--- title: Sourcing and Procurement Operations glossary description: Learn about the terms and concepts used in Sourcing and Procurement Operations \(SPO\). locale: en-US canonical_url: https://www.servicenow.com/docs/r/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.html release: australia product: Sourcing and Procurement Operations classification: sourcing-and-procurement-operations topic_type: concept last_updated: "2026-03-12" reading_time_minutes: 18 keywords: [glossary terms, approval rule, sourcing and procurement operations, assignment rule, sourcing and procurement operations, glossary terms, glossary terms, capitalization policy, sourcing and procurement operations, category manager, sourcing and procurement operations, category taxonomy, sourcing and procurement operations, confidence score, sourcing and procurement operations, glossary terms, glossary terms, ERP source, sourcing and procurement operations, glossary terms, fixed asset, sourcing and procurement operations, glossary terms, general ledger account, GL account, sourcing and procurement operations, glossary terms, glossary terms, interaction, sourcing and procurement operations, invoice line, sourcing and procurement operations, glossary terms, ledger assignment rule, sourcing and procurement operations, legal entity, sourcing and procurement operations, glossary terms, milestone, sourcing and procurement operations, glossary terms, glossary terms, off-catalog request, sourcing and procurement operations, glossary terms, pipeline project, sourcing and procurement operations, procurement administrator, sourcing and procurement operations, procurement specialist, sourcing and procurement operations, purchase line, sourcing and procurement operations, purchase order line, POL, sourcing and procurement operations, purchase request, sourcing and procurement operations, purchase revision, sourcing and procurement operations, purchasing assignment rule, sourcing and procurement operations, glossary terms, glossary terms, routing agent, sourcing and procurement operations, glossary terms, savings lever, sourcing and procurement operations, savings opportunity, sourcing and procurement operations, Source-to-Pay Workspace, S2P Workspace, sourcing and procurement operations, spend category, sourcing and procurement operations, supplier qualification, sourcing and procurement operations, glossary terms, glossary terms, Universal Request, UR, sourcing and procurement operations, glossary terms, glossary terms, work item queue, sourcing and procurement operations, work prioritization, sourcing and procurement operations] breadcrumb: [Reference, Sourcing and Procurement Operations, Finance and Supply Chain] --- # Sourcing and Procurement Operations glossary Learn about the terms and concepts used in Sourcing and Procurement Operations \(SPO\). Glossary terms are grouped alphabetically. [A](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [B](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [C](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [D](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [E](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [F](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [G](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [H](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [L](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [M](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [N](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [O](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [P](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [Q](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [R](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [S](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [T](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [V](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) \| [W](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-glossary.md) **Parent Topic:**[Sourcing and Procurement Operations reference](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ServiceNow/ServiceNowDocs/australia/markdown/australia/source-to-pay-operations/sourcing-and-procurement-operations/spo-reference.md) **Related topics** [Base system procurement case type reference]() [Create New Pipeline Project form]() [Pipeline project record tabs and UI actions]() [Savings opportunity fields]() [Purchase requisition, purchase order, and sourcing request states]() [Purchase requisition state model]() [Purchase order state model]() [SPO and Asset Management data model mappings]() [Primary data tables for Sourcing and Procurement Operations]() [Domain separation and Sourcing and Procurement Operations]() [Address deletion permissions]() ## A ### activity stream A chronological log of all events, changes, and communications within a procurement case or task. Displays field changes, comments, attachments, and email correspondence based on configured display settings. ### approval The process where an authorized reviewer \(approver\) reviews and either accepts or rejects a purchase requisition before it can proceed to fulfillment. Approvals are based on defined thresholds and authority levels. ### approval duration The time period \(measured in hours\) allocated for an approver to complete an approval request. Used to calculate approval due dates and track SLA