity
BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74
b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001])
object
The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
(iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
generically dependent continuant
the function of a hammer to drive in nails
the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar
BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
(forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
function
the boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life.
p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001])
Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002])
(forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002]
(iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001]
process boundary
the temporal region during which a process occurs.
BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks).
A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001]
one-dimensional temporal region
a flame
a forest fire
a human being
a hurricane
a photon
a puff of smoke
a sea wave
a tornado
an aggregate of human beings.
an energy wave
an epidemic
the undetached arm of a human being
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
material entity
b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001])
BFO 2 Reference: In BFO 1.1 the assumption was made that the external surface of a material entity such as a cell could be treated as if it were a boundary in the mathematical sense. The new document propounds the view that when we talk about external surfaces of material objects in this way then we are talking about something fiat. To be dealt with in a future version: fiat boundaries at different levels of granularity.More generally, the focus in discussion of boundaries in BFO 2.0 is now on fiat boundaries, which means: boundaries for which there is no assumption that they coincide with physical discontinuities. The ontology of boundaries becomes more closely allied with the ontology of regions.
BFO 2 Reference: a continuant fiat boundary is a boundary of some material entity (for example: the plane separating the Northern and Southern hemispheres; the North Pole), or it is a boundary of some immaterial entity (for example of some portion of airspace). Three basic kinds of continuant fiat boundary can be distinguished (together with various combination kinds [29
Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions.
Every continuant fiat boundary is located at some spatial region at every time at which it exists
(iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001]
continuant fiat boundary
BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10
immaterial entity
The Equator
all geopolitical boundaries
all lines of latitude and longitude
the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin.
the median sulcus of your tongue
a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001])
(iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001]
one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels
One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance.
The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on.
b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002])
b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005])
(forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005]
(iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002]
process profile
a marriage bond, an instance of love, an obligation between one person and another.
b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001])
(iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001]
relational quality
a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001])
(iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001]
two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
the geographic North Pole
the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system.
the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet
zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.
a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001])
(iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001]
zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
a temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary
right now
the moment at which a child is born
the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident
the moment of death.
temporal instant.
A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001]
zero-dimensional temporal region
A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001])
history
Material anatomical entity that is a member of an individual species or is a viral or viroid particle.
organism or virus
A general term for organism that is agnostic about single cell vs multi-cellular. Note that this is a subclass of 'anatomical structure', meaning that an organism must be a connected structure. So, if I take one plant and make a rooted cutting from a it, I now have two (clonally related) organisms.
A feature that has been constructed by deliberate human effort.
"constructed" should probably be made something like a quality and this class obsoleted.
A material entity which determines an environmental system.
A material entity determines an environmental system when its removal would cause the collapse of that system. For example, a seamount determines a seamount environment, acting as its 'hub'. This class is currently being aligned to the Basic Formal Ontology. Following this alignment, its definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised.
A self-contained constructed feature used by one or more households as a home, such as a house, apartment, mobile home, houseboat or other 'substantial' structure. A dwelling typically includes nearby outbuildings, sheds etc. within the curtilage of the property, excluding any 'open fields beyond'. It has significance in relation to search and seizure, conveyancing of real property, burglary, trespass, and land use planning.
See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/264 for discussion. This definition needs a lot of clean up and links to household and related classes must be made to form logical definitions for inference to work.
human dwelling
The reversible, non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms in suspension to form aggregates of many cells known as flocs.
The word floc derives from the Latin word floccus, which means a tuft of wool.
The reversible, non-sexual aggregation of cells mediated by the binding of proteins in the cell wall of one cell to carbohydrates in the cell wall of another cell. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which it is pH- and calcium-dependent.
flocculation via cell wall protein-carbohydrate interaction
The union or introduction of genetic information from compatible mating types that results in a genetically different individual. Conjugation requires direct cellular contact between the organisms.
A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A conjugation process that results in the mutual exchange and union of only genetic information between compatible mating types. Conjugation without cellular fusion requires direct cellular contact between the organisms without plasma membrane fusion. The organisms involved in conjugation without cellular fusion separate after nuclear exchange.
conjugation with mutual genetic exchange
During conjugation with cellular fusion, the aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions. An example of this process is agglutination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
cell-cell adhesion during conjugation with cellular fusion
agglutination involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
During conjugation without cellular fusion, the aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions.
agglutination involved in conjugation without cellular fusion
agglutination involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange
During conjugation without cellular fusion, the process that results in pairing complementary mating types. Localized morphological, cytological, and cytoskeletal changes connect the mating types without cytoplasmic mixing.
The process of unidirectional (polarized) transfer of genetic information in response to a pheromone. It involves direct cellular contact between a donor and recipient cell; the contact is followed by the formation of a cellular bridge that physically connects the cells; some or all of the chromosome(s) of one cell ('male') is then transferred into the other cell ('female'); unidirectional conjugation occurs between cells of different mating types.
pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation
The aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions prior to the formation of irreversible cellular contacts during conjugation.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a protozoan.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a protozoan is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species.
defined as response to Saccharomycotina (true yeasts). This excludes fission yeast.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a yeast is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The killing by an organism of a cell in its host organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Specific behavior of a newborn or infant mammal that results in the derivation of nourishment from the breast.
A behavioral interaction between organisms in which one organism has the intention of inflicting physical damage on another individual.
Aggressive behavior involving attack on prey by a predator.
Aggressive behavior based on competition between males of the same species over access to resources such as females, dominance, status, etc. and characterized by noise, threats, and is often less injurious.
Aggressive behavior associated with attempts to flee from a threat.
Aggressive behavior induced by frustration and directed against an available target.
Aggressive behavior performed in defence of a fixed area against intruders, typically conspecifics.
Aggressive behavior of a female to protect her offspring from a threat.
Paternal aggression also exists. Serves to protect the offspring from intruders.
Aggressive behavior directed towards obtaining some goal, considered to be a learned response to a situation.
A behavioral response seeking to protect an organism from an a perceived external threat from an insect or insects to that organism.
A behavioral response seeking to protect an organism from an a perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes to that organism.
behavioural defense response to nematode
A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from an insect or insects to that organism.
physiological defense response to insect
A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes, which results in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
physiological defense response to nematode
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of oomycetes that act to protect the cell or organism.
The series of events in which a stimulus from an oomycetes is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from an oomycetes.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a parasitic plant.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a parasitic plant that act to protect an organism.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a parasitic plant is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The process of syncytia-forming cell-cell fusion, caused by a virus.
induction by virus of cell-cell fusion in host
Where syncytium formation results in the spread of virus in the host, also consider annotating to the term 'spread of virus in multicellular host ; GO:0046739'.
induction by virus of host cell-cell fusion
An immune response against bacteria, specific to males and mediated through a body fluid.
male-specific antibacterial humoral response
The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female.
The physical displacement of sperm stored from previous mating encounters.
The infiltration by sperm of the zona pellucida to reach the oocyte. The process involves digestive enzymes from a modified lysosome called the acrosome, situated at the head of the sperm.
The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.
The reproductive process in which the parent is separated from its offspring either by giving birth to live young or by laying eggs.
The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes.
The pairwise union of individuals for the purpose of sexual reproduction, ultimately resulting in the formation of zygotes.
The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of attracting sexual partners.
The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the receptiveness of a female to male advances.
negative regulation of female receptivity
The behavior of a male, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The behavior of a female, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner.
A response by bacterial cells to a variety of stresses including filamentous phage infection, mislocalization of envelope proteins, extremes of temperature, osmolarity or ethanol concentration, and the presence of proton ionophores such as carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), that involves expression of the phage shock protein operon, and acts to protect the bacterial cells from damage.
The process of unidirectional (polarized) transfer of genetic information involving direct cellular contact between a donor and recipient cell; the contact is followed by the formation of a cellular bridge that physically connects the cells; some or all of the chromosome(s) of one cell ('male') is then transferred into the other cell ('female'); unidirectional conjugation occurs between cells of different mating types. Examples of this process are found in Prokaryotes.
In the absence of a sexual life cycle, the process involved in the introduction of genetic information to create a genetically different individual.
GO:0009292 should not be used for annotation of phage lysogeny (integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome).
The transfer of genetic information to a bacterium from a bacteriophage or between bacterial or yeast cells mediated by a phage vector.
The introduction and uptake of foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA) into a cell, and often the expression of that genetic material.
The process in which single-celled organisms monitor their population density by detecting the concentration of small, diffusible signal molecules produced by the cells themselves.
The set of specific processes that generate the ability of an organism to cause disease in another.
Note that this term should not be used to annotate gene products that are involved in the host response to pathogenesis. It should only be used to annotate those gene products involved in the generation of pathogenesis by the pathogen itself.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a virus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
GO:0009597 is not a child term of 'detection of symbiont ; GO:0009602' to allow annotation of a virus responding to another (often competing) virus.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a nematode is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from an insect is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiont (an organism living in close physical association with an organism of a different species) is received and converted into a molecular signal. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiotic fungus, a fungus living in close physical association with another organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiont, an organism living with an organism of a different species in close physical association. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiotic fungus, a fungus living in close physical association with another organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.
Specific posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of viral gene(s), and host gene(s) homologous to the viral genes. This silencing is triggered by viral infection, and occurs through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA of both host and viral genes.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a parasitic fungus, a fungus which spends all or part of its life in or on another organism from which it obtains nourishment and/or protection.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from an insect.
The salicylic acid mediated response to a pathogen which confers broad spectrum resistance.
salicylic acid-dependent systemic resistance
A response to non-pathogenic bacteria that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling.
The activation of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins, low-molecular mass, lipophilic antimicrobial compounds that accumulate rapidly at sites of incompatible pathogen infection.
induction of phytoalexin biosynthetic process
A response of a plant to a pathogenic agent that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
defence response incompatible interaction
defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction
response to pathogen (incompatible interaction)
defense response, incompatible interaction
A response of an organism to a bacterium that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
defence response to bacterium, incompatible interaction
defence response to pathogenic bacteria, incompatible interaction
defence response to pathogenic bacterium, incompatible interaction
resistance response to pathogenic bacteria
resistance response to pathogenic bacterium
response to pathogenic bacteria (incompatible interaction)
response to pathogenic bacterium (incompatible interaction)
defense response to bacterium, incompatible interaction
A response of an organism to a fungus that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
defence response to fungus, incompatible interaction
defence response to pathogenic fungi, incompatible interaction
defence response to pathogenic fungus, incompatible interaction
defense response to fungi, incompatible interaction
resistance response to pathogenic fungus
response to pathogenic fungi (incompatible interaction)
response to pathogenic fungus (incompatible interaction)
defense response to fungus, incompatible interaction
A response of an organism to a protozoan that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
defence response to pathogenic protozoa, incompatible interaction
defence response to pathogenic protozoan, incompatible interaction
defence response to protozoan, incompatible interaction
resistance response to pathogenic protozoa
resistance response to pathogenic protozoan
response to pathogenic protozoa (incompatible interaction)
response to pathogenic protozoan (incompatible interaction)
defense response to protozoan, incompatible interaction
The cascade of biological processes occurring in plants beginning when the pollen lands on the stigma and continuing up to, but not including, fertilization, as defined by sperm-central cell fusion.
The jasmonic acid and ethylene (ethene) dependent process that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease in response to wounding or a pathogen.
jasmonic acid and ethene-dependent systemic resistance
jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent systemic resistance
jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance
The formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on plant roots.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the nodule are generated and organized.
Interaction between the pollen tube, part of the male gametophyte, and the ovule, part of the female gametophyte, that results in the arrest of pollen tube growth, rupture of the pollen tube and the release of the sperm cells.
A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.
See also the biological process terms 'viral infectious cycle ; GO:0019058' and 'lysogeny ; GO:0030069'.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a fungus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a parasitic fungus (a fungus which spends all or part of its life in or on another organism from which it obtains nourishment and/or protection) is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The process during courtship, where the male orients towards a potential partner. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
male courtship behaviour, orientation prior to leg tapping and wing vibration
male courtship behavior, orientation prior to leg tapping and wing vibration
The process during courtship where the male insect taps the female with his frontal leg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
male courtship behaviour, tapping to detect pheromone
male courtship behavior, tapping to detect pheromone
The process during courtship where the male insect vibrates his wings. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
male courtship behaviour, veined wing vibration
male courtship behaviour, wing vibration
male courtship behavior, veined wing vibration
The process during courtship where the male fly licks the genitalia of a stationary female fly with his proboscis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
male courtship behaviour, proboscis-mediated licking
male courtship behavior, proboscis-mediated licking
The deposition of eggs (either fertilized or not) upon a surface or into a medium such as water.
The process by which, after initial infection, a virus lies dormant within a cell and viral production ceases. The process ends when the virus switches from latency and starts to replicate.
A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host, either as an integrated provirus within the host genome or as an episome, where viral genome remains in the cytoplasm or nucleus as distinct objects.
The perpetuation of a latent state, generally by repressing the viruses own lytic genes expression and ensuring expression of viral genes which function to keep the viral genome from being detected by the host defense mechanisms.
Any process required for latent viral replication in a cell.
The process by which a virus switches from latency and begins to replicate. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell lipopolysaccharides, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, various chemicals and super-infecting viruses.
The process in which a virus effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.
modulation by virus of host anatomical structure or process
modulation by virus of host anatomy or process
modulation by virus of host morphology or physiology
Any process, either active or passive, by which a virus avoids or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense(s). Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the virus or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion or tolerance of host defenses by virus
Any viral process that inhibits apoptosis of infected host cells, facilitating prolonged cell survival during viral replication.
negative regulation by virus of host apoptosis
negative regulation of apoptosis by virus
suppression of apoptosis in host by virus
suppression by virus of host apoptotic process
The set of viral processes that induce an apoptotic process in infected host cells, facilitating release and spread of progeny virions.
activation by virus of host apoptotic programmed cell death
activation of apoptosis in host by virus
induction by virus of host apoptotic programmed cell death
induction by virus of host apoptotic process
The process in which a virus effects a change in the processes and activities of its host organism.
modification by virus of host cellular process
regulation by virus of host cellular process
regulation of cellular process in host by virus
regulation of host cellular process by virus
modulation of cellular process in host by virus
Interactions, directly with the host cell macromolecular machinery, to allow a virus to modulate the rate of the host cell cycle to facilitate virus replication.
viral perturbation of cell cycle regulation
modification by virus of host cell cycle regulation
Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its host's transcription.
modification by virus of host transcription
viral perturbation of host cell transcription
modulation by virus of host transcription
Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation of host mRNA.
modification by virus of host cell mRNA translation
regulation of host mRNA translation by virus
regulation of translation in host by virus
viral perturbation of host cell mRNA translation
A set of processes which all viruses follow to ensure survival; includes attachment and entry of the virus particle, decoding of genome information, translation of viral mRNA by host ribosomes, genome replication, and assembly and release of viral particles containing the genome.
viral assembly, maturation, egress, and release
The directed movement of a viral protein within the host cell.
intracellular transport of viral capsid protein in host cell
intracellular transport of viral proteins in host cell
viral capsid transport in host cell cytoplasm
viral capsid transport in host cell nucleus
intracellular transport of viral capsid in host cell
This term is for annotation of the movement of individual viral proteins, rather than the whole viral particle.
intracellular transport of viral protein in host cell
The process by which an incoming virus is disassembled in the host cell to release a replication-competent viral genome.
The process by which a virion protein binds to molecules on the host cellular surface or host cell surface projection.
virion attachment to host cell surface receptor
Fusion of a viral membrane with the host cell membrane during viral entry. Results in release of the virion contents into the cytoplasm.
viral envelope fusion with host cell membrane
viral envelope fusion with host membrane
viral envelope fusion with host plasma membrane
viral entry into host cell via membrane fusion with the plasma membrane
fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane
Any receptor-mediated endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell; successive instances of virus endocytosis result in the accumulation of virus particles within the cell.
receptor mediated endocytosis by host of virus particle
receptor mediated endocytosis of virus by host
receptor mediated endocytosis of virus particle by host
receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host
virus receptor-mediated endocytosis by host
viral entry into host cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cell
A late phase of the viral life cycle during which all the components necessary for the formation of a mature virion collect at a particular site in the cell and the basic structure of the virus particle is formed.
The assembly of a virus capsid from its protein subunits.
The processes involved in creating a mature, stable viral genome. Begins after genome replication with a newly synthesized nucleic acid and ends when the genome is ready to be packaged. Includes the addition of proteins to the newly synthesized genome, and DNA repair processes.
The encapsulation of the viral genome within the capsid.
The packaging of viral RNA (single-stranded or double-stranded) into a nucleocapsid.
The refolding and structural rearrangements of virion parts to transition from the intermediate virion to the more mature virion. Maturation usually involves proteolysis events and changes in the folding of the virion proteins. Can occur inside the host cell or after release.
The dissemination of mature viral particles from the host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane.
Any process involved directly in viral genome replication, including viral nucleotide metabolism.
A process by which a viral gene is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes viral transcription, processing to produce a mature RNA product, and viral translation.
Any virus-induced change in the morphological, biochemical, or growth parameters of a cell.
A virus-induced cellular transformation arising in immortalized cells, or cells capable of indefinite replication, due to their ability to produce their own telomerase.
The transfer of virions in order to create new infection.
An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are seen in the antimicrobial humoral response of Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus.
An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are the antibacterial humoral responses in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.
An immune response against a fungus mediated through a body fluid. An example of this process is the antifungal humoral response in Drosophila melanogaster.
The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in the host organism by a symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
hemolysis by symbiont of host red blood cells
regulation of cytolysis of host cells by symbiont
hemolysis by symbiont of host erythrocytes
A reproduction process that creates a new organism by combining the genetic material of two organisms. It occurs both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes: in multicellular eukaryotic organisms, an individual is created anew; in prokaryotes, the initial cell has additional or transformed genetic material. In a process called genetic recombination, genetic material (DNA) originating from two different individuals (parents) join up so that homologous sequences are aligned with each other, and this is followed by exchange of genetic information. After the new recombinant chromosome is formed, it is passed on to progeny.
Sexual reproduction may be seen as the regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times.
Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids the effects of the host organism's immune response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion or tolerance of host immune response
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte aggregation in its host organism, e.g. the binding of parasite-infected erythrocytes to uninfected erythrocytes.
Please note that this term does not refer to the in vitro assay called erythrocyte rosetting.
modulation by symbiont of host erythrocyte aggregation
The modification of a host cell into an immortal cell line as a consequence of infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process involved in the biological strategy of changing antigenic determinants on the surface that are exposed to another organism's immune system.
The adherence of symbiont-infected erythrocytes to microvascular endothelium via symbiont proteins embedded in the membrane of the erythrocyte.
cytoadherence to microvasculature, mediated by symbiont protein
symbiont-protein-mediated cytoadherence to microvasculature
parasite-protein-mediated cytoadherence to microvasculature
cytoadherence to microvasculature, mediated by parasite protein
The invasion by an organism of a cell of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a symbiont's proteins within a cell of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
symbiont intracellular protein transport in host
Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense response. The host defense response is mounted by the host in response to the presence of the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion or tolerance of host defense response
Any process, either active or passive, by which a virus avoids the effects of the host organism's immune response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
inhibition of extracellular antiviral response
negative regulation by virus of extracellular antiviral response
negative regulation by virus of intracellular antiviral response
negative regulation of host extracellular antiviral response by virus
negative regulation of host intracellular antiviral response by virus
suppression by virus of host extracellular antiviral response
suppression by virus of host intracellular antiviral response
suppression of host extracellular antiviral response by virus
suppression of host intracellular antiviral response by virus
viral inhibition of intracellular antiviral response
evasion by virus of host immune response
suppression by virus of host immune response
evasion or tolerance by virus of host immune response
Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.
killing of cells of another, non-host, organism
A process in which microorganisms produce an extracellular matrix and form multicellular aggregates at an air-liquid interface.
Non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms mediated by polymers (polysaccharides, proteins, and/or nucleic acids) secreted into the extracellular environment.
flocculation via extracellular biopolymeric flocculants
The molecular events that lead to the excision of a viral genome from the host genome.
The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction in a multicellular organism.
reproductive behavior in a multicellular organism
multicellular organismal reproductive behavior
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in the state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to abiotic stimulus
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to thermal stimulus
modulation by symbiont of host response to temperature stimulus
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to cold
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to heat
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water stimulus. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to water
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to osmotic stress
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to pH
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to gravitational stimulus
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of host cell chloroplasts. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host chloroplast
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a component of the host cell chloroplast. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host chloroplast part
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the host cell chloroplast thylakoid. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host chloroplast thylakoid
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of host cell mitochondria. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host mitochondrion
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of defense response in host by specific elicitors
down-regulation by symbiont of host gene-for-gene resistance
downregulation by symbiont of pathogen-race/host plant cultivar-specific resistance in symbiont
suppression by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response
inhibition by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response
negative regulation by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by organism of defense-related host metabolic burst
down-regulation by organism of defense-related host oxidative burst
downregulation by organism of defense-related host AOS production
negative regulation by organism of defense-related host ROI production
negative regulation by organism of defense-related host ROS production
negative regulation by organism of defense-related host reactive oxidative species production
negative regulation by organism of defense-related host reactive oxygen intermediate production
negative regulation by organism of defense-related host respiratory burst
inhibition by organism of defense-related host active oxygen species production
negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host reactive oxygen species production
The alternation by a symbiont of the levels of defense-related proteins in its host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host defense-related protein level
Any process in which the symbiont stops or reduces of the levels of defense-related proteins in its host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by symbiont of host defense-related protein level
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases levels of defense-related proteins in its host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of host defense-related protein level
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
down-regulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
downregulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
inhibition by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
negative regulation by symbiont of host apoptosis
Note that term is to be used to annotate gene products in the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term 'negative regulation of apoptosis ; GO:0043066'.
negative regulation by symbiont of host apoptotic process
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense-related programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host defense-related PCD
modulation by symbiont of host hypersensitive response
modulation by symbiont of plant hypersensitive response
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term 'plant-type hypersensitive response ; GO:0009626'.
modulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense-related programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
down-regulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
downregulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
negative regulation by symbiont of host defense-related PCD
inhibition by symbiont of host defense-related PCD
inhibition by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
negative regulation by symbiont of plant HR
negative regulation by symbiont of plant hypersensitive response
suppression by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term 'negative regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response ; GO:0034051'.
negative regulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
Any process in which an organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense-related programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of host defense-related PCD
up regulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
up-regulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
upregulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
activation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
enhancement by symbiont of host defense-related PCDprogrammed cell death
positive regulation by symbiont of plant HR
positive regulation by symbiont of plant hypersensitive response
stimulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term 'positive regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response ; GO:0034052'.
positive regulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
The response by the male to a hermaphrodite after initial contact following mate finding. The male stops forward locomotion, presses the ventral side of his tail against his partner's body, and begins moving backward along the hermaphrodite. Male response behavior is initiated when sensory neurons located in the rays of his tail contact a potential mate.
The sharp ventral turn performed by the male as he approaches either the hermaphrodite head or tail, whilst trying to locate his partner's vulva. Turning occurs via a sharp ventral coil of the male's tail.
Location, by the male, of his partner's vulva when backing along the ventral side of the hermaphrodite during mating. The male stops at the vulva, coordinates his movements to the hermaphrodite's, and positions his tail precisely over the vulva so that he may insert his spicules and ejaculate.
Insertion of the male copulatory spicules into the hermaphrodite. Spicule insertion behavior initiates when the male cloaca contacts the vulva. During most mating encounters, the spicule tips will prod the vulva continuously until they partially penetrate, which then causes the protractors to contract completely so that the spicules extend through the vulva.
Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group.
Behavior such as predation which involves members of different species is not social. Communication between members of different species is also not social behavior.
The process in which a bacterium enters a host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The transfer of information between living organisms.
The fluctuation in mating behavior that occurs over an approximately 24 hour cycle.
The process of forcing a substance into another organism, either by penetrating the skin of the other organism or by applying the substance externally to a sensitive tissue such as those that surround the eyes.
injection of substance in to other organism
The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the manifestation of some change or damage to the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modification of morphology or physiology of other organism
The directional movement of an organism from one side of an epithelium to the other within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
migration in host through an epithelial cell layer
migration of symbiont within host by transepithelial trafficking
transepithelial migration of symbiont in host
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation in another organism. Blood coagulation is the sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot.
modulation by organism of blood clotting in other organism
modulation by organism of blood coagulation in other organism
regulation by organism of blood clotting in other organism
regulation of blood clotting in other organism
regulation of blood coagulation in other organism
modulation of blood coagulation in other organism
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation in another organism. Blood coagulation is the sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot.
positive regulation by organism of blood clotting in other organism
positive regulation by organism of blood coagulation in other organism
positive regulation of blood clotting in other organism
positive regulation of blood coagulation in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of a second organism.
regulation of morphology of other organism
regulation of physiological process of other organism
regulation of physiology of other organism
regulation of morphology or physiology of other organism
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism
The directed movement of an organism out of the body, tissues or cells of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of an organism out of a cell of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation in another organism. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.
modulation by organism of platelet aggregation in other organism
regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
modulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation in a second organism.
down-regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
downregulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
inhibition of platelet aggregation in other organism
suppression of platelet aggregation in other organism
negative regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation in another organism.
upregulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
up-regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
positive regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood mast cell degranulation in another organism. Mast cell degranulation is the regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a mast cell.
regulation of mast cell degranulation in other organism
modulation of mast cell degranulation in other organism
Any process in which an organism increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood mast cell degranulation in another organism.
upregulation of mast cell degranulation in other organism
up-regulation of mast cell degranulation in other organism
positive regulation of mast cell degranulation in other organism
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the hydrolysis of proteins in another organism by cleavage of their peptide bonds.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation in another organism. Blood coagulation is the sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot.
down-regulation of blood coagulation in other organism
downregulation of blood coagulation in other organism
negative regulation of blood clotting in other organism
suppression of blood coagulation in other organism
inhibition of blood coagulation in other organism
negative regulation of blood coagulation in other organism
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components by an organism to form a pore complex in a membrane of another organism.
pore complex biogenesis in other organism
pore formation in membrane of other organism
Any process in which an organism effects a change in the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a calcium channel in another organism.
modulation of calcium channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a calcium channel in another organism.
down-regulation of calcium channel activity in other organism
downregulation of calcium channel activity in other organism
inhibition of calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of calcium channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a voltage-gated calcium channel in another organism. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
down-regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
downregulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of voltage gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of voltage-dependent calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of voltage-sensitive calcium channel activity in other organism
inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a low voltage-gated calcium channel in another organism. A low voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on low voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
down-regulation of low voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
downregulation of low voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of low voltage gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of low voltage-dependent calcium channel activity in other organism
inhibition of low voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of low voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a high voltage-gated calcium channel in another organism. A high voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on high voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
down-regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
downregulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of high voltage gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of high voltage-dependent calcium channel activity in other organism
inhibition of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, in a second organism.
down regulation of peptidase activity in other organism
down-regulation of protease activity in other organism
downregulation of peptidase activity in other organism
negative regulation of protease activity in other organism
inhibition of protease activity in other organism
negative regulation of peptidase activity in other organism
A reversible switch of a cell from one phenotype to another that occurs upon infection of a host or host cell. For example, Candida albicans switches from a unicellular form to an invasive multicellular filamentous form upon infection of host tissue. Phenotypic switching begins with changes in cell morphology and altered gene expression patterns and ends when the morphology of a population of cells has reverted back to the default state, accompanied by altered expression patterns.
phenotypic switching in response to host
The covalent alteration performed by one organism of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) in another organism. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).
protein modification process in other organism
The non-sexual aggregation between single-celled organisms of different species.
The non-sexual aggregation between single-celled organisms of different species mediated by interaction of a protein in one species and a carbohydrate in the other species. For example, coflocculation between S. pombe and E. coli is mediated by mannose residues in the yeast cell wall interacting with lectin protein in E. coli cell projections.
coflocculation via lectin-mannose interaction
coflocculation via protein-carbohydrate interaction
The non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms mediated by the binding of cell wall proteins on one cell to galactose residues on the other.
