lateral to
medial to
dorsal to
ventral to
angle
right
underneath, in the sense of being closer to the center of the individual and farther from the external surface
above, in the sense of being closer to the external surface of the individual and farther from the center
The buccinator is a muscle that is attached to the mandible, skin, pterygomandibular raphe and maxilla, and is innervated by Cranial Nerve VII and participates in oropharyngeal behavior.
The attachments of this muscle vary in mammals. The modiolus is a structure (or anatomical cluster) clearly present in humans and other primates but it's presence is less certain in other mammals (see Tomo et al., 2002 - DOI 10.1002/ar.10090; Diogo et al., 2008 - doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00953.x; Burrows et al., 2011 - DOI 10.1002/ar.21355; Lightoller, 1940, 1942). In cats (Tomo et al., 2002) there is no attachment to the maxilla.
non ceratohyal part of hyoid apparatus
Request new term but definition needs revision.
Term in Uberon is equivalent but the definition needs revision.
ceratohyoideus muscle
The ceratohyoideus is a muscle of Pharyngeal Arch III that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX), and attaches to the ceratohyal part of the hyoid apparatus and also to a non-ceratohyal part of the hyoid apparatus
muscles innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve
Muscles innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (Cranial Nerve IX).
midline raphe
The seamlike union of the two lateral halves of a part or organ (as the tongue) having externally a ridge or furrow.
cricopharyngeus muscle
The cricopharyngeus is a pharyngeal arch 4/6 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus and the recurrent laryngeal n. (from Vagus, CN X), and is an integral part of the pharyngeal tube, and attaches to the cricoid cartilage and the midline raphe. It acts as a sphincter between the pharynx and esophagus.
muscles innervated by vagus nerve
Muscles innervated by the vagus nerve (Cranial Nerve X).
Request new term but the definition needs revision.
Term in Uberon is equivalent but the definition needs revision. Even in humans the modiolus is often difficult to discern, and in other mammals it is not clear that such a structure exists (see Tomo et al., 2002; DOI 10.1002/ar.10090; Lightoller, 1942)
The orbicularis oris is a superficial facial muscle with fibers that encircle the opening of the oral cavity that attaches to the maxilla, mandible, skin and modiolus, and that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, and is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII).
Burrows et al., 2011; Diogo et al., 2009
see Diogo et al., 2009; Burrows et al., 2011
The platysma is a pharyngeal arch 2 muscle and a superficial facial muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the cervical branch of the facial nerve. It attaches to the mandible and it attaches to the skin of the head, neck, and thoracic region where it is found superficial to the clavicle. Burrows et al. (2011) argue that in hylobatids (and, presumably, other primates) the platysma in the region of the modiolus represents both the cervicale and myoides muscles.
The posterior digastric is a pharyngeal arch II muscle that participates in oral pharyngeal behavior, is innervated by the digastric branch of facial nerve and attaches to the posterior cranial base and the hyoid apparatus. It is found superficial to the mylohyoid muscle.
The stylohyoid is a pharyngeal arch II muscle that participates in oral/pharygeal behaviors and is innervated by the stylohoid branch of the facial nerve and attaches to the stylohyal and the non-stylohyal part of the hyoid apparatus.
Muscles innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (Cranial Nerve XII).
The genioglossus muscle is attached to the mandible and the tongue, and it is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).
The hyoglossus muscle is attached to the hyoid and the tongue, and it is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).
The intrinsic tongue muscles are an integral part of the tongue and completely contained within the tongue that are innervated by Cranial Nerve XII.
Styloglossus is a muscle that attaches to the tongue and stylohyal and is innervated by Cranial Nerve XII.
The geniohyoid is a muscle that attaches to the mandible and the hyoid apparatus and is innervated by the first cervical nerve (C1).
The omohyoid is a somitic muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the cervical plexus; it attaches to the hyoid appratus and the scapula.
The sternohyoid is a somitic muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the cervical plexus; it attaches to the hyoid appratus and the sternum.
The sternothyroid is a somitic muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the cervical plexus; it attaches to the thyroid cartilage and the sternum.
muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve
Muscle innervated by the trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V).
The anterior digastric is a pharyngeal arch I muscle that participates in oral/pharygeal behaviors and is innervated by the nerve to mylohyoid (a branch of the third division of the trigeminal nerve), is attached to the mandible and to the hyoid apparatus, and it is superficial to mylohyoid muscle.
Pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, is innervated by the lateral pterygoid nerve branches, and attaches to the condylar process of the mandible and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) capsule, and the cranial base.
Pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, is innervated by masseteric nerve branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), and attaches to mandible and zygomatic arch.
The anterior masseter is a separable part of the masseter muscle that is attached to anterior root of zygomatic arch
Masseter lateralis profunda pars ‘‘maxillo-mandibularis’’
Masseter lateralis profundus pars anterior
The deep masseter is a separable part of the masseter muscle that attaches to lateral surface and/or ventral border of zygomatic arch.
Superficial part of maxillo-mandibularis
Masseter lateralis profundus pars posterior
Masseter lateralis profundus, pars posterior
The posterior masseter is a separable part of the deep masseter muscle that attaches to the postero-ventral surface of the zygomatic arch.
The superficial masseter is a separable part of the masseter muscle, is superficial to all other masseter muscle parts, and attaches to the mandibular angle.
Masseter superficialis and masseter intermedius
Masseter superficial portion (oberfla¨chliche Portion)
The pars reflexa is a separable part of the superficial masseter muscle that attaches to the medial surface of the mandible.
Masseter medialis pars zygomaticomandibularis anterior
The zygomaticomandibularis is a separable part of the masseter muscle that attaches to the medial surface of the zygomatic arch
zygomaticomandibularis muscle, infraorbital portion
The zygomaticomandibularis infraorbital part, is a separable part of the zygomaticomandibularis that runs through the infraorbital foramen
Anterior deep masseter infraorbital part
The medial pterygoid is a pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the nerve to the medial pterygoid and attaches to the cranial base and the medial side of the mandibular angle.
The mylohyoid is a pharyngeal arch I muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the nerve to mylohyoid and attaches to the midline raphe linking right and left mylohyoid and the mandible.
Pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that is innervated by the deep temporal branches of the trigeminal nerve and attaches to the wall of the braincase (including the cranial vault) and mandible.
The deep temporalis muscle is a separable part of the temporalis muscle that that attaches to the bony wall of the braincase and is deep to the superficial temporalis.
The superficial temporalis muscle is a separable part of the temporalis muscle that attaches to the temporalis fascia
suprazygomatic portion of the temporalis muscle
The suprazygomatic part of the temporalis muscle is a separable part of the deep temporalis that attaches to the superior surface of the temporal root of the zygomatic arch.
The tensor veli palatini is a muscle of the soft palate that attaches to the cranial base and pharyngotympanic tube, wraps around the pterygoid hamulus and then attaches to the midline palatal raphe of the soft palate that is innervated by the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve (V3)).
Spinal nerve (paired) emerging from the first cervical segment superior to the first cervical vertebrae.
A muscular arch-shaped structure (an anatomical cluster) that is composed of the musculus uvuli and parts of tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus and attaches to the hard palate and modulates the connections between the oral cavity and pharynx soft tissue arch
Muscular organ in the floor of the mouth.
Request new term but requires definition.
The anterior or rostral end of the zygomatic arch, which includes the temporal process of the zygomatic bone (UBERON_0004654), but also including some of the body of the zygomatic bone. It may also include the zygomatico-temporal suture and the most rostral portion of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone (UBERON_0004655).
pharynx
anatomical cluster
posterior root of zygomatic arch
caninus muscle
lateral dilator of the nostril (external nares). In humans, the levator anguli oris is sometimes called Caninus, but these are probably not homogous muscles.
mentalis muscle
A muscle of facial expression, innervated by the facial nerve, attached to the skin of the lower lip and inferior to the lower lip (in humans this region is called the chin or mental region), the orbicularis oris muscle, and the mandible in the symphyseal region. See Diogo et al., 2009; Burrows et al., 2011)
depressor labii inferioris muscle
A muscle of facial expression, innervated by the facial nerve, attached to the skin of the lower lip, orbicularis oris muscle, and mandible, and superficial and lateral to the mentalis muscle. See Diogo et al., 2009; Burrows et al., 2011)
depressor anguli oris muscle
A muscle of facial expression, innervated by the facial nerve, attached to the mandible, skin of the lower lip in the region of the angle of the oral opening, orbicularis oris, and lateral to the depressor anguli oris muscle.
occipitalis muscle
occipital belly of occipitofrontalis or epicranius (humans)
A muscle of the skin of the head (scalp), innervated by the facial nerve, attached to the cranium in the nuchal (occipital) region and to the facia of the scalp (galea aponurotica or epicranial aponeurosis in humans). In mammals other than humans, there is no large facia present and the most rostral fibers of the occipitalis are attached to the skin near or even overlapping with the fibers of the frontalis muscle.See Diogo 2008; Diogo et al., 2009; Burrows et al.., 2011.
