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"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
""
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"source": [
"# Permanent Income Model using the DLE Class"
]
},
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"source": [
"## Contents\n",
"\n",
"- [Permanent Income Model using the DLE Class](#Permanent-Income-Model-using-the-DLE-Class) \n",
" - [The Permanent Income Model](#The-Permanent-Income-Model) "
]
},
{
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"id": "d122282b",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"This lecture is part of a suite of lectures that use the quantecon DLE class to instantiate models within the\n",
"[[HS13](https://python-advanced.quantecon.org/zreferences.html#id71)] class of models described in detail in [Recursive Models of Dynamic Linear Economies](https://python-advanced.quantecon.org/hs_recursive_models.html).\n",
"\n",
"In addition to what’s included in Anaconda, this lecture uses the quantecon library."
]
},
{
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"execution_count": null,
"id": "4e21eb4a",
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"hide-output": false
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"outputs": [],
"source": [
"!pip install --upgrade quantecon"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "b66b2e45",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"This lecture adds a third solution method for the\n",
"linear-quadratic-Gaussian permanent income model with\n",
"$ \\beta R = 1 $, complementing the other two solution methods described in [Optimal Savings I: The Permanent Income Model](https://python-intro.quantecon.org/perm_income.html) and\n",
"[Optimal Savings II: LQ Techniques](https://python-intro.quantecon.org/perm_income_cons.html) and [this Jupyter\n",
"notebook](http://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/QuantEcon/QuantEcon.notebooks/blob/master/permanent_income.ipynb).\n",
"\n",
"The additional solution method uses the **DLE** class.\n",
"\n",
"In this way, we map the permanent\n",
"income model into the framework of Hansen & Sargent (2013) “Recursive\n",
"Models of Dynamic Linear Economies” [[HS13](https://python-advanced.quantecon.org/zreferences.html#id71)].\n",
"\n",
"We’ll also require the following imports"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "a6e51494",
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"hide-output": false
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"source": [
"import numpy as np\n",
"import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
"%matplotlib inline\n",
"from quantecon import DLE\n",
"\n",
"np.set_printoptions(suppress=True, precision=4)"
]
},
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"## The Permanent Income Model\n",
"\n",
"The LQ permanent income model is an example of a **savings problem**.\n",
"\n",
"A consumer has preferences over consumption streams that are ordered by\n",
"the utility functional\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"$$\n",
"E_0 \\sum_{t=0}^\\infty \\beta^t u(c_t) \\tag{20.1}\n",
"$$\n",
"\n",
"where $ E_t $ is the mathematical expectation conditioned on the\n",
"consumer’s time $ t $ information, $ c_t $ is time $ t $\n",
"consumption, $ u(c) $ is a strictly concave one-period utility\n",
"function, and $ \\beta \\in (0,1) $ is a discount factor.\n",
"\n",
"The LQ model gets its name partly from assuming that the utility\n",
"function $ u $ is quadratic:\n",
"\n",
"$$\n",
"u(c) = -.5(c - \\gamma)^2\n",
"$$\n",
"\n",
"where $ \\gamma>0 $ is a bliss level of consumption.\n",
"\n",
"The consumer maximizes the utility functional [(20.1)](#equation-perm-utility) by choosing a\n",
"consumption, borrowing plan $ \\{c_t, b_{t+1}\\}_{t=0}^\\infty $\n",