The non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms mediated by the binding of cell wall proteins on one cell to mannose residues on the other.
A form of mutualism between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant, where hyphae of the fungus penetrate the plant cell wall and invaginate its cell membrane. Once inside, the fungus forms highly branched structures for nutrient exchange with the plant called arbuscules. Aids in the acquisition by the plant of nutrients such as phosphorus from the soil.
Any viral process that results in the inhibition of host cell type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
negative regulation by virus of host type I interferon production
suppression by virus of host interferon type I production
suppression by virus of host type I IFN production
suppression by virus of host type I interferon production
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type I interferon-mediated signaling in the host organism. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
negative regulation by virus of host type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host type I IFN-mediated signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host type I interferon-mediated signalling pathway
inhibition of host interferon signaling pathway by virus
suppression by virus of host type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism, the host's first line of defense.
inhibition of host innate immune response by virus
negative regulation by virus of host innate immune response
negative regulation by virus of host innate immunity
suppression by virus of host innate immunity
suppression by virus of host innate immune response
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the adaptive immune response of the host organism, an immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for enhanced response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).
inhibition of host adaptive immune response by virus
negative regulation by virus of host adaptive immune response
negative regulation by virus of host adaptive immunity
suppression by virus of host acquired immune response
suppression by virus of host adaptive immune response
Any viral process that inhibits a host antigen-presenting cell expressing a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.
inhibition of host MHC class II molecule presentation by virus
suppression by virus of host antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
The process in which a virus effects a change in the function of a host protein via a direct interaction.
modification by virus of host protein function
modulation by virus of host molecular function
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of a host protein.
down regulation by virus of host protein function
down-regulation by virus of host protein function
negative regulation by virus of host molecular function
negative regulation by virus of host protein function
inhibition by virus of host protein function
suppression by virus of host molecular function
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of a host receptor.
down-regulation by virus of host receptor activity
downregulation by virus of host receptor activity
negative regulation by virus of host receptor activity
suppression by virus of host receptor function
inhibition by virus of host receptor activity
suppression by virus of host receptor activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of a host pattern recognition receptor. A pattern recognition receptor combines with a molecular pattern based on a repeating or polymeric structure, such as a polysaccharide or peptidoglycan, to initiate a change in cell activity.
down regulation by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity
down-regulation by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity
negative regulation by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity
suppression by virus of host pattern recognition receptor function
inhibition by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity
viral inhibition of host pattern recognition receptor activity
suppression by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity.
down-regulation by virus of host ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity
downregulation by virus of host ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity
negative regulation by virus of host ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity
inhibition by virus of host ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity
suppression by virus of host ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of a host interferon receptor.
down-regulation by virus of host interferon receptor activity
downregulation by virus of host interferon receptor activity
inhibition of host interferon receptors by virus
negative regulation by virus of host interferon receptor activity
inhibition by virus of host interferon receptor activity
suppression by virus of host interferon receptor activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host protein tyrosine kinase activity.
down-regulation by virus of host protein tyrosine kinase activity
downregulation by virus of host protein tyrosine kinase activity
negative regulation by virus of host protein tyrosine kinase activity
inhibition by virus of host protein tyrosine kinase activity
suppression by virus of host protein tyrosine kinase activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host enzyme activity.
down-regulation by virus of host enzyme activity
downregulation by virus of host catalytic activity
negative regulation by virus of host catalytic activity
inhibition by virus of host catalytic activity
suppression by virus of host catalytic activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signal cascade in the host organism.
down-regulation by virus of host JAK-STAT cascade
downregulation by virus of host JAK-STAT cascade
negative regulation by virus of host JAK-STAT cascade
inhibition by virus of host JAK-STAT cascade
suppression by virus of host JAK-STAT cascade
The process in which a virus effects a change in host enzyme activity.
modulation of catalytic activity of host by virus
regulation by virus of host catalytic activity
regulation of host catalytic activity by virus
modulation by virus of host catalytic activity
The process in which a virus effects a change in host protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity.
modulation by virus of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity in host
regulation by virus of host protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
modulation by virus of host protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host cytokine activity.
down-regulation by virus of host cytokine activity
downregulation by virus of host cytokine activity
negative regulation by virus of host cytokine activity
inhibition by virus of host cytokine activity
suppression by virus of host cytokine activity
Any process in which a virus effect a change in the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host.
Any process in which a virus activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host.
positive regulation by virus of host autophagy
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host.
negative regulation by virus of host autophagy
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the host organism.
negative regulation by virus of host mRNA nuclear export
inhibition by virus of host mRNA nuclear export
inhibition of host mRNA nuclear export by virus
suppression of host mRNA nuclear export by virus
suppression by virus of host mRNA export from nucleus
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host RNA polymerase II activity.
negative regulation by virus of host RNA polymerase II activity
inhibition of host RNA polymerase II activity by virus
inhibition of host RNA polymerase II by virus
suppression by virus of host RNA polymerase II activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing in the host cell. mRNA processing is the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.
negative regulation by virus of host mRNA processing
inhibition by virus of host mRNA processing
inhibition of host mRNA processing by virus
inhibition of host pre-mRNA processing by virus
suppression by virus of host mRNA processing
Any process in which a virus effects a change in the organization of chromatin in the host.
modulation by virus of host chromatin organisation
modulation of host chromatin structure by virus
regulation by virus of host chromatin organization
modulation by virus of host chromatin organization
Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptosis of infected host cells.
modulation of host cell apoptosis by virus
modulation by virus of host apoptotic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TRAF-mediated signal transduction in the host.
negative regulation by virus of host TRAF-mediated signal transduction
inhibition of host TRAF-mediated signal transduction by virus
suppression by virus of host tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor signaling
suppression by virus of host TRAF-mediated signal transduction
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a virus or viral RNA binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) located in the cytoplasm. Cytosolic PRRs such as RIG-I (DDX58) and MDA-5 (IFIH1) detect RNA synthesized during active viral replication and trigger a signaling pathway to protect the host against viral infection, for example by inducing the expression of antiviral cytokines.
cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signalling pathway in response to virus
virus-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway
RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway
cytoplasmic caspase-recruiting domain (CARD) helicase signaling pathway
This term should be used for annotation when it is not known which cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) has detected the viral RNA. If the PRR is known, consider instead the child terms. The RIG-like family is composed of at least RIG-I (retinoic acid inducible gene I; also known as DDX58), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5; also known as helicard or IFIH1) and LGP2.
cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in response to virus
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) RIG-1 (also known as DDX58) binding to viral RNA. RIG-I detects RNA synthesized during active viral replication and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against viral infection, for example by inducing the expression of antiviral cytokines.
retinoic acid inducible gene I signaling pathway
The apoptosis effect triggered by the RIG-I signaling pathway is inconclusive and may represent an in-vitro phenomenon. Therefore, in GO the term 'RIG-I signaling pathway ; GO:0039529' is positioned under 'regulation of cytokine production' as this is its primary effect.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) binding to viral RNA. MDA-5 detects RNA synthesized during active viral replication and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against viral infection, for example by inducing the expression of antiviral cytokines.
melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 signaling pathway
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a virus or viral RNA binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) located in the cytoplasm. This is a mechanism by which the virus evades the host innate immune response.
suppression by virus of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in response to virus
suppression by virus of host viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signalling pathway
suppression by virus of host RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host RIG-I/MDA5 signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host RIG-like helicase signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host RIG-like receptor signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host RLR signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) RIG-1 (also known as DDX58) binding to viral RNA. This is a mechanism by which the virus evades the host innate immune response.
inhibition by virus of host RIG-I signaling
suppression by virus of host DDX58 signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host RIG-I signalling pathway
suppression by virus of host RIG-I signaling pathway
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) binding to viral RNA. This is a mechanism by which the virus evades the host innate immune response.
inhibition by virus of host MDA-5 signaling
suppression by virus of host IFIH1 signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host MDA-5 signalling pathway
suppression by virus of host MDA-5 signaling pathway
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of RIG-1 (also known as DDX58). The cytoplasmic pattern recognition RIG-I recognizes viral RNA synthesized during active viral replication and signals to protect the host against viral infection, for example by inducing the expression of antiviral cytokines.
inhibition by virus of host DDX58 activity
This term is for annotation of viral proteins that counteract the host anti-viral innate immune response initiated by host RIG-I, either by binding and inhibiting host RIG-I directly, or by interfering with other processes so that RIG-I is unable to carry out its normal function (e.g. by processing viral RNA so it cannot be recognized by RIG-I, or by promoting the degradation of RIG-I).
suppression by virus of host RIG-I activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of RIG-I (also known as DDX58) by interacting selectively and non-covalently with RIG-I itself.
inhibition by virus of host DDX58:MAVS binding
This term is for annotation of viral proteins that counteract the host anti-viral innate immune response. Direct binding of viral proteins to the host RIG-I protein can inhibit interaction of RIG-I with its downstream effector MAVS.
suppression by virus of host RIG-I via RIG-I binding
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I (also known as DDX58), thereby suppressing RIG-I signal transduction. Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the N-terminal CARD domains of RIG-I is crucial for the cytosolic RIG-I signaling pathway to elicit host antiviral innate immunity.
inhibition by virus of host RIG-I activity by inhibition of RIG-I ubiquitination
inhibition by virus of TRIM25-mediated ubiquitination of host RIG-I
inhibition by virus of host DDX58 K63-linked ubiquitination
This term is for annotation of viral proteins that counteract the host anti-viral innate immune response.
suppression by virus of host RIG-I K63-linked ubiquitination
The post-transcriptional removal by a virus of the 5' triphosphate group of their viral RNA, thereby preventing host RIG-I from recognizing viral RNA in the host cell. The intracellular pattern recognition receptor RIG-I (also known as DDX58) recognizes viral RNAs containing 5' triphosphates; removal by the virus of the 5'-terminal triphosphate group from their genome protects the viral RNA from RIG-recognition.
suppression by virus of host RIG-I activity by inhibition of RNA binding
suppression by virus of host RIG-I activity by viral RNA 5' processing
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by a virus resulting in the hydrolysis of the host RIG-I protein (also known as DDX58) by cleavage of peptide bonds, thereby inhibiting RIG-I signal transduction.
inhibition by virus of host RIG-I activity by RIG-I proteolysis
suppression by virus of host RIG-I activity by RIG-I proteolysis
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein), a signal transducer that lies downstream of the viral RNA receptors MDA-5 and RIG-I to coordinate host innate immune responses.
suppression by virus of host mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein
suppression by virus of host MAVS activity
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by a virus resulting in the hydrolysis of the host MAVS (mitochondrial inhibitor of viral signaling) protein by cleavage of peptide bonds, thereby inhibiting the host innate immune response. For example, MAVS harbors a C-terminal transmembrane domain that targets it to the mitochondrial outer membrane; cleavage within this domain removes MAVS from the membrane, thus preventing it from signaling.
suppression by virus of host MAVS activity by MAVS proteolysis
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a host TRAF (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor) protein. TRAFs are intracellular signal transducers that lie downstream of receptors including RIG-I, MDA-5 and Toll-like receptors (TLR) and transfer the signal to other intracellular signaling components.
suppression by virus of host TRAF activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor-3), a transcription factor in the RIG-I/MDA-5 signaling pathway. Viral infection triggers phosphorylation of cytoplasmic IRF3, which allows IRF3 to form a homodimer, migrate to the nucleus, and activate transcription of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta genes.
Inhibition of IRF3-dependent antiviral response
suppression by virus of host interferon regulatory factor 3
suppression by virus of host IRF3 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of the phosphorylation of IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor-3), thereby inhibiting IRF3 activation. In response to signaling from RIG-1/MDA-5 receptors, IRF3 is phosphorylated on multiple serine and threonine residues; phosphorylation results in the cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation of IRF3, DNA binding, and increased transcriptional activation of interferon-encoding genes.
inhibition of virus-induced IRF-3 phosphorylation
inhibition of phosphorylation-induced activation of host IRF3
suppression by virus of host IRF3 activity by inhibition of IRF3 phosphorylation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces IRF3-dependent gene transcription, by preventing or reducing IRF3 binding to promoter sites.
inhibition by virus of host IRF3-DNA binding
suppression by virus of host IRF3 activity by inhibition of DNA binding
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor-3) by promoting the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of IRF3, mediated by the proteasome.
promotion by virus of proteosome-dependent IRF3 degradation
suppression by virus of host IRF3 activity by positive regulation of IRF3 catabolic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host chemokine activity.
down-regulation by virus of host chemokine activity
downregulation by virus of host chemokine activity
negative regulation by virus of host chemokine activity
inhibition by virus of host chemokine activity
suppression by virus of host chemokine activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1). The cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor MDA-5 detects dsRNA synthesized during active viral replication and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against viral infection, for example by inducing the expression of antiviral cytokines.
suppression by virus of host MDA-5 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) by interacting selectively and non-covalently with MDA-5 itself. For example, direct binding of viral proteins to the host MDA-5 protein can inhibit interaction of MDA-5 with MAVS, its downstream signaling effector.
suppression by virus of host MDA5 activity by MDA-5 binding
suppression by virus of host MDA-5 activity via MDA-5 binding
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host IRF7 (interferon regulatory factor-7), a transcription factor in the RIG-I/MDA-5 signaling pathway. Viral infection triggers phosphorylation of cytoplasmic IRF7, which allows IRF7 to form a homodimer, migrate to the nucleus, and activate transcription of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta genes.
inhibition of host interferon regulatory factor-7 by virus
suppression by virus of host interferon regulatory factor 7 activity
suppression by virus of host IRF7 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces IRF7-dependent gene transcription, by promoting the sumoylation of IRF7, thereby disabling its activity.
suppression by virus of host interferon regulatory factor-7 activity by positive regulation of IRF7 sumoylation
suppression by virus of host IRF7 activity by positive regulation of IRF7 sumoylation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host IRF7 (interferon regulatory factor-7) by promoting the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of IRF7, mediated by the proteasome.
promotion by virus of proteosome-dependent IRF7 degradation
suppression by virus of host IRF7 activity by positive regulation of IRF7 catabolic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host IRF9 (interferon regulatory factor-9), a transcription factor involved in the innate immune response. Viral infection triggers binding of IRF9 to phosphorylated STAT1 and STAT2, forming the ISGF3 complex. The ISGF3 complex migrates to the nucleus and activates transcription of IFN-responsive genes.
inhibition of host interferon regulatory factor-9 by virus
suppression by virus of host interferon regulatory factor 9 activity
suppression by virus of host IRF9 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host IRF9 (interferon regulatory factor-9) by promoting the nuclear accumulation of IRF9. For example, the reovirus mu2 protein promotes nuclear accumulation of host IRF9 by an as yet unconfirmed-mechanism.
suppression by virus of host IRF9 activity by nuclear localization of IRF9
suppression of interferon signaling by nuclear accumulation of IRF9
suppression by virus of host IRF9 activity by positive regulation of IRF9 localization to nucleus
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) activity. STATs are SH2 domain-containing proteins which lie downstream of many signaling receptors. Upon phosphorylation by JAKs, STAT proteins hetero- or homo-dimerize and translocate to the nucleus to activate transcription of target genes.
suppression by virus of host signal transducer and activator of transcription activity
inhibition by virus of host STAT activity
suppression by virus of host STAT activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-1) activity. STATs are SH2 domain-containing proteins which lie downstream of many signaling receptors. Upon phosphorylation by JAKs, STAT proteins hetero- or homo-dimerize and translocate to the nucleus to activate transcription of target genes.
inhibition by virus of host STAT1 activity
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT2 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-2) activity. STATs are SH2 domain-containing proteins which lie downstream of many signaling receptors. Upon phosphorylation by JAKs, STAT proteins hetero- or homo-dimerize and translocate to the nucleus to activate transcription of target genes.
inhibition by virus of host STAT2 activity
suppression by virus of host STAT2 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-1) by promoting the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of STAT1, mediated by the proteasome.
promotion by virus of proteosome-dependent STAT1 degradation
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by positive promotion of STAT1 proteasome-mediated degradation
targeting STAT1 for proteasome-mediated degradation
This term is for annotation of viral proteins that counteract the host anti-viral innate immune response. The Sendai virus protein C binds STAT1 directly to induce its degradation, whereas the V protein of simian virus 5 targets STAT1 for degradation by acting as an adaptor, without binding to STAT1.
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by positive regulation of STAT1 catabolic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-1) activity by the removal of phosphoric residues from STAT1-O-phospho-tyrosine to form STAT1-tyrosine. For example, the viral phosphatase VH1 dephosphorylates STAT1 to reverse STAT1 activation.
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation of STAT1
viral tyrosine phosphatase activity involved in suppression of host STAT1
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by tyrosine dephosphorylation of STAT1
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-1) activity by retaining STAT1 in the cytoplasm, so STAT1 is unable to translocate to the nucleus to activate transcription of its target genes.
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by cytoplasmic sequestering of STAT1
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by negative regulation of STAT protein import into nucleus
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces STAT1-dependent gene transcription, by preventing STAT1 from binding to promoter sites in the nucleus.
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by negative regulation of DNA binding
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by inhibition of DNA binding
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host STAT2 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-2) by promoting the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of STAT2, mediated by the proteasome.
promotion by virus of proteosome-dependent STAT2 degradation
suppression by virus of host STAT2 activity by positive promotion of STAT2 proteasome-mediated degradation
targeting STAT2 for proteasome-mediated degradation
suppression by virus of host STAT2 activity by positive regulation of STAT2 catabolic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT2 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-2) activity by retaining STAT2 in the cytoplasm, so STAT2 is unable to translocate to the nucleus to activate transcription of its target genes.
suppression by virus of host STAT2 activity by negative regulation of STAT protein import into nucleus
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-1) activity by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT1 protein. For example, the measles virus V protein inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1, thereby preventing STAT1 activation.
inhibition by virus of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by negative regulation of STAT1 tyrosine phosphorylation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT2 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-2) activity by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT2 protein. For example, the measles virus V protein inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT2, thereby preventing STAT2 activation.
inhibition by virus of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT2
suppression by virus of host STAT2 activity by negative regulation of STAT2 tyrosine phosphorylation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation. The activation of complement involves the sequential proteolysis of proteins to generate enzymes with catalytic activities. The biological functions of the complement include opsonization, inflammation, lysis of immune complexes, or enhancement of the humoral immune response. For example, the virus complement control protein (VCP) of vaccinia virus, and the complement control protein of herpesvirus inhibit C3 convertase.
inhibition of host complement factors by virus
inhibition of host complement activation by virus
inhibition of host complement cascade by virus
suppression by virus of host complement activation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2) activity. TYK2 is an intracellular signal-transducing tyrosine kinase that associates with the cytoplasmic tails of cytokine receptors and transmits the cytokine signal by phosphorylating receptor subunits.
suppression by virus of host non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 activity
suppression by virus of host TYK2 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2) activity by stopping, preventing or reducing phosphorylation and thereby activation of TYK2.
inhibition by virus of host TYK2 activation
inhibition by virus of host TYK2 phosphorylation
suppression by virus of host TYK2 activity by negative regulation of TYK2 tyrosine phosphorylation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host JAK1 (Janus Kinase 1) activity. In the host, binding of a ligand to a receptor triggers activation of JAK proteins, which phosphorylate tyrosine residues on the receptor creating sites for STAT proteins to bind, which are in turn phosphorylated and activated by JAK proteins. By blocking JAK1 activity, many viruses block the host signal transduction pathway.
negative regulation by virus of host JAK
suppression by virus of host janus kinase 1 activity
inhibition of host JAK activity by virus
negative regulation by virus of tyrosine phosphorylation of host STAT protein
suppression by virus of tyrosine phosphorylation of host STAT protein
viral inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of host STAT protein
suppression by virus of host JAK1 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host JAK1 (Janus Kinase 1) activity by stopping, preventing or reducing tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK1 and thereby activation of JAK1.
suppression by virus of host JAK1 activity by negative regulation of JAK1 phosphorylation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host JAK1 (Janus Kinase 1) activity by interacting directly and selectively with JAK1. For example, the polyoma virus T antigen binds to JAK1 and renders it inactive.
suppression by virus of host JAK1 activity via JAK1 binding
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 activity. ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like protein that is conjugated to lysine residues on various target proteins. Viruses escape from the antiviral activity of ISG15 by using different mechanisms; the influenza B virus NS1 protein for instance blocks the covalent linkage of ISG15 to its target proteins by directly interacting with ISG15. The papain-like protease from the coronavirus cleaves ISG15 derivatives.
suppression by virus of host ISG15 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host PKR (protein kinase regulated by RNA) activity. Activation of PKR involves dsRNA binding followed by autophosphorylation. Phosphorylated PKR can then phosphorylate downstream targets such as the translation initiation factor eIF2 to inhibit protein synthesis. Viruses encode a number of mechanisms to inhibit the host antiviral response via PKR, including direct interaction with PKR, promoting degradation of PKR or altering the subcellular location of PKR.
suppression by virus of host EIF2AK2 activity
suppression by virus of host PKR activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host PKR (protein kinase regulated by RNA) activity by interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Binding of viral proteins to RNA may sequester or alter the RNA so it can not be recognized by host PKR, or may compete with PKR for dsRNA binding.
suppression by virus of host PKR activity by binding to dsRNA
suppression by virus of host PKR activity via double-stranded RNA binding
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host PKR (protein kinase regulated by RNA) activity by promoting the localization of PKR in the nucleus. For example, human cytomegalovirus (HMCV) gene products directly interact with PKR and inhibit its activation by sequestering it in the nucleus, away from both its activator (cytoplasmic dsRNA) and its substrate, (eIF2alpha).
suppression by virus of host PKR activity by nuclear sequestration of PKR
suppression by virus of host PKR activity by positive regulation of PKR localization to nucleus
suppression by virus of host PKR activity by sequestering of PKR in nucleus
suppression by virus of host PKR activity by positive regulation of PKR nuclear localization
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host PKR (protein kinase regulated by RNA) activity by promoting the degradation of PKR via the proteosome. For example, the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) NSs protein induces the down-regulation of PKR by degradation through proteasomes.
downregulation of PKR by degradation through proteosome
promotion by virus of proteosome-dependent PKR degradation
suppression by virus of host PKR activity by positive regulation of PKR catabolic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host protein kinase activity.
suppression by virus of host protein kinase activity
The process in which a virus effects a change in host protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) activity, a serine/threonine phosphatase. Different viruses modulate host PP1 activity to remove phosphates from various cellular substrates and downregulate the host's antiviral response.
modulation of host PP1 activity by virus
regulation by virus of host PP1 activity
modulation by virus of host PP1 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host tetherin activity. Tetherin (also known as BST2) is an alpha interferon-inducible cellular factor that impairs the release of many enveloped viruses. By blocking tetherin activity, many viruses circumvent its antiviral effects.
inhibition of host BST2/Tetherin by virus
suppression by virus of host BST-2 activity
suppression by virus of host tetherin activity
Any viral process that inhibits a host antigen-presenting cell expressing a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
inhibition of host proteasome antigen processing by virus
suppression by virus of host antigen processing and presentation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of the host TAP complex, a heterodimer composed of the subunits TAP1 and TAP2 (transporter associated with antigen presentation). The TAP complex functions in the transport of antigenic peptides from the cytosol to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are loaded onto the MHC class I. By inhibiting the TAP complex, the virus prevents viral particles being presented at the cell surface, and thus evades the host immune response.
Viruses utilize multiple mechanisms to inhibit the TAP complex, including promoting degradation of the TAP proteins, interacting with the peptide-binding site of TAP to compete with peptide binding, and interacting with TAP to inhibit ATP binding and peptide-stimulated ATP hydrolysis.
suppression by virus of host TAP complex
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host tapasin (TAP binding protein/TAPBP) activity. Tapasin is a type I transmembrane protein essential for the optimal expression of stable MHC class I molecules on the host cell surface. By inhibiting host tapasin activity, viruses can prevent presentation of their antigens at the cell surface, and thereby evade the host anti-viral immune response.
suppression by virus of host TAP binding protein
Consider also annotating to 'tapasin binding ; GO:0046980'.
suppression by virus of host tapasin activity
Any viral process that decreases the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the host mitotic cell cycle.
suppression by virus of G2/M transition of host mitotic cell cycle
Any viral process which decreases the rate or extent of a host cell leaving M phase of the cell cycle. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.
inhibition of host mitotic exit by virus
suppression by virus of host exit from mitosis
The process in which a virus increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of host messenger RNA (mRNA).
induction by virus of host mRNA catabolic process
induction by virus of catabolism of host mRNA
Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dephosphorylation of a host protein.
modulation by virus of host protein dephosphorylation
Any viral process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host endoribonuclease activity.
GO:0039597 should be used to annotate viral proteins which utilize a host RNase to induce endonucleolytic cleavage of mRNAs (e.g. the NSP1 protein of SARS coronavirus). For viral proteins that have endoribonuclease activity themselves, consider instead annotating to: 'endoribonuclease activity involved in viral induction of host mRNA catabolic process ; GO:0039594'.
induction by virus of host endoribonuclease activity
Any process in which a host pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner by a viral endoribonuclease.
host mRNA cleavage by viral endoribonuclease
viral endoribonuclease activity involved in degradation of host mRNA
The process in which a virus increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of host nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that begins with endonucleolytic cleavage (by either a host or a viral RNAse) to generate unprotected ends.
induction by virus of host endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent mRNA decay
induction by virus of host nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent decay
Some viruses utilize a host RNase to induce endonucleolytic cleavage of template mRNAs (e.g. the NSP1 protein of SARS coronavirus); for these consider instead annotating to the child term 'induction by virus of host endoribonuclease activity ; GO:0039597'. Other viral proteins act as endonucleases themselves to cleave mRNA and then rely on the host degradation machinery to clear the resulting fragments (e.g. gamma herpesvirus SOX protein); for these cases consider instead annotating to the child term 'endoribonuclease activity involved in viral induction of host mRNA catabolic process ; GO:0039594'.
induction by virus of host endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent mRNA catabolic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase II promoter region of a host DNA template.
inhibition of host transcription initiation by virus
suppression by virus of host DNA-dependent transcription, initiation
suppression by virus of host transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process in which a virus prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation of host mRNA.
viral inhibition of cellular protein synthesis
suppression by virus of host translation
Any process in which a virus prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host translation initiation, the host process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein.
suppression by virus of host translation initiation
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by a virus resulting in the hydrolysis of a host translation initiation factor by cleavage of its peptide bonds.
cleavage of host translation initiation factor by viral protease
proteolytic cleavage by virus of host translation initiation factor
suppression by virus of host translation initiation factor activity by proteolysis
cleavage of host translation initiation factor by virus
proteolysis by virus of host translation initiation factor
Any process in which a virus prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a host translation initiation factor by promoting dephosphorylation of a host protein.
GO:0039608 can be used to annotate viral proteins which promote dephosphorylation of a host translation initiation factor itself (e.g. eIF4E) or promote dephosphorylation of a host protein that, when un-phosphorylated, inactivates a translation initiation factor. For example, the transcriptional repressor and eIF4E-binding protein 4E-BP1 is activated by dephosphorylation upon EMCV and poliovirus infections.
suppression by virus of host translation initiation factor activity by induction of host protein dephosphorylation
Any process in which a virus prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a host translation initiation factor.
Inhibition of host translation factors by virus
inhibition of activity of host translation initiation factor
suppression by virus of host EIF-4E activity
suppression by virus of host translation initiation factor activity
Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of viral or host proteins in a host.
modulation by virus of host protein phosphorylation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of viral or host proteins in a host.
viral inhibition of host protein phosphorylation
suppression by virus of host protein phosphorylation
Any process in which a virus activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of viral or host proteins in a host.
induction by virus of host protein phosphorylation
Any process mediated by a virus that results in the death of a cell in the host organism.