occipital region of cranium
A muscle of the skin of the head (scalp), innervated by the facial nerve, attached to facia of the skin superior to the orbits (superciliary region), overlapping with the procerus muscles, and attched to the facia of the scalp (galea aponurotica or epicranial aponeurosis in humans). In mammals other than humans, there is no large facia present and the most rostral fibers of the occipitalis are attached to the skin near or even overlapping with the fibers of the frontalis muscle.See Diogo 2008; Diogo et al., 2009; Burrows et al.., 2011.
frontalis muscle
orbicularis oculi muscle
procerus muscle
corrugator supercilii muscle
Muscle of facial expression, attached to the skin in the medial palpebral region and the superciliary region, lateral and deep to the procerus muscle, and lateral to the depressor supercillii muscle.
depressor supercilii muscle
nasalis muscle
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
levator labii superioris muscle
zygomaticus minor
musculus quadratus labii superioris, zygomatic head
square muscle of the upper lip, zygomatic head
Facial muscle attached to the orbicularis oris muscle, anterior root of the zygomatic arch (zygomatic bone or maxilla), and skin in the region of the caudal border of the orbicularis oculi muscle. The muscle is often described as having two heads, one attached to the maxilla and the other attached to the skin overlying the orbicularis oculi. In many mammals this muscle also has an attachment to the cartilage of the external ear, in which case it is called the auriculolabialis superior. See Diogo 2008; Diogo et al., 2009; Burrows et al.., 2011., also DuBrul, 1980.
zygomaticus major
Facial muscle attached to the modiolus, corner (angle) of the mouth, and zygomatic bone. This muscle is ventral to the zygomaticus minor and dorsal to the platysma muscle. In many mammals this muscle also has an attachment to the cartilage of the external ear, in which case it is called the auriculolabialis inferior. See Diogo 2008; Diogo et al., 2009; Burrows et al.., 2011., also DuBrul, 1980.
levator anguli oris muscle
depressor septi nasi muscle
risorius muscle
Facial muscle that attaches to the fascia of the masseter muscle and the facia of the skin in the region of the corner (angle) of the mouth. Even in species in which this muscle is present, it is highly variable. A true risorius muscle may only be present in Hominins (humans and great apes). See Diogo 2008; Diogo et al., 2009; Burrows et al.., 2011., also DuBrul, 1980.
angle of oral opening
zygomatic bone
symphyseal region
The region of the mandible on or near the midline (near the mandiblular symphysis, UBERON_0006606)
orbit
scalp
Term in Uberon is equivalent, but definition needs revision.
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
Uberon definition is pretty good but human-centric. In Uberon the posterior cricoarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid are subClasses of a "cricoarytenoid" class, but there is no anatomical basis for this class other than the similar names.
ceratocricoideus muscle
FMA has numerous terms that refer to various parts (fascicles, fascia, innervation) of ceratocricoid muscles but not the whole muscle (at least not in the Ontobee subset of the FMA.
lateral cricoarytenoideus muscle
Uberon definition is pretty good but human-centric
arytenoideus muscle
Uberon definition okay but wiki ref is very human-centric
transverse arytenoideus muscle
oblique arytenoideus muscle
Uberon definition pretty good but human-centric.
aryepiglotticus muscle
Defintion in Uberon is okay but human-centric. We consider this muscle a part of the arytenoid muscle complex but some workers describe it as a separate muscle.
thyroarytenoideus muscle
Uberon definition is pretty good but human-centric.
vocalis muscle
Uberon properly notes that the vocalis is a part of the thyroarytenoid muscle.
superior thyroarytenoideus muscle
thyroepiglotticus muscle
Not a part of the thyroarytenoid in Uberon.
branchiohyoideus muscle
constrictor colli muscle
spinalis capitis muscle
obliquus capitis muscle
longus capitis muscle
rectus cervicis muscle
adductor mandibulae externus muscle
Uberon has a couple of terms (e.g., UBERON_2000311) that refer to the entire adductor mandibulae complex but not individual parts.