compliance. ### approval reassessment The system feature that can resend approval requests when purchase requisition details change significantly. Can be configured to maintain control when requisition amounts or requirements are modified. ### approval rule A configuration in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that defines the conditions, routing method, and approvers required to approve a purchase requisition before it is converted to a purchase order. ### as soon as possible A delivery date option for standard orders requiring immediate fulfillment without specifying an exact date. ### assignment rule A rule in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that determines how work items are routed and assigned to the appropriate procurement specialist or agent group. ### auto-order threshold A system setting that determines the maximum purchase requisition amount that can be automatically ordered without additional review. Requisitions at or below this threshold bypass final review. ### award The action of selecting a winning supplier after negotiation and quote evaluation. Awarding finalizes the supplier selection and initiates the purchase order creation workflow. ### awaiting response A sourcing status indicating the procurement team is waiting for supplier feedback, clarification, or documentation before proceeding with negotiation or decision phases. ## B ### blanket purchase order A type of purchase order that spans a timeframe \(days, weeks, months, quarters, or years\) without specifying individual delivery dates or quantities upfront. Individual purchases are released against the blanket order as needs arise. Credits cannot be used with blanket orders. ### bundle A pre-configured group of multiple products and services sold as a single purchasable item with unified pricing. Bundles can contain individual products, services, or nested child bundles, and are treated as a single cart line item. ### bundle pricing The aggregated cost calculation for bundles that combines prices of all component items, applies a direct shipping amount \(not percentage-based\), and calculates tax on the aggregate total. ### Business Rules Automated system triggers that change status values or perform actions based on specific conditions being met \(such as qualification completion or quote submission\). ## C ### cancel The action to reject and terminate a procurement activity such as a purchase order, requisition, or procurement case. Cancellations create an audit trail recording the reason and user information. ### capitalization policy A rule in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that defines the conditions under which a purchased item qualifies for automatic fixed asset creation, triggering synchronization with the ERP system. ### Case Management The system's framework for handling purchase modification and cancellation requests from shoppers. Cases track the lifecycle from creation through fulfillment and closure. ### case resolution The fulfiller's proposed solution or response to a procurement case request. Can be accepted by the requestor \(moving case to resolved state\) or rejected \(returning case to open for further discussion\). ### category management The procurement process of organizing and standardizing product and service categories for catalog management, spend analysis, and sourcing strategies. ### category manager A procurement role in Sourcing and Procurement Operations responsible for managing spend within assigned categories, reviewing savings opportunities, and overseeing the category taxonomy. ### category taxonomy A structured hierarchy of spend categories used in Sourcing and Procurement Operations to classify, source, and manage goods and services for consistent procurement tracking and reporting. ### checkout The final step in the purchasing process where shoppers review their cart, specify delivery details, select payment method, and submit their purchase requisition. ### child bundle A nested bundle contained within a parent bundle. Child bundles can themselves contain products, services, or grand-child components. ### child case A case that is linked to and is a part of a parent case, inheriting its context and contributing to its resolution or management. ### Close Notes Documentation field where fulfillers record their resolution details or comments explaining the confirmation decision for a procurement case. ### confidence score A value on a savings opportunity record in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that reflects the AI agent's certainty in the estimated savings based on analyzed contracts, spend, and supplier data. ### contract A formal agreement between the organization and a supplier defining terms, pricing, delivery conditions, and service levels for goods or services. ### contract model A template defining the structure and terms for new contracts. The system can be configured with a default contract model used when creating contracts without specific product category specifications. ### cost center A department, project, or organizational unit to which procurement costs are allocated for budget tracking and financial reporting purposes. ### credit Pre-allocated purchasing power or promotional funds available to shoppers for specific purchases. Credits can only be used with standard orders, not blanket purchase orders. ## D ### Delegate Shopper A