The viral-killing of a host cell by a pre-existing virus in response to a subsequent infection of the host cell by second virus.
killing by virus of host cells during superinfection exclusion
killing by virus of host cells involved in superinfection exclusion
killing by virus of host cell during superinfection exclusion
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidoglycan biosynthesis in the host organism. Peptidoglycans are any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
viral inhibition of host peptidoglycan biosynthesis
suppression by virus of host peptidoglycan biosynthetic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell wall biogenesis in the host organism. Cell wall biogenesis includes the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and the assembly and arrangement of these constituent parts.
suppression by virus of host cell wall biogenesis
The breakdown of host DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, by a virus.
The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the host cell surface.
LPS binding involved in viral attachment to host cell
lipopolysaccharide binding involved in viral attachment to host cell
virion attachment, binding to host lipopolysaccharide
lipopolysaccharide-mediated virion attachment to host cell
The prevention or delay of host cell lysis by a pre-existing virus in response to a subsequent infection of the host cell by second virus.
suppression by virus of host cell lysis in response to superinfecting virus
suppression by virus of host cell lysis in response to superinfection
The killing by a virus of host cell by cytolysis, caused by a virus stopping, preventing, or reducing peptidoglycan biosynthesis in the host organism. Peptidoglycans are any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
cytolysis by virus via suppression of host peptidoglycan biosynthetic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host NF-kappaB activity.
suppression by virus of host NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host cell G1/S transition checkpoint.
G1/S host cell cycle checkpoint dysregulation by virus
modulation by virus of host G1/S transition checkpoint
Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host cell G0/G1 transition checkpoint.
G0/G1 host cell cycle checkpoint dysregulation by virus
modulation by virus of host G0/G1 transition checkpoint
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) activity. PABP binds to the poly(A) tail of mRNA to facilitate translation.
inhibition of host poly(A)-binding protein by virus
suppression by virus of host PABP activity
suppression by virus of host poly(A)-binding protein activity
Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein ubiquitination in the host organism. Ubiquitination is the process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.
modulation of host ubiquitin pathway by virus
modulation by virus of host protein ubiquitination
The process in which a virus effects a change in host ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. Ubiquitin-protein ligase activity catalyzes the reaction: ATP + ubiquitin + protein lysine = AMP + diphosphate + protein N-ubiquityllysine.
modulation of host E3 ubiquitin ligases by virus
modulation by virus of host ubiquitin-protein ligase activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host caspase activity. Caspases are cysteine-type endopeptidases which contribute to the apoptotic process.
suppression by virus of host cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
Any process in which a virus increases the frequency, rate or extent of host cysteine-type endopeptidase activity (also called caspase activity) which contributes to the apoptotic process.
induction by virus of host caspase activity
induction by virus of host cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
Any process in which a virus starts, promotes, or enhances the activity of the host transcription factor NF-kappaB.
activation by virus of host NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host DNA-dependent transcription; the cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. Viral proteins can interfere with either host RNA polymerase or with transcription factors.
suppression by virus of host DNA-dependent transcription
suppression by virus of host transcription
Fusion of a virus membrane with a host endosome membrane. Occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in release of the virus contents into the cell.
fusion of virus membrane with host endosomal membrane
viral entry into host cell via caveolae-mediated endocytosis followed by membrane fusion with the endosome membrane
viral entry into host cell via caveolin-mediated endocytosis followed by membrane fusion with the endosome membrane
viral entry into host cell via clathrin-mediated endocytosis followed by membrane fusion with the endosome membrane
viral penetration via endocytosis followed by caveolae-mediated membrane fusion with the endosome membrane
viral penetration via endocytosis followed by clathrin-mediated membrane fusion with the endosome membrane
viral entry into host cell via endocytosis followed by membrane fusion with host endosome
viral entry into host cell via endocytosis followed by membrane fusion with the endosome membrane
fusion of virus membrane with host endosome membrane
The transport of a virus between adjacent cells in a multicellular organism using plasmodesmata. Plasmodesma is a fine cytoplasmic channel found in all higher plants, which connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.
spread of virus in host, cell to cell via plasmodesmata
transport of virus in host, cell to cell via plasmodesmata
The process in which a virus effects a change in gene expression in its host organism. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
regulation by virus of host gene expression
modulation by virus of host gene expression
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression in the host organism. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
suppression by virus of host gene expression
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of the host TBK1-IKBKE-DDX3 complex.
inhibition of host TBK1-IKBKE-DDX3 complex by virus
suppression by virus of host TBK1-IKKE-DDX3 complex activity
See also: suppression by virus of host TBK1 activity ; GO:0039723, and suppression by virus of host IKBKE activity ; GO:0039724.
suppression by virus of host TBK1-IKBKE-DDX3 complex activity
Merging of the virion membrane and a host membrane (host plasma membrane or host organelle membrane) that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.
fusion of virus membrane with host membrane
fusion of virus membrane with host membrane during viral entry
viral entry into host cell via membrane fusion
membrane fusion involved in viral entry into host cell
The viral-induced lysis of an organelle (endosome, lysosome, or caveosome) that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. Occurs once the virus is within the organelle, and results in transfer of the viral contents from the organelle compartment into the cytoplasm.
viral penetration via lysis of host organellar membrane
viral entry into host cell via endosome membrane lysis
viral entry into host cell via lysis of host organelle membrane
lysis of host organelle involved in viral entry into host cell
Induction of organellar membrane permeabilization triggered by an interaction between the host membrane and a membrane-penetration protein associated with a viral capsid. Results in release of the virus contents from an organelle into the host cell cytoplasm.
viral penetration via permeabilization of host organellar membrane
viral penetration via host endosomal membrane disruption by virus
viral penetration via perforation of host organellar membrane by virus
viral entry into host cell via permeabilization of host organelle membrane
permeabilization of host organelle membrane involved in viral entry into host cell
The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a pilus on the host cell surface. Pili are retractile filaments that protrude from gram-negative bacteria. Filamentous viruses can attach to the pilus tip, whereas icosahedral viruses can attach to the pilus side.
pilus-mediated viral adsorption onto host cell
pilus-mediated viral attachment to host cell
The uptake of a virus or viral genetic material into a host cell which occurs through retraction of a virion-bound pilus.
This method of entry into the cell differs between viruses; filamentous bacteriophages have rod-shaped virions which attach to the tip of the pilus; after retraction of the pilus with the virion attached, the genome can enter the host cell through the pilus basal pore. For icosahedral viruses, retraction of the pilus brings the virus in contact with the cell membrane and the genome can enter the cell via membrane fusion or genome injection. In GO, viral entry begins after viral attachment; for pilus-attachment proteins see instead: viral attachment to host cell pilus ; GO:0039666.
viral entry into host cell via pilus retraction
The uptake of a virus or viral genetic material into a host cell which occurs through retraction of the virion-bound pilus, followed by entry of the viral genome into the host cell through the pilus basal pore. Filamentous bacteriophages absorb to the tip of the F-pili and can enter the bacterial cell in this way.
filamentous viral entry into host cell via pilus retraction
viral entry into host cell via pilus basal pore
The uptake of a virus into a host cell which occurs via retraction of the viral-bound pilus to bring the virus in contact with the host cell membrane, followed by fusion of the bacteriophage membrane with the host outer membrane.
For annotation of viral pilus-binding proteins, see also 'viral attachment to host cell pilus ; GO:0039666'.
viral entry into host cell via pilus retraction and membrane fusion
Any process by which a virus avoids the effects mediated by the host organism's natural killer (NK) cells.
evasion by virus of host NK cell killing
evasion by virus of host natural killer cell response
protection by virus against host NK cell cytotoxicity
suppression by virus of host natural killer cell function
modulation of host NK-cell activity by virus
evasion by virus of host natural killer cell activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation in the host.
suppression by virus of host NK-cell activation
suppression by virus of host natural killer cell activation
Any process by which a virus avoids the effects mediated by the host organism's dendritic cells.
modulation of host dendritic cell activity by virus
evasion by virus of host dendritic cell response
impairing dendritic cell function by virus
evasion by virus of host dendritic cell activity
The directed movement of the viral genome or a viral particle out of the host cell nucleus.
The directed movement of the viral genome or a viral particle out of the host cell nucleus through the nuclear pore.
exit of virus from host cell nucleus through nuclear pore complex
exit of virus from host cell nucleus through nuclear pore
The directed movement of the viral genome or a viral particle out of the host cell nucleus that involves disruption of the nuclear membrane envelope by the virus.
exit of virus from host cell nucleus via nuclear envelope breakdown
exit of virus from host cell nucleus via nuclear envelope disassembly
Ejection by a non-enveloped prokaryotic virus of its genome into the host cytoplasm. Caudovirales carry an ejection apparatus that can be long and contractile, long and noncontractile, or short, and is able to penetrate the host cell envelope to deliver the viral genome into the host cell cytoplasm.
viral genome injection through bacterial membranes
When a pore-forming protein is involved, see also 'pore-mediated entry of viral genome into host cell ; GO:0044694'.
viral genome ejection through host cell envelope
The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, towards the host cell nucleus using actin filaments.
actin-dependent intracellular transport of viral material towards nucleus
actin-dependent intracellular transport of virus towards nucleus
A process of unidirectional viral DNA replication that takes place on a circular DNA to rapidly produce numerous copies of the viral genome. Involves creating a nick in one strand of the circular DNA molecule at the origin of replication. DNA is then synthesized by DNA polymerase. Using the non-nicked strand as a template, replication proceeds around the circular DNA molecule, displacing the nicked strand as single-stranded DNA.
A rolling circle viral DNA replication that begins with a double-stranded viral DNA genome.
rolling circle double-stranded viral DNA replication
A rolling circle viral DNA replication that begins with a single-stranded viral DNA genome.
rolling circle single-stranded viral DNA replication
A viral DNA replication process where a 3' hairpin structure in the viral single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) template serves as a primer for host enzymes to synthesize DNA.
ssDNA rolling hairpin viral DNA replication
A viral DNA replication process where replication occurs in both directions from the starting point. This creates two replication forks, moving in opposite directions.
bidirectional double-stranded viral DNA replication
A viral DNA replication process where only one strand is replicated at once, and which releases a single stranded DNA (ssDNA).
viral DNA strand displacement replication
A DNA replication process that uses viral RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strands.
viral double stranded DNA replication via reverse transcription
A viral genome replication process where the template genome is negative stranded, single stranded RNA ((-)ssRNA).
A viral genome replication process where the template genome is positive stranded, single stranded RNA ((+)ssRNA). Replication of the positive strand leads to dsRNA formation, which in turn is transcribed into positive single stranded RNA.
A viral genome replication process where the template genome is double stranded RNA (dsRNA). Genomic dsRNA is first transcribed into single-stranded (ss) mRNA, which is then replicated to ds-genomic RNA.
A viral genome replication where the template is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), and which proceeds via a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) intermediate molecule. Viral genomic RNA is first reverse transcribed into dsDNA, which integrates into the host chromosomal DNA, where it is transcribed by host RNA polymerase II.
viral ssRNA replication via dsDNA intermediate
single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate
Methylation of the 2'-O-ribose of the first or second transcribed nucleotide of a viral mRNA. Methylation allows evasion of the host innate immune response, which degrades cap0 (non-methylated) mRNAs.
Fusion of a viral primary envelope with the host outer nuclear membrane during nuclear egress. The transitory primary envelope is acquired by the virus as it buds at the inner nuclear membrane and gains access to the perinuclear space. This membrane is lost by fusing with the host outer nuclear membrane during nuclear exit.
fusion of viral membrane with host outer nuclear membrane involved in nuclear egress
viral primary envelope fusion with host outer nuclear membrane
fusion of viral membrane with host outer nuclear membrane
The directed movement of the viral genome or a viral particle towards the cell periphery using host microtubules. Mostly used by viruses that replicate their genome near or in the nucleus to allows newly assembled viral progeny to reach the plasma membrane.
microtubule-dependent intracellular transport of viral material towards cell periphery
Viral budding which uses a host ESCRT protein complex, or complexes, to mediate the budding process.
viral budding through the ESCRT machinery
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components by a virus to form a pore complex in a membrane of a host organism.
pore formation in membrane of host cell by virus
pore formation by virus in membrane of host cell
The assembly of a virus capsid that occurs in the nucleus. The assembly of large icosahedral shells for herpesviridae and adenoviridae requires structural proteins that act as chaperones for assembly.
The assembly of a virus capsid that occurs in the cytoplasm.
The assembly of an icosahedral viral capsid in the cytoplasm. Often occurs by assembling around the viral genome.
The assembly of a helical viral capsid in the cytoplasm. Occurs by assembling around the viral genome.
Any viral process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host catalytic activity.
induction by virus of host enzyme activity
induction by virus of host catalytic activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in the host organism.
suppression by virus of host TLR signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of the host serine/threonine kinase TBK1.
When TBK1 acts as part of a TBK1-IKBKE-DDX3 complex, consider also annotating to: suppression by virus of host TBK1-IKBKE-DDX3 complex activity ; GO:0039659.
suppression by virus of host TBK1 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of the host I-kappa-B kinase epsilon (IKBKE/IKK-epsilon/IKK-E).
When IKBKE acts as part of a TBK1-IKBKE-DDX3 complex, consider also annotating to: suppression by virus of host TBK1-IKBKE-DDX3 complex activity ; GO:0039659.
suppression by virus of host IKBKE activity
The directed movement of peptides or proteins produced by an organism to a location inside its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
transport of peptides or proteins into host
translocation of peptides or proteins into host
A process in which microorganisms irreversibly attach to and grow on a surface and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription.
Female behaviors associated with the care and rearing of offspring.
Male behaviors associated with the care and rearing offspring.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.
Any mechanism of immune avoidance that does not directly interfere with the host immune system; for example, some viruses enter a state of latency where their protein production is drastically downregulated, meaning that they are not detected by the host immune system. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any mechanism of immune avoidance that directly affects the host immune system, e.g. blocking any stage in host MHC class I and II presentation. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any mechanism of active immune avoidance which works by regulating the host complement system, e.g. by possessing complement receptors which mediate attachment to, then infection of, host macrophages, which are eventually destroyed. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
active immune evasion via modulation of host complement system
active immune evasion via regulation of host complement system
active evasion of host immune response via regulation of host complement system
Any mechanism of active immune avoidance which works by regulating host cytokine networks, e.g. by secreting proteins that mimic cytokine receptors that act to sequester host cytokines and inhibit action. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
active immune evasion via modulation of host cytokine network
active immune evasion via regulation of host cytokine network
active evasion of host immune response via regulation of host cytokine network
Any mechanism of active immune avoidance which works by regulating the host's antigen processing or presentation pathways, e.g. by blocking any stage in MHC class II presentation. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
active evasion of host immune response via regulation of host antigen processing and presentation pathway
active immune evasion via modulation of antigen processing and presentation
active immune evasion via modulation of antigen processing/presentation
active immune evasion via regulation of antigen processing and presentation
active evasion of host immune response via regulation of host antigen processing and presentation
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a protozoan that act to protect the cell or organism.
Any process in which infecting bacteria are clumped together by a host organism.
The attachment of one single cell organism to another via adhesion molecules, occurring as a part of flocculation.
cell-cell adhesion involved in flocculation
The attachment of one single cell organism to another during flocculation via the interaction a protein in the cell wall of one cell with a carbohyrdate in the cell wall of another In Saccharomyces this process is mannose-sensitve.
cell-cell adhesion involved in flocculation via cell wall protein-carbohydrate interaction
The attachment of a parasite adhesion molecule to a nonidentical adhesion molecule on the microvasculature of a host cell, thereby adhering the parasite to the host cell.
heterophilic cell adhesion involved in cytoadherence to microvasculature, mediated by parasite protein
Any process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.
regulation by host of viral transcription
regulation of viral transcription by host
modulation by host of viral transcription
Any process in which a host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.
negative regulation of viral transcription by host
negative regulation by host of viral transcription
Any process is which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription, the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA.
positive regulation of viral transcription by host
positive regulation by host of viral transcription
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzyme activity in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation of enzyme activity in other organism
activation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation of catalytic activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation of catalytic activity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont enzyme activity. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by host of symbiont enzyme activity
up regulation by host of symbiont enzyme activity
up-regulation by host of symbiont enzyme activity
upregulation by host of symbiont enzyme activity
activation by host of symbiont enzyme activity
positive regulation by host of symbiont catalytic activity
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
up regulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
up-regulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
upregulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
activation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
positive regulation by symbiont of host catalytic activity
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by symbiont of host adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction; GO:0075336".
negative regulation by host of symbiont adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of host adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by symbiont of host adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction
The process in which an organism or its progeny spreads from one location to another within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directional movement of an organism from one place to another within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process that begins with the production and formation of structures and molecules in an organism that are required for the acquisition and utilization of nutrients from its host organism, and the ends with the acquirement of the nutrients. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology
Any process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the host's cells. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism causes the formation of a mass of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
induction by symbiont in host of tumor, nodule, or growth
The process in which an organism causes the formation in its host organism of a growth whose cells have been transformed and continue to exist in the absence of the first organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
induction by symbiont in host of tumor, nodule, or growth containing transformed cells
The movement of an organism from a host to another host or from a host to another place in the environment. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
dissemination or transmission of organism from host
dissemination or transmission of symbiont from host
The movement of an organism from one host to another (or another place in the environment) by means of a third organism (often an insect or other animal). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
dissemination or transmission of organism from host by vector
dissemination or transmission of symbiont from host by vector
The transfer of virions by means of an organism (often an insect or other animal) in order to create new infection.
A process in which microorganisms of the same species attach to and grow on a surface such, and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription.
A process in which microorganisms of the same species attach to and grow on an inanimate surface such as a rock or pipe, and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription.
single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
The process in which an organism adds a phosphate group to a protein of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is intended for use in annotation of symbiont gene products. For host gene products that phosphorylate host proteins, consider annotation to 'protein amino acid phosphorylation ; GO:0006468'. Consider also annotation to the molecular function term 'protein kinase activity ; GO:0004672'.
modification by symbiont of host protein by phosphorylation
The alteration by an organism of the levels of indole acetic acid in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of auxin levels in host
modulation by symbiont of IAA levels in host
Note that this term is intended for use in annotation of symbiont gene products. For host gene products that regulate indole acetic acid levels in the host, consider annotating to 'auxin homeostasis ; GO:0010252'.
modulation by symbiont of indole acetic acid levels in host
A metabolic process - chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances - which involves more than one organism.
A biosynthetic process - chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances - which involves more than one organism.
A catabolic process - chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances - which involves more than one organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules forming, or destined to form, part of a cell wall, involving more than one organism. A cell wall is a rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.
multi-organism cell wall macromolecule metabolism
multi-organism cell wall macromolecule metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, that involve more than one organism.
main pathways of carbohydrate metabolic process
main pathways of carbohydrate metabolism
multi-organism carbohydrate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, involving more than one organism.
multi-organism carbohydrate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues, involving more than one organism.
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance on the surface of the other (symbiont) organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via substance in symbiont surface
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance in the symbiont cell outer membrane - a lipid bilayer that forms the outermost layer of the symbiont cell envelope. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via substance in symbiont cell outer membrane
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance that is released by the other organism. This includes substances that are released via pathogen cell lysis.
interaction with host via substance released outside of symbiont cells
interaction with host via substance released outside of symbiont
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the other (symbiont) organism via a type I secretion system. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via protein secreted by type I secretion system
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the other (symbiont) organism via a type V secretion system. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via protein secreted by type V secretion system
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the other (symbiont) organism via a type VI secretion system. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via protein secreted by type VI secretion system
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance released via rupture of symbiont sporangia, structures producing and containing spores. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via substance released by sporangia lysis
interaction with host via substance released by lysis of symbiont sporangium
interaction with host via substance released by sporangium lysis
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance released via cytolysis of symbiont cells. Cytolysis is the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via substance released by cytolysis of symbiont
interaction with host via substance released by symbiont cytolysis
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance released via symbiont membrane budding, the evagination of a membrane resulting in formation of a vesicle.
interaction with host via substance released by symbiont membrane budding
interaction with host via substance released by membrane budding
The directed movement of peptides or proteins produced by a symbiont organism to a location within the host cell cytoplasm.
translocation of symbiont peptides or proteins into host cell cytoplasm
transport of peptides or proteins into host cell cytoplasm
translocation of peptides or proteins into host cell cytoplasm
Any process in which an organism causes host cells to change shape and become round.
The alteration by a symbiont organism of the functioning of a system process in the host. A system process is a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system.
regulation by symbiont of host system process
modulation by symbiont of host system process
The alteration by a symbiont organism of the functioning of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by the host organism to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
regulation by symbiont of host digestive system process
modulation by symbiont of host digestive system process
The alteration by a symbiont organism of the functioning of a endocrine process, any of the hormonal, neural, and secretory processes that release products into the blood or lymph, in the host organism.
regulation by symbiont of host endocrine process
modulation by symbiont of host endocrine process
The alteration by a symbiont organism of the functioning of excretion, the elimination by the host organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.
regulation by symbiont of host excretion
modulation by symbiont of host excretion
The alteration by a symbiont organism of the functioning of a host neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.
regulation by symbiont of host neurological system process
modulation by symbiont of host neurological system process
The alteration by a symbiont organism of the functioning of a respiratory system process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system.
regulation by symbiont of host respiratory system process
modulation by symbiont of host respiratory system process
The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host cell nucleus.
modification by symbiont of host nucleus
modification of host cell nucleus by symbiont
modification of host nucleus by symbiont
modification by symbiont of host cell nucleus
The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host intercellular junction, a specialized region of connection between two cells.
modification of host intercellular junctions by symbiont
modification by symbiont of host intercellular junctions
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell, in its host organism.
modulation of host cellular process by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host cellular process
regulation of host cellular process by symbiont
modulation by symbiont of host cellular process
The process in which a symbiont organism modulates the anion transport, the directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, of its host organism.
modification of host anion transport by symbiont
modulation by symbiont of host anion transport
The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in its host's cell cycle through direct interactions with the host cell macromolecular machinery.
modification by symbiont of host cell cycle
modulation of host cell cycle by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host cell cycle
modulation by symbiont of host cell cycle
The process in which a symbiont organism stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of its host's progression through its cell cycle via direct interactions with the host cell macromolecular machinery.
negative regulation by symbiont of host cell cycle
The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in translation, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein, in its host organism.
modification by symbiont of host translation
modulation of host translation by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host translation
modulation by symbiont of host translation
The process in which a symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein, in its host organism.
negative regulation of host translation by symbiont
negative regulation by symbiont of host translation
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vacuole organization in its host organism.
modulation by symbiont of host vacuole organisation
modulation of host vacuole organization by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host vacuole organization
modulation by symbiont of host vacuole biogenesis
modulation by symbiont of host vacuole organization
The process in which a symbiont organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vacuole organization in its host organism.
positive regulation by symbiont of host vacuole organisation
positive regulation of host vacuole organization by symbiont
positive regulation by symbiont of host vacuole biogenesis
positive regulation by symbiont of host vacuole organization
The process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport, in its host organism.
modulation of host receptor-mediated endocytosis by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated endocytosis
modulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated endocytosis
Any process in which a symbiont organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport, in its host organism.
positive regulation of host receptor-mediated endocytosis by symbiont
positive regulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated endocytosis
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell in its host organism.
modification by symbiont of host neurotransmitter secretion
modulation of host neurotransmitter secretion by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host neurotransmitter secretion
modulation by symbiont of host neurotransmitter secretion
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling in its host organism. cGMP-mediated signaling is a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic GMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
modulation by symbiont of host cGMP-mediated signal transduction pathway
modulation by symbiont of host cGMP-mediated signaling
modulation by symbiont of host cGMP-mediated signalling
modulation of host cGMP-mediated signal transduction by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host cGMP-mediated signal transduction
modulation by symbiont of host cGMP-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction in its host organism. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is a series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).
modulation by symbiont of host nitric oxide mediated signal transduction
modulation of host nitric oxide-mediated signal transduction by symbiont
modulation of host nitric oxide-mediated signaling by symbiont
modulation of host nitric oxide-mediated signalling by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host nitric oxide-mediated signal transduction
modulation by symbiont of host nitric oxide-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction in its host organism.
modulation of host small GTPase mediated signal transduction by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host small GTPase mediated signal transduction
modulation by symbiont of host small GTPase mediated signal transduction
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction in its host organism.
modulation by symbiont of host Rho protein mediated signal transduction
modulation by symbiont of host Rho protein-mediated signal transduction
modulation of host Rho protein signal transduction by symbiont
modulation of host Rho protein signaling by symbiont
modulation of host Rho protein signalling by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host Rho protein signal transduction
modulation by symbiont of host Rho protein signal transduction
The increase in size or mass of an organism occurring when the organism is in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0052171'. See also 'development during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0044111'.
growth involved in symbiotic interaction
The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring when the organism is in a symbiotic interaction.
development during symbiotic interaction
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0052171'. See also 'growth during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0044110'.
development involved in symbiotic interaction
The increase in size or mass of an organism, occurring within the cells or tissues of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down the tissue of the second organism.
growth in other organism during symbiotic interaction
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development in other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0051831'. See also 'development in other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0044113'.
growth in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring within the cells or tissues of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down the tissue of the second organism.
development in other organism during symbiotic interaction
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development in other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0051831'. See also 'growth in other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0044112'.
development in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring within the cells or tissues of the host organism. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down host tissue. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host ; GO:0044412'. See also 'growth of symbiont in host ; GO:0044117'.
The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring in, on or near the exterior of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
development of symbiont during interaction with host
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0052108'. See also 'growth of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0044116'.
development of symbiont involved in interaction with host
The increase in size or mass of an organism, occurring in, on or near the exterior of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
growth of symbiont during interaction with host
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0052108'. See also 'development of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0044115'.
growth of symbiont involved in interaction with host
The increase in size or mass of an organism, occurring within the cells or tissues of the host organism. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down host tissue. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host ; GO:0044412'. See also 'development of symbiont in host ; GO:0044114'.
The progression of the symbiont from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring in its host's cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host cell ; GO:0075065'. See also 'growth of symbiont in host cell ; GO:0044119'.
The increase in size or mass of symbiont, occurring in its host's cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host cell ; GO:0075065'. See also 'development of symbiont in host cell ; GO:0044118'. This term refers to an increase in mass of a symbiont in a host cell; it should not be used to annotate an increase in number of symbionts, e.g. viral replication in a host cell.
The progression of the symbiont from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring in its host's organelle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host organelle ; GO:0075066'. See also 'growth of symbiont in host organelle ; GO:0044121'.
development of symbiont in host organelle
The increase in size or mass of a symbiont, occurring in its host's organelle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host organelle ; GO:0075066'. See also 'development of symbiont in host organelle ; GO:0044120'.
The progression of the symbiont from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring in its host's vascular tissue. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host organelle ; GO:0075066'. See also 'growth of symbiont in host vascular tissue ; GO:0044123'.
development of symbiont in host vascular tissue
The increase in size or mass of symbiont, occurring in its host's vascular tissue. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host organelle ; GO:0075066'. See also 'development of symbiont in host vascular tissue ; GO:0044122'.
growth of symbiont in host vascular tissue
The progression of the symbiont from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring in its host's intercellular space. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host intercellular space ; GO:0075067'. See also 'growth of symbiont in host intercellular space ; GO:0044125'.
development of symbiont in host intercellular space
The increase in size or mass of symbiont, occurring in its host's intercellular space. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host intercellular space ; GO:0075067'. See also 'development of symbiont in host intercellular space ; GO:0044124'.
growth of symbiont in host intercellular space
The progression of a symbiont from an initial condition to a later condition, within the cells or tissues of its host organism.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont on or near host ; GO:0044408'. See also 'growth of symbiont on or near host ; GO:0044133'.
The increase in size or mass of a symbiont within the cells or tissues of its host organism.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont on or near host ; GO:0044408'. See also 'development of symbiont on or near host ; GO:0044132'.