adductor mandibulae internus muscle
intramandibularis muscle
adductor mandibulae externus medialis muscle
adductor mandibulae externus superficialis muscle
ventrolateral head of mAMEM
ventrolateral head of adductor mandibulae externus medialis
anteromedial head of mAMEM
anteromedial head of adductor mandibulae externus medialis
posterior head of mAMEM
posterior head of adductor mandibulae externus medialis
mLAO
retractor anguli oris muscle
adductor mandibulae externus superficialis anterior muscle
adductor mandibulae externus superficialis posterior muscle
adductor mandibulae externus profundus muscle
pterygoideus muscle
pterygoideus externus muscle
pterygoideus internus muscle
pseudotemporalis muscle
pseudotemporalis superficialis muscle
pseudotemporalis profundus muscle
pterygoideus atypicus muscle
pterygoideus typicus muscle
adductor mandibulae posterior muscle
constrictor internus dorsalis muscle
levator bulbi muscle
levator pterygoidei muscle
protractor pterygoidei muscle
intermandibularis posterior muscle
intermandibularis anterior muscle
intermandibularis muscle
depressor mandibulae muscle
cervicomandibularis muscle
omohyoideus muscle
sternohyoideus superficialis muscle
sternohyoideus profundus muscle
m. hyoglossus
genioglossus muscle
genioglossus medial muscle
genioglossus lateral muscle
genioglossus internal muscle
mandibulohyoideus muscle
mandibulohyoideus part 1 muscle
mandibulohyoideus part 2 muscle
mandibulohyoideus part 3 muscle
intrinsic circularis muscle
dorsoventral intrinsic tongue muscle
transverse intrinsic tongue muscle
longitudinal intrinsic tongue muscle
transversus mandibulae muscle
The posterior digastric muscle in orangutans does not have an attachment to the hyoid apparatus. It is attached to the posterior edge of the ascending ramus of the mandible. The anterior digastric muscle is absent in orangutans. Winkler, 1991
stylopharyngeus muscle
The stylopharyngeus muscle attaches to the styloid process of the temporal bone, the pharynx, and the thyroid cartilage and it is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
The levator veli palatini is part of the soft palate that attaches to the cranial base, pharyngotympanic tube and the soft palate and is innervated by Cranial Nerve X via the pharyngeal plexus.
Palatoglossus is a muscle that attaches to the soft palate and the tongue and is innervated by Cranial Nerve X via the pharyngeal plexus.
Palatopharyngeus is a muscle that attaches to the palatine bones, soft palate, and pharynx and is innervated by Cranial Nerve X via the pharyngeal plexus.
Salpingopharyngeus is a muscle that attaches to pharyngotympanic tube and the pharynx and is innervated by pharyngeal plexus of CN X and participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors
The superior constrictor is a muscle that is an integral part of the pharyngeal tube that is attached to the mandible, pterygomandibular raphe, basioccipital bone, pterygoid process and midline raphe and is innervated by Cranial Nerve X via the pharyngeal plexus.
The muscle of the uvuli is an integral part of the soft palate and is innervated by Cranial Nerve X (Vagus via the pharyngeal plexus).
This is a pharyngeal arch 4/6 muscle that is integral to the pharyngeal tube, participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus of the vagus n. (CNX) and attaches to the laryngeal cartilages and the midline raphe.
The middle constrictor is a pharyngeal arches 4/6 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus of Vagus (CN X) and attaches to the hyoid apparatus and the midline raphe.
cricothyroid muscle
Intrinsic muscle of the larynx, innervated by the external division of the laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve. It attaches to the anterolateral surface of the cricoid cartilage and the external surface of the thyroid cartilage.
superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
thyrohyoid muscle
The thyrohyoid is a somitic muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by C1 and Cranial Nerve XII (hypoglossal); it attaches to the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid apparatus.
stapedius muscle
The stapedius is a muscle of the middle ear in mammals. It attaches to the stapes bone and to the wall of the tympanic cavity of the temporal bone. It is innervated by the facial nerve.
tensor tympani muscle
The tensor tympani muscle is a muscle of the middle ear in mammals. It is attached to the malleus bone, the cartilaginous auditory tube (pharyngotympanic tube), the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, and the wall of the tympanic cavity of the temporal bone. It is innervated by the trigeminal nerve.
Mandible is equivalent to dentary but none of the definitions in Uberon is perfect. Unfortunately, the term is used in several different ways. RED Term in Uberon is equivalent but the definition needs revision.
Term in Uberon is equivalent but the definition needs revision. Uberon 'external definition' is better.
skeletal element
Not sure what the point of having two classes in Uberon - Uberon1780 and Uberon5197. I think they are, more or less, equivalent. I prefer 5197 - RED Term(s) in Uberon are equivalent but the definition needs revision.
Term in Uberon is equivalent but the definition needs revision,
Human inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
from Gray's Anatomy 1918 edition, Wiki photo
Human middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Human superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
From Gray's Anatomy 1918 edition, Wiki photo
includes genioglossus. styloglossus, hyoglossus, geniohyoideus, stylohyoideus.
Drawing from Gray's Anatomy 1918 Edition, picture from Wiki
Image from Gray's Anatomy 1918 edition from Wiki