user role with permission to shop on behalf of other employees while maintaining their own shopping privileges. ### delivery address The physical location where ordered products should be shipped or services should be performed. ### delivery address validation The system check ensuring the delivery location is valid and meets business requirements \(such as company facility addresses\) before order submission. ### delivery date The requested or specified date when products should be delivered or services should be completed. For blanket orders, this is a timeframe rather than a specific date. ### delivery location The geographic or organizational destination for fulfillment of a purchase order or sourcing request. ## E ### email correspondence Records of email communications related to a procurement case or request, visible in the activity stream based on configuration. ### Employee Center The ServiceNow employee-focused portal providing self-service access to procurement, HR, IT, and other workplace services. ### ERP \(Enterprise Resource Planning\) The backend financial system containing master data \(legal entities, accounts, cost centers\) that integrates with SPO for financial tracking and reporting. ### ERP source A configuration in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that links a legal entity to an external ERP system, determining the integration target for purchase orders, receipts, and invoices. ### estimated subtotal The calculated price for a child bundle within a parent bundle, noting it is part of the parent's total and may vary based on delivery location. ### estimated total The calculated aggregate price for a bundle or purchase requisition, with a notation that the total might vary based on delivery location due to taxes and shipping variations. ## F ### final review The approval process stage where designated approvers review requisitions before they can be ordered, based on configured amount thresholds. ### fixed asset A tangible item created automatically in ServiceNow when a purchase order satisfies the capitalization policy criteria in Sourcing and Procurement Operations, and synchronized to the ERP system asynchronously. ### fulfiller A user assigned to handle and resolve a procurement case or task, responsible for reviewing requests and determining appropriate actions. ### fulfillment The process of delivering ordered products or providing ordered services to the requesting party, including receipt and acceptance. ## G ### general ledger account A financial account used in Sourcing and Procurement Operations to categorize and track expenditure on purchase lines for cost allocation and ERP integration. ### gross amount The total procurement cost before taxes and shipping deductions. ## H ### handling fee An optional charge that can be added to individual purchase lines to cover administrative, packaging, or specialty processing costs. ### hierarchical structure The organizational arrangement of bundled items showing parent bundles containing child bundles which contain individual products and services. ## I ### interaction A record in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that logs procurement-related communication — such as a call, chat, email, or SMS — between a procurement specialist or live agent and a shopper or supplier contact. ### invoice line A line on a supplier invoice in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that is matched to a corresponding purchase order line during invoice processing. ## L ### ledger assignment rule A configuration in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that automatically populates general ledger account fields on a purchase line based on the product category, supplier product, and cost center. ### legal entity An organizational unit in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that is linked to an ERP source and used to determine the integration target for purchase orders, receipts, and invoices. ### line item An individual product or service within a purchase requisition, purchase order, or invoice, each with its own quantity, price, and specifications. ## M ### milestone A tracked checkpoint on a purchase order in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that represents a key delivery or service event, copied during revisions and updated as the order progresses. ### multi-cost-center allocation Payment method distribution across multiple cost centers, with portions of the total purchase allocated to different departmental or project budgets. ## N ### NDA \(Non-Disclosure Agreement\) A legal contract protecting confidential information shared during procurement activities. ### negotiation Individual discussions with a supplier to track activities like pricing, product requests, or agreement terms. ### sourcing event A collective sourcing activity managing multi-supplier and multi-product negotiations, enabling streamlined tracking, supplier management, and decision-making. ### Natural Language Understanding for SPO AI models enhancing the Virtual Agent's ability to understand and respond to user queries naturally. ### ServiceNow Otto for SPO An application that uses generative AI to summarize procurement-related records and facilitate conversational procurement tasks. ## O ### off-catalog request A purchase request submitted in Shopping Hub for goods or services not listed in the product