The progression of the symbiont from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring on or near its host phyllosphere. The host phyllosphere is defined as total above-ground surfaces of a plant as a habitat for symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont on or near host phyllosphere ; GO:0075013'. See also 'growth of symbiont on or near host phyllosphere ; GO:0044135'.
development of symbiont on or near host phyllosphere
The increase in size or mass of symbiont occurring on or near its host phyllosphere. The host phyllosphere is defined as total above-ground surfaces of a plant as a habitat for symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont on or near host phyllosphere ; GO:0075013'. See also 'development of symbiont on or near host phyllosphere ; GO:0044134'.
growth of symbiont on or near host phyllosphere
The progression of the symbiont from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring on or near its host rhizosphere. The host rhizosphere is defined as total below-ground surfaces of a plant as a habitat for its symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont on or near host rhizosphere ; GO:0075014'. See also 'growth of symbiont on or near host rhizosphere ; GO:0044137'.
development of symbiont on or near host rhizosphere
The increase in size or mass of symbiont occurring on or near its host rhizosphere. The host rhizosphere is defined as total below-ground surfaces of a plant as a habitat for its symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont on or near host rhizosphere ; GO:0075014'. See also 'development of symbiont on or near host rhizosphere ; GO:0044136'.
growth of symbiont on or near host rhizosphere
The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring on or near the exterior of its symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
development of organism on or near symbiont surface
The increase in size or mass of an organism occurring on or near the exterior of its symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of organism on or near symbiont surface ; GO:0051857'. See also 'development of organism on or near symbiont surface ; GO:0044150'.
growth of organism on or near symbiont surface
The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring on or near the exterior of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
development on or near surface of other organism during symbiotic interaction
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development on or near surface of other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0051827'. See also 'growth on or near surface of other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0044153'.
development on or near surface of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The increase in size or mass of an organism occurring on or near the exterior of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
growth on or near surface of other organism during symbiotic interaction
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development on or near surface of other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0051827'. See also 'development on or near surface of other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0044152'.
growth on or near surface of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another.
hemolysis of erythrocytes in other organism
hemolysis of red blood cells in other organism
A process carried out by an organism that results in the breakdown of the cell wall of a second organism.
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with vascular damage and hemorrhage in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in hemorrhagic damage to other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of proteins in a second organism.
modulation of molecular function in other organism
Any process in which an organism effects a change in the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a voltage-gated potassium channel in another organism.
modulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a voltage-gated potassium channel in another organism.
negative regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the function of proteins in a second organism.
negative regulation of molecular function in other organism
Any process in which an organism effects a change in the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a potassium channel in another organism.
modulation of potassium channel activity in other organism
A process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the second organism's cells.
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change to the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
The behaviour of consuming the whole or part of another organism for the purposes of nutrition.
The behaviour of consuming part of another organism for the purposes of nutrition via a particular tissue e.g. vascular tissue.
The behaviour of consuming part of another organism for the purposes of nutrition via a vascular tissue.
feeding from vascular tissue of another organism
The behaviour of feeding on the blood of another organism via specialized mouth parts and chemical agents used to penetrate vascular structures in the skin of hosts.
The process of forcing a substance into the bloodstream of another organism, whilst feeding on blood of other organism. The substance may facilitate the feeding process, e.g. by preventing the blood from clotting.
injection of substance into other organism during feeding on blood of other organism
The behaviour of consuming phloem sap, usually by penetration of the phloem wall, for the purposes of nutrition.
The behaviour of consuming xylem exudate from plant xylem tissue for the purposes of nutrition.
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the swelling of soft tissues of the bitten organism as a result of excess water accumulation.
envenomation resulting in induction of oedema in other organism
envenomation resulting in induction of edema in other organism
A process in which microorganisms of different species attach to and grow on a surface and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription.
A process in which microorganisms of different species attach to and grow on an inanimate surface such as a rock or pipe and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription.
multi-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
A process in which microorganisms of different species attach to and grow in or on a surface in a host species, and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
multi-species biofilm formation in or on host organism
Any process in which an organism within a multispecies community gains an advantage in growth or survival over another organism of a different species in that community.
An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term host is usually used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis. The smaller (micro) member is called the symbiont organism. Microscopic symbionts are often referred to as endosymbionts. The various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, in which the association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms; mutualism, in which the association is advantageous, or often necessary to one or both and not harmful to either; and commensalism, in which one member of the association benefits while the other is not affected. However, mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism are often not discrete categories of interactions and should rather be perceived as a continuum of interaction ranging from parasitism to mutualism. In fact, the direction of a symbiotic interaction can change during the lifetime of the symbionts due to developmental changes as well as changes in the biotic/abiotic environment in which the interaction occurs.
symbiotic interaction between host and organism
symbiotic interaction with other non-host organism
Note that this term encompasses all symbiotic relationships between species along a continuum from mutualism through to parasitism, as outlined in the definition.
symbiosis, encompassing mutualism through parasitism
The set of specific processes that allow an organism to detect the presence of its host via physical or chemical signals. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The attachment of an organism to its host via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
A process in which microorganisms of the same species attach to and grow in or on a surface in a host species, and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism
Penetration by an organism into the body, tissues, or cells of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Penetration by an organism into its host organism via naturally occurring openings in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Penetration by an organism into its host organism via active breaching of the physical barriers of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process, either constitutive or induced, by which an organism evades, suppresses or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense(s). Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host defense(s) by active mechanisms that normally result in the shutting down of a host pathway. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense(s). Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
induction by symbiont of host defense response
The directed movement of a molecule(s) produced by an organism to a location inside its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of DNA from an organism to a location inside its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species.
interspecies interaction with other organisms
interspecies interaction between organisms
A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal, in a different organism.
regulation of sensory perception of pain in another organism
modulation of sensory perception of pain in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of blood coagulation in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of blood coagulation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant activation, maintenance or an increase in the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of blood coagulation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction in the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of blood coagulation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a pore complex in a membrane of the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in pore formation in membrane of other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change in the activity of a calcium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of calcium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a calcium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of calcium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a voltage-gated calcium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a high voltage-gated calcium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a low voltage-gated calcium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of low voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction in the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant activation, maintenance or an increase in the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of blood mast cell degranulation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of mast cell degranulation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of blood mast cell degranulation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of mast cell degranulation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant hydrolysis of proteins in of the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in proteolysis in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism which causes damage to the extracellular matrix of the blood vessels of the bitten organism, ultimately resulting in hemorrhage in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in blood vessel ECM, causing hemorrhagic damage in other organism
envenomation resulting in blood vessel extracellular matrix damage, causing hemorrhagic damage in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the inhibition of the process of hemostasis - the stopping of bleeding or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part - in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of hemostasis in other organism
envenomation, impairing hemostasis in other organism
envenomation resulting in impairment of hemostasis in other organism
The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with fibrinolysis, a process that solubilizes fibrin, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin, in the bloodstream of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in fibrinolysis in other organism
The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with fibrinogenolysis, a process that degrades fibrinogen at a variety of Arg-Lys bonds, thus impairing fibrinogen clotting in the bloodstream of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in fibrinogenolysis in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the transmission of a nerve impulse in another organism.
regulation of transmission of nerve impulse in other organism
modulation of transmission of nerve impulse in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of the transmission of nerve impulses in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of transmission of nerve impulse in other organism
Any process in which an organism effects a change in the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in another organism.
modulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity in other organism
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in another organism.
positive regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity in other organism
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the function of proteins in a second organism.
positive regulation of molecular function in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change in the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant activation or increase in the activity of the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of blood pressure in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of blood pressure in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant increase of the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of blood pressure in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant decrease of the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of blood pressure in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in a signal transduction process - a cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell - in a second organism.
modulation of signal transduction in other organism
A process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signal transduction process - a cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell - in a second organism.
positive regulation of signal transduction in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the activity of a G-protein coupled receptor in a second organism.
modulation of G-protein coupled receptor activity in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the activity of a receptor in a second organism.
modulation of receptor activity in other organism
A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a G-protein coupled receptor in a second organism.
regulation of G-protein coupled receptor activity in other organism
positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor activity in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the activity of a glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 in a second organism.
regulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor activity in other organism
modulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in other organism
A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a receptor in a second organism.
positive regulation of receptor activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of signal transduction in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of signal transduction in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of signal transduction in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of signal transduction in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of receptor activity in of the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of receptor activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in of the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of G-protein coupled receptor activity in of the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of G-protein coupled receptor activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor activity in of the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in of the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in other organism
A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 in a second organism.
positive regulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the activity of a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor in a second organism.
modulation of VIP receptor activity in other organism
regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in other organism
modulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in other organism
A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor in a second organism.
positive regulation of VIP receptor activity in other organism
positive regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of the activity of a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of VIP receptor activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in regulation of VIP receptor activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of the activity of a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of VIP receptor activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with resultant muscle damage in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in muscle damage in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, killing heart myocytes and ultimately resulting in muscle damage in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in myocyte killing causing muscle damage in other organism
envenomation resulting in myocyte killing in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, damaging the extracellular matrix of muscle cells and ultimately resulting in muscle necrosis in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in damage of muscle extracellular matrix causing muscle necrosis in other organism
envenomation resulting in damage of muscle extracellular matrix in other organism
A process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism.
modulation of programmed cell death in other organism
A process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptosis in a second organism.
regulation of apoptotic process in other organism
modulation of apoptotic process in other organism
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism.
positive regulation of apoptotic process in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of apoptosis in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of apoptotic process in other organism
The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a reduction in the quantity of fibrinogen found in the bloodstream of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of circulating fibrinogen in other organism
envenomation resulting in depletion of circulating fibrinogen in other organism
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form in another organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the processing of inactive plasminogen to active plasmin in another organism.
plasminogen activation in other organism
The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.
envenomation resulting in zymogen activation in other organism
The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the activation of plasminogen into plasmin in the bitten organism. This process includes cleavage at an internal Arg-Val site to form an N-terminal A-chain and C-terminal B-chain held together by a disulfide bond, and can include further proteolytic cleavage events to remove the preactivation peptide.
envenomation resulting in plasminogen activation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with resultant modulation of vasodilation of blood vessels, usually causing a reduction in blood pressure, in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of vasodilation in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of vasodilation in other organism
A process by which an organism causes vasodilation of blood vessels, usually causing a reduction in blood pressure, in another organism.
regulation of vasodilation in other organism
modulation of vasodilation in other organism
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological quality in another organism. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.
regulation of biological quality in other organism
modulation of biological quality in other organism
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction of another organism.
regulation of heart rate in other organism
modulation of heart rate in other organism
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency of heart contraction of another organism.
negative regulation of heart rate in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the negative regulation of the heart rate of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of heart rate of other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change in the activity of a voltage-gated potassium channel in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change in the activity of an ion channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of ion channel activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of ion channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism effects a change in the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an ion channel in another organism.
regulation of ion channel activity in other organism
modulation of ion channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant negative regulation of the activity of a voltage-gated potassium channel in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant slowing of the activation kinetics of the activity of a voltage-gated potassium channel in the bitten/stung organism.
voltage-dependence of activation shift (to the left)
envenomation resulting in slowing of activation kinetics of voltage-gated potassium channel in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant blocking of a voltage-gated potassium channel, inhibiting the pore's activity, in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in occlusion of the pore of voltage-gated potassium channel in other organism
Any process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the host's endothelial cells.
disruption by symbiont of host endothelial cells
The process in which an organism effects a change in the relaxation of muscle in a second organism.
regulation of relaxation of muscle in other organism
modulation of relaxation of muscle in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the relaxation of smooth muscle in a second organism.
regulation of relaxation of smooth muscle in other organism
modulation of relaxation of smooth muscle in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the relaxation of smooth muscle in the uterus of a second organism.
regulation of relaxation of uterine smooth muscle in other organism
modulation of relaxation of uterine smooth muscle in other organism
positive regulation of relaxation of uterine smooth muscle in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the process of cell migration in a second organism.
regulation of cell migration in other organism
modulation of cell migration in other organism
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration in a second organism.
negative regulation of cell migration in other organism
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration in a second organism.
positive regulation of cell migration in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the modulation of cell migration in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of cell migration in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of cell migration in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the negative regulation of cell migration in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of cell migration in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the positive regulation of cell migration in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of cell migration in other organism
A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the classical pathway of complement activation, in a different organism.
regulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism
modulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the classical pathway, in a different organism.
positive regulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the classical pathway, in a different organism.
negative regulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism
A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the lectin pathway of complement activation, in a different organism.
regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
modulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the lectin pathway, in a different organism.
positive regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of complement activation by the lectin pathway, in a different organism.
negative regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation, via the alternative pathway, in a different organism.
regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
modulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the alternative pathway, in a different organism.
negative regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the alternative pathway, in a different organism.
positive regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the regulation of complement activation via the classical pathway of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the negative regulation of complement activation via the classical pathway of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the positive regulation of complement activation via the classical pathway of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of complement activation via the lectin pathway in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant negative regulation of complement activation via the lectin pathway in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of complement activation via the lectin pathway in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of complement activation via the alternative pathway in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of complement activation via the alternative pathway in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant negative regulation of complement activation via the alternative pathway in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation in a different organism.
regulation of complement activation in other organism
modulation of complement activation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of complement activation in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of complement activation in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of complement activation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with cytolysis in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in cytolysis in other organism
The attachment of a symbiont to a host cell via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly.
The attachment of a symbiont to a host epithelial cell via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly.
adhesion of symbiont to host epithelial cell
The attachment of a symbiont to a host endothelial cell via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly.
adhesion of symbiont to host endothelial cell
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components by an organism to form a pore complex in a membrane of another organism, occurring as part of a symbiotic interaction.
pore formation in membrane of other organism during symbiotic interaction
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components by an organism to form a pore complex in a membrane of a host organism.
pore formation in membrane of host by symbiont
The killing by a virus of a cell in its host organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.
The killing by a virus of a cell in its host organism by cytolysis, caused by the formation by the virus of pores in its host cell membrane.
cytolysis by virus via pore formation in host cell membrane
A process by which a virus has a negative effect on the functioning of the host's cell.
A process by which a virus has a negative effect on the functioning of a host cellular membrane.
disruption by organism of host cell membrane
disruption by virus of host cell membrane
Injection by a non-enveloped virus of the viral genome into the host cytoplasm through creation of a pore or channel in the host cell membrane(s). Usually mediated by a viral pore-forming peptide associated with the viral capsid or bacteriophage tail.
pore-mediated penetration of viral genome into host cell
viral genome delivery via icosahedral vertex
membrane puncture-mediated penetration of viral genome into host cell
This mechanism is used by animal viruses such as poliovirus. Various tailed bacteriophages also carry specialized proteins which open a pore or a channel in the host membrane(s) to allow genome delivery into host cytoplasm.
pore-mediated entry of viral genome into host cell
The process by which a virus causes the death of daughter cells which do not contain its genes after host cell division, by a mechanism of post-segregational killing (PSK). The extrachromosomal viral DNA consist of two genes; the product of the second is long lived and toxic, while the product of the first is short lived and antagonizes the lethal action of the toxin. Daughter cells that do not contain the viral extrachromosomal element are killed by the long lived toxin, while daughter cells that do contain the viral extrachromosomal element are protected by the action of the short lived antitoxin it encodes.
killing by virus of host cell by toxin-antitoxin system
Note that this process occurs after the cell division partitioning event.
killing by virus of host cell by post-segregational killing
The process in which a symbiont undergoes a change in shape or form, within the host's cell.
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism.
The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction involving another organism of the same or different species.
A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species.
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change in the activity of an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of ASIC channel activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of acid-sensing ion channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant positive regulation in the activity of an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of ASIC channel activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of acid-sensing ion channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant negative regulation in the activity of an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of ASIC channel activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of acid-sensing ion channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism effects a change in the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) in another organism.
regulation of ASIC channel in other organism
regulation of acid-sensing ion channel in other organism
modulation of acid-sensing ion channel in other organism
Any process in which an organism negatively regulates the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in another organism.
negative regulation of ASIC channel in other organism
negative regulation of acid-sensing ion channel in other organism
Any process in which an organism positively regulates the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in another organism.
positive regulation of ASIC channel in other organism
positive regulation of acid-sensing ion channel in other organism
A process that negatively regulates the sensory perception of pain in a different organism.
inhibition of sensory perception of pain in another organism
negative regulation of sensory perception of pain in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the inhibition of the sensory perception of pain in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in inhibition of sensory perception of pain in other organism
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of sensory perception of pain in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the modulation of the sensory perception of pain in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of sensory perception of pain in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of sensory perception of pain in other organism
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse, in its host organism.
regulation by symbiont of host synaptic transmission
modulation by symbiont of host synaptic transmission
negative regulation by symbiont of host synaptic transmission
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse via the neurotransmitter choline, in its host organism.
regulation by symbiont of host cholinergic synaptic transmission
modulation by symbiont of host cholinergic synaptic transmission
Any process in which a symbiont organism negatively regulates cholinergic synaptic transmission, communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse via the neurotransmitter choline, in its host organism.
negative regulation by symbiont of host cholinergic synaptic transmission
Any process in which a symbiont organism negatively regulates the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell in its host organism.
negative regulation by symbiont of host neurotransmitter secretion
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level which involves another organism of the same or different species.
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore, involving more than one organism.
A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.
A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a virus with which it is infected, from its cells.
modulation by host of viral release from host cell
A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a virus with which it is infected, from its cells.
negative regulation by host of viral release from host cell
A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a virus with which it is infected, from its cells.
positive regulation by host of viral release from host cell
A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.
negative regulation by host of viral process
A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.
positive regulation by host of viral process
The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane, involving more than one organism.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane, involving more than one organism.
The insertion into a host genome of viral DNA, usually by the action of an integrase enzyme. Once integrated, the provirus persists in the host cell and serves as a template for the transcription of viral genes and replication of the viral genome, leading to the production of new viruses.
A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.
regulation by host of viral genome reproduction
modulation by host of viral genome replication
A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.
negative regulation by host of viral genome replication
A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.
positive regulation by host of viral genome replication
A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral RNA genome replication.
regulation by host of viral RNA genome replication
modulation by host of viral RNA genome replication
Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production in its host organism.
modulation by virus of host cytokine production
The process in which a virus increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production in its host organism.
positive regulation by virus of host cytokine production
Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein transport in its host organism.
modulation by virus of host protein transport
The process during wing vibration where the male insect produces a species-specific acoustic signal called a love song.
male courtship behavior, song production
male courtship behaviour, song production
male courtship behaviour, veined wing generated song production
male courtship behavior, veined wing generated song production
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the receptiveness of a female to male advances subsequent to mating.
down regulation of female receptivity, post-mating
down-regulation of female receptivity, post-mating
downregulation of female receptivity, post-mating
inhibition of female receptivity, post-mating
negative regulation of female receptivity, post-mating
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the willingness or readiness of a female to receive male advances.
Any process that activates or increases the receptiveness of a female to male advances.
positive regulation of female receptivity
Any process that modulates the receptiveness of a female to male advances subsequent to mating.
regulation of female receptivity, post-mating
Any process that increases the receptiveness of a female to male advances subsequent to mating.
up regulation of female receptivity, post-mating
up-regulation of female receptivity, post-mating
upregulation of female receptivity, post-mating
activation of female receptivity, post-mating
stimulation of female receptivity, post-mating
positive regulation of female receptivity, post-mating
Any process that contributes to the success of sperm fertilization in multiply-mated females.
The retention of sperm by a female following mating.
The process in which the use of stored sperm from the first-mating male is inhibited by the seminal fluid of subsequently mating males.
The process that occurs after viral attachment by which a virus, or viral nucleic acid, breaches the plasma membrane or cell envelope and enters the host cell. The process ends when the viral nucleic acid is released into the host cell cytoplasm.
Viral attachment to the host cell is not part of viral entry in GO because virus attachment does not always lead to viral entry: attachment can also result in the virion being carried by the host cell to another location.
Any virus-mediated process that modulates the levels of viral proteins in a cell.
regulation by virus of viral protein levels in host cell
Any process that reduces the levels of viral proteins in a cell.
down regulation of viral protein levels in host cell
down-regulation of viral protein levels in host cell
downregulation of viral protein levels in host cell
negative regulation of viral protein levels
inhibition of viral protein levels in host cell
negative regulation of viral protein levels in host cell
Any process that increases the levels of viral proteins in a cell.
positive regulation of viral protein levels
up regulation of viral protein levels in host cell
up-regulation of viral protein levels in host cell
upregulation of viral protein levels in host cell
activation of viral protein levels in host cell
stimulation of viral protein levels in host cell
positive regulation of viral protein levels in host cell
The induction by a virus of an immune response in the host organism.
activation of host immune response by virus
induction of host immune response by virus
The unintentional stimulation by a virus of a host defense response to viral infection, as part of the viral infectious cycle.
passive activation of host immune response by virus
passive viral induction of host immune response
passive induction of host immune response by virus
The intentional, virally-encoded stimulation of a host defense response to viral infection.
active viral induction of host immune response
active induction of host immune response by virus
The unintentional stimulation by a virus of a host humoral defense response to viral infection, as part of the viral infectious cycle.
passive induction of humoral immune response in host by virus
passive viral activation of humoral immune response in host
passive viral induction of humoral immune response in host
passive induction of host humoral immune response by virus
The unintentional stimulation by a virus of a cell-mediated host defense response to viral infection, as part of the viral infectious cycle.
passive induction of cell-mediated immune response in host by virus
passive viral activation of cell-mediated immune response in host
passive viral induction of cell-mediated immune response in host
passive induction of host cell-mediated immune response by virus
The unintentional stimulation by a virus of an innate host defense response to viral infection, as part of the viral infectious cycle.
passive induction of innate immune response in host by virus
passive viral activation of innate immune response in host
passive viral induction of innate immune response in host
passive induction of host innate immune response by virus
The intentional, virally-encoded stimulation of a host humoral defense response to viral infection.
active viral induction of humoral immune response in host
active induction of humoral immune response in host by virus
The intentional, virally-encoded stimulation of a cell-mediated host defense response to viral infection.
active viral induction of cell-mediated immune response in host
active induction of cell-mediated immune response in host by virus
The intentional, virally-encoded stimulation of an innate host defense response to viral infection.
active viral induction of innate immune response in host
active induction of innate immune response in host by virus
The transport of a virus between cells in a multicellular organism. The cells can be adjacent or spatially separated (e.g. in different tissues or organs).
spread of virus within multicellular host
transport of virus in multicellular host
The transport of a virus between adjacent cells in a multicellular organism.
cell to cell spread of virus within host
spread of virus within host, cell to cell
transport of virus in host, cell to cell
The transport of a virus between tissues in a multicellular organism.
spread of virus within host, tissue to tissue
tissue to tissue spread of virus within host
viral spread within host, tissue to tissue
spread of virus in host, tissue to tissue
transport of virus in host, tissue to tissue
The process in which a capsid acquires another membrane envelope, subsequent to acquiring an initial membrane envelope.
outer nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from ER membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from Golgi membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from inner nuclear membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from nuclear membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from outer nuclear membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from outer nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from plasma membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from ER membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from Golgi membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from inner nuclear membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from nuclear membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from outer nuclear membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
ER membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment
Golgi membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment
endoplasmic reticulum membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment
inner nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment
nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment
plasma membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from ER membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from Golgi membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from inner nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from plasma membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from ER membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from Golgi membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from inner nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from outer nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from plasma membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
Any process in which viral capsid precursors are transported to a specific location in the nucleus, thus accumulating the necessary components for assembly of a capsid.
establishment and maintenance of viral capsid precursor localization in nucleus
localization of viral capsid precursors in nucleus
nuclear localization of viral capsid precursors
viral capsid precursor localisation in host cell nucleus
viral capsid precursor localization in host cell nucleus
viral capsid precursor localization to host cell nucleus
viral capsid precursor transport to host cell nucleus
The exit of a viral particle from a cell that does not involve cell lysis.
The exit of enveloped or unenveloped virion particles from the host cell by exocytosis, without causing cell lysis.
A viral process by which enveloped viruses acquire a host-derived membrane enriched in viral proteins to form their external envelope. The process starts when nucleocapsids, assembled or in the process of being built, induce formation of a membrane curvature in the host plasma or organelle membrane and wrap up in the forming bud. The process ends when the bud is eventually pinched off by membrane scission to release the enveloped particle into the lumenal or extracellular space.
A viral budding that starts with formation of a membrane curvature in the host Golgi membrane.
Golgi membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from Golgi membrane by viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from Golgi membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from Golgi membrane by viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from Golgi membrane during viral capsid envelopment
A viral budding that starts with formation of a membrane curvature in the host plasma membrane.
virus budding from plasma membrane by viral capsid envelopment
plasma membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from plasma membrane by viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from plasma membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from plasma membrane during viral capsid envelopment
A viral budding that starts with formation of a membrane curvature in the host ER membrane.
endoplasmic reticulum membrane viral budding
virus budding from ER membrane by viral capsid envelopment
ER membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment
endoplasmic reticulum membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from ER membrane by viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from ER membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from ER membrane during viral capsid envelopment
A viral budding that starts with formation of a membrane curvature in the host nuclear membrane.
virus budding from nuclear membrane by viral capsid envelopment
nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from nuclear membrane by viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment
The envelopment of a virus, in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host inner nuclear membrane system into the perinuclear space, thus acquiring a membrane envelope.
virus budding from inner nuclear membrane by viral capsid envelopment
inner nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from inner nuclear membrane by viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from inner nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from inner nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from inner nuclear membrane
The envelopment of a virus, in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host outer nuclear membrane system, thus acquiring a membrane envelope.
virus budding from outer nuclear membrane by viral capsid envelopment
outer nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from outer nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from outer nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from outer nuclear membrane
Any viral process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination of a host mRNA.
negative regulation by virus of host cell protein biosynthesis shutoff
negative regulation by virus of host cell protein biosynthetic process shutoff
viral inhibition of host cell protein biosynthesis shutoff
viral inhibition of host cell protein biosynthetic process shutoff
viral inhibition of termination of host cell protein biosynthesis
viral inhibition of termination of host cell protein biosynthetic process
viral suppression of termination by host of host cell protein biosynthesis
viral suppression of termination by host of host cell protein biosynthetic process
suppression by virus of host termination of protein biosynthetic process
suppression by virus of host translation termination
Any viral process that results in the inhibition of interferon activity within the host cell.
negative regulation by virus of intracellular interferon activity
suppression by virus of intracellular interferon activity in host
suppression by virus of host intracellular interferon activity
Any viral process that results in the inhibition of host cell cytokine production.
negative regulation by virus of host cytokine production
suppression by virus of host cytokine production
Any viral process that inhibits a host antigen-presenting cell expressing a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
inhibition of host MHC class I molecule presentation by virus
negative regulation by virus of MHC class I cell surface presentation
suppression by virus of MHC class I cell surface presentation in host
suppression by virus of host MHC class I cell surface presentation
suppression by virus of host antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
Any viral process that interferes with the processing of mRNA in the host cell.
viral perturbation of host mRNA processing
modification by virus of host mRNA processing
Any viral process that discriminates against and subsequently inhibits host transcripts containing introns, thus allowing only intronless viral mRNA to be fully processed.
negative regulation by virus of expression of host genes with introns
viral inhibition of expression of host genes with introns
suppression by virus of expression of host genes with introns
Any viral process that inhibits the splicing of host mRNA, thus reducing host protein production.
negative regulation by virus of host mRNA splicing
suppression by virus of host splicing factor activity
viral dispersion of host splicing factors
suppression by virus of host mRNA splicing
Any viral process that interferes with and inhibits the assembly and function of polysomes.
See also the cellular component term 'polysome ; GO:0005844'.
