{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "
Charged particle above fixed oppositely charged ring
\n", "\n", "If the particle is placed, on axis, a distance z above the centre of the ring and released, the force on the particle can be found by integrating around the ring.\n", "\n", "
$ \\mathbf{F} = - \\int \\frac{q(\\mathbf{R-r})}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0 |\\mathbf{R-r}|^3} dQ$
\n", "\n", "In the case that z << r, the radius of the ring, then the force is approximately proportional the displacement. Hence SHM will occur. Otherwise the motion produced is non-trivial, especially if the particle is placed off-axis. The on-axis result:\n", "\n", "
$ \\mathbf{F}_z = - \\int \\frac{qz}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0}(r^2+z^2)^{-3/2} dQ = - \\frac{qQ}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0}z\\ (r^2+z^2)^{-3/2}$
\n", "\n", "
For $z \\ll r, \\ \\ \\ \\mathbf{F}_z \\approx - \\frac{qQ}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0r^3}z = -\\omega_{0}^2z$
\n", "\n", "Using the above, it can be noted that for 2 fixed particles the linear restoring force occurs at all angles normal to the line connecting them. A charged particle in this plane, close to the midpoint, will then be capable of circular motion about the midpoint. However as the distance to the midpoint increases, z is not longer << r and the force no longer proportional to z, this will mean that the orbits will no longer close.\n", "\n", "Importing numpy along with charge_module which contains the Animation class created for this notebook along with plotter for the electric field on-axis. Using %matplotlib notebook allows interactive plots and animations within the notebook" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 1, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "import numpy as np\n", "import charge_module as cm\n", "\n", "%matplotlib notebook" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Time stepping of the particle position is done via a 4th order RK method" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "The acceleration caused by the charged ring (which is modelled as point particle sections as a approximation to the integration required) for a unit mass:\n", "\n", "
$ \\mathbf{F} = - \\sum_i \\frac{q(\\mathbf{R-r})}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0 |\\mathbf{R-r}|^3} Q_i$
" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 2, "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def a(R,ring_r,ring_steps,q):\n", "\t# Function to calculate the acceleration of the particle(s) at position R\n", "\t# R - position vector of the the particle(s)\n", "\t# ring_r - radius of the charged ring\n", "\t# q - ratio of the charge on the particle to that on the ring\n", "\t# ring_steps - Number of sections of ring considered\n", "\n", "\t# Charge density of the ring\n", "\trho = q/(2*np.pi*ring_r)\n", "\n", "\t# Azimuthal angle steps\n", "\tphi_h = 2*np.pi/float(ring_steps)\n", "\t\n", "\ttotal_acc = np.array((0.0,0.0,0.0))\n", "\tfor i in range(ring_steps):\n", "\t\t# Azimuthal angle\n", "\t\tphi = i*phi_h\n", "\t\t# Relative position vector of particle to element of ring dq\n", "\t\tP = R-np.array((ring_r*np.cos(phi),ring_r*np.sin(phi),0))\n", "\t\n", "\t\t# Magnitude of the relative position vector\n", "\t\tP_mag = np.linalg.norm(P)\n", "\n", "\t\tacc = -ring_r*phi_h*rho*P/(4*np.pi*P_mag**3)\n", "\n", "\t\ttotal_acc = total_acc + acc\n", "\n", "\treturn total_acc" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Function to calculate the SHM frequency found if the displacement of the particle is assumed to be much less than the radius of the ring." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 3, "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def shm_freq(ring_r,q):\n", "\treturn (q/(4*np.pi*ring_r**3))**0.5" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Animation object, contains the necessary methods to create an interactive animation of the motion of the charged particle near the ring. Sliders are introduced to modify parameters and a run button which will restart the animation for these new parameters. The RK4 routine is run before producing the plotting to allow for a smooth animation. Also contains if statements for when the number of ring elements is set to 2 for the later investigation" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Contains the necessary initial parameters and creates an Animation object for the user to interact with. Off axis starting positions can be investigated by changing the R vector, where the components represent (x,y,z), below." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 4, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "application/javascript": [ "/* Put everything inside the global mpl namespace */\n", "window.mpl = {};\n", "\n", "mpl.get_websocket_type = function() {\n", " if (typeof(WebSocket) !== 'undefined') {\n", " return WebSocket;\n", " } else if (typeof(MozWebSocket) !== 'undefined') {\n", " return MozWebSocket;\n", " } else {\n", " alert('Your browser does not have WebSocket support.' +\n", " 'Please try Chrome, Safari or Firefox ≥ 6. ' +\n", " 'Firefox 4 and 5 are also supported but you ' +\n", " 'have to enable WebSockets in about:config.');\n", " };\n", "}\n", "\n", "mpl.figure = function(figure_id, websocket, ondownload, parent_element) {\n", " this.id = figure_id;\n", "\n", " this.ws = websocket;\n", "\n", " this.supports_binary = (this.ws.binaryType != undefined);\n", "\n", " if (!this.supports_binary) {\n", " var warnings = document.getElementById(\"mpl-warnings\");\n", " if (warnings) {\n", " warnings.style.display = 'block';\n", " warnings.textContent = (\n", " \"This browser does not support binary websocket messages. \" +\n", " \"Performance may be slow.\");\n", " }\n", " }\n", "\n", " this.imageObj = new Image();\n", "\n", " this.context = undefined;\n", " this.message = undefined;\n", " this.canvas = undefined;\n", " this.rubberband_canvas = undefined;\n", " this.rubberband_context = undefined;\n", " this.format_dropdown = undefined;\n", "\n", " this.image_mode = 'full';\n", "\n", " this.root = $('
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At small particle heights you should see two sinusoids, pi/4 out of phase, as expected for circular motion.\n", "\n", "However at larger distances (e.g. try a \"particle height\" of ~ 0.65) this behaviour is lost and the orbit is no longer closed c.f. Bertrand's theorem. Turn on the tracer to see the precession of the semi-major axis in the left hand plot.\n", "\n", "By looking at the electric field on axis it is clear in which regions the SHM approx is applicable.\n", "Using the acceleration function and the SHM frequency calculation, a graphical comparison can be made via the E_field function." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 8, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "application/javascript": [ "/* Put everything inside the global mpl namespace */\n", "window.mpl = {};\n", "\n", "mpl.get_websocket_type = function() {\n", " if (typeof(WebSocket) !== 'undefined') {\n", " return WebSocket;\n", " } else if (typeof(MozWebSocket) !== 'undefined') {\n", " return MozWebSocket;\n", " } else {\n", " alert('Your browser does not have WebSocket support.' +\n", " 'Please try Chrome, Safari or Firefox ≥ 6. 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