catalog, typically routed to a procurement specialist for sourcing. ### order type Classification of a purchase order as either "standard" \(with specific delivery dates\) or "blanket" \(with timeframe-based delivery\). ## P ### parent bundle A bundle that contains other bundles \(child bundles\) or individual products and services as components. ### parent case A case that contains multiple related child cases. This hierarchical case structure is useful for managing complex scenarios that involve multiple stages and processes. ### performance analytics for SPO Dashboards and metrics to evaluate spend, efficiency, and team performance in Sourcing and Procurement Operations. ### pipeline project A record in Sourcing Pipeline Management that tracks a sourcing initiative through its full lifecycle, consolidating sourcing events, negotiations, and contract management. ### playbooks for SPO Pre-built workflows and templates for automating common procurement tasks. ### procurement administrator A user role in Sourcing and Procurement Operations responsible for managing primary data and system settings, including approval rules, assignment rules, and purchasing properties. ### Procurement Buyer Dashboard A visualization tool showing individual buyer performance over a specified period. ### procurement case A record used to track and manage procurement-related queries or issues. ### Procurement Team Performance Dashboard A dashboard that provides visual insights into team performance on procurement-related tasks. ### procurement specialist A user role in Sourcing and Procurement Operations who reviews sourcing requests and purchase requisitions, conducts negotiations, and manages procurement cases in the Source-to-Pay Workspace. ### Procurement Strategy & Ops Dashboard A dashboard that shows the year-to-date total spend, spend categorization, total savings, negotiation outcomes, spend by category and supplier, and active blanket purchase orders. ### procurement task A specific action or step that contributes to the completion of a procurement case. ### punchout An e-commerce integration mechanism allowing shoppers to access supplier catalogs directly within the procurement system and return with selected items. ### purchase line A single item entry within a purchase requisition or purchase order in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that specifies the supplier product, quantity, delivery details, and cost allocation. ### purchase modification A change request to an existing purchase order or requisition, handled through the case management system. ### purchase order A binding contract between a buyer and supplier that outlines item details, quantities, prices, discounts, payment terms, delivery dates, and other conditions. ### purchase order line A line within a purchase order in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that corresponds to an approved purchase line and is transmitted to the supplier as part of the order. ### purchase request A record created when a shopper submits a request for goods or services in Shopping Hub, which the system evaluates to route as either a sourcing request or a purchase requisition. ### purchase requisition A request sent by a requester to procure specific goods or services, requiring approval. ### purchase revision A change to an existing purchase requisition or purchase order in Sourcing and Procurement Operations — such as a quantity, budget, or delivery location update — that triggers approval reassessment. ### purchasing assignment rule A rule configured by a procurement administrator in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that determines which procurement specialist is assigned to a sourcing request or purchase requisition based on defined criteria. ## Q ### qualification The evaluation process determining which suppliers meet organizational requirements and are eligible for participation in sourcing activities. ### Qualification Needed A sourcing status indicating supplier qualification is required before negotiation can proceed. ### Qualified A sourcing status indicating suppliers have successfully completed qualification and are eligible for negotiation. ### quote A supplier's proposal including pricing, terms, delivery timeline, and other commercial details submitted during negotiations. ## R ### receipt Confirmation of physical delivery or service completion, including verification that ordered items match the purchase order specifications. ### receipt integration The process where the procurement system integrates with the receiving/logistics system to update purchase order statuses upon goods arrival and acceptance. ### record summarization A feature of ServiceNow Otto for SPO that provides a concise overview, actions completed, and next steps for procurement records. ### related case A case that is associated with another case due to shared characteristics, dependencies, or interactions. ### requestor The employee who submitted a purchase request or who submitted a procurement case requesting modifications or cancellations. ### Requires Decision A sourcing status indicating quote evaluation is complete and awaiting supplier selection by the procurement specialist. ### revision request A request to modify an existing purchase requisition or order, which can be approved or rejected by procurement specialists. ### RFP \(Request for Proposal\) A formal