The directed movement of intronless viral mRNA from the host nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation.
intronless viral mRNA export from host cell nucleus
intronless viral mRNA export out of nucleus
intronless viral mRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
intronless viral mRNA export from host nucleus
viral mRNA export from host cell nucleus
The process of organizing and assembling viral replication proteins in preparation for viral replication.
viral replication complex formation and maintenance
Viral interference in host cell processes that lead cell cycle arrest, allowing cell division to occur.
negative regulation by virus of cell cycle arrest
suppression by virus of host cell cycle arrest
Any process in which a virus activates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of host RNA polymerase II.
induction by virus of modification of host RNA polymerase II
virus-induced modification of host RNA polymerase II
induction by virus of phosphorylation of host RNA polymerase II
The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, into, out of, or within a host cell.
The recruitment of the helicase-primase complex to viral DNA lesions during viral DNA repair.
recruitment of helicase-primase complex to DNA lesions
The directed movement of an assembled viral particle out of the host cell nucleus by budding and fusion through the nuclear membranes. In this process, enveloped viral particles are formed by budding through the inner nuclear membrane. These perinuclear enveloped particles then fuse with the outer nuclear membrane to deliver a naked capsid into the host cytoplasm.
egress of viral procapsid from host cell nucleus
exit of virus from host cell nucleus by nuclear egress
The assembly and maintenance of the viral scaffold around which the viral capsid is constructed.
See also the cellular component term 'viral scaffold ; GO:0046806'.
The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a receptor on the host cell surface.
virion attachment, binding of host cell surface receptor
receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell
The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a co-receptor on the host cell surface.
virion attachment, binding of host cell surface coreceptor
coreceptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell
Any process in which the viral genome is retained within the capsid during genome cleavage and packaging.
The behavior of individuals for the purpose of discriminating between the sexes, for the purpose of finding a suitable mating partner.
The process during courtship where the male insect extends his wings. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
male courtship behaviour, wing extension
male courtship behaviour, veined wing extension
male courtship behavior, veined wing extension
The process in which a new plantlet develops from a meristem on the plant body. As part of this process, when the plantlet is large enough to live independently, the physical connection between the new plantlet and the main plant is severed.
The biological process involved in maintaining the steady-state number of cells within a population of free-living cells such as the bacteria in the gut.
homeostasis of number of cells in a free-living population
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.
defence response to Gram-negative bacteria
defence response to Gram-negative bacterium
defense response to Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative antibacterial peptide activity
defense response to Gram-negative bacterium
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.
defence response to Gram-positive bacteria
defence response to Gram-positive bacterium
defense response to Gram-positive bacteria
Gram-positive antibacterial peptide activity
defense response to Gram-positive bacterium
A set of reactions, specific to males, that are triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.
male-specific defence response to bacteria
male-specific defence response to bacterium
male-specific defense response to bacteria
male-specific antibacterial peptide activity
male-specific defense response to bacterium
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism.
Gene silencing induced by RNA viruses leading to a sequence-specific degradation of target mRNAs or post-transcriptional gene silencing.
Gene silencing induced by DNA viruses leading to a sequence-specific degradation of target mRNAs or post-transcriptional gene silencing.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism.
Any process in which an organism initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme autolysin in another organism. The autolysin enzyme belongs to, and is active in, the other organism.
positive regulation of autolysin activity in another organism
activation of autolysin activity in another organism
induction of autolysin activity in another organism
activation of autolysis in other organism
activation of autolytic activity in other organism
induction of autolysis in other organism
induction of autolytic activity in other organism
induction of autolysin activity in other organism
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the cell wall peptidoglycans of another organism.
catabolic process of cell wall peptidoglycans of other organism
catabolism of cell wall peptidoglycans of other organism
cell wall peptidoglycan catabolic process in another organism
cell wall catabolic process in other organism
catabolism by organism of cell wall peptidoglycan in other organism
The disruption of the membranes of another organism, leading to damage to its cells and possibly death of that organism.
cytolysis, by membrane disruption, in other organism
An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term host is used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism.
An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term symbiont is used for the smaller (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism.
Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of the same species.
intraspecies interaction with other organisms
intraspecies interaction between organisms
A biological process which involves another organism of the same or different species.
physiological interaction between organisms
physiological interaction with other organism
Any process in which an organism has a behavioral effect on another organism of the same or different species.
behavioral interaction between organisms
behavioral interaction with other organism
behavioural interaction between organisms
behavioural interaction with other organism
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism.
The directed movement of an organism's proteins within a cell of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
intracellular protein transport in other organism during symbiotic interaction
intracellular protein transport in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The killing by an organism of a cell in another organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.
cytolysis of cells of another, non-host, organism
cytolysis of cells of competing organism
The killing by an organism of a cell in a second organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
cytolysis of cells in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
cytolysis of cells in other organism during symbiotic interaction
cytolysis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism avoids the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion or tolerance of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
evasion or tolerance of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids or tolerates the effects of a second organism's defense response; the defense response is mounted by the second organism in response to the presence of the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion of other organism defence response
evasion or tolerance of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
evasion or tolerance of defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of peptides or proteins produced by an organism to a location inside a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
translocation of peptides or proteins into other organism during symbiotic interaction
transport of peptides or proteins into other organism during symbiotic interaction
translocation of peptides or proteins into other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism avoids the immune response of a second organism without directly interfering with the second organism's immune system, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
passive evasion of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
passive evasion of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism avoids the immune response of a second organism which directly affects the second organism's immune system, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
active evasion of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
active evasion of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism avoids the immune response of a second organism by regulating the second organism's complement system, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
active immune evasion via modulation of complement system of other organism
active immune evasion via regulation of complement system of other organism
active evasion of immune response of other organism via regulation of complement system of other organism during symbiotic interaction
active evasion of immune response of other organism via regulation of complement system of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism avoids the immune response of a second organism by regulating the second organism's cytokine networks, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
active immune evasion via modulation of cytokine network of other organism
active immune evasion via regulation of cytokine network of other organism
active evasion of immune response of other organism via regulation of cytokine network of other organism during symbiotic interaction
active evasion of immune response of other organism via regulation of cytokine network of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism avoids the immune response of a second organism by regulating the second organism's antigen processing or presentation pathways, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
active evasion of immune response of other organism via regulation of antigen processing and presentation pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
active immune evasion via modulation of antigen processing and presentation in other organism
active immune evasion via modulation of antigen processing/presentation in other organism
active immune evasion via regulation of antigen processing and presentation in other organism
active evasion of immune response of other organism via regulation of antigen processing and presentation in other organism during symbiotic interaction
active evasion of immune response of other organism via regulation of antigen processing and presentation in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of morphology of other organism during symbiotic interaction
regulation of physiological process in other organism during symbiotic interaction
regulation of physiology of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of morphology or physiology of other organism during symbiotic interaction
regulation of morphology or physiology of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
A process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the second organism's cells, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
disruption of cells of other organism during symbiotic interaction
disruption of cells of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism causes the formation of a mass of cells in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
induction of tumor, nodule, or growth in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction of tumor, nodule, or growth in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism causes the formation in a second organism of a growth whose cells have been transformed and continue to exist in the absence of the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
induction of tumor, nodule, or growth containing transformed cells in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction of tumor, nodule, or growth containing transformed cells in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The set of specific processes that allow an organism to detect the presence of a second organism via physical or chemical signals, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
recognition of other organism during symbiotic interaction
recognition of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The attachment of an organism to a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. Adhesion may be via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., and may be either direct or indirect.
adhesion to other organism during symbiotic interaction
adhesion to other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process, either constitutive or induced, by which an organism evades, minimizes, or suppresses the effects of a second organism's defense(s), where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
avoidance of defenses of other organism during symbiotic interaction
avoidance of defenses of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense(s) of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. Suppression occurs by active mechanisms that normally result in the shutting down of pathways in the second organism.
negative regulation of defenses of other organism during symbiotic interaction
suppression of defenses of other organism during symbiotic interaction
suppression of defenses of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids or tolerates the effects of a second organism's defense(s), where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. Defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers).
evasion or tolerance of defenses of other organism during symbiotic interaction
evasion or tolerance of defenses of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a molecule(s) produced by an organism to a location inside a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
translocation of molecules into other organism during symbiotic interaction
transport of molecules into other organism during symbiotic interaction
translocation of molecules into other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of DNA from an organism to a location inside a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
translocation of DNA into other organism during symbiotic interaction
transport of DNA into other organism during symbiotic interaction
translocation of DNA into other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The killing by an organism of a cell in its symbiont organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of peptides or proteins produced by an organism to a location inside the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
transport of peptides or proteins into symbiont
translocation of peptides or proteins into symbiont
The production of structures and/or molecules in an organism that are required for the acquisition and/or utilization of nutrients obtained from its symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by host of symbiont morphology or physiology
Any process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the symbiont's cells. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The set of specific processes that allow an organism to detect the presence of its symbiont via physical or chemical signals. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The attachment of an organism to its symbiont via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process, either constitutive or induced, by which an organism evades, minimizes, or suppresses the effects of its symbiont organism's defense(s). The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont defense(s) by active mechanisms that normally result in the shutting down of a symbiont pathway. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process, either active or passive, by which an organism evades or tolerates the effects of the defense(s) or defense molecules of a symbiont organism. Symbiont defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion or tolerance of symbiont defenses
The directed movement of molecule(s) produced by an organism to a location inside the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
translocation of molecules into symbiont
Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
killing of cells in other organism during symbiotic interaction
killing of cells in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The formation of bacterial aggregates in liquid culture dependent on the presence of Type IV pili.
bundle-forming fimbriae-dependent aggregation
bundle-forming pili-dependent aggregation
Attachment of bacterial clusters to the surface of the host in a type IV pili dependent manner. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Type IV pili-dependent localized adherence to host
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by symbiont of substance in host
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
down-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
negative modulation by organism of defense-related host SA-mediated signal transduction pathway
negative modulation by organism of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
negative regulation by organism of defense-related host SA-mediated signal transduction pathway
inhibition by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response
down-regulation by symbiont of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response
downregulation by symbiont of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response
negative regulation of host SA-mediated defense response
suppression by organism of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response
suppression of host SA mediated defense response
inhibition by symbiont of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response
negative regulation by symbiont of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response
down-regulation by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response
downregulation by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response
suppression by organism of host ethylene-mediated defense response
inhibition by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response
negative regulation by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in its host resulting in the breakdown of substances. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by organism of substance in host
catabolism by symbiont of substance in host
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in its host resulting in the formation of substances. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
biosynthesis by organism of substance in host
biosynthesis by symbiont of substance in host
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism of host cellular component by organism
catabolism of host structural constituent by organism
degradation of host cellular component by organism
disassembly by organism of host cellular component
disassembly by symbiont of host cellular component
disruption by symbiont of host cellular component
The breakdown of the host cell wall. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism of host cell wall by organism
degradation of host cell wall by organism
disassembly by organism of host cell wall
disassembly by symbiont of host cell wall
disruption by symbiont of host cell wall
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellulose in the host cell wall. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by organism of host cell wall cellulose
catabolism by symbiont of host cell wall cellulose
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of pectin in the host cell wall. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by organism of host cell wall pectin
catabolism by symbiont of host cell wall pectin
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of chitin in the host cell wall. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by organism of host cell wall chitin
catabolism by symbiont of host cell wall chitin
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of macromolecules within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by organism of host macromolecule
catabolism by symbiont of host macromolecule
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of protein macromolecules within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by organism of host carbohydrate
catabolism by symbiont of host carbohydrate
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of glucan molecules within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of xylan within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The alteration by an organism of the levels of RNA in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host RNA levels
modulation by symbiont of RNA levels in host
The alteration by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host hormone or growth regulator levels
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the host cell wall. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism of host cell wall by organism
modification by symbiont of host cell wall
The alteration by an organism of the levels of ethylene in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of ethylene levels in host
The alteration by an organism of the levels of jasmonic acid in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of jasmonic acid levels in host
The alteration by an organism of the levels of salicylic acid in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of salicylic acid levels in host
The increase by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host
up regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host
up-regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host
upregulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host
activation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host
stimulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host
positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a host cellular membrane. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host cell membrane
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its host's transcription. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host transcription
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of host signal transduction by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway
modulation by symbiont of host signal transduction
modulation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
up regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway
up-regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway
upregulation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway
activation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway
stimulation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway
positive regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway
down-regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway
downregulation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway
negative modulation by organism of host signal transduction pathway
inhibition by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway
negative regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of its host, the response mounted by the host in response to the presence of the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host defense response
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response of the host organism; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host inflammatory response
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
MAMP dependent activation of host innate immunity
MAMP dependent induction of host innate immunity
PAMP dependent activation of host innate immunity
PAMP dependent induction of host innate immunity
general elicitor-dependent activation of host innate immunity
general elicitor-dependent induction of host innate immunity
pathogen-associated molecular pattern dependent activation by organism of host innate immunity
pathogen-associated molecular pattern dependent induction by symbiont of host innate immunity
pathogen-associated molecular pattern dependent induction by symbiont of host innate immune response
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism tops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immunity
down-regulation by symbiont of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immunity
downregulation by symbiont of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immunity
negative regulation by symbiont of microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immunity
suppression of MAMP induced host innate immunity
suppression of MAMP-induced host innate immunity
suppression of PAMP induced host innate immunity
suppression of PAMP-induced host innate immunity
suppression of general elicitor induced host innate immunity
suppression of general elicitor-induced host innate immunity
suppression of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immunity
inhibition by symbiont of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immunity
negative regulation by symbiont of microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immune response
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response of the host organism; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
up regulation by symbiont of host inflammatory response
up-regulation by symbiont of host inflammatory response
upregulation by symbiont of host inflammatory response
activation by symbiont of host inflammatory response
stimulation by symbiont of host inflammatory response
positive regulation by symbiont of host inflammatory response
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response of the host organism; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host inflammatory response
down-regulation by symbiont of host inflammatory response
downregulation by symbiont of host inflammatory response
inhibition by symbiont of host inflammatory response
negative regulation by symbiont of host inflammatory response
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host defense response
down-regulation by symbiont of host defense response
downregulation by symbiont of host defense response
inhibition by symbiont of host defense response
negative regulation by symbiont of host defense response
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within the cell or cells of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of host intracellular trafficking
modulation by symbiont of host intracellular transport
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the host cytoskeleton. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host cytoskeleton
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host non-apoptotic programmed cell death
modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
down-regulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
downregulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
inhibition of host programmed cell death
suppression by symbiont of host programmed cell death
inhibition by symbiont of host programmed cell death
negative regulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of host programmed cell death
activation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
enhancement of host programmed cell death
enhancement of host programmed cell death by organism
induction by organism of programmed cell death in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
induction by symbiont of host programmed cell death
upregulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
activation by organism of non-apoptotic programmed cell death in other organism
activation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
induction by organism of non-apoptotic programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by symbiont of host non-apoptotic programmed cell death
stimulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
induction by organism of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction of non-apoptotic programmed cell death by other organism
positive regulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a host cellular component. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host cellular component
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host organism, mediated by a substance secreted by one of the organisms. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification of host morphology or physiology via effector molecule
modification of host morphology or physiology via ellicitor
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology via secreted substance
An interaction with a second organism mediated by a substance secreted by the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with other organism via secreted substance during symbiotic interaction
interaction with other organism via secreted substance involved in symbiotic interaction
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the other (symbiont) organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via secreted substance during symbiotic interaction
interaction with host via secreted substance involved in symbiotic interaction
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the symbiont organism by a type III secretion system. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via protein secreted by type III secretion system
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the other organism by a type IV secretion system. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via substance secreted by type IV secretion system
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the other organism by a type II secretion system. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via protein secreted by type II secretion system
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type II secretion system in the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology via protein secreted by type II secretion system
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
down-regulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
downregulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
negative regulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
inhibition by symbiont of host enzyme activity
negative regulation by symbiont of host catalytic activity
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host protease activity
down-regulation by symbiont of host protease activity
downregulation by symbiont of host protease activity
negative regulation by symbiont of host protease activity
inhibition by symbiont of host protease activity
negative regulation by symbiont of host peptidase activity
The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of a host protein via a direct interaction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host molecular function
modification by symbiont of host protein function
modulation by symbiont of host molecular function
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of host proteins. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host protein function
down-regulation by symbiont of host protein function
downregulation by symbiont of host protein function
negative regulation by symbiont of host protein function
inhibition by symbiont of host protein function
negative regulation by symbiont of host molecular function
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type III secretion system in the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology via protein secreted by type III secretion system
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type IV secretion system in the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology via substance secreted by type IV secretion system
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion or tolerance by organism of host-produced reactive oxygen species
evasion or tolerance by organism of reactive oxygen species produced during host defense response
evasion or tolerance of defense-related host metabolic burst
evasion or tolerance of defense-related host oxidative burst
evasion or tolerance of defense-related host respiratory burst
evasion or tolerance of host-produced AOS
evasion or tolerance of host-produced ROIs
evasion or tolerance of host-produced ROS
evasion or tolerance of host-produced active oxygen species
evasion or tolerance of host-produced reactive oxygen intermediates
evasion or tolerance of reactive oxygen species produced by host in response to organism
evasion by organism of cellular damage caused by host oxidative burst
evasion or tolerance by symbiont of host-produced reactive oxygen species
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion or tolerance by organism of host NO
evasion or tolerance by organism of host nitric oxide
evasion or tolerance by organism of host-produced NO
evasion or tolerance by organism of host-produced nitric oxide
evasion or tolerance of NO produced by host in response to organism
evasion or tolerance of nitric oxide produced by host in response to organism
evasion or tolerance by symbiont of host-produced nitric oxide
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of phytoalexins produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion or tolerance by organism of host phytoalexins
evasion or tolerance by organism of host-produced phytoalexins
evasion or tolerance of phytoalexins produced by host in response to organism
evasion or tolerance by symbiont of host-produced phytoalexins
The activation by an organism of the production of phytoalexins as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of host phytoalexin production
induction by symbiont of host phytoalexin production
The activation by an organism of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense-related host NO production
activation by organism of defense-related host nitric oxide production
induction by organism of defense-related host NO production
induction by symbiont of defense-related host nitric oxide production
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense-related host AOS production
activation by organism of defense-related host ROI production
activation by organism of defense-related host ROS production
activation by organism of defense-related host active oxygen species production
activation by organism of defense-related host metabolic burst
activation by organism of defense-related host oxidative burst
activation by organism of defense-related host reactive oxidative species production
activation by organism of defense-related host reactive oxygen intermediate production
activation by organism of defense-related host reactive oxygen species production
activation by organism of defense-related host respiratory burst
induction by organism of defense-related host AOS production
induction by organism of defense-related host ROI production
induction by organism of defense-related host ROS production
induction by organism of defense-related host active oxygen species production
induction by organism of defense-related host metabolic burst
induction by organism of defense-related host oxidative burst
induction by organism of defense-related host reactive oxidative species production
induction by organism of defense-related host reactive oxygen intermediate production
induction by organism of defense-related host respiratory burst
induction by symbiont of defense-related host reactive oxygen species production
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense-related calcium ion flux in other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of defense-related calcium ion flux in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related Ca2+ flux in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related calcium ion flux in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of defense-related calcium ion flux in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of defense-related calcium ion flux in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of defense-related calcium ion flux in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related calcium ion flux in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The invasion by an organism of a cell of its host organism by utilizing the host phagocytosis mechanism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
entry of organism into host cell by promotion of host phagocytosis
entry of symbiont into host cell by promotion of host phagocytosis
Any process in which an organism stops or prevents itself undergoing phagocytosis into a cell in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of entry into host cell via phagocytosis
down-regulation by symbiont of entry into host cell via phagocytosis
downregulation by symbiont of entry into host cell via phagocytosis
negative regulation by organism of entry into host cell via host phagocytosis
inhibition by symbiont of entry into host cell via phagocytosis
negative regulation by symbiont of entry into host cell via phagocytosis
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response
down-regulation by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response
downregulation by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response
suppression by organism of host JA-mediated defense response
inhibition by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response
negative regulation by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
down-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
negative regulation by organism of defense-related host JA-mediated signal transduction pathway
inhibition by symbiont of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
down-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
suppression by organism of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
inhibition by symbiont of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
up regulation by symbiont of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
up-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
upregulation by symbiont of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
activation by organism of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
activation by symbiont of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
induction by organism of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
upregulation by organism of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
positive regulation by symbiont of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
up regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
up-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
upregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
activation by organism of defense-related host SA-mediated signal transduction pathway
activation by organism of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
activation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
induction by organism of defense-related host SA-mediated signal transduction pathway
induction by organism of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
positive regulation by organism of defense-related host SA-mediated signal transduction pathway
stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
upregulation by organism of defense-related host SA-mediated signal transduction pathway
upregulation by organism of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
positive regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
up regulation by symbiont of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
up-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
upregulation by symbiont of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
activation by organism of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
activation by symbiont of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
induction by organism of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
upregulation by organism of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
positive regulation by symbiont of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of host SA-mediated defense response
up regulation by symbiont of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response
up-regulation by symbiont of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response
upregulation by symbiont of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response
activation by symbiont of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response
induction by organism of host SA-mediated defense response
induction by organism of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response
stimulation by symbiont of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response
positive regulation by symbiont of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of host JA-mediated defense response
up regulation by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response
up-regulation by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response
upregulation by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response
activation by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response
induction by organism of host JA-mediated defense response
induction by organism of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response
stimulation by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response
positive regulation by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
up regulation by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response
up-regulation by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response
upregulation by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response
activation by organism of host ethylene-mediated defense response
activation by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response
induction by organism of host ethylene-mediated defense response
stimulation by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response
upregulation by organism of host ethylene-mediated defense response
positive regulation by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of defense-related host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
down-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
negative regulation by organism of defense-related host MAPK-mediated signal transduction pathway
negative regulation by organism of defense-related host mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
suppression by organism of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
inhibition by symbiont of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of defense-related host MAPK-mediated signal transduction pathway
positive regulation by organism of defense-related host mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
up regulation by symbiont of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
up-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
upregulation by symbiont of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
activation by organism of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
activation by symbiont of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
induction by organism of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
upregulation by organism of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
positive regulation by symbiont of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of defense-related host MAPK-mediated signal transduction pathway by organism
modulation of defense-related host mitogen activated protein kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway by organism
modulation by symbiont of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of defense-related host SA-mediated signal transduction pathway by organism
modulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of defense-related host JA-mediated signal transduction pathway by organism
modulation by symbiont of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host cell-mediated immune response
down-regulation by symbiont of host cell-mediated immune response
downregulation by symbiont of host cell-mediated immune response
negative regulation by organism of host cell-based immune response
inhibition by symbiont of host cell-mediated immune response
negative regulation by symbiont of host cell-mediated immune response
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host T-cell mediated immune response
down-regulation by symbiont of host T-cell mediated immune response
downregulation by symbiont of host T-cell mediated immune response
inhibition by symbiont of host T-cell mediated immune response
negative regulation by symbiont of host T-cell mediated immune response
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host B-cell mediated immune response
down-regulation by symbiont of host B-cell mediated immune response
downregulation by symbiont of host B-cell mediated immune response
inhibition by symbiont of host B-cell mediated immune response
negative regulation by symbiont of host B-cell mediated immune response
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition performed by the host as part of its defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of defense-related host callose deposition
down-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host callose deposition
downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host callose deposition
suppression by organism of defense-related host callose deposition
inhibition by symbiont of defense-related host callose deposition
negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host callose deposition
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of host JA-mediated defense response
modulation by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of host SA-mediated defense response
modulation by symbiont of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of defense-related host callose deposition
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of nutrient release from host
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
up regulation by symbiont of nutrient release from host
up-regulation by symbiont of nutrient release from host
upregulation by symbiont of nutrient release from host
activation by symbiont of nutrient release from host
stimulation by symbiont of nutrient release from host
positive regulation by symbiont of nutrient release from host
The assembly by an organism of a cellular component or anatomical structure for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
formation by organism of specialized structure for nutrient acquisition from host
formation by symbiont of specialized structure for nutrient acquisition from host
formation of specialized structure for nutrient acquisition from host
The assembly by an organism of a haustorium, a projection from a cell or tissue that penetrates the host's tissues for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
formation by organism of haustoria for nutrient acquisition from host
formation by organism of haustorium for nutrient acquisition from host
formation by symbiont of haustorium for nutrient acquisition from host
The assembly by an organism of a cellular component or anatomical structure for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
formation of specialized structure for nutrient acquisition from other organism during symbiotic interaction
formation of specialized structure for nutrient acquisition from other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The assembly by an organism of a syncytium, a nematode-induced multi-nucleate and physiologically active aggregation of fused root cells which exclusively provides the nematode with nourishment during its sedentary life, for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
formation by organism of syncytium involving giant cell for nutrient acquisition from host
formation by symbiont of syncytium involving giant cell for nutrient acquisition from host
The process in which a community of single-celled organisms of different species monitors population density by detecting the concentration of small diffusible signal molecules.
The assembly by an organism of a cellular component or anatomical structure for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
formation by host of specialized structure for nutrient acquisition from symbiont
The process that begins with the production and formation of siderophores in an organism that are required for the acquisition and utilization of nutrients from its host organism, and the ends with the acquirement of the nutrients. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
acquisition by organism of nutrients from host via siderophores
acquisition by symbiont of nutrients from host via siderophores
The process in which single-celled organisms of the same species monitor population density by detecting the concentration of small, diffusible signal molecules.