"subject to the sequence of budget constraints\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"$$\n",
"c_t + b_t = R^{-1} b_{t+1} + y_t, t \\geq 0 \\tag{20.2}\n",
"$$\n",
"\n",
"where $ y_t $ is an exogenous stationary endowment process,\n",
"$ R $ is a constant gross risk-free interest rate, $ b_t $ is\n",
"one-period risk-free debt maturing at $ t $, and $ b_0 $ is a\n",
"given initial condition.\n",
"\n",
"We shall assume that $ R^{-1} = \\beta $.\n",
"\n",
"Equation [(20.2)](#equation-max-utility) is linear.\n",
"\n",
"We use another set of linear equations to model the endowment process.\n",
"\n",
"In particular, we assume that the endowment process has the state-space\n",
"representation\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"$$\n",
"\\begin{aligned} z_{t+1} & = A_{22} z_t + C_2 w_{t+1} \\cr\n",
" y_t & = U_y z_t \\cr \\end{aligned} \\tag{20.3}\n",
"$$\n",
"\n",
"where $ w_{t+1} $ is an IID process with mean zero and identity\n",
"contemporaneous covariance matrix, $ A_{22} $ is a stable matrix,\n",
"its eigenvalues being strictly below unity in modulus, and $ U_y $\n",
"is a selection vector that identifies $ y $ with a particular linear\n",
"combination of the $ z_t $.\n",
"\n",
"We impose the following condition on the consumption, borrowing plan:\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"$$\n",
"E_0 \\sum_{t=0}^\\infty \\beta^t b_t^2 < +\\infty \\tag{20.4}\n",
"$$\n",
"\n",
"This condition suffices to rule out Ponzi schemes.\n",
"\n",
"(We impose this condition to rule out a borrow-more-and-more plan that\n",
"would allow the household to enjoy bliss consumption forever)\n",
"\n",
"The state vector confronting the household at $ t $ is\n",
"\n",
"$$\n",
"x_t = \\begin{bmatrix} z_t \\\\ b_t \\end{bmatrix}\n",
"$$\n",
"\n",
"where $ b_t $ is its one-period debt falling due at the beginning of\n",
"period $ t $ and $ z_t $ contains all variables useful for\n",
"forecasting its future endowment.\n",
"\n",
"We assume that $ \\{y_t\\} $ follows a second order univariate\n",
"autoregressive process:\n",
"\n",
"$$\n",
"y_{t+1} = \\alpha + \\rho_1 y_t + \\rho_2 y_{t-1} + \\sigma w_{t+1}\n",
"$$"
]
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"id": "7eb04911",
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"source": [
"### Solution with the DLE Class\n",
"\n",
"One way of solving this model is to map the problem into the framework\n",
"outlined in Section 4.8 of [[HS13](https://python-advanced.quantecon.org/zreferences.html#id71)] by setting up our technology,\n",
"information and preference matrices as follows:\n",
"\n",
"**Technology:**\n",
"$ \\phi_c= \\left[ {\\begin{array}{c} 1 \\\\ 0 \\end{array} } \\right] $\n",
",\n",
"$ \\phi_g= \\left[ {\\begin{array}{c} 0 \\\\ 1 \\end{array} } \\right] $\n",
",\n",
"$ \\phi_i= \\left[ {\\begin{array}{c} -1 \\\\ -0.00001 \\end{array} } \\right] $,\n",
"$ \\Gamma= \\left[ {\\begin{array}{c} -1 \\\\ 0 \\end{array} } \\right] $,\n",
"$ \\Delta_k = 0 $, $ \\Theta_k = R $.\n",
"\n",
"**Information:**\n",
"$ A_{22} = \\left[ {\\begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 0 & 0 \\\\ \\alpha & \\rho_1 & \\rho_2 \\\\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\end{array} } \\right] $,\n",
"$ C_{2} = \\left[ {\\begin{array}{c} 0 \\\\ \\sigma \\\\ 0 \\end{array} } \\right] $,\n",
"$ U_b = \\left[ {\\begin{array}{ccc} \\gamma & 0 & 0 \\end{array} } \\right] $,\n",
"$ U_d = \\left[ {\\begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 1 & 0 \\\\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\end{array} } \\right] $.\n",
"\n",
"**Preferences:** $ \\Lambda = 0 $, $ \\Pi = 1 $,\n",
"$ \\Delta_h = 0 $, $ \\Theta_h = 0 $.\n",
"\n",
"We set parameters\n",
"\n",
"$ \\alpha = 10, \\beta = 0.95, \\rho_1 = 0.9, \\rho_2 = 0, \\sigma = 1 $\n",
"\n",
"(The value of $ \\gamma $ does not affect the optimal decision rule)\n",
"\n",
"The chosen matrices mean that the household’s technology is:\n",