procurement request seeking comprehensive proposals including pricing, capability demonstrations, and implementation details from potential suppliers. ### RFQ \(Request for Quote\) A procurement request sent to suppliers asking them to provide pricing and terms for specified goods or services. ### routing agent A tier-1 agent in Sourcing and Procurement Operations who manages Universal Requests, routes them to the appropriate team, and creates procurement cases for resolution. ## S ### Source-to-Pay Workspace A workspace that centralizes the management of suppliers, from sourcing to payment, enhancing productivity and collaboration. ### savings lever A defined category of savings opportunity in Sourcing and Procurement Operations — such as off-contract spend or supplier consolidation — used by AI agents to classify potential cost reductions. ### savings opportunity A ranked finding generated by the Savings Opportunity Discovery agentic workflow in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that identifies potential cost reductions across contracts, spend, and supplier data for category manager review. ### service receipt Confirmation that a service has been completed and accepted, including verification against the service description in the purchase order. ### Shopping Hub Mobile A mobile application version of the Shopping Hub, integrated with the Now Mobile app. ### shopper An employee with authorization to request purchases through the Shopping Hub. ### shopping cart The temporary holding area where selected products and services are accumulated before checkout and submission. ### Shopping Hub An e-commerce-style interface for employees to submit self-service requests for goods and services, integrated with the organization's procurement processes. ### Shopping Hub catalog A curated list of goods and services available for employees to order through Shopping Hub. ### Source-to-Pay Workspace The centralized workspace in Sourcing and Procurement Operations where procurement specialists manage sourcing requests, purchase requisitions, negotiations, and procurement cases. ### Sourcing and Purchasing Automation A workflow and automation for sourcing requests, negotiations, and purchase requisitions. ### sourcing request A request that is created when an item that the shopper intends to buy needs to be sourced due to the lack of an active contractual price. ### sourcing The process of identifying, evaluating, and selecting suppliers to fulfill organizational procurement needs. ### spend category A classification used in Spend and Savings Management to group and track related expenditures, enabling category-level analysis, savings identification, and strategic sourcing decisions. ### spend management The practice of analyzing, optimizing, and controlling procurement spending to achieve cost savings and compliance objectives. ### standard order A purchase order with a specific delivery date or ASAP delivery, supporting credit usage and immediate fulfillment requirements. ### supplier A vendor or service provider that supplies goods or services to the organization through procurement contracts and purchase orders. ### supplier product A specific product or service offering from a supplier that is available for purchase through the shopping catalog. ### supplier qualification A process in Sourcing and Procurement Operations in which a supplier is assessed for risk, compliance, or onboarding requirements before bids are solicited in a negotiation event. ## T ### tax estimate The calculated sales tax or value-added tax \(VAT\) applied to purchase orders based on delivery location and product type. ## U ### Universal Request A procurement-related request submitted by an employee through Employee Center in Sourcing and Procurement Operations, reviewed by a routing agent and converted into a procurement case for resolution. ## V ### validation The system checks ensuring data meets required criteria before allowing progression to the next workflow stage. ### validation rules Business logic constraints \(such as blanket order credit restrictions or bundle type delivery requirements\) applied during checkout and order processing. ### VAT \(Value-Added Tax\) A consumption tax applied to goods and services in many regions, calculated during checkout based on delivery location. ### Virtual Agent An AI-powered conversational chatbot that helps shoppers quickly find and purchase products from vendors via the Shopping Hub application, accessible through Employee Center. ## W ### work item queue A queue in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that stores work items of a specific type for routing and assignment to procurement specialists via Advanced Work Assignment. ### Work Items Automatically created tasks or cases displayed in process tracking views, representing actions requiring shopper or fulfiller attention. ### Work Notes Internal notes visible only to fulfillers for internal collaboration on procurement cases without notifying customers. ### work prioritization A feature in Sourcing and Procurement Operations that automatically assigns a priority level to purchase requisitions, sourcing requests, and procurement cases so specialists can address the most urgent items first. ### workflow The defined sequence of statuses, conditions, and actions that a procurement request progresses through from creation to completion.