The activation by an organism of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense response in host by specific elicitors
activation by organism of host gene-for-gene resistance
activation by organism of host resistance gene-dependent defense response
activation by organism of pathogen-race/host plant cultivar-specific resistance in host
induction by organism of defense response in host by specific elicitors
induction by organism of host gene-for-gene resistance
induction by organism of pathogen-race/host plant cultivar-specific resistance in host
induction by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of defense-related host CDPK pathway by organism
up regulation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway
up-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway
upregulation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway
activation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway
stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway
positive regulation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway
Any process in which an organism activates induced systemic resistance in the host; induced systemic resistance is a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of induced systemic resistance in host
induction by symbiont of induced systemic resistance in host
induction by symbiont of host induced systemic resistance
Any process in which an organism activates systemic acquired resistance in the host organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of systemic acquired resistance in host
induction by symbiont of systemic acquired resistance in host
induction by symbiont of host systemic acquired resistance
The activation by an organism of host processes resulting in the thickening of its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense-related host cell wall thickening
activation by organism of host defensive cell wall thickening
induction by organism of host defensive cell wall thickening
induction by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall thickening
The process in which a community of single-celled organisms living in intimate contact with a host organism monitors population density by detecting the concentration of small diffusible signal molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
quorum sensing during interaction with host
quorum sensing involved in interaction with host
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of defense-related papilla formation in host
up regulation by symbiont of defense-related host callose deposition
up-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host callose deposition
upregulation by symbiont of defense-related host callose deposition
activation by symbiont of defense-related host callose deposition
induction by organism of defense-related host callose deposition
induction by organism of defense-related papilla formation in host
stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host callose deposition
positive regulation by symbiont of defense-related host callose deposition
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of callose by the host in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of defense-related host cell wall callose deposition
up regulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall callose deposition
up-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall callose deposition
upregulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall callose deposition
activation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall callose deposition
induction by organism of defense-related host cell wall callose deposition
stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall callose deposition
positive regulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall callose deposition
The process in which an organism reduces the flow of fluid within its host's vascular system, the vessels and tissue that carry or circulate fluids, such as blood, lymph or sap, through the body of an animal or plant. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
occlusion by symbiont of host vascular system
The process in which an organism effects a change in an anatomical part or cellular component of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host structure
The process in which an organism reduces the flow of fluid within the host xylem, the tissue in plants that carries water and nutrients up from the roots to the shoot and leaves. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in the environment of its host organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
energy taxis in response to host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
chemotaxis in response to host environment
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
aerotaxis in response to host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on, within or near its host organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive energy taxis in response to host environment
positive energy taxis in host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on, within or near its host organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative energy taxis in response to host environment
negative energy taxis in host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive aerotaxis in response to host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive chemotaxis in response to host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative aerotaxis in response to host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative chemotaxis in response to host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within its host organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on or near its host organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of an organism or motile cell on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of an organism or motile cell on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a specific chemical within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a specific chemical on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
chemotaxis on or near host during symbiotic interaction
chemotaxis on or near host involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within its host organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on or near its host organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on or near its host organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within its host organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
modulation of catalytic activity of host by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host catalytic activity
regulation of catalytic activity of host by symbiont
regulation of host catalytic activity by symbiont
modulation by symbiont of host catalytic activity
The process in which an organism effects a change in host peptidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host protease activity
modulation by symbiont of host peptidase activity
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
modulation by symbiont of host apoptosis
Note that term is to be used to annotate gene products in the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term 'regulation of apoptosis ; GO:0042981'.
modulation by symbiont of host apoptotic process
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of host apoptosis
activation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
induction by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
positive regulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
up regulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
up regulation by symbiont of host apoptosis
up-regulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
up-regulation by symbiont of host apoptosis
upregulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
upregulation by symbiont of host apoptosis
activation by symbiont of host apoptosis
positive regulation by symbiont of host apoptosis
stimulation by symbiont of host apoptosis
Note that term is to be used to annotate gene products in the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term 'positive regulation of apoptosis ; GO:0043065'.
positive regulation by symbiont of host apoptotic process
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation by organism of host B-cell mediated immune response
modulation by symbiont of host B-cell mediated immune response
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any form of cell-based immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of host cell-based immune response
modulation by symbiont of host cell-mediated immune response
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host T-cell mediated immune response
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immunity
modulation by symbiont of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immunity
modulation by symbiont of microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immune response
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of defense response in host by specific elicitors
modulation by organism of host gene-for-gene resistance
modulation by organism of pathogen-race/host plant cultivar-specific resistance in symbiont
modulation by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance in the host organism; induced systemic resistance is a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of induced systemic resistance in host
modulation by symbiont of host induced systemic resistance
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance in the host organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of systemic acquired resistance in host
modulation by symbiont of host systemic acquired resistance
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of host processes resulting in the thickening of its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of host defensive cell wall thickening
modulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall thickening
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion fluxes as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of defense-related host Ca2+ flux
modulation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium ion flux
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of defense-related host NO production
modulation by symbiont of defense-related host nitric oxide production
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of defense-related host AOS production
modulation by organism of defense-related host ROI production
modulation by organism of defense-related host ROS production
modulation by organism of defense-related host active oxygen species production
modulation by organism of defense-related host metabolic burst
modulation by organism of defense-related host oxidative burst
modulation by organism of defense-related host reactive oxidative species production
modulation by organism of defense-related host reactive oxygen intermediate production
modulation by organism of defense-related host respiratory burst
modulation by symbiont of defense-related host reactive oxygen species production
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of production of phytoalexins as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host phytoalexin production
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of host innate immunity
positive regulation of host innate immune response
up regulation by symbiont of host innate immunity
up-regulation by symbiont of host innate immunity
upregulation by symbiont of host innate immunity
activation by symbiont of host innate immunity
induction of host innate immune response
stimulation by symbiont of host innate immunity
positive regulation by symbiont of host innate immune response
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host innate immunity
modulation of host innate immune response
modulation by symbiont of host innate immune response
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host calcium-dependent protein kinase signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of defense-related host CDPK pathway
modulation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
pathogen-associated molecular pattern dependent modulation by symbiont of host innate immunity
pathogen-associated molecular pattern dependent modulation by symbiont of host innate immune response
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism, the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host innate immunity
down-regulation by symbiont of host innate immunity
downregulation by symbiont of host innate immunity
negative regulation by symbiont of host innate immunity
negative regulation of host innate immune response
inhibition by symbiont of host innate immunity
negative regulation by symbiont of host innate immune response
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving cellulose in the cell wall of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by symbiont of host cell wall cellulose
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the defenses of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
response to defenses of other organism during symbiotic interaction
response to defenses of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving macromolecules within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by symbiont of host macromolecule
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving carbohydrates within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by symbiont of host carbohydrate
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving glucans within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving xylan within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving chitin in the cell wall of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by symbiont of host cell wall chitin
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving pectin in the cell wall of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by symbiont of host cell wall pectin
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation of protease activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation of protease activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation of protease activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation of protease activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
inhibition of protease activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation of peptidase activity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the symbiont. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by host of symbiont defense response
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a symbiont organism, mediated by a substance secreted by one of the organisms. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by host of symbiont morphology or physiology via secreted substance
The process in which an organism effects a change in an anatomical part or cellular component of the host organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by host of symbiont structure
The process in which an organism effects a change in an anatomical part or cellular component of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modification of structure of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modification of structure of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The alteration by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of hormone or growth regulator levels in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of hormone or growth regulator levels in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a symbiont cellular component. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by host of symbiont cellular component
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a cellular component in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modification of cellular component in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modification of cellular component in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of callose by the host in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall callose deposition
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host phagocytosis
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
up regulation by symbiont of host phagocytosis
up-regulation by symbiont of host phagocytosis
upregulation by symbiont of host phagocytosis
activation by symbiont of host phagocytosis
stimulation by symbiont of host phagocytosis
positive regulation by symbiont of host phagocytosis
The directed movement of an organism or motile cell on, within or near its symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of an organism or motile cell on or near its symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by host of symbiont defense response
down-regulation by host of symbiont defense response
downregulation by host of symbiont defense response
inhibition by host of symbiont defense response
negative regulation by host of symbiont defense response
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
up regulation by host of symbiont defense response
up-regulation by host of symbiont defense response
upregulation by host of symbiont defense response
activation by host of symbiont defense response
stimulation by host of symbiont defense response
positive regulation by host of symbiont defense response
The process in which an organism effects a change in peptidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of protease activity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
modulation of protease activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of peptidase activity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
inhibition of enzyme activity in other organism
negative regulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
inhibition of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation of catalytic activity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the defenses of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the defenses of a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of callose by the host in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall callose deposition
down-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall callose deposition
downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall callose deposition
inhibition by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall callose deposition
negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall callose deposition
The process in which an organism effects a change in enzyme activity in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of enzyme activity within other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of catalytic activity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of proteins in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation of protein function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation of protein function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation of protein function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
inhibition of protein function in other organism
negative regulation of protein function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
inhibition of protein function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation of molecular function in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of proteins in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modification of molecular function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modification of protein function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of molecular function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of molecular function in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a second organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type II secretion system in the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism via protein secreted by type II secretion system during symbiotic interaction
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism via protein secreted by type II secretion system involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a second organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type III secretion system in the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism via protein secreted by type III secretion system during symbiotic interaction
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism via protein secreted by type III secretion system involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a second organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type IV secretion system in the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism via substance secreted by type IV secretion system during symbiotic interaction
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism via substance secreted by type IV secretion system involved in symbiotic interaction
An interaction with a second organism mediated by a substance secreted by the first organism by a type IV secretion system, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with other organism via substance secreted by type IV secretion system during symbiotic interaction
interaction with other organism via substance secreted by type IV secretion system involved in symbiotic interaction
An interaction with a second organism mediated by a substance secreted by the first organism by a type III secretion system, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with other organism via protein secreted by type III secretion system during symbiotic interaction
interaction with other organism via protein secreted by type III secretion system involved in symbiotic interaction
An interaction with a second organism mediated by a substance secreted by the first organism by a type II secretion system, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with other organism via protein secreted by type II secretion system during symbiotic interaction
interaction with other organism via protein secreted by type II secretion system involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a second organism, mediated by a substance secreted by one of the organisms, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism via secreted substance during symbiotic interaction
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism via secreted substance involved in symbiotic interaction
An interaction with the symbiont organism mediated by a substance secreted by the other (host) organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with symbiont via secreted substance during symbiotic interaction
interaction with symbiont via secreted substance involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism of substance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
metabolism of substance in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in a second organism resulting in the formation of substances, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
biosynthesis of substance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
biosynthesis of substance in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in a second organism resulting in the breakdown of substances, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism of substance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
catabolism of substance in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving protein macromolecules within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving macromolecules within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism of macromolecule in other organism during symbiotic interaction
metabolism of macromolecule in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within the cell or cells of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of intracellular trafficking in other organism
modulation of intracellular transport in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of intracellular transport in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of phagocytosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of phagocytosis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of non-apoptotic programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of programmed cell death in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The alteration by an organism of the levels of RNA in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of RNA levels in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of RNA levels in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, occurring in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of signal transduction in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The activation by an organism of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation of defense response of other organism
induction by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative modulation by organism of defense-related SA-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
negative modulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
negative regulation by organism of defense-related SA-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
inhibition by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway of other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of SA-mediated defense response of other organism
suppression by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism
suppression of SA mediated defense response of other organism
inhibition by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
suppression by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism
inhibition by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, the response mounted by that organism in response to the presence of the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
MAMP dependent induction of innate immunity of other organism
MAMP-dependent induction of innate immunity of other organism
PAMP dependent induction of innate immunity of other organism
PAMP-dependent induction of innate immunity of other organism
general elicitor dependent induction of innate immunity of other organism
general elicitor-dependent induction of innate immunity of other organism
pathogen-associated molecular pattern dependent induction by organism of innate immunity of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
pathogen-associated molecular pattern dependent induction by organism of innate immunity of other organism during symbiotic interaction
pathogen-associated molecular pattern dependent induction by organism of innate immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by organism of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced innate immunity of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
suppression of MAMP induced innate immunity of other organism
suppression of MAMP-induced innate immunity of other organism
suppression of PAMP induced innate immunity of other organism
suppression of PAMP-induced innate immunity of other organism
suppression of general elicitor induced innate immunity of other organism
suppression of general elicitor-induced innate immunity of other organism
suppression of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced innate immunity of other organism
inhibition by organism of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced innate immunity of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced innate immunity of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced innate immunity of other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced innate immunity of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced innate immunity of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced innate immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
inhibition by organism of inflammatory response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by organism of defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
suppression of defense response of other organism
inhibition by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
suppression of defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The activation by an organism of the production of phytoalexins that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of phytoalexin production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of phytoalexin production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of phytoalexin production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The activation by an organism of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense-related NO production in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism
induction by organism of defense-related NO production in other organism
induction by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense-related AOS production in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related ROI production in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related ROS production in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related active oxygen species production in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related metabolic burst in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related oxidative burst in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related reactive oxidative species production in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen intermediate production in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen species production in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related respiratory burst in other organism
induction by organism of defense-related AOS production in other organism
induction by organism of defense-related ROI production in other organism
induction by organism of defense-related ROS production in other organism
induction by organism of defense-related active oxygen species production in other organism
induction by organism of defense-related metabolic burst in other organism
induction by organism of defense-related oxidative burst in other organism
induction by organism of defense-related reactive oxidative species production in other organism
induction by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen intermediate production in other organism
induction by organism of defense-related respiratory burst in other organism
induction by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen species production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen species production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The activation by an organism of a flux of calcium ions that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of Ca2+ flux of other organism
induction by organism of Ca2+ flux of other organism
induction by organism of defense-related calcium ion flux in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of defense-related calcium ion flux in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
suppression by organism of JA-mediated defense response of other organism
inhibition by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by organism of defense-related JA-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
inhibition by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
inhibition by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
stimulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
positive regulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense-related SA-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of defense-related SA-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
induction by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
positive regulation by organism of defense-related SA-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
stimulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of defense-related SA-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
upregulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
positive regulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
stimulation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
positive regulation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of SA-mediated defense response of other organism
activation by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of SA-mediated defense response of other organism
induction by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism
stimulation by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of JA-mediated defense response of other organism
activation by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of JA-mediated defense response of other organism
induction by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism
stimulation by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism
activation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism
stimulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism
positive regulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by organism of defense-related MAPK-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
negative regulation by organism of defense-related mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
inhibition by organism of defense-related MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of defense-related MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of defense-related MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of defense-related MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of defense-related MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of defense-related MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of defense-related MAPK-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
positive regulation by organism of defense-related mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of defense-related MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of defense-related MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of defense-related MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of defense-related MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of defense-related MAPK-mediated signal transduction pathway of other organism
modulation of defense-related mitogen activated protein kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway of other organism
modulation by organism of defense-related MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defense-related MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell-based immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
inhibition by organism of cell-mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of cell-mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of cell-mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of cell-mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of cell-based immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of cell-mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of cell-mediated immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
inhibition by organism of T-cell mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of T-cell mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of T-cell mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of T-cell mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of T-cell mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of T-cell mediated immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
inhibition by organism of B-cell mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of B-cell mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of B-cell mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of B-cell mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of B-cell mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of B-cell mediated immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
suppression by organism of defense-related callose deposition of other organism
inhibition by organism of defense-related callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of defense-related callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of defense-related callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of defense-related callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of defense-related callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of defense-related callose deposition in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of JA-mediated defense response of other organism
modulation by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of SA-mediated defense response of other organism
modulation by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of salicylic acid-mediated defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of defense-related callose deposition of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defense-related callose deposition of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The activation by an organism of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense response of other organism by specific elicitors
activation by organism of gene-for-gene resistance in other organism
activation by organism of resistance gene-dependent defense response of other organism
induction by organism of defense response of other organism by specific elicitors
induction by organism of gene-for-gene resistance in other organism
induction by organism of resistance gene-dependent defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of resistance gene-dependent defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent protein kinase pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense-related calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of defense-related calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related CDPK pathway of other organism
positive regulation by organism of defense-related calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of defense-related calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of defense-related calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of defense-related calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates induced systemic resistance, a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of ISR in other organism
induction by organism of ISR in other organism
activation by organism of induced systemic resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of induced systemic resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of induced systemic resistance in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates systemic acquired resistance, a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of SAR in other organism
activation by organism of systemic acquired resistance in other organism
induction by organism of SAR in other organism
induction by organism of systemic acquired resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of systemic acquired resistance in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The activation by an organism of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense-related cell wall thickening in other organism during symbiotic interaction
activation by organism of defensive cell wall thickening in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of defense-related cell wall thickening in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of defensive cell wall thickening in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of defense-related cell wall thickening in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of defense-related papilla formation in other organism
up regulation by organism of defense-related callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of defense-related callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of defense-related callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
activation by organism of defense-related callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of defense-related callose deposition of other organism
induction by organism of defense-related papilla formation in other organism
stimulation by organism of defense-related callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related callose deposition in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition by a second organism of callose in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism
stimulation by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation by organism of B-cell mediated immune response of other organism
modulation by organism of B-cell mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of B-cell mediated immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any form of cell-based immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of cell-based immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of cell-mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of cell-mediated immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of T-cell mediated immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of T-cell mediated immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced innate immunity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced innate immunity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced innate immune response in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of defense response in other organism by specific elicitors
modulation by organism of gene-for-gene resistance in other organism
modulation by organism of resistance gene-dependent defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of resistance gene-dependent defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance, a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of induced systemic resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of induced systemic resistance in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance, a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of systemic acquired resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of systemic acquired resistance in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of defense-related cell wall thickening in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defensive cell wall thickening in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defense-related cell wall thickening in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of defense-related Ca2+ flux in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defense-related calcium ion flux in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defense-related calcium ion flux in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of defense-related NO production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of defense-related AOS production in other organism
modulation by organism of defense-related ROI production in other organism
modulation by organism of defense-related ROS production in other organism
modulation by organism of defense-related active oxygen species production in other organism
modulation by organism of defense-related metabolic burst in other organism
modulation by organism of defense-related oxidative burst in other organism
modulation by organism of defense-related reactive oxidative species production in other organism
modulation by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen intermediate production in other organism
modulation by organism of defense-related respiratory burst in other organism
modulation by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen species production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen species production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of production of phytoalexins that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of phytoalexin production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of phytoalexin production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
positive regulation of innate immune response of other organism
activation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of innate immune response in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
modulation of innate immune response of other organism
modulation by organism of innate immune response in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent protein kinase signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of defense-related CDPK pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defense-related calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defense-related calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
pathogen-associated molecular pattern dependent modulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
pathogen-associated molecular pattern dependent modulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
pathogen-associated molecular pattern dependent modulation by organism of innate immune response in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of innate immune response of other organism
inhibition by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of innate immune response in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose in cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose in cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
inhibition by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of defense-related cell wall callose deposition in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of transcription in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of transcription in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of nutrient release from other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of nutrient release from other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of phytoalexins that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
stimulation by organism of phytoalexin production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of phytoalexin production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of phytoalexin production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of phytoalexin production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of phytoalexin production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of phytoalexin production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
upregulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of non-apoptotic programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
enhancement of other organism programmed cell death by organism
positive regulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another, where two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
hemolysis of cells in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
hemolysis by organism of RBCs in other organism during symbiotic interaction
hemolysis by organism of erythrocytes in other organism during symbiotic interaction
hemolysis by organism of red blood cells in other organism during symbiotic interaction
hemolysis of cells in other organism during symbiotic interaction
hemolysis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a cellular membrane of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by organism of cell membrane in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
modification by organism of cell membrane in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modification by organism of membrane in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by organism of cell wall of other organism
modification by organism of cell wall of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modification by organism of cell wall of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the cytoskeleton of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by organism of cytoskeleton of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modification by organism of cytoskeleton of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the symbiont cytoskeleton. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by host of symbiont cytoskeleton
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the symbiont cell wall. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism of symbiont cell wall by organism
modification by host of symbiont cell wall
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a symbiont cellular membrane. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by host of symbiont cell membrane
modification by host of symbiont membrane
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of the symbiont cell wall. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism of symbiont cell wall by organism
degradation of symbiont cell wall by organism
disassembly by host of symbiont cell wall
disruption by host of symbiont cell wall
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
disassembly by organism of cell wall of other organism during symbiotic interaction
disruption by organism of cell wall of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellulose in the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by organism of cell wall cellulose in other organism during symbiotic interaction
catabolism by organism of cell wall cellulose in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of pectin in the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by organism of cell wall pectin in other organism during symbiotic interaction
catabolism by organism of cell wall pectin in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of chitin in the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by organism of cell wall chitin in other organism during symbiotic interaction
catabolism by organism of cell wall chitin in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of phytoalexins as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
up regulation by symbiont of host phytoalexin production
up-regulation by symbiont of host phytoalexin production
upregulation by symbiont of host phytoalexin production
activation by symbiont of host phytoalexin production
stimulation by symbiont of host phytoalexin production
positive regulation by symbiont of host phytoalexin production
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related NO production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of defense-related host NO production
up regulation by symbiont of defense-related host nitric oxide production
up-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host nitric oxide production
upregulation by symbiont of defense-related host nitric oxide production
activation by symbiont of defense-related host nitric oxide production
stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host nitric oxide production
positive regulation by symbiont of defense-related host nitric oxide production
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of defense-related AOS production in other organism
positive regulation by organism of defense-related ROI production in other organism
positive regulation by organism of defense-related ROS production in other organism
positive regulation by organism of defense-related active oxygen species production in other organism
positive regulation by organism of defense-related metabolic burst in other organism
positive regulation by organism of defense-related oxidative burst in other organism
positive regulation by organism of defense-related reactive oxidative species production in other organism
positive regulation by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen intermediate production in other organism
positive regulation by organism of defense-related respiratory burst in other organism
activation by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen species production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen species production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen species production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen species production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen species production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen species production in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related reactive oxygen species production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in its symbiont resulting in the formation of substances. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
biosynthesis by host of substance in symbiont
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by host of symbiont carbohydrate
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by organism of carbohydrate in other organism during symbiotic interaction
catabolism by organism of carbohydrate in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellulose in the symbiont cell wall. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by host of symbiont cell wall cellulose
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of chitin in the symbiont cell wall. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by host of symbiont cell wall chitin
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of pectin in the symbiont cell wall. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by host of symbiont cell wall pectin
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of glucan molecules within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of glucan molecules within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by organism of glucan in other organism during symbiotic interaction
catabolism by organism of glucan in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of macromolecules within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by host of symbiont macromolecule
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of macromolecules within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by organism of macromolecule in other organism during symbiotic interaction
catabolism by organism of macromolecule in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of protein macromolecules within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of protein macromolecules within the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by organism of protein in other organism during symbiotic interaction
catabolism by organism of protein in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in its symbiont resulting in the breakdown of substances. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by host of substance in symbiont
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of xylan within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of xylan within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by organism of xylan in other organism during symbiotic interaction
catabolism by organism of xylan in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism of symbiont cellular component by organism
catabolism of symbiont structural constituent by organism
degradation of symbiont cellular component by organism
disassembly by host of symbiont cellular component
disruption by host of symbiont cellular component
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism of cellular component in other organism
catabolism of structural constituent in other organism
degradation of cellular component in other organism
disassembly by organism of cellular component in other organism during symbiotic interaction
disassembly by organism of cellular component in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
disruption by organism of cellular component in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of defense-related host AOS production
positive regulation by organism of defense-related host ROI production
positive regulation by organism of defense-related host ROS production
positive regulation by organism of defense-related host active oxygen species production
positive regulation by organism of defense-related host metabolic burst
positive regulation by organism of defense-related host oxidative burst
positive regulation by organism of defense-related host reactive oxidative species production
positive regulation by organism of defense-related host reactive oxygen intermediate production
positive regulation by organism of defense-related host respiratory burst
up regulation by symbiont of defense-related host reactive oxygen species production
up-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host reactive oxygen species production
upregulation by symbiont of defense-related host reactive oxygen species production
activation by symbiont of defense-related host reactive oxygen species production
stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host reactive oxygen species production
positive regulation by symbiont of defense-related host reactive oxygen species production
The invasion by an organism of a cell of a second organism by utilizing the second organism's phagocytosis mechanism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
entry of organism into cell of other organism by promotion of phagocytosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
entry of organism into cell of other organism by promotion of phagocytosis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion or tolerance by organism of NO produced by other organism during symbiotic interaction
evasion or tolerance by organism of nitric oxide produced by other organism during symbiotic interaction
evasion or tolerance by organism of other organism-produced NO
evasion or tolerance by organism of other organism-produced nitric oxide
evasion or tolerance by organism of nitric oxide produced by other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of phytoalexins produced as a defense response by the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion or tolerance of other organism phytoalexins
evasion or tolerance of phytoalexins produced by other organism
evasion or tolerance by organism of phytoalexins produced by other organism during symbiotic interaction
evasion or tolerance by organism of phytoalexins produced by other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The activation by an organism of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of innate immune response in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
activation by organism of innate immunity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of innate immune response in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion or tolerance by organism of defense-related respiratory burst in other organism during symbiotic interaction
evasion or tolerance of AOS produced by other organism
evasion or tolerance of ROIs produced by other organism
evasion or tolerance of ROS produced by other organism
evasion or tolerance of active oxygen species produced by other organism
evasion or tolerance of reactive oxygen intermediates produced by other organism
evasion or tolerance of reactive oxygen species produced by other organism
evasion by organism of cellular damage caused by oxidative burst of other organism
evasion or tolerance by organism of defense-related metabolic burst in other organism during symbiotic interaction
evasion or tolerance by organism of defense-related oxidative burst in other organism during symbiotic interaction
evasion or tolerance by organism of reactive oxygen species produced by other organism during symbiotic interaction
evasion or tolerance by organism of reactive oxygen species produced during defense response of other organism
evasion or tolerance by organism of reactive oxygen species produced by other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of defense-related host Ca2+ flux
up regulation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium ion flux
up-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium ion flux
upregulation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium ion flux
activation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium ion flux
stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium ion flux
positive regulation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium ion flux
The activation by an organism of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of host innate immune response
activation by organism of host innate immunity
induction by symbiont of host innate immunity
induction by organism of host innate immune response
induction by symbiont of host innate immune response
The activation by an organism of a flux of calcium ions that occurs as part of the defense response of a host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of host Ca2+ flux
activation by organism of host calcium ion flux
induction by symbiont of defense-related host calcium ion flux
The activation by an organism of the defense response of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
induction by host of symbiont defense response
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont enzyme activity. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by host of symbiont enzyme activity
down-regulation by host of symbiont enzyme activity
downregulation by host of symbiont enzyme activity
negative regulation by host of symbiont enzyme activity
inhibition by host of symbiont enzyme activity
negative regulation by host of symbiont catalytic activity
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by host of symbiont protease activity
down-regulation by host of symbiont protease activity
downregulation by host of symbiont protease activity
inhibition of symbiont protease activity
negative regulation by host of symbiont protease activity
inhibition by host of symbiont protease activity
negative regulation by host of symbiont peptidase activity
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of symbiont proteins. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by host of symbiont protein function
down-regulation by host of symbiont protein function
downregulation by host of symbiont protein function
negative regulation by host of symbiont protein function
inhibition by host of symbiont protein function
negative regulation by host of symbiont molecular function
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving carbohydrates within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by host of symbiont carbohydrate
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving carbohydrates within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by organism of carbohydrate in other organism during symbiotic interaction
metabolism by organism of carbohydrate in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving cellulose in the cell wall of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by host of symbiont cell wall cellulose
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving cellulose in the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by organism of cell wall cellulose in other organism during symbiotic interaction
metabolism by organism of cell wall cellulose in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving chitin in the cell wall of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by host of symbiont cell wall chitin
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving chitin in the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by organism of cell wall chitin in other organism during symbiotic interaction
metabolism by organism of cell wall chitin in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving pectin in the cell wall of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by host of symbiont cell wall pectin
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving pectin in the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by organism of cell wall pectin in other organism during symbiotic interaction
metabolism by organism of cell wall pectin in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving glucans within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving glucans within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by organism of glucan in other organism during symbiotic interaction
metabolism by organism of glucan in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving macromolecules within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by host of symbiont macromolecule
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving protein macromolecules within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving protein macromolecules within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by organism of protein in other organism during symbiotic interaction
metabolism by organism of protein in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in its symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by host of substance in symbiont
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving xylan within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving xylan within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
metabolism by organism of xylan in other organism during symbiotic interaction
metabolism by organism of xylan in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in symbiont enzyme activity. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by host of symbiont enzyme activity
modulation by host of symbiont catalytic activity
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of defense response in other organism by specific elicitors
positive regulation by organism of gene-for-gene resistance in other organism
activation by organism of resistance gene-dependent defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of resistance gene-dependent defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of resistance gene-dependent defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of resistance gene-dependent defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of resistance gene-dependent defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of resistance gene-dependent defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of resistance gene-dependent defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in symbiont peptidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by host of symbiont protease activity
modulation by host of symbiont peptidase activity
The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of proteins in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by host of symbiont protein function
modification by host of symbiont molecular function
The alteration by an organism of the levels of RNA in a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by host of symbiont RNA levels
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of apoptotic programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of apoptosis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of apoptosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of apoptotic process in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the symbiont defense response. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of defense-related symbiont MAPK-mediated signal transduction pathway by organism
modulation of defense-related symbiont mitogen activated protein kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway by organism
modulation by host of defense-related symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of defense-related JA-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
modulation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defense-related jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of defense-related SA-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism
modulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The alteration by an organism of the levels of ethylene in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of ethylene levels in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of ethylene levels in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The alteration by an organism of the levels of jasmonic acid in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of jasmonic acid levels in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of jasmonic acid levels in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by host of nutrient release from symbiont
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by host of symbiont phagocytosis
The alteration by an organism of the levels of salicylic acid in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of salicylic acid levels in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of salicylic acid levels in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by host of symbiont signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont's transcription.