"\n",
"$$\n",
"c_t + k_{t-1} = i_t + y_t\n",
"$$\n",
"\n",
"$$\n",
"\\frac{k_t}{R} = i_t\n",
"$$\n",
"\n",
"$$\n",
"l_t^2 = (0.00001)^2i_t\n",
"$$\n",
"\n",
"Combining the first two of these gives the budget constraint of the\n",
"permanent income model, where $ k_t = b_{t+1} $.\n",
"\n",
"The third equation is a very small penalty on debt-accumulation to rule\n",
"out Ponzi schemes.\n",
"\n",
"We set up this instance of the DLE class below:"
]
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"α, β, ρ_1, ρ_2, σ = 10, 0.95, 0.9, 0, 1\n",
"\n",
"γ = np.array([[-1], [0]])\n",
"ϕ_c = np.array([[1], [0]])\n",
"ϕ_g = np.array([[0], [1]])\n",
"ϕ_1 = 1e-5\n",
"ϕ_i = np.array([[-1], [-ϕ_1]])\n",
"δ_k = np.array([[0]])\n",
"θ_k = np.array([[1 / β]])\n",
"β = np.array([[β]])\n",
"l_λ = np.array([[0]])\n",
"π_h = np.array([[1]])\n",
"δ_h = np.array([[0]])\n",
"θ_h = np.array([[0]])\n",
"\n",
"a22 = np.array([[1, 0, 0],\n",
" [α, ρ_1, ρ_2],\n",
" [0, 1, 0]])\n",
"\n",
"c2 = np.array([[0], [σ], [0]])\n",
"ud = np.array([[0, 1, 0],\n",
" [0, 0, 0]])\n",
"ub = np.array([[100, 0, 0]])\n",
"\n",
"x0 = np.array([[0], [0], [1], [0], [0]])\n",
"\n",
"info1 = (a22, c2, ub, ud)\n",
"tech1 = (ϕ_c, ϕ_g, ϕ_i, γ, δ_k, θ_k)\n",
"pref1 = (β, l_λ, π_h, δ_h, θ_h)\n",
"econ1 = DLE(info1, tech1, pref1)"
]
},
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"id": "1a694480",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"To check the solution of this model with that from the **LQ** problem,\n",
"we select the $ S_c $ matrix from the DLE class.\n",
"\n",
"The solution to the\n",
"DLE economy has:\n",
"\n",
"$$\n",
"c_t = S_c x_t\n",
"$$"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "90ab6f34",
"metadata": {
"hide-output": false
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"econ1.Sc"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "1843043a",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"The state vector in the DLE class is:\n",
"\n",
"$$\n",
"x_t = \\left[ {\\begin{array}{c}\n",
" h_{t-1} \\\\ k_{t-1} \\\\ z_t\n",
" \\end{array} }\n",
" \\right]\n",
"$$\n",
"\n",
"where $ k_{t-1} $ = $ b_{t} $ is set up to be $ b_t $ in the\n",
"permanent income model.\n",
"\n",
"The state vector in the LQ problem is\n",
"$ \\begin{bmatrix} z_t \\\\ b_t \\end{bmatrix} $.\n",
"\n",
"Consequently, the relevant elements of `econ1.Sc` are the same as in\n",
"$ -F $ occur when we apply other approaches to the same model in the lecture\n",
"[Optimal Savings II: LQ Techniques](https://python-intro.quantecon.org/perm_income_cons.html) and [this Jupyter\n",
"notebook](http://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/QuantEcon/QuantEcon.notebooks/blob/master/permanent_income.ipynb).\n",
"\n",
"The plot below quickly replicates the first two figures of\n",
"that lecture and that notebook to confirm that the solutions are the same"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "f896d09f",
"metadata": {
"hide-output": false
},
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"source": [
"fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4))\n",
"\n",
"for i in range(25):\n",
" econ1.compute_sequence(x0, ts_length=150)\n",
" ax1.plot(econ1.c[0], c='g')\n",
" ax1.plot(econ1.d[0], c='b')\n",
"ax1.plot(econ1.c[0], label='Consumption', c='g')\n",
"ax1.plot(econ1.d[0], label='Income', c='b')\n",
"ax1.legend()\n",
"\n",
"for i in range(25):\n",
" econ1.compute_sequence(x0, ts_length=150)\n",
" ax2.plot(econ1.k[0], color='r')\n",
"ax2.plot(econ1.k[0], label='Debt', c='r')\n",
"ax2.legend()\n",
"plt.show()"
]
}
],
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"date": 1705369587.1710835,
"filename": "permanent_income_dles.md",
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"title": "Permanent Income Model using the DLE Class"
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