modulation by host of symbiont transcription
Any process in which an organism stops or prevents itself undergoing phagocytosis into a cell in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
inhibition by organism of entry into cell of other organism via phagocytosis during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of entry into cell of other organism via phagocytosis during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of entry into cell of other organism via phagocytosis during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of entry into cell of other organism via phagocytosis during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of entry into cell of other organism via other organism phagocytosis during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of entry into cell of other organism via phagocytosis during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of entry into cell of other organism via phagocytosis involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by host of symbiont programmed cell death
down-regulation by host of symbiont programmed cell death
downregulation by host of symbiont programmed cell death
inhibition of symbiont programmed cell death
inhibition by host of symbiont programmed cell death
negative regulation by host of symbiont programmed cell death
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
inhibition of programmed cell death in other organism
inhibition by organism of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction pathway
down-regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction pathway
downregulation by host of symbiont signal transduction pathway
negative modulation by organism of symbiont signal transduction pathway
inhibition by host of symbiont signal transduction pathway
negative regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the second organism signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
inhibition by organism of signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative modulation by organism of other organism signal transduction pathway
negative regulation by organism of signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of signal transduction in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism reduces the flow of fluid within its symbiont's vascular system, the vessels and tissue that carry or circulate fluids, such as blood, lymph or sap, through the body of an animal or plant. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
occlusion by host of symbiont vascular system
The process in which an organism reduces the flow of fluid within its second organism's vascular system, the vessels and tissue that carry or circulate fluids, such as blood, lymph or sap, through the body of an animal or plant, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
occlusion by organism of vascular system in other organism during symbiotic interaction
occlusion by organism of vascular system in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism reduces the flow of fluid within the symbiont xylem, the tissue in plants that carries water and nutrients up from the roots to the shoot and leaves. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism reduces the flow of fluid within the xylem, the tissue in plants that carries water and nutrients up from the roots to the shoot and leaves, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
occlusion by organism of xylem in other organism during symbiotic interaction
occlusion by organism of xylem in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
induction by organism of apoptosis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
activation by organism of apoptosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of apoptosis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of apoptotic process in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of apoptosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
activation by organism of apoptotic programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of apoptosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of apoptotic programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of apoptosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of apoptotic programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of apoptosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of apoptosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of apoptosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the symbiont defense response. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of defense-related symbiont MAPK-mediated signal transduction pathway
positive regulation by organism of defense-related symbiont mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
up regulation by host of defense-related symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
up-regulation by host of defense-related symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
upregulation by host of defense-related symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
activation by host of defense-related symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
activation by organism of defense-related symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
induction by organism of defense-related symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
stimulation by host of defense-related symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
upregulation by organism of defense-related symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
positive regulation by host of defense-related symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
up regulation by symbiont of host defense response
up-regulation by symbiont of host defense response
upregulation by symbiont of host defense response
activation by symbiont of host defense response
stimulation by symbiont of host defense response
positive regulation by symbiont of host defense response
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The increase by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in other organism
activation by organism of hormone or growth regulator levels in other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of hormone or growth regulator levels in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of hormone or growth regulator levels in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of hormone or growth regulator levels in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of hormone or growth regulator levels in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of hormone or growth regulator levels in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of hormone or growth regulator levels in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
promotion of nutrient release from symbiont
up regulation by host of nutrient release from symbiont
up-regulation by host of nutrient release from symbiont
upregulation by host of nutrient release from symbiont
activation by host of nutrient release from symbiont
stimulation by host of nutrient release from symbiont
positive regulation by host of nutrient release from symbiont
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
promotion of nutrient release from other organism
activation by organism of nutrient release from other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of nutrient release from other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of nutrient release from other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of nutrient release from other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of nutrient release from other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of nutrient release from other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of nutrient release from other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
up regulation by host of symbiont phagocytosis
up-regulation by host of symbiont phagocytosis
upregulation by host of symbiont phagocytosis
activation by host of symbiont phagocytosis
stimulation by host of symbiont phagocytosis
positive regulation by host of symbiont phagocytosis
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of phagocytosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of phagocytosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of phagocytosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of phagocytosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of phagocytosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of phagocytosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of phagocytosis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
up regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction pathway
up-regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction pathway
upregulation by host of symbiont signal transduction pathway
activation by host of symbiont signal transduction pathway
stimulation by host of symbiont signal transduction pathway
positive regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction pathway
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the second organism signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of signal transduction pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of signal transduction in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of defense response in host by specific elicitors
positive regulation by organism of host gene-for-gene resistance
positive regulation by organism of pathogen-race/host plant cultivar-specific resistance in symbiont
up regulation by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response
up-regulation by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response
upregulation by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response
activation by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response
stimulation by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response
positive regulation by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance, a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
stimulation by organism of induced systemic resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of induced systemic resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of induced systemic resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of induced systemic resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of induced systemic resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of induced systemic resistance in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance in the host organism; induced systemic resistance is a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of induced systemic resistance in host
up regulation by symbiont of induced systemic resistance in host
up-regulation by symbiont of induced systemic resistance in host
upregulation by symbiont of induced systemic resistance in host
activation by symbiont of induced systemic resistance in host
stimulation by symbiont of induced systemic resistance in host
positive regulation by symbiont of host induced systemic resistance
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of systemic acquired resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of systemic acquired resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of systemic acquired resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of systemic acquired resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of systemic acquired resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of systemic acquired resistance in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of systemic acquired resistance in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance in the host organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of systemic acquired resistance in host
up regulation by symbiont of systemic acquired resistance in host
up-regulation by symbiont of systemic acquired resistance in host
upregulation by symbiont of systemic acquired resistance in host
activation by symbiont of systemic acquired resistance in host
stimulation by symbiont of systemic acquired resistance in host
positive regulation by symbiont of host systemic acquired resistance
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
stimulation by organism of defense-related cell wall thickening in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related cell wall thickening in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defensive cell wall thickening in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of defense-related cell wall thickening in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of defense-related cell wall thickening in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of defense-related cell wall thickening in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of defense-related cell wall thickening in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a host process resulting in the thickening of its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by organism of host defensive cell wall thickening
up regulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall thickening
up-regulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall thickening
upregulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall thickening
activation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall thickening
stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall thickening
positive regulation by symbiont of defense-related host cell wall thickening
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of phytoalexins produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
response to phytoalexin production by other organism during symbiotic interaction
response to phytoalexin production by other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
response to defense-related reactive oxygen species production by other organism during symbiotic interaction
response to defense-related reactive oxygen species production by other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
response to defense-related nitric oxide production by other organism during symbiotic interaction
response to defense-related nitric oxide production by other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
modulation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host immune response
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
activation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
up regulation by symbiont of host immune response
up-regulation by symbiont of host immune response
upregulation by symbiont of host immune response
activation by symbiont of host immune response
stimulation by symbiont of host immune response
positive regulation by symbiont of host immune response
Any process in which an organism activates the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
induction by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction by organism of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
induction by symbiont of host immune response
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
inhibition by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation by organism of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host immune response
down-regulation by symbiont of host immune response
downregulation by symbiont of host immune response
inhibition by symbiont of host immune response
negative regulation by symbiont of host immune response
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
response to immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction
response to immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of nitric oxide produced as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
response to defense-related host nitric oxide production
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of phytoalexins produced as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species produced as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
response to defense-related host reactive oxygen species production
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
A reproductive process occurring in the embryo or fetus that allows the embryo or fetus to develop within the mother.
embryonic process involved in female pregnancy
Any viral process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
positive regulation of apoptosis by virus
positive regulation of apoptotic process by virus
The process in which a virus increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
syncytium formation induced by viral infection
positive regulation of syncytium formation by virus
A cellular process occurring in the host cell that contributes to the process of posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of viral gene(s), and host gene(s) homologous to the viral genes.
host cellular process involved in virus induced gene silencing
Any viral process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
viral process regulating host cell cycle
Any cellular process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle in response to a virus.
cellular process regulating host cell cycle in response to virus
The specific behavior of a male organism that is associated with reproduction.
The specific behavior of a female organism that is associated with reproduction.
The homeostatic process in which a population of cells changes its metabolic activity resulting in the rate of death in the population equaling the rate of reproduction. Stationary phase can be in response to limited nutrients or a build-up of toxic substances in the environment.
The homeostatic process in which a population of cells changes its metabolic activity resulting in the rate of death in the population equaling the rate of reproduction in response to limited nutrients in the environment.
maintenance of stationary phase in response to starvation
The homeostatic process in which a population of cells changes its metabolic activity resulting in the rate of death in the population equaling the rate of reproduction in response to a build-up of toxins in the environment.
maintenance of stationary phase in response to toxin
Any process that modulates the extent of brood size. Brood size is the number of progeny that survive embryogenesis and are cared for at one time.
The deposition of eggs, either fertilized or not, upon a surface or into a medium, following mating.
A reproductive behavior in which a parent cares for and rears offspring.
A parental behavior in which fertilized eggs are taken into the mouth and held until hatching.
The directional movement of an organism, usually a bacterial cell, from one place to another within its host organism, by a process involving continuous polymerization of host actin at one pole of the symbiont cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
migration of symbiont within host by polymerization of host actin
The directed killing of a symbiont target cell by a neutrophil.
neutrophil mediated killing of symbiont cell
The directed killing of a bacterium by a neutrophil.
neutrophil mediated killing of bacterium
The directed killing of a gram-negative bacterium by a neutrophil.
neutrophil mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium
The directed killing of a gram-positive bacterium by a neutrophil.
neutrophil mediated killing of gram-positive bacterium
The directed killing of a fungal cell by a neutrophil.
An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association in a relationship in which association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the osmotic conditions in or around its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
response of symbiont to host osmotic environment
The attachment of an infection structure of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
adhesion of symbiont infection structure to host during symbiotic interaction
attachment of symbiont infection structure to host
Note that this term should not be used to annotate gene products of the host. It should only be used to annotate those gene products of the symbiont involved in this process.
adhesion of symbiont infection structure to host
The attachment of a germination tube of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
adhesion of symbiont germination tube to host during symbiotic interaction
Note that this term should not be used to annotate gene products of the host. It should only be used to annotate those gene products from the symbiont involved in this process.
adhesion of symbiont germination tube to host
The attachment of an appressorium of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
adhesion of symbiont appressorium to host during symbiotic interaction
adhesion of symbiont appressorium to host
The attachment of a spore of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
adhesion of symbiont spore to host during symbiotic interaction
The physiological, developmental and morphological changes that occur in a symbiont spore following release from dormancy up to the earliest signs of growth occurring on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Development of slender tubular outgrowth first produced by most symbiont spores immediately following germination on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which a symbiont structure that serves to infect the host is formed on or near its host organism. It includes physiological, developmental, and morphological changes of the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
formation by symbiont of infection structure on or near host
formation of infection structure on or near host
The process in which a swollen, flattened portion of a symbiont filament is formed on or near its host organism, to adhere to and for the purpose of penetrating the host surface. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
appressorium formation for entry into host, on or near host
formation of an appressorium by symbiont on or near host
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell starts to acquire specialized features of the symbiont appressorium to aid in infection of the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
initiation of appressorium by symbiont on or near host
initiation of symbiont appressorium on or near host
initiation of appressorium on or near host
The development of a swollen tip at the growing end of a symbiont spore which usually flattens against the host cell surface prior to appressorium formation. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
formation of germ tube tip of symbiont on or near the exterior of host
symbiont germ tube hook structure formation on or near host
formation of symbiont germ tube hook structure on or near host
The process in which a symbiont partition is formed to separate the appressorium from the germination tube, occurring on or near the exterior of its host organism during appressorium formation. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
septum formation during appressorium formation on or near host
septum formation involved in appressorium formation on or near host
The process in which specialized features of the symbiont appressorium are acquired post initiation, to aid in infection of the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
maturation of symbiont appressorium on or near host
maturation of appressorium on or near host
The process in which hydrostatic pressure is increased within the symbiont appressorium to breach the cuticle of the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
establishment of turgor in symbiont appressorium on or near host
Penetration via a specialized structure of symbiont into the body, tissues, or cells of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
entry into host via a specialized structure during symbiotic interaction
entry into host via a specialized structure
The assembly by the symbiont of a peg-like structure for the purpose of penetration into its host organism, which penetrates through the host cuticle and epidermal cell wall. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
symbiont penetration peg formation for entry into host
formation of symbiont penetration peg for entry into host
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell of the symbiont starts to acquire the characteristics of a mature penetration peg to penetrate into its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The assembly by the symbiont of a threadlike, tubular structure, which may contain multiple nuclei and may or may not be divided internally by septa or cross-walls, for the purpose of invasive growth within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
formation of symbiont invasive hypha within host
formation of symbiont invasive hypha within host during symbiotic interaction
symbiont invasive hypha formation within host
formation of symbiont invasive hypha in host
The attachment of an infection cushion of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
adhesion of symbiont infection cushion to host during symbiotic interaction
adhesion of symbiont infection cushion to host
The attachment of a hyphopodium of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
adhesion of symbiont hyphopodium to host during symbiotic interaction
adhesion of symbiont hyphopodium to host
Any process in which the host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont adenylate cyclase activity, which catalyze the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by symbiont of host adenylate cyclase activity ; GO:0075106".
modulation by host of symbiont adenylate cyclase activity
Any process in which the host organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont adenylate cyclase activity, which catalyze the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by symbiont of host adenylate cyclase activity ; GO:0075107".
positive regulation by host of symbiont adenylate cyclase activity
Any process in which the host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont adenylate cyclase activity, which catalyze the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by symbiont of host adenylate cyclase activity ; GO:0075108".
negative regulation by host of symbiont adenylate cyclase activity
Any process in which the host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont. The receptor is defined as a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a ligand) such as a neurotransmitter or a hormone or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075109".
modulation by host of symbiont receptor-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075110".
positive regulation by host of symbiont receptor-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075111".
negative regulation by host of symbiont receptor-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075112".
modulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075113".
positive regulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075114".
negative regulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction in the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signaling
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction ; GO:0075115".
modulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction in the symbiont organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signaling
promotion by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor protein activity involved in cAMP-mediated signal transduction
upregulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
activation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
stimulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction ; GO:0075116".
positive regulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction in the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
downregulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
negative regulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signaling
inhibition by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction ; GO:0075117".
negative regulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by symbiont of host G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction ; GO:0075118".
modulation by host of symbiont G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by symbiont of host G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction ; GO:0075119".
positive regulation by host of symbiont G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by symbiont of host G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction ; GO:0075120".
negative regulation by host of symbiont G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit ; GO:0075121".
modulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit
Any process in which the host organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit ; GO:0075122".
positive regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit
Any process in which the host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit ; GO:0075123".
negative regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit
Any process in which the host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit ; GO:0075124".
modulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit
Any process in which the host organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit ; GO:0075125".
positive regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit
Any process in which the host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit ; GO:0075126".
negative regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit
Any process in which the host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit ; GO:0075127".
modulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit
Any process in which the host organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit ; GO:0075128".
positive regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit
Any process in which the host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit ; GO:0075129".
negative regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit
Any process in which the host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by symbiont of host protein kinase-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075130".
modulation by host of symbiont protein kinase-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by symbiont of host protein kinase-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075131".
positive regulation by host of symbiont protein kinase-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by symbiont of host protein kinase-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075132".
negative regulation by host of symbiont protein kinase-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by symbiont of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway ; GO:0052078".
negative regulation by host of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by host of symbiont Ca++ or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by symbiont of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075133".
modulation by host of symbiont calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by host of symbiont Ca++ or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by symbiont of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075134".
positive regulation by host of symbiont calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by host of symbiont Ca++ or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by symbiont of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075135".
negative regulation by host of symbiont calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host adenylate cyclase activity, which involves catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Modulation by symbiont of host 3',5'-cyclic AMP synthetase activity
Modulation by symbiont of host ATP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing ; 3',5'-cyclic-AMP-forming) activity
Modulation by symbiont of host ATP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing) activity
Modulation by symbiont of host ATP pyrophosphate-lyase activity
Modulation by symbiont of host adenyl cyclase activity
Modulation by symbiont of host adenylyl cyclase activity
Modulation by symbiont of host adenylylcyclase activity
Modulation by symbiont of host cAMP generating peptide activity
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by host of symbiont adenylate cyclase activity ; GO:0075075".
modulation by symbiont of host adenylate cyclase activity
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host adenylate cyclase activity, which involves catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Positive regulation by symbiont of host 3',5'-cyclic AMP synthetase activity
Positive regulation by symbiont of host ATP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing ; 3',5'-cyclic-AMP-forming) activity
Positive regulation by symbiont of host ATP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing) activity
Positive regulation by symbiont of host ATP pyrophosphate-lyase activity
Positive regulation by symbiont of host adenyl cyclase activity
Positive regulation by symbiont of host adenylyl cyclase activity
Positive regulation by symbiont of host adenylylcyclase activity
Positive regulation by symbiont of host cAMP generating peptide activity
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by host of symbiont adenylate cyclase activity ; GO:0075076".
positive regulation by symbiont of host adenylate cyclase activity
Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the host adenylate cyclase activity, which catalyze the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Negative regulation by symbiont of host 3',5'-cyclic AMP synthetase activity
Negative regulation by symbiont of host ATP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing ; 3',5'-cyclic-AMP-forming) activity
Negative regulation by symbiont of host ATP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing) activity
Negative regulation by symbiont of host ATP pyrophosphate-lyase activity
Negative regulation by symbiont of host adenyl cyclase activity
Negative regulation by symbiont of host adenylyl cyclase activity
Negative regulation by symbiont of host adenylylcyclase activity
Negative regulation by symbiont of host cAMP generating peptide activity
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by host of symbiont adenylate cyclase activity ; GO:0075077".
negative regulation by symbiont of host adenylate cyclase activity
Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The receptor is defined as a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a ligand) such as a neurotransmitter or a hormone or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by host of symbiont receptor-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075078".
modulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by host of symbiont receptor-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075079".
positive regulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by host of symbiont receptor-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075080".
negative regulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075081".
modulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075082".
positive regulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075083".
negative regulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signaling
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction ; GO:0075084".
modulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signaling
promotion by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
upregulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
activation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
stimulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction ; GO:0075085".
positive regulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
downregulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
negative regulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signaling
inhibition by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by host of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction ; GO:0075086".
negative regulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by host of symbiont G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction ; GO:0075087".
modulation by symbiont of host G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by symbiont of host G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction ; GO:0075088".
positive regulation by symbiont of host G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the host G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by host of symbiont G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction ; GO:0075089".
negative regulation by symbiont of host G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit ; GO:0075090".
modulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit ; GO:0075091".
positive regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit
Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit ; GO:0075092".
negative regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit
Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit ; GO:0075093".
modulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit ; GO:0075094".
positive regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit
Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit ; GO:0075095".
negative regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit
Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit ; GO:0075096".
modulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit ; GO:0075097".
positive regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit
Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by host of symbiont signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit ; GO:0075098".
negative regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit
Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by host of symbiont protein kinase-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075099".
modulation by symbiont of host protein kinase-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by host of symbiont protein kinase-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075100".
positive regulation by symbiont of host protein kinase-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by host of symbiont protein kinase-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075101".
negative regulation by symbiont of host protein kinase-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host Ca++ or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by host of symbiont calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075103".
modulation by symbiont of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of host Ca++ or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by host of symbiont calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075104".
positive regulation by symbiont of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by symbiont of host Ca++ or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "Negative regulation by host of symbiont calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075105".
negative regulation by symbiont of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont organism or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the redox environment in host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
response of symbiont to host redox environment
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting oxygen tension in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
response of symbiont to host oxygen tension environment
response to host oxygen tension environment
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting iron concentration in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
response of symbiont to host iron concentration
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting host defense molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
response of symbiont to host defense molecules
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of a physiologic state in which the symbiont immune system does not react destructively against the components of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
maintenance of symbiont tolerance to host environment
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of a physiologic state in which the symbiont immune system does not react destructively against oxygen tension environment of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
maintenance of symbiont tolerance to host oxygen tension environment
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of a physiologic state in which the symbiont immune system does not react destructively against redox environment of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
maintenance of symbiont tolerance to host redox environment
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of a physiologic state in which the symbiont immune system does not react destructively against iron concentration environment of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
maintenance of symbiont tolerance to host iron concentration
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of a physiologic state in which the symbiont immune system does not react destructively against defense molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
maintenance of symbiont tolerance to host defense molecules
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of a physiologic state in which the symbiont immune system does not react destructively against osmotic environment of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
maintenance of symbiont tolerance to host osmotic environment
Any process in which the symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of symbiont signal transduction in response to host
regulation of signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of symbiont signal transduction in response to host
positive regulation of signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of symbiont signal transduction in response to host
negative regulation of signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its receptor-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of symbiont receptor-mediated signal transduction in response to host
regulation of receptor-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its receptor-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of symbiont receptor-mediated signal transduction in response to host
positive regulation of receptor-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont receptor-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of symbiont receptor-mediated signal transduction in response to host
negative regulation of receptor-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction in response to host
regulation of transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction in response to host
positive regulation of transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction in response to host
negative regulation of transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its G-protein coupled receptor protein-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway in response to host
regulation of symbiont G-protein coupled receptor protein-mediated signal transduction in response to host
regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its G-protein coupled receptor protein-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway in response to host
positive regulation of symbiont G-protein coupled receptor protein-mediated signal transduction in response to host
positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont G-protein coupled receptor protein-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway in response to host
negative regulation of symbiont G-protein coupled receptor protein-mediated signal transduction in response to host
negative regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its G-protein alpha subunit-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of symbiont G-protein alpha subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
regulation of G-protein alpha subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its G-protein alpha subunit-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of symbiont G-protein alpha subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
positive regulation of G-protein alpha subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont G-protein alpha subunit-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of symbiont G-protein alpha subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
negative regulation of G-protein alpha subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its G-protein beta subunit-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of symbiont G-protein beta subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
regulation of G-protein beta subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its G-protein beta subunit-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of symbiont G-protein beta subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
positive regulation of G-protein beta subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont G-protein beta subunit-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of symbiont G-protein beta subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
negative regulation of G-protein beta subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its G-protein gamma subunit-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of symbiont G-protein gamma subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
regulation of G-protein gamma subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its G-protein gamma subunit-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of symbiont G-protein gamma subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
positive regulation of G-protein gamma subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont G-protein gamma subunit-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of symbiont G-protein gamma subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
negative regulation of G-protein gamma subunit-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its protein kinase-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of symbiont protein kinase-mediated signal transduction in response to host
regulation of protein kinase-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its protein kinase-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of symbiont protein kinase-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont protein kinase-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of symbiont protein kinase-mediated signal transduction in response to host
negative regulation of protein kinase-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction in response to host
regulation of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction in response to host
positive regulation of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction in response to host
negative regulation of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its cAMP-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of cAMP-mediated signal transduction in response to host
regulation of cAMP-mediated signalling in response to host
regulation of symbiont cAMP-mediated signal transduction in response to host
regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its cAMP-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of cAMP-mediated signal transduction in response to host
positive regulation of cAMP-mediated signalling in response to host
positive regulation of symbiont cAMP-mediated signal transduction in response to host
positive regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its cAMP-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of cAMP-mediated signal transduction in response to host
negative regulation of cAMP-mediated signalling in response to host
negative regulation of symbiont cAMP-mediated signal transduction in response to host
negative regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting host molecules in, on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of symbiont Ca++ or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in response to host
modulation of symbiont calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in response to host
regulation of calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting host molecules in, on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of symbiont Ca++ or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in response to host
positive regulation of symbiont calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in response to host
positive regulation of calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting host molecules in, on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of symbiont Ca++ or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in response to host
negative regulation of symbiont calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in response to host
negative regulation of calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its transcription as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of symbiont transcription in response to host
regulation of transcription in response to host
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its transcription as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of symbiont transcription in response to host
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its transcription as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of symbiont transcription in response to host
The process in which an organized mass of hyphae is formed on or near the host organism, and numerous infective hyphae develop from the hyphae mass. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
infection cushion formation on or near host
The process in which a specialized structure, consisted of stalked, thick-walled, lobed cells of vegetative epiphytic hyphae, is formed, to attach and penetrate the host surface. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which a symbiont cell is formed on or near its host organism, via separated from the tip of an infection hypha by a septum. The haustorium mother cell usually contains 2-4 fungal nuclei, and its function is to attach and penetrate the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
haustorium mother cell formation on or near host
The attachment of a haustorium mother cell of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
adhesion of symbiont haustorium mother cell to host during symbiotic interaction
adhesion of symbiont haustorium mother cell to host
The assembly by the symbiont of a neck-like structure for the purpose of penetration into its host organism. The neck-like structure connects haustorium mother cell and haustorium. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
symbiont haustorium neck formation for entry into host
formation of symbiont haustorium neck for entry into host
The assembly by the symbiont of a threadlike, tubular structure, which may contain multiple nuclei and may or may not be divided internally by septa or cross-walls, for the purpose of penetration into its host organism. In the case of an appressorium existing, this term is defined in further details as the process in which the symbiont penetration peg expands to form a hypha which traverses the epidermal cell and emerges into the intercellular space of the mesophyll tissue. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
symbiont penetration hypha formation for entry into host
formation of symbiont penetration hypha for entry into host
Any process in which the host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont. The cAMP-mediated signal transduction is defined as a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic AMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by host of symbiont cAMP-mediated signalling
regulation by host of symbiont cAMP-mediated signaling
modulation by host of symbiont cAMP-mediated signaling
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075208".
modulation by host of symbiont cAMP-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by host of symbiont cAMP-mediated signaling
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075209".
positive regulation by host of symbiont cAMP-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by host of symbiont cAMP-mediated signaling
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "negative regulation by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075210".
negative regulation by host of symbiont cAMP-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signaling
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by host of symbiont cAMP-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075205".
modulation by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signaling
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by host of symbiont cAMP-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075206".
positive regulation by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signaling
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term "Negative regulation by host of symbiont cAMP-mediated signal transduction ; GO:0075207".
negative regulation by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction in response to host
regulation of transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction in response to host
regulation of transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signalling in response to host
regulation of transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signaling in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction in response to host
positive regulation of transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of symbiont transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction in response to host
negative regulation of transmembrane receptor-mediated cAMP signal transduction in response to host
The physiological, developmental and morphological changes that occur in a symbiont spore during the process of its encystment. Encystment means to enter a state of essentially suspended animation in which the spore is protected by an outer coating and remains immobile and inactive until favorable conditions for growth occur again. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The physiological, developmental and morphological changes that occur in a symbiont zoospore during the process of its encystment. Encystment means to enter a state of essentially suspended animation in which the spore is protected by an outer coating and remains immobile and inactive until favorable conditions for growth occur again. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The physiological, developmental and morphological changes that occur in a symbiont sporangium following release from dormancy up to the earliest signs of growth occurring on or near its host organism. A sporangium is a structure producing and containing spores. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
germination of symbiont sporangium on or near host
symbiont sporangium germination on or near host
The physiological, developmental and morphological changes that occur in the symbiont encysted zoospore, which is on or near its host organism and germinates by developing a germ tube that may penetrate the host directly or indirectly through an appresorium. An encysted zoospore is a zoospore which has shed its flagellum and whose membrane has fused to form a walled cyst. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
encysted zoospore germination on or near host
Any process involved in the directed movement of a motile spore on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process involved in the directed movement of a zoospore on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of a physiologic state in which the symbiont immune system does not react destructively against pH environment of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
maintenance of symbiont tolerance to host pH environment
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the pH conditions in or around its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
response of symbiont to host pH environment
Any process in which a symbiont disseminates its spores, on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
spore dispersal on or near host during symbiotic interaction
Any active process in which a symbiont disseminates its spores, on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
active spore dispersal on or near host during symbiotic interaction
Any passive process in which a symbiont disseminates its spores, on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
passive spore dispersal on or near host during symbiotic interaction
The assembly by an organism of an arbuscule, a fine, tree-like hyphal structure projected into the host cell for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
formation by symbiont of arbuscule for nutrient acquisition from host
Any process in which the host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "modulation by symbiont of host adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction; GO:0075335".
modulation by host of symbiont adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the host organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by host of symbiont adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of symbiont adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of symbiont adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction in response to host
Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of symbiont adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction in response to host
The breakdown, by the symbiont, of a PML body within a host cell. A PML body is a nuclear body that reacts against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML = promyelocytic leukemia). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
catabolism by symbiont of host cell PML body
degradation by symbiont of host cell PML body
disassembly by symbiont of host cell PML NB
disassembly by symbiont of host cell PML body
disassembly by symbiont of host cell PML body during symbiotic interaction
disassembly by symbiont of host cell PML nuclear body
disruption by symbiont of host cell PML body
The alteration by an organism of the levels of abscisic acid in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is intended for use in annotation of symbiont gene products. For host gene products that regulate abscisic acid levels in the host, consider annotating to 'regulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling ; GO:0009787' or 'regulation of abscisic acid biosynthetic process ; GO:0010115'.
modulation by symbiont of abscisic acid levels in host
The alteration by an organism of protein levels in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is intended for use in annotation of symbiont gene products.
modulation by symbiont of host protein levels
The covalent alteration by an organism of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is intended for use in annotation of symbiont gene products. For host gene products that modify host proteins, consider annotation to 'protein modification process' GO:0006464.
modification by symbiont of host protein
The process in which an organism adds one or more ubiquitin groups to a protein of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host protein by ubiquitinylation
modification by symbiont of host protein by ubiquitylation
Note that this term is intended for use in annotation of symbiont gene products. For host gene products that ubiquitinate host proteins, consider annotation to 'protein ubiquitination ; GO:0016567'.
modification by symbiont of host protein by ubiquitination
Induction of endosome membrane permeabilization triggered by an interaction between the host membrane and a membrane-penetration protein associated with the capsid. Occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in delivery of the virus contents into the host cell cytoplasm.
viral entry into host cell via caveolae-mediated endocytosis followed by endosome membrane
viral entry into host cell via clathrin-mediated endocytosis followed by endosome membrane permeabilization
endosome membrane permeabilization involved in viral entry into host cell
Fusion of a viral membrane with a host macropinosome membrane, that occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in release of the viral contents into the host cell cytoplasm.
viral entry into host cell via macropinocytosis followed by membrane fusion with the endosome membrane
viral entry into host cell via macropinocytosis followed by membrane fusion with the host macropinosome membrane
fusion of virus membrane with host macropinosome membrane
Induction of macropinosome membrane permeabilization triggered by an interaction between the host membrane and a membrane-penetration protein associated with the capsid. Occurs after internalization of the virus in a macropinosome, and results in release of the viral contents from the macropinosome into the host cell cytoplasm.
viral entry into host cell via macropinocytosis followed by macropinosomal membrane permeabilization
macropinosomal membrane permeabilization involved in viral entry into host cell
Viral penetration into the host nucleus where a viral capsid passes intact through the host nuclear pore complex (NPC).
This mechanism is used by viruses with capsids small enough to cross the nuclear pore complex, such as the single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses Parvoviridae, Circoviridae and Geminiviridae.
entry of intact viral capsid into host nucleus through nuclear pore complex
Viral penetration into the host nucleus where the viral genome passes through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) using the cellular importin transport machinery.
entry of viral genome into host nucleus via cellular importin transport through the nuclear pore complex
This mechanism is used by some RNA viruses (e.g. Orthomyxoviridae), some dsDNA viruses (e.g. Polyomaviridae) and some ssRNA viruses (e.g. Lentivirus).
entry of viral genome into host nucleus through nuclear pore complex via importin
Viral penetration into the host nucleus where the where a viral capsid docks on the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and ejects the viral genome through the pore into the nucleoplasm.
This mechanism is used by viruses such as Herpesvirales whose capsid is too large to enter the nuclear pore complex (NPC) pore.
entry of viral genome into host nucleus via docking of viral capsid to the nuclear pore complex and injection of viral genome
Viral penetration into the host nucleus where a viral capsid enters the host nuclear pore complex (NPC) but remains attached to the pore on the nuclear side. The capsid then disassembles, releasing the viral genome into the nucleoplasm.
entry of viral genome into host nucleus via attachment of capsid to nuclear pore complex and release of genome into nucleoplasm
This mechanism is used by viruses such as Hepadnaviridae whose capsids enter the NPC but are too big to pass intact into the nucleus.
entry of viral genome into host nucleus via retainment of capsid in nuclear pore complex and release of genome into nucleoplasm
Any endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.
viral penetration via endocytosis followed by endosome disruption
viral entry into host cell via endocytosis
endocytosis involved in viral entry into host cell
Any macropinocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.
viral entry into host cell via macropinocytosis
macropinocytosis involved in viral entry into host cell
Viral-induced lysis of the macropinosome involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. Occurs after internalization of the virus in a macropinosome, and results in the release of viral contents from the macropinosome into the host cell cytoplasm.
macropinosome lysis involved in viral entry into host cell
Any clathrin-mediated endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. Begins by invagination of a specific region of the host cell plasma membrane around the bound virus to form a clathrin-coated pit, which then pinches off to form a clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle containing the virus.
viral penetration via clathrin-mediated endocytosis
viral entry into host cell via clathrin-mediated endocytosis followed by endosome lysis
viral entry into host cell via clathrin-mediated endocytosis
clathrin-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cell
Any caveolin-mediated endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. Begins when material is taken up into plasma membrane caveolae - specialized lipid rafts that form 50-70 nm flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane - which then pinch off to form endocytic caveolar carriers containing the virus.
viral entry into host cell via caveolae-mediated endocytosis
viral penetration via caveolae-mediated endocytosis followed by endosome disruption
viral entry into host cell via caveolin-mediated endocytosis
caveolin-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cell
Viral-induced lysis of the endosome involved in uptake of a virus into a host cell. Occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in release of the viral contents from the endosome into the host cell cytoplasm.
viral entry into host cell via caveolae-mediated endocytosis followed by endosome lysis
endosome lysis involved in viral entry into host cell
The directed movement of the viral genome or viral particle within the host cell cytoplasm along host microtubules. Microtubule-dependent transport involves motor proteins like dynein and kinesin and is mostly used by viruses that target their genomes to the nucleus.
microtubule-dependent intracellular transport of viral material
The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, within the host cell cytoplasm via the host's actin filaments. Actin-dependent transport is induced by viral proteins that interact with actin and/or host cell motor proteins like myosins or that promotes actin polymerization/depolymerization reactions.
actin-dependent intracellular transport of viral material
actin-dependent intracellular transport of virus
The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, towards the host cell nucleus using host microtubules.
microtubule-dependent intracellular transport of viral material to nucleus
microtubule-dependent intracellular transport of viral material towards nucleus
Process by which viral mRNA translation is initiated, where a domain in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the viral mRNA called an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) binds the host 43S preinitiation complex, circumventing regular cap-dependent translation initiation.
IRES-dependent viral translational initiation
A process which occurs during viral translation, which involves a translational recoding mechanism called programmed ribosomal frameshifting. This causes the ribosome to alter its reading of the mRNA to an a different open reading frame to produce alternate viral proteins.
ribosomal frameshifting involved in viral translation
A translation process in which a specific viral peptide prevents the ribosome from covalently linking a new inserted amino acid, and lets it continue translation, thereby cleaving the nascent protein while allowing translation to continue.
A process which occurs as part of viral mRNA translation which allows expression of a downstream open reading frame (ORF) in a dicistronic mRNA. In this process, ribosomes translate the upstream ORF but following termination, a proportion of 40S subunits remain tethered to the mRNA and go on to re-initiate translation at the start codon of the downstream ORF.
termination reinitiation involved in viral translation
viral translation involving termination re-initiation
viral translation involving termination-reinitiation
viral translation involving translational stop-start
viral translational termination-reinitiation
A transcription initiation process during which a nucleotide sequence between 10 and 20 nucleotides in size is cleaved from the 5' end of host mRNAs by a viral RNA-dependent polymerase. The capped leader sequence obtained is subsequently used to prime transcription on the viral genome, which ultimately leads to the synthesis of capped, translatable viral mRNAs.
cap snatching involved in viral mRNA transcription
The process by which bases in viral mRNA are chemically altered during viral transcription. This is usually the incorporation of 1 - 6 additional nucleotides, which shifts the reading frame, allowing the generation of different protein products or through a specific nucleotide change that eliminates the termination codon.
RNA editing involved in viral mRNA transcription
The process in which a virus effects a change in the host immune response.
regulation by virus of host immune system process
modulation by virus of host immune response
A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host as an episome, where the viral genome remains silent in the cytoplasm or nucleus as a circular structure.
establishment of circular plasmid latency
establishment of latency as a circular plasmid
establishment of latency as a circular episome
A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host as an episome, where the viral genome remains silent in the cytoplasm or nucleus as linear structure.
establishment of latency as a linear plasmid
establishment of latency as a linear episome
The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, towards the host cell nucleus. The process begins after viral entry, and ends when the viral material is at the nuclear membrane.
viral genome transport to host cell nucleus
This process does not include the viral material crossing the nuclear membrane. For transport of viral material into the nucleus, consider instead: 'viral penetration into host nucleus ; GO:0075732'.
transport of viral material towards nucleus
A process by which the virus integrates into the host genome and establishes as a stable provirus or prophage.
establishment of integrated proviral latency
A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host as an episome, where the viral genome remains silent in the cytoplasm or nucleus as a distinct genetic entity.
The crossing by the virus of the host nuclear membrane, either as naked viral genome or for small viruses as an intact capsid.
The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, within the host cell.
intracellular transport of viral material
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a herbivore.
Any process that results in a change in the state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the formation of an abnormal mass of cells in the host organism, induced by a symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
host response to induction by symbiont of tumor, nodule or growth in host
Any process that involves recognition of an effector, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. Effectors are proteins secreted into the host cell by pathogenic microbes, presumably to alter host immune response signaling. The best characterized effectors are bacterial effectors delivered into the host cell by type III secretion system (TTSS). Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) involves the direct or indirect recognition of an effector protein by the host (for example through plant resistance or R proteins) and subsequent activation of host immune response.
effector dependent induction by symbiont of host immunity
effector dependent induction by symbiont of host immune response
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type V secretion system in the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology via protein secreted by type V secretion system
The assembly by a symbiont of a stylet, a hollow protrusible spear-like structure projected into the host cell for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
formation by symbiont of stylet for nutrient acquisition from host
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a symbiont secreted substance released by specialized structures generated in either organisms as a result of the symbiotic interaction. The term host is used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis.
This term can be used for annotation of structures like the parasitophorous vacuole which are symbiont induced but entirely host-derived, as well as structures like the stylet which are entirely symbiont-derived.
interaction with host mediated by secreted substance released by symbiont from symbiotic structure
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance released by the other (symbiont) organism via the stylet, a hollow protrusible spear-like structure in the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via secreted substance released from stylet
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance released by the other (symbiont) organism via the haustorium, a projection from a cell or tissue that penetrates the host's cell wall. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via secreted substance released from haustorium
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance released by the other (symbiont) organism via invasive hyphae. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via secreted substance released from invasive hyphae
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance released by the other (symbiont) organism via a symbiont-containing vacuole, a specialized sac within the host in which the symbiont resides. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host mediated by symbiont secreted substance released from parasitophorous vacuole
interaction with host mediated by symbiont secreted substance released from symbiont-containing vacuole
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance released by the other (symbiont) organism via the rhoptry, a large, club-shaped secretory organelle that forms part of the apical complex of an apicomplexan parasite. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via secreted substance released from rhoptry
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance released by the other (symbiont) organism via the microneme, a small, elongated secretory organelle that forms part of the apical complex of an apicomplexan parasite. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via secreted substance released from microneme
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance released by the other (symbiont) organism via Maurer's cleft. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host mediated by symbiont secreted substance released from Maurers cleft
interaction with host mediated by symbiont secreted substance released from Maurer's cleft
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a secreted substance from the symbiont entering host cells via endocytosis of the substance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host mediated by secreted substance entering host via endocytosis
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the symbiont organism by a Sec complex. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via protein secreted by Sec secretion system
interaction with host via protein secreted by Sec complex
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the symbiont organism by a Tat complex. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via protein secreted by Tat secretion system
interaction with host via protein secreted by Tat complex
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the symbiont organism by a type VII secretion system. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via protein secreted by type VII secretion system
Entry into a dormant state of the symbiont within the host organism.
Any process in which a dormant state is maintained by the symbiont within the host organism.
dormancy maintenance of symbiont in host
Exit from dormant state, also known as resuscitation, of the symbiont within the host organism.
The invasion by a symbiont of a cell of its host organism, forming a vacuole in which the parasite resides. The vacuole membrane is formed from lipids and proteins derived from both host and symbiont. Begins when the symbiont attaches on to the host cell membrane which invaginates and deepens as the symbiont enters, and ends when the host cell membrane closes behind the newly-formed vacuole.
symbiont entry into host cell forming a parasitophorous vacuole
symbiont entry into host cell forming a pathogen-containing vacuole
symbiont entry into host cell forming a symbiont-containing vacuole
The process in which a host organism maintains the structure and function of a symbiont-containing vacuole. The symbiont-containing vacuole is a membrane-bounded vacuole within a host cell in which a symbiont organism resides, and can serve to reduce pathogenicity of invading symbionts by restricting them to the vacuolar compartment.
maintenance of pathogen-containing vacuole
maintenance of vacuolar integrity during bacterial infection
maintenance of symbiont-containing vacuole by host
The assembly of a symbiont-induced complex organelle that comprises of multiple protein and lipid domains for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
formation of a symbiont- induced tubovesicular network for nutrient acquisition from host
formation by symbiont of a tubovesicular network for nutrient acquisition from host
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type I secretion system in the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology via protein secreted by type I secretion system
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type VI secretion system in the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology via protein secreted by type VI secretion system
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type VII secretion system in the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology via protein secreted by type VII secretion system
The process in which an organism (symbiont) effects a change in the structure or function of its host organism, mediated by a substance secreted by the Sec complex in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology via protein secreted by the Sec secretion system
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology via protein secreted by Sec complex
The process in which an organism (symbiont) effects a change in the structure or function of its host organism, mediated by a substance secreted by the Tat complex in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology via protein secreted by the Tat secretion system
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology via protein secreted by Tat complex
Penetration by symbiont of a host anatomical structure which provides a barrier to symbiont entry, mediated by symbiont degradative enzymes.
entry into host via enzymatic degradation of host anatomical structure
Penetration by symbiont of host physical barriers, mediated by symbiont degradative enzymes.
entry into host via enzymatic degradation of host cuticle
An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association in a relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other.
An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association in a relationship in which one benefits and the other is unaffected.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of host NF-kappaB-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host NF-kappaB-mediated signal transduction pathway
modulation by symbiont of host I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host NF-kappaB-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by symbiont of host I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
induction by symbiont of host I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
positive regulation by symbiont of host NF-kappaB-mediated signal transduction pathway
positive regulation by symbiont of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells mediated signal transduction pathway
stimulation by symbiont of host I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
up regulation by symbiont of host I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
up-regulation by symbiont of host I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
upregulation by symbiont of host I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
positive regulation by symbiont of host I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
The process in which a symbiont organism effects a breakdown of the host organism cuticle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Process by which a bacteriophage, using its tail fibers, spikes or a baseplate component, initially recognizes and binds to its specific receptor on the host cell surface. This process is reversible and allows the release of a bacteriophage without affecting infection.
reversible bacteriophage attachment, binding of host cell surface receptor
This process was historically defined by the release, by Waring blending or sonication, by dilution and centrifugation, or by filtration and washing, of infective virions from their complexes with cells, thus contrary to what is observed after irreversible adsorption.
receptor-mediated bacteriophage reversible attachment to host cell
The processes by which a bacteriophage initially commits to infection by binding the host receptor irreversibly. Disruption of the phage:cell complex at this step results in the loss of infective phage virions since the process is characterized by conformational changes of bacteriophage head and tail proteins and injection of bacteriophage proteins into the infected cell.
irreversible bacteriophage attachment, binding of host cell surface receptor
receptor-mediated bacteriophage irreversible attachment to host cell
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a virus tail.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a virus tail fiber.
Process by which virus heads and tails are attached to each other.
The encapsulation of the viral genome within the capsid where DNA is packaged into the capsid until the capsid is full.
Generalized transducing phages usually use this mode of DNA packaging.
The encapsulation of the viral DNA genome within the capsid, which proceeds via cleavage of the viral DNA at specific sites by a viral terminase.
viral DNA genome packaging via site-specific sequence recognition
The encapsulation of the viral DNA genome within the capsid, which proceeds via cleavage of the viral DNA at specific sites to produce 3' protruding ends.
viral DNA genome packaging, 3' extended cos packaging
The encapsulation of the viral DNA genome within the capsid, which proceeds via cleavage of the viral DNA at specific sites to produce 5' protruding ends.
viral DNA genome packaging, 5' extended cos packaging
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a virus baseplate.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of another organism that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that organism.
The series of events in which a stimulus from another organism is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules where the two interacting cells are from different organisms.
Cell-cell adhesion between two single-celled organisms, during flocculation, mediated via the binding of cell wall proteins on one cell to galactose residues on the other.
cell-cell adhesion involved in galactose-specific flocculation
Cell-cell adhesion between two single-celled organisms, during flocculation, mediated via the binding of cell wall proteins on one cell to mannose residues on the other.
cell-cell adhesion involved in mannose-specific flocculation
A membrane invagination which involves another organism.
A pinocytosis which involves another organism.
A macropinocytosis which involves another organism.
A micropinocytosis which involves another organism.
A localization which involves another organism.
A cellular localization which involves another organism.
An intracellular transport which involves another organism.
An intercellular transport which involves another organism.
A plasmodesmata-mediated intercellular transport which involves another organism.
multi organism plasmodesmata-mediated intercellular transport
multi-organism plasmodesmata-mediated intercellular transport
An organelle organization which involves another organism.
A membrane budding which involves another organism.
A nuclear import which involves another organism.
The process involved in the rejection of pollen of one species by cells in the stigma of another species.
unilateral interspecific incompatibility
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with hemolysis in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in hemolysis in other organism
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the RNA levels in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of RNA levels in host
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the RNA levels in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by symbiont of RNA levels in host
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the indole acetic acid levels in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of indole acetic acid levels in host
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid levels in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of jasmonic acid levels in host
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene levels in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of ethylene levels in host
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid levels in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by symbiont of salicylic acid levels in host
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein levels in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by symbiont of host protein levels
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular transport in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by symbiont of host intracellular transport
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of host transcription
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin production in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by symbiont of host phytoalexin production
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the abscisic acid levels in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of abscisic acid levels in host
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein levels in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of host protein levels
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokinin levels in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of cytokinin levels in host
A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types, without the formation of zygotes. An example of this process is found in Candida albicans.
parasexual conjugation with cellular fusion
data item
information content entity
curation status specification
The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term
data about an ontology part
obsolescence reason specification
The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON: Melanie Courtot
The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities.
A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities
A composite chromatic quality composed of hue, saturation and intensity parts.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.
A color hue with high wavelength of the long-wave end of the visible spectrum, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 630 to 750 nanometers.
A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities.
See comments of relational quality of a physical entity.
A quality which inheres in a continuant.
multiply inhering quality of a physical entity
Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles.
A biological sex quality inhering in a population of multiple sexes.
For example a mixture of females and male or males and hermaphrodites.
A quality inhering in a population by virtue of the proportion of its members that are ill at a given time.
A quality that inheres in an entire population or part of a population.
Examples include: population, community, species (meaning the collection of organisms that makes up a species, not the taxonomic rank), and family.
A material entity that consists of two or more organisms, viruses, or viroids.
May be of the same or different species.
collection of organisms
This a general term that can include every organism of a species living in an area or any subset of them. Subclasses can be more specific as needed.
A collection of organisms, all of the same species, that live in the same place.
It is sometimes difficult to define the physical boundaries of a population. In the case of sexually reproducing organisms, the individuals within a population have the potential to reproduce with one another during the course of their lifetimes. 'Community', as often used to describe a group of humans, is a type of population. Classes for population already exist in IDO ('organism population', IDO_0000509) and OBI ('population', OBI_0000181). The definitions should be standardized across OBO Foundry ontologies and only one term used.
population of organisms
A community of at least two different species, living in a particular area. Must have at least two populations of different species as members.
Not sure if the equivalancy axiom specifies that both populations are located in the same site.
multispecies community
Ecological community is defined broadly here, but includes both ecological interactions (inherited from parent term community) and spatial co-existence. It may be used to describe every organisms living in an area, but is often used to refer only to organisms of a particular taxon or guild (e.g., the plant community, the insect community, the herbivore community). The word community, as it often used to describe a group of humans living together, is a type of single-species collection of organisms, not an ecological community.
ecological community
A quality that inheres in a biological population.
See Chris's comments on population qualities at: http://code.google.com/p/popcomm-ontology/issues/detail?id=4. These may not belong under BFO:quality. May be better to call them population characteristics, and classify as specifically dependent continuants. Need to look at process profiles in BFO2.
Includes qualities like population size, population growth rate, carrying capacity, immigration rate, emigration rate, fecundity, and death rate. A population quality may depend on the qualities of individual organisms in the population, but cannot be measured or described for a single organism. This term may be replaced by a PATO term.
quality of a population
A quality that inheres in a community.
These may not belong under BFO:quality. May be better to call them community characteristics, and classify as specifically dependent continuants. Need to look at process profiles in BFO2.
Includes qualities like diversity, species richness, stability, resilience, community structure, number of trophic levels. A community quality may depend on the qualities of individual organism in the community, but cannot be measured or described for a single individual.
quality of an ecological community
A process that has as primary participant a population.
Includes processes such as population growth, extinction, evolution, selection, and adaptation. Population processes may depend on the processes of individual organisms {e.g., population growth reflects the cumulative multicellular organism reproduction (GO:0032504) and death (GO:0016265) of all individuals in a population}, but cannot be described for an individual organism. Some of these processes (e.g., evolution, extinction) can also occur at the species level, so PCO distinguishes between, for example, population extinction and species extinction. The GO has the terms 'multi-organism process' (GO:0051704) and 'intraspecies interactions between organisms' (GO:0051703), but tPCOhese categories are only defined for interactions between two individuals. It is unclear at this point if 'biological process' (GO:0008150) encompasses population processes.
population process
population birth rate
population death rate
Is a rate a quality? Population growth rate may be better classified as a process profile.
population growth rate
The maximum number of individuals that can be supported in a population that is growing according to logistic growth.
Might be better to add this as a data property.
carrying capacity
The number of different species represented in an ecological community.
This is a quality of an ecological community (PCO_0000002). If your metric includes the abundances of species (evenness) as well as the number, you should use community species diversity (PCO_0000019).
adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_richness
community species richness
A process that leads to a change in the number of individuals (positive or negative) in a population.
A population process that leads to an increase in the numbers of individuals in a population following a logistic (S-shaped) curve. Generally occurs when the population has a carrying capacity in a particular habitat.
A population growth process that leads to an exponential increase in the number of individuals in a population.
predator role
prey role
symbiont role
A collection of organisms that has as parts every organism of given species and no organisms of any other species.
At the moment there is no way to specify in an OWL axiom that the collection includes every individual of a species. This should be added, if possible.
This term is neutral with respect to which organisms are included in a species. Membership will depend on the species concept and the taxonomic assertions used to define the species. These criteria must be specified by the user.
species as a collection of organisms
A material entity that has as parts two or more organisms, viruses, or viroids of the same species and no members of any other species.
collection of organisms of the same species
single-species collection of organisms
The number of different species that are represented in a given community, weighted by their abundance. Community species diversity can be calculated in different ways, but consists of two components: species richness and species evenness.
If your metric does not include the abundances of different species, but rather just the numer of species, you should use community species richness (PCO_0000010). More specific subclasses or instances of this class may be created to describe specific ways of measuring diversity.
adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_diversity
The Shannon Index and Simpson Index are examples of ways in which species diversity is quantified.
community species diversity
A domestic group, or a number of domestic groups linked through descent (demonstrated or stipulated) from a common ancestor, marriage, or adoption.
Needs axioms for family relationships.
Family membership through marriage or adoption apply primarily to human families. In most species, family membership is defined by common anscestry.
family
A population process that ultimately leads to the death of all individuals in a population.
population extinction
A process that ultimately leads to the death of all individuals in a population.
species extinction
If there are 40 foxes, and 1000 dogs, the community is not very even, but if there are 40 foxes and 42 dogs, the community is quite even.
A quality of a community that reflects how close in abundance all species in a community are.
adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_evenness
community species evenness
A material entity that consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and also share at meals or living accommodation, and may consist of a single family or some other grouping of people.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household
household
This is an example population added to demonstrate the modeling pattern for collections of organisms.
red population
An example class added to demonstrate the design pattern for collections of organism. Red organism should be automatically classified as a member of red population when the reasoner is synchronized using a DL query.
red organism
A collection of organisms of the same species that has as members only humans.
human community
human population
collection of humans
A collection of organisms connected by social or biological relations (biotic interactions).
Biological or social relations are covered by RO_0002437 (biotically interacts with), but that relations does provide an easy way to specify that two entities are interacting with each other (participating in the same interaction). Until that axiom is specified, the logical definition of this term is incomplete.
These relations can include shared values, occupying the same spatial regkion. A community be be a single species collection of organsisms (as in a human community, which is also a type of population) or a or multi-species collection of organisms (as in an ecological community).
community
A collection of organisms that consists of two or more organisms from at least two species.
Need to add axiom to specify that it has at a mimum members of two different species.
multi-species collection of organisms
A household in which the majority of the income of its members is derived from agricultural activities.
This is a more narrow definition in which the majority of income of a house comes from agricultural activities, as opposed to the broad definition in which any income comes from agricultural activities. The narrow definition was chosen to be consistent with the SDGIO (UN Sustainable Development Goals) which requested this term.
agricultural household
A material entity that is one or more organisms, viruses or viroids.
organismal entity
pair of interacting organisms
pair of interacting organisms of the same species
obsolete organismal entity
example to be eventually removed
The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job
failed exploratory term
Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.
metadata complete
term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release
organizational term
Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."
ready for release
Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.
metadata incomplete
Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.
uncurated
All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.
pending final vetting
Core is an instance of a grouping of terms from an ontology or ontologies. It is used by the ontology to identify main classes.
core
placeholder removed
An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.
terms merged
This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.
term imported
This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.
term split
Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents.
A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf
A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
"definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.
A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions
Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
to be replaced with external ontology term
A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
requires discussion
## Elucidation This is used when the statement/axiom is assumed to hold true 'eternally' ## How to interpret (informal) First the "atemporal" FOL is derived from the OWL using the standard interpretation. This axiom is temporalized by embedding the axiom within a for-all-times quantified sentence. The t argument is added to all instantiation predicates and predicates that use this relation. ## Example Class: nucleus SubClassOf: part_of some cell forall t : forall n : instance_of(n,Nucleus,t) implies exists c : instance_of(c,Cell,t) part_of(n,c,t) ## Notes This interpretation is *not* the same as an at-all-times relation
axiom holds for all times
## Elucidation This is used when the first-order logic form of the relation is binary, and takes no temporal argument. ## Example: Class: limb SubClassOf: develops_from some lateral-plate-mesoderm forall t, t2: forall x : instance_of(x,Limb,t) implies exists y : instance_of(y,LPM,t2) develops_from(x,y)
relation has no temporal argument
To say that each spatiotemporal region s temporally_projects_onto some temporal region t is to say that t is the temporal extension of s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [080-003])
To say that spatiotemporal region s spatially_projects_onto spatial region r at t is to say that r is the spatial extent of s at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [081-003])
This relation and all sub-relations can be applied to either (1) pairs of entities that are interacting at any moment of time (2) populations or species of entity whose members have the disposition to interact (3) classes whose members have the disposition to interact.
A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected.
Note that this relationship type, and sub-relationship types may be redundant with process terms from other ontologies. For example, the symbiotic relationship hierarchy parallels GO. The relations are provided as a convenient shortcut. Consider using the more expressive processual form to capture your data. In the future, these relations will be linked to their cognate processes through rules.
An interaction relationship in which at least one of the partners is an organism and the other is either an organism or an abiotic entity with which the organism interacts.